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6. Corrigendum to study of hydraulic fracturing processes in shale formations with complex geological settings, Journal of petroleum science and engineering 152 (2017) 361–374 (S0920410517303704) (10.1016/j.petrol.2017.03.011))

Author

Figueiredo, B, Tsang, CF, Rutqvist, J, and Niemi, A

Subjects
Energy, Resources Engineering and Extractive Metallurgy, Chemical Engineering, Geology
Abstract

In the paper already published, there is an error in the acknowledgements. The grant number concerning EU project is 636811 instead of 640979. There was a misunderstanding with the EU project number and we only found that after those papers are published. We confirm that the correction is to be made online and we also want to publish a corrigendum. The corrected text should be: The authors regret . “The authors gratefully acknowledge the Swedish Geological Survey (SGU), grant number 1724, and the EU project Fracrisk grant number 636811, for providing financial support to research reported in this paper. Additional support was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.” The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.

Published
2018

7. Corrigendum to “The effects of nearby fractures on hydraulically induced fracture propagation and permeability changes”[Eng. Geol. 228 (2017) 197–213](S0013795217306427)(10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.08.011)

Author

Figueiredo, B, Tsang, CF, Rutqvist, J, and Niemi, A

Subjects
Geological & Geomatics Engineering, Civil Engineering, Geomatic Engineering, Other Engineering
Abstract

The authors regret the error regarding the grant number in the acknowledgements in the paper already published. The grant number concerning EU project is 636811 instead of 640979. There was a misunderstanding with the EU project number and we only found that after those papers are published. The corrected text should be: “The authors gratefully acknowledge the Swedish Geological Survey (SGU), grant number 1724, and the EU project Fracrisk grant number 636811, for providing financial support to research reported in this paper. Additional support was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.” The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.

Published
2018

8. The effects of nearby fractures on hydraulically induced fracture propagation and permeability changes

Author

Figueiredo, B, Tsang, CF, Rutqvist, J, and Niemi, A

Subjects
Hydraulic fracturing stimulation, Coupled hydro-mechanical effects, Fracture propagation and connectivity, Permeability changes, Elastic-brittle model, Geological & Geomatics Engineering, Civil Engineering, Geomatic Engineering, Other Engineering
Abstract

Fracture propagation caused by hydraulic fracturing operations can be significantly influenced by adjacent fractures. This paper presents a detailed coupled hydro-mechanical analysis to study the effects of nearby natural fractures on hydraulically induced fracture propagation and changes in fracture permeability. Two rock domains were considered in comparison: FD1, with one fracture, and FD2, with two adjacent parallel or non-parallel fractures. It was assumed that water injection occurred in a borehole that intersected the single fracture in FD1 and one of the two fractures in FD2. Simulations were made for a time period of 3 h with an injection period of 2 h followed by 1 h of shut-in. An elastic-brittle model based on the degradation of material properties was implemented in a 2D finite-difference scheme and used for elements of the intact rock subjected to tension and shear failure. The intact rock was considered to have a low but non-negligible permeability. A verification study against analytical solutions showed that the fracture propagation and stress concentrations due to differential boundary stresses could be accurately represented by our model. Next, a base case was considered, in which the stress ratio (SR) between the magnitudes of the maximum and minimum boundary stresses, the permeability kR of the intact rock and the initial permeability kTF of the tension failure regions were fixed. In FD2, the distance dF between the two natural fractures defined by the closest distance was also fixed. The results showed that in both rock domains, the fracture started to propagate when the pore pressure was approximately 85% of the magnitude of the minimum boundary stress. The propagation of a single fracture was significantly greater than the propagation of a double fracture system because, in the latter case, the pore pressure decreased when the two fractures connected. As a result, changes in permeability in FD2 were smaller than in FD1. At the end of injection, the maximum ratios between the final and initial permeability of the natural fractures were found to be approximately 3 and 2 for rock domains FD1 and FD2, respectively. For non-parallel fractures, the controlling factor for fracture propagation was the separation between the tips of the pressurised fracture and the neighbouring non-pressurised fracture. A sensitivity study was conducted to study the influence of the key parameters dF, SR, kR and kTF on the simulation results. Fracture propagation showed more sensitivity to dF and SR than to the other parameters.

Published
2017

9. Study of hydraulic fracturing processes in shale formations with complex geological settings

Author

Figueiredo, B, Tsang, CF, Rutqvist, J, and Niemi, A

Subjects
Shale-gas, Hydraulic fracturing stimulation, Fracture propagation, Elastic-brittle model, Bedding plane, Fault reactivation, Geology, Chemical Engineering, Resources Engineering and Extractive Metallurgy, Energy
Abstract

Hydraulic fracturing has been applied to extract gas from shale-gas reservoirs. Complicated geological settings, such as spatial variability of the rock mass properties, local heterogeneities, complex in situ stress field, and pre-existing bedding planes and faults, could make hydraulic fracturing a challenging task. In order to effectively and economically recover gas from such reservoirs, it is crucial to explore how hydraulic fracturing performs in such complex geological settings. For this purpose, numerical modelling plays an important role because such conditions cannot be reproduced by laboratory experiments. This paper focuses on the analysis of the influence of confining formations and pre-existing bedding planes and faults on the hydraulically-induced propagation of a vertical fracture, which will be called injection fracture, in a shale-gas reservoir. An elastic-brittle model based on material property degradation was implemented in a 2D finite-difference scheme and used for rock elements subjected to tension and shear failure. A base case is considered, in which the ratio SR between the magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical stresses, the permeability kc of the confining formations, the elastic modulus Ep and initial permeability kp of the bedding plane and the initial fault permeability kF are fixed at reasonable values. In addition, the influence of multiple bedding planes, is investigated. Changes in pore pressure and permeability due to high pressure injection lasting 2 h were analysed. Results show that in our case during the injection period the fracture reaches the confining formations and if the permeability of those layers is significantly larger than that of the shale, the pore pressure at the extended fracture tip decreases and fracture propagation becomes slower. After shut-in, the pore pressure decreases more and the fracture does not propagate any more. For bedding planes oriented perpendicular to the maximum principal stress direction and with the same elastic properties as the shale formation, results were found not to be influenced by their presence. In such a scenario, the impact of multiple bedding planes on fracture propagation is negligible. On the other hand, a bedding plane softer than the surrounding shale formation leads to a fracture propagation asymmetrical vertically with respect to the centre of the injection fracture with a more limited upward fracture propagation. A pre-existing fault leads to a decrease in fracture propagation because of fault reactivation with shear failure. This results in a smaller increase in injection fracture permeability and a slight higher injection pressure than that observed without the fault. Overall, results of a sensitivity analysis show that fracture propagation is influenced by the stress ratio SR, the permeability kc of the confining formations and the initial permeability kp of the bedding plane more than the other major parameters.

