Search

The increased fire hazard of foamed polymers hinders their widespread use in the construction industry. An effective method of reducing the combustibility of carbonizing polymers is the use of phosphorus-containing flame retardants. Therefore, the investigation of the influence of phosphorus-containing flame retardants on the composition of pyrolysis products and operational properties - heat resistance, flammability, combustibility, and smoke generating ability - is an important objective. In the article, we have presented the results of related experimental studies. The effects of phosphorus-containing flame retardants on heat resistance and main operational properties related to the fire safety of foamed constructional polymers are examined. A correlation was found between the results of evaluating the combustibility of foams by the limiting oxygen index and the combustibility index. Optimal concentrations of phosphorus in the foamed thermosetting polymers are established. It was shown that optimal concentration of the flame retardants leads to low combustibility of polyurethane-, resole- and urea-based foamed polymers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on interaction between culture and technology is especially important because the modern man-caused civilization faces the problems in many aspects. Topics discussed include devastating wars and 21th century terrorism a statement of growing effect of reason on civilization, effect of humans on biogeocenosis was infinitesimal and discovery of phenomenon of preprogrammed cell death.

The article offers information about inventions and investment of innovative companies. Topics discussed include new ideas, knowledge, technologies are efficient feature of increasing structures of corporations; talks about business development of HP, Microsoft and Apple from the small innovative companies; and mentions product orientation which depends on technological parameters of innovations.

The authors carried out in the fieldwork with a new variety of amaranth «Lipetsky». In order to identify qualitative and quantitative laws of manifestation of the total antioxidant activity of amaranth leaves collected in different phases of plant vegetation and dehydrated in mild conditions of air-shadow drying and subsequent drying under harsh conditions 105º C to a constant mass of samples. Testing of plant samples was carried out using coulometric method of titration (author's method) of free bromine radicals generated in the aquatic environment by plant titrant (water extract dried in the shade at a temperature of 22º±3º C of leaves). Examined combined samples of 10 samples of plant leaves of different tiers and of different ages with field plot of 10 ha. Given biometric averages of plants during the growing season: growth, weight of plants, number of leaves, weight of leaves, stem and inflorescence of the plant. This shows the dynamics of total antioxidant activity of leaves of amaranth during the growing season. Tested the thermal stability of the total antioxidant activity (TAA) for combined extracts of 10 samples of leaves of different ages and from different parts of plants when they are drying at 105º C. The dynamics of change, TAA aqueous extracts of the dried amaranth samples with different stages of the growing season corresponds to the previously identified trends in the availability of high quantitative values in the phase of mass budding beginning of flowering and minima in the initial growth phases (3-8 leaves) and ripening of seed for different varieties of amaranth. Revealed the increase in antioxidant activity upon drying amaranth samples at 105 ° C., revealed a new type of qualitative dynamics of TAA, while vegetation with a characteristic quantitative changes by more than 50% for the beginning of the growth phase (the first phase of 3-8 leaves) and the final phase of seed maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercially, polyurethanes are produced by the reaction of diisocyanates, polyols (polyester or polyether) and low molecular weight chain extender. Toxicity, moisture sensitivity and phosgene-based synthesis of diisocyanates resulted in investigations focused on obtaining the non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs). This work presents the review of synthesis and structure-properties relationship of non-isocyanate polyurethanes obtained by reacting cyclic carbonated intermediates with diamines or polyamines.. Described five-membered ring cyclic carbonate intermediates were obtained by carbonation of glycidyl ethers chemically modified bio-based substances, e.g. carbonated vegetable oils. The mechanical and thermal properties of NIPUs are affected by functionality, structure and molecular weight of cyclic carbonate intermediates and diamines or polyamines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the implementation of the Concept of Sustainable Development in the demand of scientific and technological progress of people of all generations. It examines the impact of the underestimation of ecological and social disruptions in the sustainability of development. It also cites the integration of complex tasks to promote sustainable development.

For the purpose of fire safe construction it is necessary to reduce fire hazards of of building materials, including polymer matrix composites. In the present work we have studied the thermal stability, flammability, fume evolution of epoxy matrix composites with different types and amounts of hardeners, fillers, plasticizers and fire retardants. It is shown that chemical composition of fillers has little effect on the flammability of epoxy composites when the content of mineral fillers is less than 45% by mass. Smoke formation decreases linearly with increasing the degree of filling. A correlation was found between the oxygen index and the combustibility index when tested by the ceramic pipe method in accordance with RU GOST 12.1.044. It is shown that to obtain low-combustible materials the oxygen index should exceed 31%. It has been established that the chemical structure of additive aromatic brominated fire retardants has practically no effect on flammability. It was found that the optimal concentration of industrial brominated fire retardants is 8-10% by mass. To reduce the flammability of epoxy composites, additive brominated fire retardants in the form of a solution in N,N-dimethyl-2,4,6-tribromoaniline have been proposed. The high efficiency of acetyl- and α-hydroxyethyl ferrocene as a smoke suppressor of epoxy composites is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on innovative engineering. Innovation stages of the life cycle of technical systems (ISLCTS) include performing functional analysis of the primary innovation, computing economic feasibility of the development of innovative product, and correcting results of primary marketing analysis of innovative proposal.

