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Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are implicated in keloidogenesis and development. We aimed to investigate the role of a new identified phosphodiesterase 7B-derived circRNA (hsa_circ_0002198; henceforth named as PDE7B) in human keloid fibroblasts (HKFs) and to further confirm its mechanism via competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network. Transcriptional and translational levels of circPDE7B, microRNA (miR)-661, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), cleaved caspase3, B-cell lymphoma (bcl)-2, and bcl-2-associated X protein (bax) were detected by real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting. Relationship among circPDE7B, miR-661, and FGF2 was confirmed by bioinformatics algorithm, dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA pull-down assay, and Spearman's rank correlation analysis. Cell progression was measured by cell counting kit-8 assay, 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine assay, transwell assays, and flow cytometry. Expression of circPDE7B was upregulated in human keloid tissues and HKFs, accompanied with miR-661 downregulation and FGF2 upregulation. High circPDE7B accelerated proliferation, migration, and invasion, and inhibited apoptosis. These effects were paralleled with increased bcl-2 and decreased cleaved caspase3 and bax. Moreover, low circPDE7B played opposite effects to high circPDE7B. Restoring miR-661 could suppress HKFs progression, while blocking miR-661 could facilitate that. Notably, miR-661 was directly sponged by circPDE7B and then directly governed FGF2 gene expression. Deleting miR-661 and re-expressing FGF2 both abrogated the suppression of circPDE7B knockdown in HKFs progression. In conclusion, circPDE7B might contribute to HKFs progression via functioning as ceRNA for miR-661, suggesting a novel circPDE7B/miR-661/FGF2 pathway underlying keloid formation and treatment., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Previous studies report that fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) modulates Sproutys (SPRYs)/dual specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway in endometrial glandular epithelial cells. However, its role in endometriosis remains unclear. The expression patterns and localization of related proteins in endometrium patients' samples were determined using quantitative reverse transcription PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) were isolated and transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting FGF2 (FGF2-siRNA). Cell viability was determined using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. It was found that FGF2 mRNA and protein levels were increased in the ectopic endometrium, whilst the mRNA and protein levels of SPRYs/DUSP6/ERK signaling pathway related-genes were dysregulated. Spearman's rank correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between FGF2 and SPRYs/DUSP6 signaling pathway-related proteins. In vitro study demonstrated that FGF2 silencing suppressed cell proliferation. Our results suggest that FGF2 upregulation might contribute to endometriosis via the regulation of the SPRYs/DUSP6/ERK signaling pathway., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Retinal neurodegeneration can impair visual perception at different levels, involving not only photoreceptors, which are the most metabolically active cells, but also the inner retina. Compensatory mechanisms may hide the first signs of these impairments and reduce the likelihood of receiving timely treatments. Therefore, it is essential to characterize the early critical steps in the neurodegenerative progression to design adequate therapies. This paper describes and correlates early morphological and biochemical changes in the degenerating retina with in vivo functional analysis of retinal activity and investigates the progression of neurodegenerative stages for up to 7 months. For these purposes, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 1000 lux light either for different durations (12 h to 24 h) and examined seven days afterward (7d) or for a fixed duration (24 h) and monitored at various time points following the exposure (up to 210d). Flash electroretinogram (fERG) recordings were correlated with morphological and histological analyses to evaluate outer and inner retinal disruptions, gliosis, trophic factor release, and microglial activation. Twelve hours or fifteen hours of exposure to constant light led to a severe retinal dysfunction with only minor morphological changes. Therefore, early pathological signs might be hidden by compensatory mechanisms that silence retinal dysfunction, accounting for the discrepancy between photoreceptor loss and retinal functional output. The long-term analysis showed a transient functional recovery, maximum at 45 days, despite a progressive loss of photoreceptors and coincident increases in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and basic fibroblast growth factor-2 (bFGF-2) expression. Interestingly, the progression of the disease presented different patterns in the dorsal and ventral retina. The information acquired gives us the potential to develop a specific diagnostic tool to monitor the disease's progression and treatment efficacy.

