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2. Repr\'esentation graphique de la langue des signes fran\c{c}aise et \'edition logicielle

Author

Filhol, Michael and von Ascheberg, Thomas

Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language
Abstract

Cet article propose une m\'ethode pour d\'efinir une forme graphique \'editable standardis\'ee pour les langues des signes, ainsi qu'une proposition "AZVD" et un \'editeur logiciel associ\'e. Inspir\'ee d'une part par les r\'egularit\'es observ\'ees dans les pratiques spontan\'ees de locuteurs pratiquant la sch\'ematisation, la d\'emarche tente garantir un syst\`eme qualifi\'e d'adoptable. Li\'ee d'autre part au mod\`ele formel de repr\'esentation AZee, elle vise \'egalement \`a sp\'ecifier un syst\`eme dont toutes les productions ont une lecture d\'etermin\'ee au point o\`u elles sont automatiquement synth\'etisables par un avatar. -- This paper proposes a definition method for an editable standard graphical form of Sign Language discourse representation. It also puts forward a tentative system "AZVD", and presents an associated software editor. The system is inspired by the regularities observed in spontaneous diagrams produced by some language users, in order to make it as adoptable as possible. Moreover, it is built upon the formal representation model AZee, so that any graphical instance produced by the system determines its own read-out form, to the point that they can be automatically synthesised by an avatar., Comment: in French language

Published
2023

3. Example-Based Machine Translation from Text to a Hierarchical Representation of Sign Language

Author

Bertin-Lemée, Élise, Braffort, Annelies, Challant, Camille, Danet, Claire, and Filhol, Michael

Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language
Abstract

This article presents an original method for Text-to-Sign Translation. It compensates data scarcity using a domain-specific parallel corpus of alignments between text and hierarchical formal descriptions of Sign Language videos in AZee. Based on the detection of similarities present in the source text, the proposed algorithm recursively exploits matches and substitutions of aligned segments to build multiple candidate translations for a novel statement. This helps preserving Sign Language structures as much as possible before falling back on literal translations too quickly, in a generative way. The resulting translations are in the form of AZee expressions, designed to be used as input to avatar synthesis systems. We present a test set tailored to showcase its potential for expressiveness and generation of idiomatic target language, and observed limitations. This work finally opens prospects on how to evaluate translation and linguistic aspects, such as accuracy and grammatical fluency.

Published
2022

4. A human-editable Sign Language representation for software editing---and a writing system?

Author

Filhol, Michael

Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction
Abstract

To equip SL with software properly, we need an input system to represent and manipulate signed contents in the same way that every day software allows to process written text. Refuting the claim that video is good enough a medium to serve the purpose, we propose to build a representation that is: editable, queryable, synthesisable and user-friendly---we define those terms upfront. The issue being functionally and conceptually linked to that of writing, we study existing writing systems, namely those in use for vocal languages, those designed and proposed for SLs, and more spontaneous ways in which SL users put their language in writing. Observing each paradigm in turn, we move on to propose a new approach to satisfy our goals of integration in software. We finally open the prospect of our proposition being used outside of this restricted scope, as a writing system in itself, and compare its properties to the other writing systems presented.

Published
2018

5. Synthesising Sign Language from semantics, approaching 'from the target and back'

Author

Filhol, Michael and Falquet, Gilles

Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language
Abstract

We present a Sign Language modelling approach allowing to build grammars and create linguistic input for Sign synthesis through avatars. We comment on the type of grammar it allows to build, and observe a resemblance between the resulting expressions and traditional semantic representations. Comparing the ways in which the paradigms are designed, we name and contrast two essentially different strategies for building higher-level linguistic input: "source-and-forward" vs. "target-and-back". We conclude by favouring the latter, acknowledging the power of being able to automatically generate output from semantically relevant input straight into articulations of the target language.

