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PURPOSE: To describe, refine, evaluate, and provide normative control data for two freely available tablet-based tests of real-world visual function, using a cohort of young, normally-sighted adults. \ud \ud METHODS: Fifty young (18-40 years), normally-sighted adults completed tablet-based assessments of (1) face discrimination and (2) visual search. Each test was performed twice, to assess test-retest repeatability. Post-hoc analyses were performed to determine the number of trials required to obtain stable estimates of performance. Distributions were fitted to the normative data to determine the 99% population-boundary for normally sighted observers. Participants were also asked to rate their comprehension of each test. \ud \ud RESULTS: Both tests provided stable estimates in around 20 trials (~1-4 min), with only a further reduction of 14%-17% in the 95% Coefficient of Repeatability (CoR95 ) when an additional 40 trials were included. When using only ~20 trials: median durations for the first run of each test were 191 s (Faces) and 51 s (Search); test-retest CoR95 were 0.27 d (Faces) and 0.84 s (Search); and normative 99% population-limits were 3.50 d (Faces) and 3.1 s (Search). No participants exhibited any difficulties completing either test (100% completion rate), and ratings of task-understanding were high (Faces: 9.6 out of 10; Search: 9.7 out of 10). \ud \ud CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary assessment indicated that both tablet-based tests are able to provide simple, quick, and easy-to-administer measures of real-world visual function in normally-sighted young adults. Further work is required to assess their accuracy and utility in older people and individuals with visual impairment. Potential applications are discussed, including their use in clinic waiting rooms, and as an objective complement to Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs).

Purpose: To describe, validate, and provide preliminary normative data for an open-source eye-movement perimeter (Eyecatcher).\ud \ud Methods: Visual field testing was performed monocularly in 64 normally sighted young adults, using (i) a Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) and (ii) the novel Eyecatcher procedure. Eyecatcher used a remote eye-tracker to position stimuli relative to the current point of fixation, and observers responded by looking towards the stimulus. In both tests, Goldman III stimuli were sampled from a 24-2 grid, and were presented against a 10 cd/m2 background. Participants completed each test twice to assess test–retest repeatability.\ud \ud Results: Mean Sensitivity (MS) did not differ between Eyecatcher and the HFA (P = 0.086), and both tests exhibited similar test–retest repeatability (CoREyecatcher = ±1.86 dB; CoRHFA = ±1.95 dB). Eyecatcher was also able to detect changes in sensitivity across the normal visual field (the “Hill of Vision”), and could differentiate the physiological blind spot from adjacent retinal locations. Mean sensitivities and 95% limits of agreement are described for each pointwise location.\ud \ud Conclusions: Eyecatcher can use eye movements to assess visual fields in young, normally sighted adults. In such observers, it provides results similar to the current gold standard clinical device (HFA).\ud \ud Translational Relevance: Given further development, eye movement perimeters such as Eyecatcher could be particularly useful for individuals unable to perform traditional perimetric assessments, such as young children or stroke patients. Full technical details and information on how to freely acquire the source code are included.

Bangladesh has an agrarian economy in which paddy is the dominant crop. A significant amount of field losses of paddy occurs every year due to natural calamities and a shortage of time during the harvesting period. During this study, a modification was done on locally developed BAU self-propelled reaper and its performance was compared with manual harvesting system of paddy. Several experiments were conducted in Boro paddy (April–May 2017) and Aman paddy harvesting (November–December 2017) at BAU farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University after necessary modification works in the workshop. An experiment was also conducted on Aman paddy in 2017 at BAU farm for determining manual harvesting cost. The technical and economic performances of the modified BAU self-propelled reaper were determined based on the field experiments. Results reveal that average fuel consumption, effective field capacity and field efficiency were 2.71 L/ha, 0.255 ha/h and 77.27%, respectively for the modified BAU self-propelled reaper and 2.88 L/ha, 0.25 ha/h and 75.76%, respectively for the existing BAU self-propelled reaper. These results indicated that field performances of modified BAU self-propelled reaper were better than that of the existing BAU reaper. Paddy harvesting cost was found 916 Tk/ha for modified BAU self-propelled reaper and 9200 Tk/ha for manual harvesting system. The benefit-cost ratio of the modified BAU self-propelled reaper was 2.18. Considering the technical and economic performances, modified BAU self-propelled reaper was found suitable than the existing BAU reaper. So, the modified BAU self-propelled reaper may be introduced in Bangladesh in the commercial basis.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(2): 171-177, August 2018