Purpose: To estimate the expression and clinical significance of miR-139-5p and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) in ovarian cancer (OC)., Methods: Of the 198 female patients undergoing surgical treatment in our hospital, 101 patients with ovarian tumor resection were allocated in a study group and 97 with ovarian resection for benign lesions were allocated in a control group. MiR-139-5p and FGF2 expression was quantified, and associations between miR-139-5p and FGF2 and clinicopathological features of OC were analyzed, as well as their diagnostic performances (receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve)., Results: The study group presented lower miR-139-5p level and higher FGF2 level (both p<0.05). Significant associations of miR-139-5p and FGF2 with tumor differentiation and clinical stage were noted in OC (p<0.05). MiR-139-5p was reversely associated with clinical stage and positively associated with tumor differentiation (p<0.05), FGF2 was positively correlated with clinical stage and negatively correlated with tumor differentiation (p<0.05). The overall survival in the study group was 70.41%. The survival in high miR-139-5p expression group and low FGF2 expression group improved remarkably (p<0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of combined detection (0.91) was higher than that of single detection., Conclusion: MiR-139-5p shows a decreased expression and FGF-2 shows an increased expression in OC, and they are associated with clinical stage and tumor differentiation. Combined detection of miR-139-5p and FGF-2 contributes to the diagnosis and treatment of OC, and is an available biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of patients.

Neural stem cell (NSCs) transplantation has been one of the hot topics in the repair of spinal cord injury (SCI). Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is considered a promising nerve injury therapy after SCI. However, owing to a hostile hypoxia condition in SCI, there remains a challenging issue in implementing these tactics to repair SCI. In this report, we used adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2), a prototype AAV used in clinical trials for human neuron disorders, basic FGF (bFGF) gene under the regulation of hypoxia response element (HRE) was constructed and transduced into NSCs to yield AAV2-5HRE-bFGF-NSCs. Our results showed that its treatment yielded temporally increased expression of bFGF in SCI, and improved scores of functional recovery after SCI compared to vehicle control (AAV2-5HRE-NSCs) based on the analyses of the inclined plane test, Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scale and footprint analysis. Mechanistic studies showed that AAV2-5HRE-bFGF-NSCs treatment increased the expression of neuron-specific neuronal nuclei protein (NeuN), neuromodulin GAP43, and neurofilament protein NF200 while decreased the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as compared to the control group. Further, the expressions of autophagy-associated proteins LC3-II and Beclin 1 were decreased, whereas the expression of P62 protein was increased in AAV2-5HRE-bFGF-NSCs treatment group. Taken together, our data indicate that AAV2-5HRE-bFGF-NSCs treatment improved the recovery of SCI rats, which is accompanied by evidence of nerve regeneration, and inhibition of SCI-induced glial scar formation and cell autophagy. Thus, this study represents a step forward towards the potential use of AAV2-5HRE-bFGF-NSCs for future clinical trials of SCI repair.