Published
2017

8. Synthesizing Sign Language by Connecting Linguistically Structured Descriptions to a Multi-track Animation System

Author

Filhol, Michael, McDonald, John, Wolfe, Rosalee, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Antona, Margherita, editor, and Stephanidis, Constantine, editor

Published
2017
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11. Traduction à base d'exemples du texte vers une représentation hiérarchique de la langue des signes

Author

Bertin-Lemée, Elise, Braffort, Annelies, Challant, Camille, Danet, Claire, Filhol, Michael, Systran, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Numérique (LISN), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sciences et Technologies des Langues (STL), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Servan, Christophe, and Vilnat, Anne

Subjects
représentation intermédiaire, traduction à base d'exemples, Langue des signes, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

International audience; Cet article présente une expérimentation de traduction automatique de texte vers la langue des signes (LS). Comme nous ne disposons pas de corpus aligné de grande taille, nous avons exploré une approche à base d'exemples, utilisant AZee, une représentation intermédiaire du discours en LS sous la forme d'expressions hiérarchisées

Published
2023

12. Une grammaire formelle pour les langues des signes basée sur AZee : une proposition établie sur une étude de corpus

Author

Challant, Camille, Filhol, Michael, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Numérique (LISN), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sciences et Technologies des Langues (STL), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Servan, Christophe, and Vilnat, Anne

Subjects
AZee, langue des signes française, grammaire formelle, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], modélisation
Abstract

International audience; Cet article propose de premières réflexions quant à l'élaboration d'une grammaire formelle pour les langues des signes, basée sur l'approche AZee. Nous avons mené une étude statistique sur un corpus d'expressions AZee, qui décrivent des discours en langue des signes française. Cela nous permet d'entrevoir des contraintes sur ces expressions, qui reflètent plus généralement les contraintes de la langue des signes française. Nous présentons quelques contraintes et positionnons théoriquement notre ébauche de grammaire au sein des différentes grammaires formelles existantes.

Published
2023

13. De l’informatique à la linguistique : une grammaire pour les langues des signes basée sur AZee

Author

Challant, Camille, Filhol, Michael, Information, Langue Ecrite et Signée (ILES), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Numérique (LISN), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sciences et Technologies des Langues (STL), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Sciences et Technologies des Langues (STL)

Subjects
[SCCO.LING]Cognitive science/Linguistics, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

International audience

Published
2022

14. Combining Two Synchronisation Methods in a Linguistic Model to Describe Sign Language

Author

Filhol, Michael, Hutchison, David, editor, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Pandu Rangan, C., editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Doug, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, Goebel, Randy, editor, Siekmann, Jörg, editor, Wahlster, Wolfgang, editor, Efthimiou, Eleni, editor, Kouroupetroglou, Georgios, editor, and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita, editor

Published
2012
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15. Thumb Modelling for the Generation of Sign Language

Author

Delorme, Maxime, Filhol, Michael, Braffort, Annelies, Hutchison, David, editor, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Pandu Rangan, C., editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Doug, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, Goebel, Randy, editor, Siekmann, Jörg, editor, Wahlster, Wolfgang, editor, Efthimiou, Eleni, editor, Kouroupetroglou, Georgios, editor, and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita, editor

Published
2012
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19. Representation and Synthesis of Geometric Relocations

Author

Filhol, Michael, McDonald, John, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Numérique (LISN), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and DePaul University [Chicago]

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

International audience

Published
2022

20. Multi-Track Bottom-Up Synthesis from Non-Flattened AZee Scores

Author

Sharma, Paritosh, Filhol, Michael, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Numérique (LISN), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Information, Langue Ecrite et Signée (ILES), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sciences et Technologies des Langues (STL), and Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Sign Language, AZee, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Avatar
Abstract

International audience; We present an algorithm to improve the pre-existing bottom-up animation system for AZee descriptions to synthesize sign language utterances. Our algorithm allows us to synthesize AZee descriptions by preserving the dynamics of underlying blocks. This bottom-up approach aims to deliver procedurally generated animations capable of generating any sign language utterance if an equivalent AZee description exists. The proposed algorithm is built upon the modules of an open-source animation toolkit and takes advantage of the integrated inverse kinematics solver and a non-linear editor.

Published
2022

21. Two New AZee Production Rules Refining Multiplicity in French Sign Language

Author

Martinod, Emmanuella, Danet, Claire, Filhol, Michael, Information, Langue Ecrite et Signée (ILES), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Numérique (LISN), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sciences et Technologies des Langues (STL), and Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
AZee, Formal representation, Multiplicity, Sign language, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, Plural, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

International audience; This paper is a contribution to sign language (SL) modeling. We focus on the hitherto imprecise notion of "Multiplicity", assumed to express plurality in French Sign Language (LSF), using AZee approach. AZee is a linguistic and formal approach to modeling LSF. It takes into account the linguistic properties and specificities of LSF while respecting constraints linked to a modeling process. We present the methodology to extract AZee production rules. Based on the analysis of strong form-meaning associations in SL data (elicited image descriptions and short news), we identified two production rules structuring the expression of multiplicity in LSF. We explain how these newly extracted production rules are different from existing ones. Our goal is to refine the AZee approach to allow the coverage of a growing part of LSF. This work could lead to an improvement in SL synthesis and SL automatic translation.