Published
2017

14. A study of changes in deep fractured rock permeability due to coupled hydro-mechanical effects

Author

Figueiredo, B, Tsang, CF, Rutqvist, J, and Niemi, A

Subjects
Stress-dependent permeability, Fractured rock, Tension failure regions, Flow paths, Mining & Metallurgy, Civil Engineering, Resources Engineering and Extractive Metallurgy
Abstract

This paper presents a numerical study of the hydro-mechanical behaviour of a fractured rock domain at 1000. m depth below the land surface as a function of different levels of fluid pore pressure. A 2D fractured rock domain is adopted based on data obtained from outcrop mapping, displaying multiple fracture sets, fracture intersections, dead-end and curved fractures. A continuum based numerical model is used to evaluate the effects of compressive boundary stresses, cracking by tension failure in the intact rock and fractures and shear displacement along fractures on its equivalent permeability. Two in situ stress boundary conditions are considered: an isotropic case SR1 with the two horizontal boundary compressive stresses having the same magnitude, and an anisotropic case SR2 with the ratio between these compressive stress components set to be 2. In the SR2 case, changes in the local stress and stress ratio distributions due to different fluid pore pressure levels are anisotropic and more significant than in the SR1 case, because of tension failures in the intact rock forming bridges between fractures. These failure regions opened new flow connections between fractures and thereby caused important anisotropic changes in the flow paths, and significant decrease in local gradients of fluid pore pressure. The equivalent permeability increases sharply when the fluid pore pressure is approximately 90% of the magnitude of the minimum stress at the boundaries of the fractured rock domain. Results show that the equivalent permeability of the fractured rock domain is most sensitive to the fractures normal stiffness, the permeability of the tension failure regions and the power-law exponent for permeability change.

Published
2015

16. Generalized spheroidal wave equation and limiting cases

Author

Figueiredo, B. D. Bonorino

Subjects
Mathematical Physics
Abstract

We find sets of solutions to the generalized spheroidal wave equation (GSWE) or, equivalently, to the confluent Heun equation. Each set is constituted by three solutions, one given by a series of ascending powers of the independent variable, and the others by series of regular and irregular confluent hypergeometric functions. For a fixed set, the solutions converge over different regions of the complex plane but present series coefficients proportional to each other. These solutions for the GSWE afford solutions to a double-confluent Heun equation by a taking-limit process due to Leaver. Another procedure, called Whittaker-Ince limit, provides solutions in series of powers and Bessel functions for two other equations with a different type of singularity at infinity. In addition, new solutions are obtained for the Whittaker-Hill and Mathieu equations by considering these as special cases of both the confluent and double-confluent Heun equations. In particular, we find that each of the Lindmann-Stieltjes solutions for the Mathieu equation is associated with two expansions in series of Bessel functions. We also discuss a set of solutions in series of hypergeometric and confluent hypergeometric functions for the GSWE and use their Leaver limits to obtain infinite-series solutions for the Schr\"odinger equation with an asymmetric double-Morse potential. Finally, the possibility of extending the solutions of the GSWE to the general Heun equation is briefly discussed., Comment: Submitted to Journal of Mathematical Physics

Published
2006

17. Ince's limits for confluent and double-confluent Heun equations

Author

Figueiredo, B. D. Bonorino

Subjects
Mathematical Physics
Abstract

We find pairs of solutions to a differential equation which is obtained as a special limit of a generalized spheroidal wave equation (this is also known as confluent Heun equation). One solution in each pair is given by a series of hypergeometric functions and converges for any finite value of the independent variable $z$, while the other is given by a series of modified Bessel functions and converges for $|z|>|z_{0}|$, where $z_{0}$ denotes a regular singularity. For short, the preceding limit is called Ince's limit after Ince who have used the same procedure to get the Mathieu equations from the Whittaker-Hill ones. We find as well that, when $z_{0}$ tends to zero, the Ince limit of the generalized spheroidal wave equation turns out to be the Ince limit of a double-confluent Heun equation, for which solutions are provided. Finally, we show that the Schr\"odinger equation for inverse fourth and sixth-power potentials reduces to peculiar cases of the double-confluent Heun equation and its Ince's limit, respectively., Comment: Submitted to Journal of Mathmatical Physics

Published
2005
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18. Postpartum Depression: Is It a Condition Affecting the Mother-Infant Interaction and the Development of the Child across the First Year of Life?

Author

Figueiredo, B.

Abstract

Noting that maternal depression is common during a baby's first year, this study examined the interaction of depressed and non-depressed mother-child dyads. A sample of 26 first-time mothers with postpartum depression at the third month after birth and their 3-month-old infants was compared to a sample of 25 first-time mothers with no postpartum depression at the third month after birth and their 3-month-old infants. The observations were repeated at 6 months and again at 12 months postpartum. The samples were compared for differences in mother interaction behavior, mother's infant care, mother's concern with the baby, infant behavioral difficulties, infant mental and motor development, and infant behavior with the observer. Among the findings are the following: (1) depressed mothers' interaction behavior and care of their infants are less adequate than the non-depressed mothers' interaction behavior and care of their infants at 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum; (2) infants' interaction behaviors during feeding and face-to-face interaction with depressed mothers are less adequate than infants' interactions with non-depressed mothers at 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum; (3) mother-infant interactions are less adequate in the depressed mother dyads than the non-depressed dyads at 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum; (4) depressed mothers are less concerned about their infants than non-depressed mothers at 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum; (5) infants of depressed mothers have more behavioral difficulties at 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum than infants of non-depressed mothers; (6) infants of depressed mothers had lower mental and motor development rates at 6 and 12 months postpartum than infants of non-depressed mothers; and (7) infants of non-depressed mothers behaved in a more positive way with the observer than the infants of depressed mothers. (AS)