PURPOSE To determine (i) whether, compared to controls, visual complaints of glaucoma patients are more pronounced under extreme luminance conditions than in the optimal luminance condition and (ii) whether complaints belonging to different extreme luminance conditions are associated. METHODS We developed a luminance-specific questionnaire and sent it to 221 glaucoma patients (response rate 81%); controls (182) were primarily their spouses. Median (interquartile range) mean deviation of the visual field of the patients' better eye was -4.5 (-10.7 to -1.9) dB. Questions were addressing visual performance under five luminance conditions: presumed optimal (outdoor on a cloudy day), low, high, sudden decrease and sudden increase. We compared percentages of patients and controls who reported visual complaints while performing activities under different luminance conditions. RESULTS Percentages of patients and controls with visual complaints were 4 versus 0% (p = 0.02) for optimal luminance and 48 versus 6% (p

Aims: To determine the level of agreement between the visual Fields easy application (VFE) for iPad and a standard clinical test for assessing peripheral vision in stroke survivors. Study Design: This was a prospective cross-sectional study comparing the VFE application to the Humphrey Field Analyser (HFA) SITA Fast c30-2 program in identifying and diagnosing visual field defects post-stroke. Place and Duration of Study: The ophthalmic department at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust. Data collection was undertaken between January 2016 and August 2016. Methodology: A total of 50 participants with a diagnosis of stroke and a suspected visual problem were recruited to the study. Normative data was collected from 50 participants with no history of stroke or visual loss. Analysis comprised of comparing the extent of the visual field loss detected by both the VFE and HFA, and clinically assessing the results for normality. Results: Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated that with more severe visual field loss, the agreement between both modalities was found to decrease. There was a higher proportion of false negatives with the VFE compared to the HVF. [D1] The bias towards detecting more missed test locations with the VFE application compared to the HFA was 6% for the normal participants and 2% for the stroke participants. The limits of agreement between the two modalities were large; 20% and 40% for the normal and stroke participants respectively. The sensitivity of the VFE application to determine an abnormal visual field in comparison to HFA was 88% and specificity was 76% in the stroke cohort based upon a clinical impression of its findings. The majority of stroke participants (88%) found the VFE test more comfortable to perform. Conclusion: As a screening tool, the VFE application is quick and easy to administer, preferred by patients and has good sensitivity and specificity for detecting the presence of an abnormal visual field when compared to HFA. In patients with extensive visual field loss, the VFE may overestimate visual field reduction. [D1]Clarify which testing modality provided false positive or false negative results.

We examined barriers to and facilitators of sports participation in people with visual impairments. Participants registered at Royal Visio, Bartiméus, and the Eye Association were invited to complete a questionnaire (telephone or online). Six hundred forty-eight of the invited participants (13%) completed the questionnaire, and 63% of the respondents reported sports participation. Walking (43%), fitness (34%), and cycling (34%) were frequently mentioned sports. Costs, lack of peers/buddies, and visual impairment were negatively associated with sports participation, whereas higher education and computer (software) use were positively associated. The most important personal barrier was visual impairment; transport was the most important environmental barrier. Active participants also mentioned dependence on others as a personal barrier. The most important personal facilitators were health, fun, and social contacts; support from family was the most important environmental facilitator. To improve sports participation in people with visual impairments, the emphasis in a sports program should be on the positive aspects of sports, such as fun, health, and social contacts.

Purpose: To determine the incidence of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in a general elderly white population. Design: Population-based cohort study. Participants: Participants 55 years and older from the Rotterdam Study, The Netherlands. Methods: Participants at risk for incident OAG underwent at baseline (1990-1993) and follow-up (19971999) the same ophthalmic examination, including measurement of intraocular pressure, visual field testing, and stereo optic disc photography. The diagnosis of probable or definite OAG was made with an algorithm based on optic disc parameters and on visual field testing, independent of the intraocular pressure. Main Outcome Measures: Five-year risk and incidence rates of OAG. Results: In total, 3842 participants were examined (participation rate at follow-up, 78%). After a mean follow-up time of 6.5 years, probable (n = 58) or definite OAG (n = 29) developed in 87 persons. The 5-year risk of probable OAG was 1.2% and that of definite OAG 0.6%, and the rate rose for both together from 1 % at age 60 years to approximately 3% at age 80 years. Bilateral OAG occurred 5 times more often after than before age 75 years. In participants with prevalent OAG in 1 eye, the 5-year risk of OAG in the fellow eye was 5 times higher than in fellow eyes of non-OAG eyes. Only 37% of the incident cases received treatment for OAG at the time of the reexamination. Conclusions: The incidence of OAG rose significantly with age. Most of the patients with incident OAG were unaware of having OAG. Ophthalmology 2005;112:1487-1493 0 2005 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