Published
2022

22. A First Corpus of AZee Discourse Expressions

Author

Challant, Camille, Filhol, Michael, Information, Langue Ecrite et Signée (ILES), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Numérique (LISN), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sciences et Technologies des Langues (STL), and Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Sign Language, AZee, Formal representation, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Corpus
Abstract

International audience; This paper presents a corpus of AZee discourse expressions, i.e. expressions which formally describe Sign Language utterances of any length using the AZee approach and language. The construction of this corpus had two main goals: a first reference corpus for AZee, and a test of its coverage on a significant sample of real-life utterances. We worked on productions from an existing corpus, namely the 40 brèves, containing an hour of French Sign Language. We wrote the corresponding AZee discourse expressions for the entire video content, i.e. expressions capturing the forms produced by the signers and their associated meaning by combining known production rules, a basic building block for these expressions. These are made available as a version 2 extension of the 40 brèves. We explain the way in which these expressions can be built, present the resulting corpus and set of production rules used, and perform first measurements on it. We also propose an evaluation of our corpus: for one hour of discourse, AZee allows to describe 94% of it, while ongoing studies are increasing this coverage. This corpus offers a lot of future prospects, for instance concerning synthesis with virtual signers, machine translation or formal grammars for Sign Language.

Published
2022

23. Example-Based Machine Translation from Text to a Hierarchical Representation of Sign Language

Author

Elise Bertin-Lemée, Braffort, Annelies, Challant, Camille, Danet, Claire, Filhol, Michael, Information, Langue Ecrite et Signée (ILES), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Numérique (LISN), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sciences et Technologies des Langues (STL), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sciences et Technologies des Langues (STL), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Numérique, and Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
FOS: Computer and information sciences, Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computation and Language (cs.CL), [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI]
Abstract

This article presents an original method for Text-to-Sign Translation. It compensates data scarcity using a domain-specific parallel corpus of alignments between text and hierarchical formal descriptions of Sign Language videos in AZee. Based on the detection of similarities present in the source text, the proposed algorithm recursively exploits matches and substitutions of aligned segments to build multiple candidate translations for a novel statement. This helps preserving Sign Language structures as much as possible before falling back on literal translations too quickly, in a generative way. The resulting translations are in the form of AZee expressions, designed to be used as input to avatar synthesis systems. We present a test set tailored to showcase its potential for expressiveness and generation of idiomatic target language, and observed limitations. This work finally opens prospects on how to evaluate translation and linguistic aspects, such as accuracy and grammatical fluency.

Published
2022

24. Logiciel de Traduction Assistée par Ordinateur des Langues des Signes

Author

Kaczmarek, Marion, Larroque, Alix, Filhol, Michael, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Numérique (LISN), CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Télécom Paris, and Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

International audience

Published
2021

25. Modélisation, traitement automatique et outillage logiciel des langues des signes

Author

Filhol, Michael, Information, Langue Ecrite et Signée (ILES), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Numérique (LISN), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sciences et Technologies des Langues (STL), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay, Olivier Ferret, CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sciences et Technologies des Langues (STL), and CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Sign Language, Langue des signes, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Published
2021

26. Traduction assistée par ordinateur (TAO) et langues des signes

Author

Kaczmarek, Marion, Filhol, Michael, Information, Langue Ecrite et Signée (ILES), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Numérique (LISN), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sciences et Technologies des Langues (STL), and Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

International audience

Published
2021

27. Alignment Data Base for a Sign Language Concordancer

Author

Kaczmarek, Marion, Filhol, Michael, Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur (LIMSI), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Kaczmarek, Marion

Subjects
Computer-assisted translation, Sign Language, [INFO.INFO-CL] Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], CAT, Concordancer, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

International audience; This article deals with elaborating a data base of alignments of parallel French-LSF segments. This data base is meant to be searchedusing a concordancer which we are also designing. We wish to equip Sign Language translators with tools similar to those used in text-to-text translation. To do so, we need language resources to feed them. Already existing Sign Language corpora can be found, but donot match our needs: working around a Sign Language concordancer, the corpus must be a parallel one and provide various examplesof vocabulary and grammatical construction. We started with a parallel corpus of 40 short news and 120 SL videos , which we alignedmanually by segments of various length. We described the methodology we used, how we define our segments and alignments. Thelast part concerns how we hope to allow the data base to keep growing in a near future.