A comparison of the metabolic response of Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) towards the production of human basic fibroblast growth factor (hFGF-2) or towards carbon overfeeding revealed similarities which point to constraints in anabolic pathways. Contrary to expectations, neither energy generation (e.g., ATP) nor provision of precursor molecules for nucleotides (e.g., uracil) and amino acids (e.g., pyruvate, glutamate) limit host cell and plasmid-encoded functions. Growth inhibition is assumed to occur when hampered anabolic capacities do not match with the ongoing and overwhelming carbon catabolism. Excessive carbon uptake leads to by-product secretion, for example, pyruvate, acetate, glutamate, and energy spillage, for example, accumulation and degradation of adenine nucleotides with concomitant accumulation of extracellular hypoxanthine. The cellular response towards compromised anabolic capacities involves downregulation of cAMP formation, presumably responsible for subsequently better-controlled glucose uptake and resultant accumulation of glucose in the culture medium. Growth inhibition is neglectable under conditions of reduced carbon availability when hampered anabolic capacities also match with catabolic carbon processing. The growth inhibitory effect with accompanying energy spillage, respectively, hypoxanthine secretion and cessation of cAMP formation is not unique to the production of hFGF-2 but observed during the production of other proteins and also during overexpression of genes without transcript translation., (© 2020 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Many studies examining the biological function of recombinant proteins and their effects on the physiology of mammalian cells stipulate that the proteins be purified before being used as therapeutic agents. In this study, we explored the possibility of using unpurified recombinant proteins to treat mammalian cells. The recombinant protein was used directly from the expression source and the biological function was compared to purified commercially available, equivalent protein. The model for this purpose was recombinant FGF-2, expressed by Pichia pastoris, which was used to treat the murine fibroblast cell line, NIH/3T3. We generated a P. pastoris strain (yHL11) that constitutively secreted a biologically active recombinant FGF-2 protein containing an N-terminal c-myc epitope (Myc-FGF-2). Myc-FGF-2 was then used without purification either a) in the form of conditioned mammalian cell culture medium or b) during co-cultures of yHL11 with NIH/3T3 to induce higher proliferation and motility of NIH/3T3 cells. The effects of Myc-FGF-2 on cell physiology were comparable to commercially available FGF-2. To our knowledge, this is the first time the physiology of cultured mammalian cells had been successfully altered with a recombinant protein secreted by P. pastoris while the two species shared the same medium and culture conditions. Our data demonstrated the biological activity of unpurified recombinant FGF-2 on NIH/3T3 cells and provided a foundation for directly using unpurified recombinant proteins expressed by P. pastoris with mammalian cells, potentially as wound-healing therapeutics., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Synovial fibroblasts (SFs) act as key effector cells mediating synovial inflammation and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and its receptors (FGFRs) play important roles in RASF-mediated osteoclastogenesis. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a soluble pattern recognition receptor with nonredundant roles in inflammation and innate immunity. PTX3 is produced by various cell types, including SFs and is highly expressed in RA. However, the role of PTX3 in FGF2-induced osteoclastogenesis in RA and the underlying mechanism have been poorly elucidated., Methods: We first determined the expression of FGF2 and RANKL in synovial tissue and synovial fluid of RA patients. We then examined the effect of PTX3 on RASF osteoclastogenesis induced by endogenous and exogenous FGF2 in isolated RASF cells treated with FGF2 and/or recombinant PTX3 (rPTX3). Thirdly, we analyzed the effect of PTX3 on FGF2 binding to FGFR-1 and HSPG receptors on RASFs. Lastly, we evaluated joint morphology after injection of rPTX3 into collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice., Results: FGF2 was confirmed to be highly expressed in both synovial tissue and synovial fluid of RA patients. FGF2 promoted cell proliferation and increased the expressions of RANKL and ICAM-1 and RANKL/OPG to induce osteoclastogenesis in RASF, while anti-FGF2 neutralized this effect. PTX3 significantly inhibited FGF2-induced RASF cell growth and osteoclastogenesis by preventing the interaction of 125 I-FGF2 and FGFRs on the same cells. In addition, administration of rPTX3 significantly ameliorated cartilage and bone destruction in mice with CIA., Conclusions: PTX3 exhibited an inhibitory effect on the autocrine and paracrine stimulation of FGF2 on SFs, and ameliorated bone destruction in CIA mice. PTX3 may be implicated in bone destruction in RA, which may provide theoretical evidence and potential therapeutic targets for RA treatment., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