The paper describes results of vegetative tests of activated carbon as a detoxiant of herbicide remains in soil on eight varieties of summer rapeseed. The tests were performed with the purpose to align soil fertility on different breeding and test sites. The research is based on attempts to apply coal absorbent as a means of soil detoxication to neutralize herbicides remains in the process of oilseed brassica crops breeding. Several summer rapeseed varieties were used as research objects. Similar approaches have not encountered in literature references available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis and manufacture bases non-isocyanate polyurethane are considered by domestic and foreign manufacturers. Their use as ecologically safe binding building composites is proved. Results of experiments on an establishment of constructional properties nonisocyanate polyurethane concrete are presented. Prospects of use of the developed structures in elements of buildings and the constructions maintained in excited environments are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work is devoted to the description of the new technology, which relates to a method for producing track membranes by penetration of the working medium within the matrix, and its passage through the matrix of polymer material. The working substance interacts with the matrix in the form of high-speed flow of solid particles. Method for treating thin-film materials with a flow of electrically chargeable solid particles in an electric field generated between two oppositely charged electrodes is proposed. One of the electrodes is made in the form of a net that is penetrable to the solid particles, used as a charging electrode for acceleration of the particles passing toward the thin-film material located above this electrode, while the electrode has a continuous surface, and is used as a charging electrode. The electric field is adjusted to the value needed to satisfy the treatment conditions so that the particles can either be retained in the treated material or can pass though the material, thus forming filters for gases or liquids, track membranes, or the like. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to an actual problem of reducing of toxicity of polyurethanes and the prospects for their replacement by nonisocyanate polyurethanes. The main objective of studies in Polymate Ltd. - International Nanotechnology Research Centre - synthesis of nonisocyanate polyurethanes (NIPU), revealing their application properties and the development of recommendations for the development of their industrial production. The article summarizes the results of the synthesis and complex research of properties of nonisocyanate polyurethanes and hybrid compositions. It describes the characteristics of dependence of the properties of nonisocyanate polyurethanes (NIPU) and urethane-containing epoxy polymers (HNIPU) from the component composition and the presence of urethane-containing modifiers. Based on these studies, presented here examples of possible industrial production NIPU, their characteristics of mechanical and chemical resistance, and other important parameters. The article sums up the research on the issue of replacement of existing isocyanate polyurethanes by nonisocyanate polyurethanes, and identifies promising areas of application of research results in industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a burning cycle and a basic design of the reactor for the implementation of fusion using a deuterium stream and gaseous target of deuterated diborane (B2D6) were proposed. Two modes of the reactor operation were considered. The presented modeling shows a positive estimation for the burning cycle in which different volatile boranes can be used also. This type of reactor, and use the burning cycle, allows to the energetically positive balance - 9.26 MeV per the beam deuteron. In addition, in this process the helium isotope (3He) is generated, which is a valuable product and may be used in other types of fusion reactors. For absorption of excess neutrons a solution of boric acid which contains the natural mixture of boron isotopes was considered to use. In this case, the formation of lithium borate would occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The substitution of isocyanate and phosgene precursors for the industrial production of polyurethane materials is discussed in this article. Polyurethanes are currently one of the polymer compounds most used in worldwide for numerous applications such as rigid and flexible foams, coatings, elastomers, adhesives and sealants and, nowadays, these applications are regained in devices in everyday life such as wall and roofing insulation, in furnishing, in cars, in clothes or in shoes. Nevertheless, their preparation needs using of harmful and dangerousness compounds such as phosgene and isocyanate precursors. Their dangerousness operate at 3 steps of the life of polyurethane: synthesize of monomers, formulation of materials and end of life of materials. After a first part dedicated to the historical, market and manufacture of polyurethane and its dangerousness, this articles focuses on the description and discussion on the routes to substitute the dangerousness precursors to synthesize non-isocyanate polyurethane, reporting their advantages and limits and finally examines the outlooks to follow for the wider use of non-isocyanate polyurethane to recover all applications of classic polyurethane in chemical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is concern with biologically active nanochips for treating seeds of agricultural plants in order to improve seed germination conditions and development of plants and for protecting plants from anticipated and averaged adverse conditions. The biologically active nanochips contain a solid porous carrier, such as mineral, clay, turf, or polymer, the pores of which are intended for accommodating nanoparticles of biologically active substances that penetrate the pores when the substances are applied onto the nanochip surface, e.g., by spraying. Alternatively, the biologically active substances can be retained on the surface of the carrier by adhesion. The composition of the biologically active nanochips is selected with reference to anticipated and averaged adverse conditions. Also proposed is a method for application of the biologically active substances onto the surfaces of the biologically active nanochips. The article offers a brief review of the published works of authors and their employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New "green" technology is based on using an unusual physical phenomenon -superdeep penetration (SDP). Synthesis of a skeleton and formation of nanostructure is realized in metals, polymers and ceramics. Physical anomalies at the impact, which appearing in conditions when relative depth of a crater exceeds 10 determining sizes of striker are considered. The influence of the pulse mode on metals and alloys provides reorganization of a material on sub-, microand macrolevels. Fibers of ultradisperse structure are formed. Interaction of chemical elements in the field of high pressure produces the metastable connections in large quantities and change of physical and chemical characteristics of the initial materials. Massive composite material from technical aluminum reinforced by fiber zones with reconstructed structure and anisotropy of electro conduction in mutually perpendicular directions in 2 times was obtained. Superdeep penetration is used for manufacturing of special composite metal materials with an unusual complex of properties. Products of interaction for example, carbon and silicon are saved in volume of preform and don't organize harmful waste at manufacture. The new SDP method of polymer tracking membranes production was developed. The method for manufacturing track membranes by piercing a matrix of a thin-film material with a flow of hard particles generated by an electric field is proposed as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the use of nanotechnology in the production of bioactive paints, coatings and food storage materials. Topics discussed include use of the new biocide such as silver nanoparticles, introduction in structure of products of some derivatives of a lactic acid and biocidal additions to polymer compositions were made to obtain quite definite functional properties.