Published
2020

28. The Synthesis of Complex Shape Deployments in Sign Language

Author

Filhol, Michael, Mcdonald, John, Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur (LIMSI), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université - UFR d'Ingénierie (UFR 919), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)

Subjects
Avatars, Classifiers, Size and Shape Specifiers, Sign Language Synthesis, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Proforms, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

International audience; Proform constructs such as classifier predicates and size and shape specifiers are essential elements of Sign Language, but have remaineda challenge for synthesis due to their highly variable nature. In contrast to frozen signs, which may be pre-animated or recorded, theirvariability necessitates a new approach both to their linguistic description and to their synthesis in animation. Though the specificationand animation of classifier predicates was covered in previous works, size and shape specifiers have to this date remained unaddressed.This paper presents an efficient method for linguistically describing such specifiers using a small number of rules that cover a large rangeof possible constructs. It continues to show that with a small number of services in a signing avatar, these descriptions can be synthesizedin a natural way that captures the essential gestural actions while also including the subtleties of human motion that make the signinglegible.

Published
2020

29. Use cases for a Sign Language Concordancer

Author

Kaczmarek, Marion, Filhol, Michael, Publications, Limsi, Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur (LIMSI), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université - UFR d'Ingénierie (UFR 919), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-CL] Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], [INFO]Computer Science [cs], CAT, [INFO] Computer Science [cs], [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

This article treats about a Sign Language concordancer. In the past years, the need for translated content into SignLanguage have been growing, and is still growing nowadays. Yet, unlike their text-to-text conterparts, Sign Langaugetranslators are not equipped with computer-assisted translation software. As we aim to provide them with such software,we explore the possibilities offered by a first tool: a Sign Language Concordancer. It includes designing an alignmentsdatabase as well as a search function to browse it. Testing sessions with professionals highlights relevant use cases fortheir professional practices. It can either comfort the translator when the results are identical, or show the importance ofcontext when the results are different for a same expression. This concordancer is available online, and aim to be acollaborative tool. Though our current database is small, we hope for translators to invest themselves and help us to keepit expanding

Published
2020

30. Elicitation and corpus of spontaneous Sign Language discourse representation diagrams

Author

Filhol, Michael, Publications, Limsi, Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur (LIMSI), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université - UFR d'Ingénierie (UFR 919), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)

Subjects
Writing system, Sign Language, [INFO.INFO-CL] Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], Spontaneous representation, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], [INFO] Computer Science [cs], [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

International audience; While Sign Languages have no standard written form, many signers do capture their language in some form of spontaneous graphicalform. We list a few use cases (discourse preparation, deverbalising for translation, etc.) and give examples of diagrams. Afterhypothesising that they contain regular patterns of significant value, we propose to build a corpus of such productions. The maincontribution of this paper is the specification of the elicitation protocol, explaining the variables that are likely to affect the diagramscollected. We conclude with a report on the current state of a collection following this protocol, and a few observations on the collectedcontents. A first prospect is the standardisation of a scheme to represent SL discourse in a way that would make them sharable. Asubsequent longer-term prospect is for this scheme to be owned by users and with time be shaped into a script for their language.

Published
2020

33. Fine Tuning Dynamics in Contextualized Proform Constructs from Linguistic Descriptions

Author

Mcdonald, John, Filhol, Michael, Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur (LIMSI), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université - UFR d'Ingénierie (UFR 919), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), and Publications, Limsi

Subjects
Human Motion, Sign Language, Classifiers, [INFO.INFO-CL] Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Proforms, [INFO] Computer Science [cs], Avatar, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

International audience

Published
2019

34. Regularities in a corpus of spontaneous Sign Language writing, and a comparison to writing systems

Author

Filhol, Michael, Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur (LIMSI), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université - UFR d'Ingénierie (UFR 919), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)

Subjects
[INFO]Computer Science [cs], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

International audience

Published
2019

35. Assisting Sign Language Translation: what interface given the lack of written form and the spatial grammar?

Author

Kaczmarek, Marion, Filhol, Michael, Publications, Limsi, Tradulex, Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur (LIMSI), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université - UFR d'Ingénierie (UFR 919), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-CL] Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], [INFO]Computer Science [cs], [INFO] Computer Science [cs], [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Published
2019