The recombinant multi-epitope vaccine called VBP3 is designed to suppress tumor growth and angiogenesis through targeting both basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). We are aiming to produce VBP3 vaccine in a large scale and provide sufficient protein for pre-clinical study. High cost and potential toxicity are severe limitations of IPTG and we investigated whether lactose can mediate VBP3 induction. Firstly, we identified the biological characteristics and established a culture bank of VBP3 strains. The best-performing strains were selected and the fermentation mode of medium, bacterial growth and protein expression were optimized in shake flasks. We scaled up the VBP3 production in 10 L bioreactor using lactose as inducer and the protein yield was comparable with IPTG induction. Next, the target protein was purified by nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) affinity chromatography, with a SDS-PAGE purity over 90%. Further, the purified VBP3 vaccine was subcutaneously injected in BALB/c mice and elicited high-titer anti-bFGF (1:32,000) and anti-VEGFA (1:4000) antibodies. Take together, lactose was an applicable inducer for VBP3 production and the eligible product of VBP3 was harvested in the large-scale fermentation, supporting the industrial production and pre-clinical study in the future. The VBP3 vaccine with superior immunogenicity might be used as a potential therapeutic vaccine for tumor treatment., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are dysregulated in multiple human cancers and they are highly involved in tumor progression. Previous studies have identified the oncogenic lncRNA HOXD cluster antisense RNA 1 (HOXD-AS1) in human cancers, while its roles in cervical cancer (CC) remain unclear. Herein we intended to characterize the implication of HOXD-AS1 in CC., Methods: qRT-PCR was applied to examine the relative expression of HOXD-AS1 in CC tissues, cell lines and transfected cells. Wound healing and transwell assays were applied to detect cell migration and invasion alteration. The targeting relationship between miRNA and mRNA/lncRNA was determined by dual luciferase reporter, qRT-PCR and western blot assays., Results: HOXD-AS1 was overexpressed in CC tissues and cell lines. Its higher level predicted worse prognosis of CC patients. SiRNA mediated knockdown of HOXD-AS1 repressed CC cell migration and invasion, and its overexpression did the opposite. Mechanistically, HOXD-AS1 acted as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to sponge miR-877-3p and led to upregulation of FGF2, a target of miR-877-3p. Importantly, either miR-877-3p overexpression or FGF2 inhibition could abolish the migration and invasion promotion induced by HOXD-AS1., Conclusion: HOXD-AS1 functions as a tumor-promoting lncRNA via the miR-877-3p/FGF2 axis in CC. HOXD-AS1 might be a promising therapeutic target as well as a novel prognostic biomarker for CC.

The biohybrid polymer membrane (BHM) is a new biomaterial designed for the treatment of soft periodontal tissue defects. We aimed to evaluate the in vitro biocompatibility of the membrane in human gingival fibroblasts and the capability to induce cell adhesion, migration, differentiation and improving the production of the extracellular matrix. BHM and Mucograft® collagen matrix (MCM) membranes were punched into 6 mm diameter round discs and placed in 96-well plates. Human primary gingival fibroblasts were seeded on the membranes or tissue culture plastic (TCP) serving as the control. Cell proliferation/viability and morphology were evaluated after 3, 7, and 14 days of culture by cell counting kit (CCK)-8 assay and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Additionally, the gene expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), collagen type 1 (Col1), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and fibroblasts growth factor (FGF)-2 was analyzed at 3, 7, and 14 days of culture by qPCR. Cell proliferation on BHM was significantly higher than on MCM and similar to TCP. Gene expression of TGF-β1, FAK, Col1, and α-SMA were significantly increased on BHM compared to TCP at most investigated time points. However, the gene expression of FGF-2 was significantly decreased on BHM at Day 7 and recovered at Day 14 to the levels similar to TCP. The finding of this study showed that BHM is superior for gingival fibroblasts in terms of adhesion, proliferation, and gene expression, suggesting that this membrane may promote the healing of soft periodontal tissue., (© 2020 The Authors. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