Published
1996

21. The search behavior of terrestrial mammals

Author

Noonan, M. J., (0000-0003-2765-8147) Martinez Garcia, R., Fleming, C. H., Garcia De Figueiredo, B., Ali, A. H., Attias, N., Belant, J. L., Beyer Jr., D. E., Berteaux, D., Bidner, L. R., Boone, R., Boutin, S., Brito, J., Brown, M., Carter, A., Castellanos, A., Castellanos, F. X., Chitwood, C., Darlington, S., Antonio De La Torre, J., Dekker, J., Deperno, C., Droghini, A., Farhadinia, M., Fennessy, J., Fichtel, C., Ford, A., Gill, R., Goheen, J. R., Gustavo R. Oliveira-Santos, L., Hebblewhite, M., Hodges, K. E., Isbell, L. A., Janssen, R., Kappeler, P., Kays, R., Kaczensky, P., Kauffman, M., Lapoint, S., Alan Lashley, M., Leimgruber, P., Little, A., Macdonald, D. W., Masiaine, S., T. McBride Jr., R., Patricia Medici, E., Mertes, K., Moorman, C., Morato, R. G., Mourão, G., Mueller, T., Neilson, E. W., Pastorini, J., Patterson, B. D., Pereira, J., Petroelje, T. R., Piecora, K., John Power, R., Rachlow, J., Ranglack, D. H., Roshier, D., Safford, K., Scott, D. M., Serrouya, R., Songer, M., Songsasen, N., Stabach, J., Stacy-Dawes, J., Swingen, M. B., Thompson, J., Tucker, M. A., Velilla, M., Yarnell, R. W., Young, J., Fagan, W. F., (0000-0003-0575-6408) Calabrese, J., Noonan, M. J., (0000-0003-2765-8147) Martinez Garcia, R., Fleming, C. H., Garcia De Figueiredo, B., Ali, A. H., Attias, N., Belant, J. L., Beyer Jr., D. E., Berteaux, D., Bidner, L. R., Boone, R., Boutin, S., Brito, J., Brown, M., Carter, A., Castellanos, A., Castellanos, F. X., Chitwood, C., Darlington, S., Antonio De La Torre, J., Dekker, J., Deperno, C., Droghini, A., Farhadinia, M., Fennessy, J., Fichtel, C., Ford, A., Gill, R., Goheen, J. R., Gustavo R. Oliveira-Santos, L., Hebblewhite, M., Hodges, K. E., Isbell, L. A., Janssen, R., Kappeler, P., Kays, R., Kaczensky, P., Kauffman, M., Lapoint, S., Alan Lashley, M., Leimgruber, P., Little, A., Macdonald, D. W., Masiaine, S., T. McBride Jr., R., Patricia Medici, E., Mertes, K., Moorman, C., Morato, R. G., Mourão, G., Mueller, T., Neilson, E. W., Pastorini, J., Patterson, B. D., Pereira, J., Petroelje, T. R., Piecora, K., John Power, R., Rachlow, J., Ranglack, D. H., Roshier, D., Safford, K., Scott, D. M., Serrouya, R., Songer, M., Songsasen, N., Stabach, J., Stacy-Dawes, J., Swingen, M. B., Thompson, J., Tucker, M. A., Velilla, M., Yarnell, R. W., Young, J., Fagan, W. F., and (0000-0003-0575-6408) Calabrese, J.

Abstract

Animals moving through landscapes need to strike a balance between finding sufficient resources to grow and reproduce while minimizing encounters with predators 1,2. Because encounter rates are determined by the average distance over which directed motion persists 1,3–5, this trade-off should be apparent in individuals’ movement. Using GPS data from 1,396 individuals across 62 species of terrestrial mammals, we show how predators maintained directed motion ~7 times longer than for similarly-sized prey, revealing how prey species must trade off search efficiency against predator encounter rates. Individual search strategies were also modulated by resource abundance, with prey species forced to risk higher predator encounter rates when resources were scarce. These findings highlight the interplay between encounter rates and resource availability in shaping broad patterns mammalian movement strategies.

Published
2023

22. Effects of the initial stress and spalling strength on spalling around deposition holes and tunnels

Author

Figueiredo, B., Vatcher, J., Sjöberg, J., Ivars, Diego Mas, Figueiredo, B., Vatcher, J., Sjöberg, J., and Ivars, Diego Mas

Abstract

Spalling in the deposition holes and tunnel stability are of concern for the design of deep geological repositories for spent nuclear fuel. A 3D numerical stress model, including a single deposition tunnel and multiple deposition holes to analyse the potential for spalling resulting from the excavation phase, was developed for the proposed repository location at the Forsmark site. Several potential initial stress field cases and spalling strengths of the intact rock were considered. The magnitudes of the factor of safety, the spalling depth, the minor principal stress, and the differential stress were evaluated. The results showed that no spalling in the central deposition hole is indicated for the most likely stress field, and the occurrence of spalling and the spalling depth are minimised for a maximum horizontal stress aligned approximately parallel to the tunnel axis. For spalling occurrence and depth of spalling, the magnitude of the maximum horizontal stress is more critical than its orientation, and the spalling strength is more critical than the magnitude of the maximum horizontal stress. No instability problems were indicated in the vicinity of the roof for all analysed stress cases., QC 20230801

Published
2023
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35. How Consumer Orchestration Work Creates Value in the Sharing Economy

Author

Scaraboto, D, Figueiredo, B, Scaraboto, D, and Figueiredo, B

Abstract

Sharing economy platforms have become increasingly popular, but many platforms do not create all the value that is possible because consumers face challenges while cocreating their experiences. The authors situate the origin of these challenges in the sharing economy’s hybrid cocreation logics, which combine competing communal and transactional logics. Using a qualitative study of Couchsurfing, a platform for sharing free accommodation, the authors find that consumers engage in orchestration work to overcome cocreation roadblocks and extract greater benefits from sharing economy platforms. This orchestration work consists of many actions reflected in four overarching mechanisms: consumer-to-consumer alignment, rewiring relations, trust investment, and network experimentation. The authors connect these mechanisms to known sources of value for firms (i.e., complementarities, efficiency, lock-in, and novelty) to make recommendations for how platform firms can foster consumer orchestration work and unlock the full value of consumer cocreation in the sharing economy.

Published
2022

47. Elective Cancer Surgery in COVID-19-Free Surgical Pathways during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: An International, Multicenter, Comparative Cohort Study