36. Linguistic temporality in deaf children: assessment of uses of temporal adverbials in French Sign Language

Author

Battistelli, Delphine, Bogliotti, Caroline, Filhol, Michael, Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur (LIMSI), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université - UFR d'Ingénierie (UFR 919), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)

Subjects
[INFO]Computer Science [cs], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

International audience

Published
2018

37. Realistically Animating Proforms Involving Placement and Movement in Sign Languages

Author

McDonald, John, Filhol, Michael, Braffort, Annelies, Wolfe, Rosalee, Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur (LIMSI), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université - UFR d'Ingénierie (UFR 919), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)

Subjects
[INFO]Computer Science [cs], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

International audience; abstract

Published
2018

38. Modeling French Sign Language: a proposal for a semantically compositional system

Author

Hadjadj, Mohamed, Filhol, Michael, Braffort, Annelies, Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur (LIMSI), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université - UFR d'Ingénierie (UFR 919), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), and ELRA

Subjects
Formal grammar, French sign language, Computer modelling, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

International audience; The recognition of French Sign Language (LSF) as a natural language in 2005 created an important need for the development of tools to make information accessible to the deaf public. With this prospect, the goal of this article is to propose a linguistic approach aimed at modeling the French sign language. We first present the models proposed in computer science to formalize the sign language (SL). We also show the difficulty of applying the grammars originally designed for spoken languages to model SL. In a second step, we propose an approach allowing to take into account the linguistic properties of the SL while respecting the constraints of a modelisation process. By studying the links between semantic functions and their observed forms in Corpus, we have identified several production rules that govern the functioning of the LSF. We finally present the rule functioning as a system capable of modeling an entire utterance in French sign language.

Published
2018

39. Extending the AZee-Paula shortcuts to enable natural proform synthesis

Author

Filhol, Michael, Mcdonald, John, Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur (LIMSI), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université - UFR d'Ingénierie (UFR 919), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)

Subjects
Sign Language Linguistics, Synthesis, Avatars, Classifiers, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Proforms, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

International audience; Proform structures such as classifier predicates have traditionally challenged Sign Language (SL) synthesis systems, particularly inrespect to the production of smooth natural motion. To address this issue a synthesizer must necessarily leverage a structured linguisticmodel for such constructs to specify the linguistic constraints, and also an animation system that is able to provide natural avatar motionwithin the confines of those constraints. The proposed system bridges two existing technologies, taking advantage of the ability ofAZee to encode both the form and functional linguistic aspects of the proform movements and on the Paula avatar system to provideconvincing human motion. The system extends a previous principle that more natural motion arises from leveraging knowledge of largerstructures in the linguistic description.

Published
2018

40. Elicitation protocol and material for a corpus of long prepared monologues in Sign Language

Author

Filhol, Michael, Hadjadj, Mohamed, Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur (LIMSI), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université - UFR d'Ingénierie (UFR 919), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)

Subjects
Sign Language, Elicitation, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Discourse, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

International audience; In this paper, we address collection of prepared Sign Language discourse, as opposed to spontaneous signing. Specifically, we aim at collecting long discourse, which creates problems explained in the paper. Being oral and visual languages, they cannot easily be produced while reading notes without distorting the data, and eliciting long discourse without influencing the production order is not trivial. For the moment, corpora contain either short productions, data distortion or disfluencies. We propose a protocol and two tasks with their elicitation material to allow cleaner long-discourse data, and evaluate the result of a recent test with LSF informants.

Published
2018

41. Animating AZee Descriptions Using Off-the-Shelf IK Solvers

Author

Nunnari, Fabrizio, Filhol, Michael, Heloir, Alexis, Publications, Limsi, Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur (LIMSI), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université - UFR d'Ingénierie (UFR 919), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Mécanique et d'Informatique industrielles et Humaines - UMR 8201 (LAMIH), and Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France)

Subjects
AZee, [INFO.INFO-CL] Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], Sign Language Synthesis, Signing Avatar, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], [INFO] Computer Science [cs], [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

International audience; We propose to implement a bottom-up animation solution for the AZee system. No low-level AZee animation system exists yet, which hinders its effective implementation as Sign Language avatar input. This bottom-up approach delivers procedurally computed animations and, because of its procedural nature, it is capable of generating the whole possible range of gestures covered by AZee s symbolic description. The goal is not to compete on the ground of naturalness since movements are bound to look robotic like all bottom-up systems, but its purpose could be to be used as the missing low-level fallback for an existing top-down system. The proposed animation system is built on the top of a freely available 3D authoring tool and takes advantage of the tool’s default IK solving routines.