MYO18B has been proposed to contribute to the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the signals that govern MYO18B transcription are not known. Here we show that, a network of C19MC miRNA-520G, IFN-γ, CEBPB and p53 transcriptional-defects promote MYO18B mRNA expression in HCCs. IFN-γ by itself suppresses MYO18B transcription, but promotes it when miRNA-520G is stably overexpressed. Similarly, CEBPB-liver-enriched activator protein (LAP) isoform overexpression suppresses MYO18B transcription but promotes transcription when the cells are treated with IFN-γ. Furthermore, miR-520G together with mutant-p53 promotes MYO18B transcription. Conversely, bFGF suppresses MYO18B mRNA irrespective of CEBPB, miR-520G overexpression or IFN-γ treatment. Finally high MYO18B expression reflects poor prognosis while high MYL5 or MYO1B expression reflects better survival of HCC patients. Thus, we identified a network of positive and negative regulators of MYO18B mRNA expression which reflects the survival of HCC patients.

Objective: This study was designed to investigate whether microRNA-936 can be involved in the development of gastric cancer (GCa) by down-regulating FGF2 expression and activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (P13K/Akt) signaling pathway., Patients and Methods: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was carried out to examine microRNA-936 and FGF2 levels in GCa tissue samples and adjacent normal ones, and further in GCa cell lines. After transfection of microRNA-936 inhibitor in GCa cell lines BGC and SGC, cell invasion, and proliferation abilities were evaluated by transwell and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, respectively. In addition, the Dual-Luciferase reporting assay was conducted to verify the binding relationship between microRNA-936 and FGF2. After simultaneous transfection of microRNA-936 inhibitor and si-FGF2 in GCa cells, we detected the expression of FGF2/P13K/Akt by performing qPCR and Western blot experiments to further verify the regulation of microRNA-936 on FGF2 and PI3K/AKT pathway., Results: QPCR detection revealed that microRNA-936 was remarkably up-regulated while FGF2 was conversely down-regulated in GCa tissue samples, indicating a negative correlation between the two. In addition, compared with normal gastric mucosal cells GES, microRNA-936 showed a significant increased expression in GCa cell lines. Meanwhile, down-regulation of microRNA-936 caused a marked reduction in invasive and proliferation ability of GCa cells. Dual-Luciferase reporting assay demonstrated a direct binding of microRNA-936 to FGF2. QPCR and Western blot showed that microRNA-936 can inhibit FGF2 expression and activate the PI3K/AKT pathway at the same time. Further studies found that silencing FGF2 induced an enhancement in cell proliferation and invasiveness, which could be reversed by simultaneous downregulation of microRNA-936. The above observations suggested that microRNA-936 may accelerate the progression of GCa by inhibiting FGF2 expression and activating the PI3K/AKT pathway., Conclusions: Overexpression of microRNA-936 can be conducive to the development of GCa, mainly through the down-regulation of FGF2 and activation of the P13K/Akt signaling pathway.