Author

Glasbey, J. C., Nepogodiev, D., Simoes, J. F. F., Omar, O., Li, E., Venn, M. L., Chaar, M. K. A., Capizzi, V., Chaudhry, D., Desai, A., Edwards, J. G., Evans, J. P., Fiore, M., Videria, J. F., Ford, S. J., Ganly, I., Griffiths, E. A., Gujjuri, R. R., Kolias, A. G., Kaafarani, H. M. A., Minaya-Bravo, A., Mckay, S. C., Mohan, H. M., Roberts, K. J., Carlos, S. M. -M., Pockney, P., Shaw, R., Smart, N. J., Stewart, G. D., Sundar, S., Vidya, R., Bhangu, A. A., Chaar, M. A., Ganyli, I., Roberts, K., Ndez, C. S. M. -M., Siaw-Acheampong, K., Benson, R. A., Heritage, E., Jones, C. S., Khatri, C., Khaw, R. A., Keatley, J. M., Knight, A., Lawday, S., Mann, H. S., Marson, E. J., Mclean, K. A., Mills, E. C., Pellino, G., Picciochi, M., Taylor, E. H., Tiwari, A., Wilkin, R. J. W., Bravo, A. M., Gallo, G., Moug, S., Pata, F., Saverio, S. D., Vallance, A., Vimalchandran, D., Kamarajah, S. K., Evans, R. P. T., Townend, P., Isaac, J., Satoi, S., Edwards, J., Coonar, A. S., Marchbank, A., Caruana, E. J., Layton, G. R., Patel, A., Brunelli, A., Gronchi, A., Almond, M., Tirotta, F., Dumitra, S., Price, S. J., Fountain, D. M., Jenkinson, M. D., Hutchinson, P., Marcus, H. J., Piper, R. J., Lippa, L., Servadei, F., Esene, I., Freyschlag, C., Neville, I., Rosseau, G., Schaller, K., Demetriades, A. K., Robertson, F., Alamri, A., Schache, A. G., Winter, S. C., Ho, M., Nankivell, P., Biel, J. R., Batstone, M., Wilkins, A., Singh, J. K., Thekinkattil, D., Fotopoulou, C., Leung, E., Khan, T., Chiva, L., Sehouli, J., Fagotti, A., Cohen, P., Gutelkin, M., Ghebre, R., Konney, T., Pareja, R., Bristow, R., Dowdy, S., Shylasree, T. S., Seenivasagam, R. K., Ng, J., Fujiwara, K., Lamb, B., Narahari, K., Mcneill, A., Colquhoun, A., Mcgrath, J., Bromage, S., Barod, R., Kasivisvanathan, V., Klatte, T., Abbott, T. E. F., Abukhalaf, S., Adamina, M., Ademuyiwa, A. O., Agarwal, A., Akkulak, M., Alameer, E., Alderson, D., Alakaloko, F., Albertsmeiers, M., Alser, O., Alshaar, M., Alshryda, S., Arnaud, A. P., Augestad, K. M., Ayasra, F., Azevedo, J., Bankhead-Kendall, B. K., Barlow, E., Beard, D., Blanco-Colino, R., Brar, A., Breen, K. A., Bretherton, C., Buarque, I. L., Burke, J., Chakrabortee, S., Christensen, P., Cox, D., Cukier, M., Cunha, M. F., Davidson, G. H., Drake, T. M., Elhadi, M., Emile, S., Farik, S., Fitzgerald, J. E., Garmanova, T., Ghosh, D., Gomes, G. M. A., Grecinos, G., Ndl, M. G., Halkias, C., Harrison, E. M., Hisham, I., Hutchinson, P. J., Hwang, S., Isik, A., Jonker, P., Keller, D., Kruijff, S., Lawani, I., Lederhuber, H., Leventoglu, S., Litvin, A., Loehrer, A., Ffler, M. W. L., Lorena, M. A., Modolo, M. M., Major, P., Martin, J., Mashbari, H. N., Mazingi, D., Metallidis, S., Moore, R., Moszkowicz, D., Ng-Kamstra, J. S., Maimbo, M., Negoi, I., Niquen, M., Ntirenganya, F., Olivos, M., Oussama, K., Outani, O., Parreno-Sacdalanm, M. D., Rivera, C. J. P., Pinkney, T. D., Plas, W. V. D., Qureshi, A., Radenkovic, D., Medina, A. R. -D. L., Roslani, A. C., Rd, M. R., Segura-Sampedro, J. J., Santos, I. N., Sayyed, R., Schnitzbauer, A. A., Seyi-Olajide, J. O., Sharma, N., Shu, S., Soreide, K., Spinelli, A., Sund, M., Tabiri, S., Tsoulfas, G., Ramshorst, G. H. V., Vimalachandran, D., Warren, O. J., Wedderburn, D., Wright, N., Allemand, C., Boccalatte, L., Figari, M., Lamm, M., Larranaga, J., Marchitelli, C., Noll, F., Odetto, D., Perrotta, M., Saadi, J., Zamora, L., Alurralde, C., Caram, E. L., Eskinazi, D., Mendoza, J. P., Usandivaras, M., Badra, R., Esteban, A., Garcia, J. S., Garcia, P. M., Gerchunoff, J. I., Lucchini, S. M., Nigra, M. A., Vargas, L., Hovhannisyan, T., Stepanyan, A., Gould, T., Gourlay, R., Griffiths, B., Gananadha, S., Mclaren, M., Cecire, J., Joshi, N., Salindera, S., Sutherland, A., Ahn, J. H., Charlton, G., Chen, S., Gauri, N., Hayhurst, R., Jang, S., Jia, F., Mulligan, C., Yang, W., Ye, G., Zhang, H., Ballal, M., Gibson, D., Hayne, D., Moss, J., Richards, T., Viswambaram, P., Vo, U. G., Bennetts, J., Bright, T., Brooke-Smith, M., Fong, R., Gricks, B., Lam, Y. H., Ong, B. S., Szpytma, M., Watson, D., Bagraith, K., Caird, S., Chan, E., Dawson, C., Ho, D., Jeyarajan, E., Jordan, S., Lim, A., Nolan, G. J., Oar, A., Parker, D., Puhalla, H., Quennell, A., Rutherford, L., Von, P. M., Wullschleger, M., Blatt, A., Cope, D., Egoroff, N., Fenton, M., Gani, J., Lott, N., Shugg, N., Elliott, M., Phung, D., Phan, D., Townend, D., Bong, C., Gundara, J., Frankel, A., Bowman, S., Guerra, G. R., Bolt, J., Buddingh, K., Dudi-Venkata, N. N., Jog, S., Kroon, H. M., Sammour, T., Smith, R., Stranz, C., Lah, K., Mcgahan, W., Mitchell, D., Morton, A., Pearce, A., Roberts, M., Sheahan, G., Swinson, B., Alam, N., Banting, S., Chong, L., Choong, P., Clatworthy, S., Foley, D., Fox, A., Hii, M. W., Knowles, B., Mack, J., Read, M., Rowcroft, A., Ward, S., Wright, G., Futaba, K., Ho, M. F., Hon, S. F., Mak, T. W. C., Ng, S. S. M., Foo, C. C., Banky, B., Susztak, N., Aremu, M., Canas-Martinez, A., Cullivan, O., Murphy, C., Owens, P., Pickett, L., Akmenkalne, L., Byrne, J., Corrigan, M., Cullinane, C., Daly, A., Fleming, C., Jordan, P., Killeen, S., Lynch, N., Mccarthy, A., Mustafa, H., O'Brien, S., O'Leary, P., Syed, W. A. S., Vernon, L., Callanan, D., Huang, L., Ionescu, A., Sheahan, P., Balasubramanian, I., Boland, M., Conlon, K., Evoy, D., Fearon, N., Gallagher, T., Geraghty, J., Heneghan, H., Kennedy, N., Maguire, D., Mccartan, D., Mcdermott, E. W., Prichard, R. S., Winter, D., Alazawi, D., Barry, C., Boyle, T., Butt, W., Connolly, E. M., Donlon, N., Donohue, C., Fahey, B. A., Farrell, R., Fitzgerald, C., Kinsella, J., Larkin, J. O., Lennon, P., Maguire, P. J., Mccormick, P., Mehigan, B. J., Mohan, H., Nugent, T., O'Sullivan, H., Ravi, N., Reynolds, J. V., Rogers, A., Shokuhi, P., Smith, J., Smith, L. A., Timon, C., Bashir, Y., Bass, G., Connelly, T., Creavin, B., Earley, H., Elliott, J. 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M., Milisavljevic, F., Miljkovic, A., Paunovic, A., Epanovicsc, E., Stanimirovic, A., Todorovic, M., Jotic, A., Milovanovic, J., Trivic, A., Bumbasirevic, U., Dzamic, Z., Kajmakovic, B., Prijovic, N., Zivkovic, M., Buta, M., Cvetkovic, A., Djurisic, I., Gacic, S., Goran, M., Inic, Z., Jeftic, N., Jevric, M., Jokic, V., Markovic, I., Milanovic, M., Nikolic, S., Pejnovic, L., Savkovic, N., Spurnic, I., Stevic, D., Stojiljkovic, D., Vucic, N., Zegarac, M., Karamarkovic, A., Kenic, M., Kovacevic, B., Krdzic, I., Milutinovic, V., Chan, C. W., Lieske, B., Simko, K., Almgla, N., Bernon, M., Boutall, A., Cairncross, L., Herman, A., Hilton, T., Jonas, E., Kloppers, C., Malherbe, F., Mugla, W., Nel, D., Rayamajhi, S., Van, W. T., Vogel, J., Castano-Leon, A. M., Delgado, F. J., Eiriz, F. C., Espino, S. -I. M., Esteban, S. O., Garcia, P. D., Gomez, P., Jimenez-Roldan, L., Lagares, A., Moreno-Gomez, L., Paredes, I., Perez, N. A., Sanchez, A. G., Santas, M., Fernandez, R. P., Paniagua, G. S. 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M., Langdon, C., Momblan, D., Morales, X., Oleaga, L., Otero, A., Pedrosa, L., Poblete, C. J., Reyes, F. L., Roldan, R. P., Rumia-Arboix, J., Tercero-Uribe, A. I., Topczewski, T. E., Torales, J., Torne, A., Torne, R., Turrado-Rodriguez, V., Valero, R., Valverde, S., Anula, R., Cano-Valderrama, O., Del, C. M. M., Diez-, V. L., Dominguez, I., Dziakova, J., Garcia, A. M., Garcia, R. E., Gomez, L. L., Muguerza, J. M., Pizarrom, J., Saez, C. P., Sanchez, D. P. C., Sanchez-Pernaute, A., Sanz, O. G., Sanz-, L. R., Torres, A., Garces-Albir, M., Lopez, F., Martin-Arevalo, J., Moro-Valdezate, D., Pla-Marti, V., Beltran, D. H. J., De, A. A. B., Gomez, S. T., Jezieniecki, C., Nunez, D. B. H., De Ortiz, S. A. F., Romero, D. D. A., Ruiz, S., Trujillo, D. J., Vazquez, F. A., Lora-Cumplido, P., Sosa, M. V., Gonzalez-, G. E., Minaya, B. A., Alonso, D. L. F. N., Cazador, L. M., Cecchini, L., Espinosa, C. A., Jimenez, T. M., Lopez, C. A., Mancebo, G., Martorell, P., Munarriz, M., Grau-Talens, E. J., Martin-Perez, B., Benavides, B. J. A., Carrasco, P. M., Fernandez, P. V., Fernandez-Lopez, A., Garcia, E. D., Garcia, P. V. J., Garcia, S. V., Gimenez, F. C., Gonzalez, V. F., Gurrea, E., Lopez-Morales, P., Marco, G. A., Martinez, A. J., Medina, E., Munoz, C. J. M., Parra, B. P. A., Pena, R. E., Ramirez, F. M., Ruiz-Marin, M., Sanchez, R. C., Valero, S. M., Estaire, G. M., Fernandez, C. A., Garcia, S. E. P., Jimenez, H. E., Martinez-Pinedo, C., Munoz-Atienza, V., Padilla-Valverde, D., Picon, R. R., Redondo, C. F. J., Sanchez-Garcia, S., Sanchez-Pelaez, D., Colombari, R. C., Del, V. E., Fernandez, M., Lozano, L. P., Martin, L., Rey, V. C., Steiner, M. A., Tudela, M., Zorrilla, O. J., Alcaide, M. F., Garcia, P. J. M., Troncoso, P. P., Mora-Guzman, I., Abellan, M., Achalandabaso, B. M., Jorba, R., Memba, I. R., Olona, C., Sales, M., Cavallebusquets, P., Gavalda, P. M., Salinas, P. J., Aragon, A. E. J., Barbier, L., Caja, V. P., Gainza, A., Garcia, G. J. J., Mallabiabarrena, O. G., Marin, H., Martin, P. P., Melchor, C. I., Prieto, C. M., Rodriguez, F. A., Villalabeitia, A. I., De, A. O. U., Duran, B. M., Fernandez, P. F. J., Ibanez-Aguirre, F. J., Sanz, L. A., Ugarte, S. B., De, L. H. R. A., Di Martino, M., Garcia, S. J., Martin-Perez, E., Munoz, D. N. J. L., Calvo, E. P., Guillamot, R. P., Colao, G. L., Diaz, P. D., Esteban, A. E., Galindo, J. P., Gutierrez, S. M., Hernandez, B., Serrano, G. J., Alonso, P. A., Dieguez, B., Garcia-Conde, M., Hernandez-Garcia, M., Losada, M., Chiesa-Estomba, C. M., Gonzalez, G. J., Larruscain, E., Sistiaga, S. J. A., Alvarez, E., Chavarrias, N., Frias, L., Garcia, P. V., Gegundez, S. A., Gortazar, S., Gracia, M., Guevara, J., Hernandez, G. A., Loayza, A., Maria, D. D. T., Marti, C., Melendez, M., Moreno-Palacios, E., Perez, Y., Prieto, N. M., Ramos-, M. P., Rubio-Perez, I., Saavedra, J., Sanchez-Mendez, J. I., Siegrist, R. J., Urbieta, A., Zapardiel, I., Cantalejo, D. M., De, M. A. M., Duque-Mallen, V., Gascon, F. I., Gonzalez-Nicolas, T. M., Gracia-Roche, C., Herrero, L. M., Jariod, F. U., Lanzon, A., Martinez, G. A., Matute, M., Redondo, C., Sanchez, F. N., Sanchez-Rubio, M., Santero-Ramirez, M. S., Saudi, S., Simon, S. M., Uson-Bouthelier, T., Blazquez, M. A., Diez, A. M., Garcia-Loarte, G. E., Garcia-Moreno, N. F., Gutierrez, C. A., Hernandez, P., Lasa, I., Mendoza-Moreno, F., Morales, P. N., Ovejero, M. E., Vera, M. C., Acebes, G. F., Bailon, M., Bueno, C. A., Choolani, B. E., Marcos-Santos, P., Miguel, T., Pacheco, S. D., Perez-Saborido, B., Sanchez, G. J., Tejero-Pintor, F. J., Alconchel, F., Conesa, A., Gil, M. J., Gutierrez, F. A., Lopez, A. A., Nicolas-Lopez, T., Ramirez, R. P., Roca, C. M. J., Rodrigues, K., Ruiz, M. J. J., Soriano, A. I., Cano, A., Capitan-, M. L., Cintas, C. J., Gomez-Rosado, J., Oliva, M. F., Perez, S. M., Rio, L. F. D., Torres, A. C., Valdes-Hernandez, J., Cholewa, H., Domingo, S., Frasson, M., Lago, V., Marina, M. T., Martinez, C. C., Sancho-Muriel, J., Landaluce-Olavarria, A., Lecumberri, D., Abad, G. A., Abad-Motos, A., Martinez-Hurtado, E., Ripolles-Melchor, J., Ruiz, E. A., Cuadrado-Garcia, A., Garcia-Sancho, T. L., Heras, A. J., Mate, P., Ortega, V. I., Picardo, A. L., Rojo, L. J. A., Sanchez, C. N. F., Serralta, D. C. D., Anchuelo, L. J., Cagigas, F. C., Caina, R. R., Gomez, R. M., Hernanz, F., Jimeno, F. J., Martinez-Perez, P., Poch, C., Santarrufina, M. S., Valbuena, J. V., Moliner-Sanchez, C., Pingarron-Martin, L., Rey-Biel, J., Ruiz, M. I., Blas, L. J. L., Cros, B., Escartin, J., Garcia, E. J., Nogues, A., Talal, E. -A. I., Yanez, C., Cagigal, O. E. P., Cervera, I., Diaz, P. P., Elena, G. D. C. R., Enjuto, D., Fernandez, B., Garces, G. R., Gonzalez, J., Hernandez, I., Herrera-Merino, N., Marqueta, D. S. M., Martinez, P. P., Perez, G. M., Ramos, B. A., Rodriguez, G. L., Bescos, C., Brana, I., Caimari, B., De, P. G. -C. A., Duran-Valles, F., Espin-Basany, E., Giralt, L. D. S. J., Pamias, J., Prat, N., Pujol, P. R., Saez, B. M., Arulanantham, A., Bandara, G. B. K., Jayarajah, U., Ravindrakumar, S., Rodrigo, V. S., Srishankar, S., Ali, K. A. A., Elbe, P., Lindqvist, E. K., Taflin, H., Alga, A., Heinius, G., Nordberg, M., Pieniowski, E., Gkekas, I., Lofgren, N., Rutegard, M., Arigoni, M., Bernasconi, M., Christoforidis, D., Di, G. M., La, R. D., Mongelli, F., Chevallay, M., Dwidar, O., Gialamas, E., Sauvain, M., Klenke, F., Kollar, A., Kurze, C., Bachler, T., Crugnale, A. S., Giardini, M., Guglielmetti, L., Peros, G., Solimene, F., Aghayeva, A., Hamzaoglu, I., Sahin, I., Akaydin, E., Aliyeva, Z., Aytac, E., Baca, B., Dulgeroglu, O., Ozben, V., Ozmen, B. B., Uras, C., Arikan, A. E., Bilgin, I. A., Bozkirli, B., Ceyhan, G. O., Kara, H., Karahasanoglu, T., Celik, H., Meydanli, M. M., Akilli, H., Ayhan, A., Kuscu, E., Onan, M. A., Akgor, U., Dincer, H. A., Erol, T., Gultekin, M., Orhan, N., Ozgul, N., Salman, M. C., Soyak, B., Alhamed, A., Ergun, S., Ozcelik, M. F., Sanli, A. N., Uludags, S., Velidedeoglu, M., Zengin, A. K., Bozkurt, M. A., Kara, Y., Kocatas, A., Cimenoglu, B., Demirhan, R., Saracoglu, K., Azamat, I. F., Balik, E., Bugra, D., Giray, B., Kulle, C. B., Taskiran, C., Vatansever, D., Gozal, K., Guler, S. A., Koken, H., Tatar, O. C., Utkan, N. Z., Yildirim, A., Yuksel, E., Akin, E., Altintoprak, F., Bayhan, Z., Cakmak, G., Capoglu, R., Celebi, F., Demir, H., Dikicier, E., Firat, N., Gonullu, E., Kamburoglu, M. B., Kocer, B., Kucuk, I. F., Mantoglu, B., Colak, E., Kucuk, G. O., Uyanik, M. S., Goksoy, B., Bozkurt, E., Citgez, B., Mihmanli, M., Tanal, M., Yetkin, G., Akalin, M., Arican, C., Avci, E. K., Aydin, C., Demirli, A. S., Emiroglu, M., Kaya, T., Kebabci, E., Kilinc, G., Kirmizi, Y., Gucu, H., Salimoglu, S., Sert, I., Tugmen, C., Tuncer, K., Uslu, G., Yes, I. D., Karaman, E., Kolusari, A., Yildiz, A., Benson, O., Lule, H., Agilinko, J., Ahmeidat, A., Barabasz, M., Bekheit, M., Cheung, L. K., Colloc, T., Cymes, W., Elhusseini, M., Gradinariu, G., Hannah, A., Kamera, B. S., Mignot, G., Shaikh, S., Sharma, P., Abu-Nayla, I., Agrawal, A., Al-Mohammad, A., Ali, S., Ashcroft, J., Azizi, A., Baker, O., Balakrishnan, A., Byrne, M., Cotter, A., Coughlin, P., Davies, R. J., Durrani, A., Elshaer, M., Fordington, S., Forouhi, P., Georgiades, F., Grimes, H., Habeeb, A., Hudson, V., Irune, E., Jah, A., Khan, D. Z., Kolias, A., Kyriacou, H., Liau, S., Luke, L., Mahmoud, R., Mannion, R., Masterson, L., Mitrofan, C. G., Mohan, M., Morris, A., Murphy, S., O'Neill, R., Price, S., Pushpa-Rajah, J., Raby-Smith, W., Ramzi, J., Rooney, S., Santarius, T., Singh, A., Tan, X. S., Townson, A., Tweedle, E., Walker, C., Waseem, S., Yordanov, S., Jones, T., Kattakayam, A., Loh, C., Lunevicius, R., Pringle, S., Schache, A., Sheel, A., Rossborough, C., Angelou, D., Choynowski, M., Mcaree, B., Mccanny, A., Neely, D., Tutoveanu, G., Ahad, S., De La Cruz