This paper examines water-soluble high-modulus silicate systems' properties and production techniques, how these systems transform from lower to higher oligomers as well as formation of silica sol and of the sol-gel processes for these oligomers. The authors explore in-depth the different aspects of using these materials as a binder and modifiers for manufacturing of hybrid nanostructured composites through sol-gel processes, as well as features of their structuring, synthesis and application of hybrid materials based on silica with grafted polymers. Production of nanostructured silica polymer concrete serves as an example of the application of such silicate systems. Modification of compositions with nanostructuring agents as tetrafurfuryloxysilane and an aqueous dispersion of chlorosulfonated polyethylene and other polymers are studied. The paper also describes the ways of modification products sol-gel synthesis by polyurethanes. It covers application of the sols for production of the hybrid nanocomposite monolithic blocks and fire-resistant materials and techniques for producing of the new nanocomposite acid-resistant materials and linings for corrosive environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coating application is one of the traditional methods of protecting materials against corrosion. Polymeric materials for structures and coatings are increasingly dominating corrosionprotection technology. The most effective method of improving protective properties is to reduce the permeability of coatings due to the change in the molecular and meta-molecular structures of the material and the use of additional components reducing the rate of diffusion of electrolytes in polymers and anti-corrosive silicate compounds. We have proposed the set of inorganic substances of composite polymeric materials which selectively interact with the water or water solutions of acids, salts, and alkalis in order to decrease their penetrability and increase their chemical resistance simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The way of creation of chemically resistant polymer concretes by use of so-called "positive" corrosion effect is offered. The essence of the proposal is the application of special additives which by interaction with some aggressive medium form insoluble compounds capable to condense and strengthen the structure of this materials. Anticorrosive additives (AAdd) are an innovative approach to creating highly chemical resistant polymer materials. AAdd are specially designed to upgrade the chemical resistance characteristics of base polymer concretes to achieve optimal performance capabilities of the materials operating in aggressive environments. AAdd can be mixed into a wide range of polymer materials offering a significant increase in product life and reducing product permeability. When cured with polymer-based materials, AAdd can dramatically improve the capabilities of poly-based materials by upgrading their chemical resistance properties. The additives are inorganic powders that react with aggressive environments into which they are introduced, forming a new phase of high-strength hydrate complexes. AAdd can be mixed into a wide range of polymer materials such as epoxies, polyurethanes, glues, nylons, polyolephines, synthetic rubbers and PVC offering performance-enhancing attributes that increase the value of the end product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensification of agricultural production involves a large -- scale use of fertilizers, plant protection means against pests, diseases and weeds, all those are used within various modern agro-technologies, which leads to soil intoxication with residual amounts of pesticides and agrochemicals. Therefore, a comprehensive approach is necessary for preparing the soil for further sowing. We have carried out the research using activated carbons obtained from agricultural residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the possibility of preparing elastic and hard nanostructured ebonite coatings, utilizing the properties of oligobutadienes without ending functional groups. Examines the vulcanization processes leading to formation of rubberizing ebonite coatings on samples of oligobutadienes. Finds that the most effective bonding materials for non-solution compositions are ebonite coatings. These covering allow to get rid of the deficiencies intrinsic to conventional rubber shut and liquid rubberizing compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]