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The objective of this study was to cross-sectionally analyze the diet quality of active workers and retirees to identify possible differences by gender and subgroups of working and nonworking retirees using baseline data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), a cohort study of employees of six higher education centers in Brazil. In the first phase of the study, which occurred between 2008 and 2010, the diets of 7,667 participants between 50 and 69 years of age (3,393 [44%] men and 4,274 [56%] women) were analyzed using a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Diets were evaluated using the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised. We used logistic regression models stratified by sex and adjusted for demographic, social, and health conditions to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the association of diet quality with working and nonworking retirees. Using active workers as the reference group, the results showed better diet quality among male retirees who were no longer working (OR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.03–2.41), whereas no difference was detected in male retirees who returned to work (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.80–1.72) in the adjusted models. Among women, the association did not remain significant after multivariate adjustment for confounders. Our results showed gender differences in diet quality between workers and working and nonworking retirees possibly because of worse diet quality among men than among women. Work cessation after retirement is mandatory to improve diet quality among male retirees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity is growing at an alarming rate in Latin America. Lifestyle behaviours such as physical activity and dietary intake have been largely associated with obesity in many countries; however studies that combine nutrition and physical activity assessment in representative samples of Latin American countries are lacking. The aim of this study is to present the design rationale of the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health/Estudio Latinoamericano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS) with a particular focus on its quality control procedures and recruitment processes.Methods/design: The ELANS is a multicenter cross-sectional nutrition and health surveillance study of a nationally representative sample of urban populations from eight Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Perú and Venezuela). A standard study protocol was designed to evaluate the nutritional intakes, physical activity levels, and anthropometric measurements of 9000 enrolled participants. The study was based on a complex, multistage sample design and the sample was stratified by gender, age (15 to 65 years old) and socioeconomic level. A small-scale pilot study was performed in each country to test the procedures and tools.Discussion: This study will provide valuable information and a unique dataset regarding Latin America that will enable cross-country comparisons of nutritional statuses that focus on energy and macro- and micronutrient intakes, food patterns, and energy expenditure.Trial Registration: Clinical Trials NCT02226627. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Brazil has one of the highest adolescent fertility rates in the world. Income inequality has been frequently linked to overall adolescent health, but studies that analyzed its association with adolescent fertility have been performed only in developed countries. Brazil, in the past decade, has presented a rare combination of increasing per capita income and decreasing income inequality, which could influence future desirable pathways for other countries. Methods: We analyzed every live birth from 2000 and from 2010 in each of the 5,565 municipalities of Brazil, a total of 6,049,864 births, which included 1,247,145 (20.6%) births from women aged 15 to 19. Income inequality was assessed by the Gini Coefficient and adolescent fertility by the ratio between the number of live births from women aged 15 to 19 and the number of women aged 15 to 19, calculated for each municipality. We first applied multilevel models separately for 2000 and 2010 to test the cross-sectional association between income inequality and adolescent fertility. We then fitted longitudinal first-differences multilevel models to control for time-invariant effects. We also performed a sensitivity analysis to include only municipality with satisfactory birth record coverage. Results: Our results indicate a consistent and positive association between income inequality and adolescent fertility. After controlling for per capita income, college access, youth homicide rate and adult fertility, higher income inequality was significantly associated with higher adolescent fertility for both 2000 and 2010. The longitudinal multilevel models found similar results. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the results for the association between income inequality and adolescent fertility were robust. Adult fertility was also significantly associated with adolescent fertility in the cross-sectional and longitudinal models. Conclusion: Income inequality is expected to be a leading concern for most countries in the near future. Our results suggest that changes in income inequality are positively and consistently associated with changes in adolescent fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]