Monroy, M. F. I., Mosley, F., Oktseloglou, V., Alanbuki, A., Patel, M., Shabana, A., Perera, E., Raveendran, D., Ravi-Shankar, K., Thiruchelvam, J., Arrowsmith, L., Campbell, W., Grove, T., Kontovounisios, C., Warren, O., Rolland, P., Aggarwal, A., Brown, S., Jelley, C., Neal, N., Clifford, R., Eardley, N., Krishnan, E., Manu, N., Martin, E., Roy, M. S., Serevina, O. L., Smith, C., Bordenave, M., Houston, R., Putnam, G., Robson, A., Tustin, H., Emslie, K., Labib, P. L., Miller, D., Minto, G., Natale, J., Nwinee, H., Panahi, P., Rogers, L., Abubakar, A., Akhter, R. M. M., Ko, K. Y. K., O'Brien, H., Sasapu, K., Woodun, H., Inglis, R., Ng, H. J., De, G. R. A., Ghazali, N., Lambert, J., Markose, G., Math, S., Sarantitis, I., Shrestha, D., Sultana, A., Taggarsi, M., Timbrell, S., Vaz, O. P., Vitone, L., Day, A., Dent, H., Fahim, M., Waheed, S., Hunt, A., Laskar, N., Gupta, A., Steinke, J., Thrumurthy, S., Massie, E., Mcgivern, K., Rutherford, D., Wilson, M., Hardie, J., Kazzaz, S., Handa, S., Kaushal, M., Kler, A., Patel, P., Redfern, J., Tezas, S., Aawsaj, Y., Amonkar, S., Blackwell, L., Blake, D., Carter, J., Emerson, H., Fisher, A., Katory, M., Korompelis, P., Mccormick, W., Mustafa, A., Pearce, L., Ratnavelu, N., Reehal, R., Kretzmer, L., Lalou, L., Manku, B., Parwaiz, I., Stafford, J., Abdelkarim, M., Asqalan, A., Gala, T., Ibrahim, S., Maw, A., Mithany, R., Morgan, R., Sundaram, V. G., Ang, K., Chowdhry, M. F., Mohammad, A., Nakas, A., Rathinam, S., Boal, M., Brown, O., Dwerryhouse, S., Higgs, S., Boyd, E., Irvine, V., Kirk, A., Bakolas, G., Boulton, A., Chandock, A., Kumar, M., Agoston, P., Bille, A., Challacombe, B., Fraser, S., Harrison-Phipps, K., King, J., Mehra, G., Mills, L., Najdy, M., Nath, R., Okiror, L., Pilling, J., Rizzo, V., Routledge, T., Sayasneh, A., Stroman, L., Wali, A., Fehervari, M., Habib, N., Hamrang-Yousefi, S., Jawad, Z., Jiao, L., Pai, M., Ploski, J., Rajagopal, P., Saso, S., Sodergren, M., Laws, S., Hardie, C., Mcnaught, C., Alam, R., Budacan, A., Cahill, J., Kalkat, M., Karandikar, S., Kenyon, L., Naumann, D., Ayorinde, J., Chase, T., Cuming, T., Ghanbari, A., Humphreys, L., Tayeh, S., Aboelkassem, I. A., Bichoo, R., Cao, H., Chai, A. K. W., Choudhury, J., Evans, C., Fitzjohn, H., Ikram, H., Langstroth, M., Loubani, M., Mcmillan, A., Nazir, S., Qadri, S. S. A., Robinson, A., Ross, E., Sehgal, T., Dixon, J., Dunning, J., Freystaetter, K., Jha, M., Lester, S., Madhavan, A., Thulasiraman, S. V., Viswanath, Y., Curl-Roper, T., Delimpalta, C., Liao, C. C. L., Velchuru, V., Westwood, E., Belcher, E., Bond-Smith, G., Chidambaram, S., Fasanmade, K., Fraser, L., Fu, H., Ganau, M., Gore, S., Graystone, J., Jeyaretna, D., Khatkar, H., Lami, M., Maher, M., Mastoridis, S., Mihai, R., Piper, R., Prabhu, S., Risk, O. B. F., Selbong, U., Shah, K., Smillie, R., Soleymani, M. H., Sravanam, S., Stavroulias, D., Tebala, G. D., Vatish, M., Verberne, C., Wallwork, K., Winter, S., Bhatti, M. I., Boyd-Carson, H., Elsey, E., Gemmill, E., Herrod, P., Jibreel, M., Lenzi, E., Saafan, T., Sapre, D., Sian, T., Watson, N., Athanasiou, A., Bourke, G., Bradshaw, L., Coe, P., Costigan, F., Elkadi, H., Johnstone, J., Kanatas, A., Kantola, V., Kaufmann, A., Laios, A., Lam, S., Macinnes, E., Munot, S., Nahm, C., Otify, M., Pompili, C., Smith, I., Theophilou, G., Toogood, G., Wade, R., Ward, D., West, C., Annamalai, S., Ashmore, C., Boddy, A., Hossain, T., Kourdouli, A., Gvaramadze, A., Jibril, A., Prusty, L., Thekkinkattil, D., Harky, A., Shackcloth, M., Askari, A., Cirocchi, N., Kudchadkar, S., Patel, K., Sagar, J., Shaw, S., Talwar, R., Abdalla, M., Edmondson, R., Ismail, O., Jones, D., Newton, K., Stylianides, N., Aderombi, A., Andaleeb, U., Bajomo, O., Beatson, K., Garrett, W., Mehmood, M., Ng, V., Al-Habsi, R., Divya, G. S., Keeler, B., Al-Sarireh, B., Egan, R., Harries, R., Henry, A., Kittur, M., Li, Z., Parkins, K., Soliman, F., Spencer, N., Thompson, D., Burgess, C., Gemmell, C., Grieco, C., Hollyman, M., Hunt, L., Morrison, J., Ojha, S., Ryan, N., Abbadessa, F., Barnard, S., Dawe, N., Hammond, J., Mahmoud, A. F., Mcpherson, I., Mellor, C., Moir, J., Pandanaboyana, S., Powell, J., Rai, B., Roy, C., Sachdeva, A., Saleh, C., Tingle, S., Williams, T., Manickavasagam, J., Mcdonald, C., Mcgrath, N., Mcsorley, N., Ragupathy, K., Ramsay, L., Solth, A., Kakisi, O., Seebah, K., Shaikh, I., Sreedharan, L., Youssef, M., Shah, J., Ameerally, P., Mclarty, N., Mills, S., Shenfine, A., Sahnan, K., Abu, J., Addae-Boateng, E., Bratt, D., Brock, L., Burnside, N., Cadwell-Sneath, S., Gajjar, K., Gan, C., Grundy, C., Hallam, K., Hassell, K., Hawari, M., Joshi, A., Khout, H., Konstantinidi, K., Lee, R. X. N., Nunns, D., Schiemer, R., Walton, T., Weaver, H., Whisker, L., Williamson, K., Mcveigh, J., Myatt, R., Williams, M. A., Kaur, R., Michel, M., Patil, S., Ravindran, S., Sarveswaran, J., Scott, L., Edmond, M., King, E. P., Bhangu, A., Breik, O., Cato, L. D., Ford, S., Griffiths, E., Idle, M., Kamal, M., Kisiel, A., Kulkarni, R., Mak, J. K. C., Martin, T., Parente, A., Parmar, S., Pathanki, A. M., Phelan, L., Praveen, P., Saeed, S., Singh, J., Vijayan, D., Geddes, A., Mccaul, J., Mcmahon, J., Khan, A. H., Khan, F., Mansuri, A., Mukherjee, S., Sarigul, M., Singh, S., Tan, K. L., Woodham, A., Adiamah, A., Brewer, H., Chowdhury, A., Evans, J., Humes, D., Jackman, J., Koh, A., Lewis-Lloyd, C., Oyende, O., Reilly, J., Worku, D., Cool, P., Cribb, G., Shepherd, K., Bisset, C., Elson, N., Faulkner, G., Saleh, P., Underwood, C., Brixton, G., Findlay, L., Majkowska, A., Manson, J., Potter, R., Bhalla, A., Chia, Z., Daliya, P., Goyal, A., Grimley, E., Hamad, A., Kumar, A., Malcolm, F. L., Theophilidou, E., Bowden, J., Campain, N., Daniels, I., Fowler, G., John, J., Massey, L., Mcdermott, F., Mclennan, A., Ng, M., Pascoe, J., Rajaretnam, N., Bulathsinhala, S., Davidson, B., Fusai, G., Hidalgo, S. C., Machairas, N., Pissanou, T., Pollok, J. M., Raptis, D. A., Soggiu, F., Tzerbinis, H., Xyda, S. E., Beamish, A., Davies, E., Foulkes, R., Magowan, D., Nassa, H., Ooi, R., Price, C., Smith, L., Solari, F., Tang, A., Williams, G., Al-, T. Y., Bacon, A., Beasley, N., Chew, D., Crank, M., Ilenkovan, N., Macdonald, M., Narice, B., Rominiyi, O., Thompson, A., Varley, I., Drake, T., Harrison, E., Linder, G., Mayes, J., Mcgregor, R., Skipworth, R., Zamvar, V., Hawkin, P., Raymond, T., Ryska, O., Baron, R., Dunne, D., Gahunia, S., Halloran, C., Howes, N., Mckinney, R., Mcnicol, F., Russ, J., Szatmary, P., Tan, J. R., Thomas, A., Whelan, P., Anzak, A., Banerjee, A., Fuwa, O., Hughes, F., Jayasinghe, J. D., Knowles, C., Kocher, H., Leal, S. I., Ledesma, F. S., Minicozzi, A., Navaratne, L., Rahman, R., Ramamoorthy, R., Sohrabi, C., Thaha, M., Thakur, B., Venn, M., Yip, V., Baumber, R., Parry, J., Evans, S., Jeys, L., Morris, G., Parry, M., Stevenson, J., Ahmadi, N., Aresu, G., Barrett-Brown, Z. M., Durio, Y. H., Gearon, D., Hogan, J., King, M., Peryt, A., Pradeep, I. S., Adishesh, M., Atherton, R., Baxter, K., Brocklehurst, M., Chaudhury, M., Krishnamohan, N., Mcaleer, J., Owens, G., Parkin, E., Patkar, P., Phang, I., Aladeojebi, A., Ali, M., Barmayehvar, B., Gaunt, A., Gowda, M., Halliday, E., Kitchen, M., Mansour, F., Thomas, M., Zakai, D., Abbassi-Ghadi, N., Assalaarachchi, H., Currie, A., Flavin, M., Frampton, A., Hague, M., Hammer, C., Hopper, J., Horsnell, J., Humphries, S., Kamocka, A., Madhuri, T. K., Preston, S., Singh, P., Stebbing, J., Tailor, A., Walker, D., Aljanadi, F., Jones, M., Mhandu, P., O'Donnell, C., Turkington, R., Al-Ishaq, Z., Bhasin, S., Bodla, A. 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T., Carannante, F., Caricato, M., Masciana, G., Mazzotta, E., Gattolin, A., Migliore, M., Rimonda, R., Sasia, D., Travaglio, E., Cervellera, M., Gori, A., Sartarelli, L., Tonini, V., Giacometti, M., Zonta, S., Chessa, A., Fiorini, A., Norcini, C., Colletti, G., Confalonieri, M., Costanzi, A., Frattaruolo, C., Mari, G., Monteleone, M., Bandiera, A., Bocciolone, L., Bonavina, G., Candiani, M., Candotti, G., De, N. P., Gagliardi, F., Medone, M., Mortini, P., Negri, G., Parise, P., Piloni, M., Sileri, P., Vignali, A., Belvedere, A., Bernante, P., Bertoglio, P., Boussedra, S., Brunocilla, E., Cipriani, R., Cisternino, G., De, C. E., De, I. P., Dondi, G., Frio, F., Jovine, E., Mineo, B. F., Neri, J., Parlanti, D., Perrone, A. M., Pezzuto, A. P., Pignatti, M., Pinto, V., Poggioli, G., Ravaioli, M., Rottoli, M., Schiavina, R., Serenari, M., Serra, M., Solli, P., Taffurelli, M., Tanzanu, M., Tesei, M., Violante, T., Zanotti, S., Borghi, F., Cianflocca, D., Di, M. G. 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A., Asaad, P., Brown, B., Collis, J., Duff, S., Khan, A., Moura, F., Wadham, B., Warburton, H., Elmoslemany, T., Jenkinson, M., Millward, C., Zakaria, R., Mccluney, S., Parmar, C., Shah, S., Allison, J., Babar, M. S., Collard, B., Goodrum, S., Lau, K., Scott, R., Thomas, E., Whitmore, H., Balasubramaniam, D., Jayasankar, B., Kapoor, S., Ramachandran, A., Elhamshary, A., Imam, S. M. B., Kapriniotis, K., Lindsay, J., Rakhshani-Moghadam, S., Beech, N., Chand, M., Green, L., Kalavrezos, N., Kiconco, H., Mcewen, R., Schilling, C., Sinha, D., Pereca, J., Chopra, S., Egbeare, D., Thomas, R., Combellack, T., Jones, S. E. F., Kornaszewska, M., Mohammed, M., Sharma, A., Tahhan, G., Valtzoglou, V., Williams, J., Eskander, P., Gash, K., Gourbault, L., Hanna, M., Maccabe, T., Newton, C., Olivier, J., Rozwadowski, S., Teh, E., West, D., Al-Omishy, H., Baig, M., Bates, H., Di, T. 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U. S., Fullmer, T., Gaskill, C., Gross, N., Kiong, K., Roland, C. L., Zafar, S. N., Abdallah, M., Abouassi, A., Almasri, M., Kulkarni, G., Marwan, H., Mehdi, M., Aoun, S., Ban, V. S., Batjer, H. H., Caruso, J., Abbott, D., Acher, A., Aiken, T., Barrett, J., Foley, E., Schwartz, P., Hawkins, A., Maiga, A., Laufer, J., Scasso, S., Gasparini G. (ORCID:0000-0001-5091-5178), Ratto C. (ORCID:0000-0002-0556-0037), Rosa F. (ORCID:0000-0002-7280-8354), and Scambia G. (ORCID:0000-0003-2758-1063)

Abstract

PURPOSE As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19–free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19–free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19–free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19–free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score–matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19–free surgical pathways should be established

Published
2021

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