The decrease of foliar activity in vegetation after its initial contamination by foliar deposition is termed "field loss" (Chamberlain, 1970). This work investigated further laboratory data concerning field loss of 134Cs, 137Cs, 85Sr, 133Ba and 123mTe deposited on grassland (Madoz-Escande et al., 2005). Treatments consisted in rainfall scenarios cumulating 14 mm per week, combining two levels of intensity (8 or 30 mm/h) and two levels of frequency/precocity (late once or early twice-a-week). The time course of field loss was monitored in the edible tissues which were sampled by mowing between the rainfalls. Data were analyzed with an offset exponential loss model which is applicable to chronic contamination and is consistent with approaches adopted in radiological assessment models. Its parameters were estimated by the maximum-likelihood method, and their accuracy was determined by nonparametric boostrap. Radionuclide and rainfall conditions significantly affected the estimated rate (λ1) and extent (A1) of field loss. Field loss rate (λ1) and nonentrainable fraction (1 - A1) varied by a factor 1.5-3. Cesium was very mobile but persistent. On the contrary Tellerium was found less labile, but eventually was almost completely eliminated. Strontium and Barium had intermediate behaviors. Field loss was more efficient for moderate late once-a-week rainfalls (8 mm/h). Higher rainfall intensity reduced more the radionuclides losses than higher rainfall frequency/precocity. This paper reports statistically relevant effects that should be considered for more realistic assessments. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Purpose: To determine the incidence of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in a general elderly white population. Design: Population-based cohort study. Participants: Participants 55 years and older from the Rotterdam Study, The Netherlands. Methods: Participants at risk for incident OAG underwent at baseline (1990-1993) and follow-up (19971999) the same ophthalmic examination, including measurement of intraocular pressure, visual field testing, and stereo optic disc photography. The diagnosis of probable or definite OAG was made with an algorithm based on optic disc parameters and on visual field testing, independent of the intraocular pressure. Main Outcome Measures: Five-year risk and incidence rates of OAG. Results: In total, 3842 participants were examined (participation rate at follow-up, 78%). After a mean follow-up time of 6.5 years, probable (n = 58) or definite OAG (n = 29) developed in 87 persons. The 5-year risk of probable OAG was 1.2% and that of definite OAG 0.6%, and the rate rose for both together from 1 % at age 60 years to approximately 3% at age 80 years. Bilateral OAG occurred 5 times more often after than before age 75 years. In participants with prevalent OAG in 1 eye, the 5-year risk of OAG in the fellow eye was 5 times higher than in fellow eyes of non-OAG eyes. Only 37% of the incident cases received treatment for OAG at the time of the reexamination. Conclusions: The incidence of OAG rose significantly with age. Most of the patients with incident OAG were unaware of having OAG. Ophthalmology 2005;112:1487-1493 0 2005 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

Various types of plants (wheat, bean, lettuce, radish and grass) were contaminated by dry deposition of radioactive aerosols (137Cs, 85Sr, 133Ba and 123mTe) in order to supplement the radioecological data necessary for operational post-accidental codes. A few days after deposition, rainfalls were applied to these cultures to evaluate the influence of some characteristics of the rain on the contamination of the culture over time. On the other hand, for wheat and bean, the influence of the humidity condition of the foliage at the contamination time was considered. For a given plant species at a given vegetative stage, the four radionuclides were intercepted in an identical way. The interception varied from 30% for bean (young sprout) to 80% for lettuce (near maturity). The global transfer factor values were dependent on both the radionuclides and the plant species; nevertheless, a higher value was obtained for cesium, regardless of the plant and the rainfall (from 0.006 m2 kgfresh-1 for wheat-grains - contaminated at the shooting stage - or for bean-pods - contaminated at the pre-flowering stage - to 0.1 m2 kg fresh-1 for a whole lettuce). The analysis of the results allowed us on the one hand, to extract parameter values of the foliar transfer directly usable in operational codes, in particular those relating to barium and tellurium, unknown until then, and on the other hand, to lay the foundations of a future, more mechanistic model, taking into account the foliar processes in a finer way. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.