Published
2018

42. Linguistic implications of a formal input model for virtual signers

Author

Filhol, Michael, Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur (LIMSI), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université - UFR d'Ingénierie (UFR 919), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)

Subjects
[INFO]Computer Science [cs], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

International audience; abstract

Published
2016

43. Description de la juxtaposition en langue des signes française à partir d'une grammaire récursive

Author

Hadjadj, Mohamed, Filhol, Michael, Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur (LIMSI), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université - UFR d'Ingénierie (UFR 919), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), and Publications, Limsi

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-CL] Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Langue des signes, grammaire formelle, [INFO] Computer Science [cs], séquence, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Published
2016

44. Modélisation linguistique

Author

Filhol, Michael, Braffort, Annelies, Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur (LIMSI), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université - UFR d'Ingénierie (UFR 919), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)

Subjects
ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

International audience

Published
2016

45. Reconnaissance et approches descriptives des langues des signes

Author

Hadjadj, Mohammed, Filhol, Michael, Braffort, Annelies, Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur (LIMSI), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université - UFR d'Ingénierie (UFR 919), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)

Subjects
[INFO]Computer Science [cs], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

International audience; abstract

Published
2016

46. Modélisation de la langue des signes et représentation sémantique

Author

Filhol, Michael, Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur (LIMSI), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université - UFR d'Ingénierie (UFR 919), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)

Subjects
[INFO]Computer Science [cs], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2016

47. Outiller la traduction vers la langue des signes

Author

Filhol, Michael, Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur (LIMSI), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université - UFR d'Ingénierie (UFR 919), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)

Subjects
[INFO]Computer Science [cs], [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Published
2016

48. Juxtaposition as a form feature; syntax captured and explained rather than assumed and modelled

Author

Filhol, Michael, Hadjadj, Mohamed, Publications, Limsi, Eleni Efthimiou, Stavroula-Evita Fotinea, Thomas Hanke, Julie Hochgesang, Jette Kristoffersen, Johanna Mesch, Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur (LIMSI), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université - UFR d'Ingénierie (UFR 919), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Eleni Efthimiou, Stavroula-Evita Fotinea, Thomas Hanke, Julie Hochgesang, Jette Kristoffersen, and Johanna Mesch

Subjects
Formal grammar, TheoryofComputation_MATHEMATICALLOGICANDFORMALLANGUAGES, AZee, [INFO.INFO-CL] Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Syntax, [INFO] Computer Science [cs], [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

International audience; In this article, we report on a study conducted to further the design a formal grammar model (AZee), confronting it to the traditional notion of syntax along the way. The model was initiated to work as an unambiguous linguistic input for signing avatars, accounting for all simultaneous articulators while doing away with the generally assumed and separate levels of lexicon, syntax, etc. Specifically, the work presented here focused on juxtaposition in signed streams (a fundamental feature of syntax), which we propose to consider as a mere form feature, and use it as the starting point of data-driven searches for grammatical rules. The result is a tremendous progress in coverage of LSF grammar, and fairly strong evidence that our initial goal is attainable. We give concrete examples of rules, and a clear illustration of the recursive mechanics of the grammar producing LSF forms, and conclude with theoretical remarks on the AZee paradigm in terms of syntax, word/sign order and the like.

Published
2016

49. What constraints for representing multilinearity in Sign language?

Author

Filhol, Michael, Braffort, Annelies, Information, Langue Ecrite et Signée (ILES), Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur (LIMSI), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université - UFR d'Ingénierie (UFR 919), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université - UFR d'Ingénierie (UFR 919), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), and Filhol, Michael

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-CL] Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

International audience; In this paper, we present our current investigations on one of the main challenges in Sign Language modelling: multilinearity. We explain the way in which we extract grammatical rules from Sign Language corpus, and how we represent them with constraints. Two kinds are needed: time synchronisation and geometric constraints.

Published
2012

50. Formalism for multi-linear rules of Sign Language grammars

Author

Filhol, Michael, Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur (LIMSI), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université - UFR d'Ingénierie (UFR 919), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), and Filhol, Michael

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-CL] Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL]
Abstract

International audience

Published
2011

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