The EGR family comprises of EGR 1, EGR 2, EGR 3 and EGR 4 which are involved in the transactivation of several genes. A broad range of extracellular stimuli by growth factors is capable of activating EGR mediated transactivation of genes involved in angiogenesis and cell proliferation. However, their role in controlling VEGF A and FGF 2 signaling in the CL of water buffalo is not known. The present study was conducted to understand the role of EGR mediated regulation of VEGF A and FGF 2 signaling in buffalo luteal cells. Towards this goal, luteal cells were cultured and treated with VEGF A and FGF 2 and the mRNA expression pattern of EGR family members were documented. The EGR 1 message was found to be up-regulated in luteal cells of buffalo at 72 hours of culture. The functional validation of EGR 1 gene was accomplished by knocking out (KO) of EGR 1 in cultured luteal cells by CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene editing technology. The EGR 1 KO cells were then cultured and stimulated with VEGF A and FGF 2. It was observed that VEGF A and FGF 2 induced angiogenesis, cell proliferation and steroidogenesis in wild type luteal cells, whereas the response of the growth factors was attenuated in the EGR 1 KO cells. Taken together our study provides evidence convincingly that both VEGF and FGF mediate their biological action through a common intermediate, EGR 1, to regulate corpus luteum function of buffalo.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are implicated in the development of carcinomas, containing renal carcinoma. The competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network is well-known in modulating the pathological and physiological processes of tumors. Still and all, the function role of oncogenic lncRNA PCGEM1 prostate-specific transcript (PCGEM1) in renal carcinoma was undefined till now. This paper aimed to figure out the role and mechanism of PCGEM1 in renal carcinoma. In this study, PCGEM1 was observed to be lifted in renal carcinoma cells. Loss-of-function experiments displayed that silencing of PCGEM1 repressed cell proliferation and migration, and activated apoptosis in renal carcinoma. FISH assay and subcellular fractionation assay indicated that PCGEM1 was largely located in the cytoplasm. As demonstrated, PCGEM1 interacted with microRNA433-3p (miR-433-3p). Subsequently, luciferase reporter and RIP experiments together with qRT-PCR certified that PCGEM1 and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) functioned as ceRNA for miR-433-3p, leading to the upregulation of FGF2 expression. Finally, rescue assays exhibited that FGF2 overexpression rescued the inhibited cell progression caused by PCGEM1 downregulation. MiR-433-3p inhibitor could reverse the cell growth and migration caused by PCGEM1 downregulation. The present research investigated the molecular mechanism underlying PCGEM1 in renal carcinoma, exposing a PCGEM1-mediated therapy for the treatment of patients with renal carcinoma.

As a new rising star of non-coding RNA, circular RNAs (circRNAs) emerged as vital regulators with biological functions in diverse of cancers. However, the function and precise mechanism of the vast majority of circRNAs in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) occurrence and progression have not been clearly elucidated. In the current study, we identified and further investigated hsa&#95;circ&#95;0002453 (circRAD18) by analyzing our previous microarray profiling. Expression of circRAD18 was found significantly upregulated in TNBC compared with normal mammary tissues and cell lines. circRAD18 was positively correlated with T stage, clinical stage and pathological grade and was an independent risk factor for TNBC patients. We performed proliferation, colony formation, cell migration, apoptosis and mouse xenograft assays to verify the functions of circRAD18. Knockdown of circRAD18 significantly suppressed cell proliferation and migration, promoted cell apoptosis and inhibited tumor growth in functional and xenograft experiments. Through luciferase reporter assays, we confirmed that circRAD18 acts as a sponge of miR-208a and miR-3164 and promotes TNBC progression through upregulating IGF1 and FGF2 expression. Altogether, our research revealed the pivotal role of circRAD18-miR-208a/3164-IGF1/FGF2 axis in TNBC tumorigenesis and metastasis though the mechanism of competing endogenous RNAs. Thus, circRAD18 may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and potential target for TNBC treatment in the future., (© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press.)

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling contributes to failure of remyelination in multiple sclerosis, but targeting this therapeutically is complicated by its functional pleiotropy. We now identify FGF2 as a factor up-regulated by astrocytes in active inflammatory lesions that disrupts myelination via FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2) mediated activation of Wingless (Wnt) signaling; pharmacological inhibition of Wnt being sufficient to abrogate inhibition of myelination by FGF2 in tissue culture. Using a novel FGFR1-selective agonist (F2 V2) generated by deleting the N-terminal 26 amino acids of FGF2 we demonstrate polarizing signal transduction to favor FGFR1 abrogates FGF mediated inhibition of myelination but retains its ability to induce expression of pro-myelinating and immunomodulatory factors that include Cd93, Lif, Il11, Hbegf, Cxcl1 and Timp1. Our data provide new insights into the mechanistic basis of remyelination failure in MS and identify selective activation of FGFR1 as a novel strategy to induce a neuroprotective signaling environment in multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases.

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a specialized class of glia, wrapping around olfactory sensory axons that target the olfactory bulb (OB) and cross the peripheral nervous system/central nervous system boundary during development and continue to do so post-natally. OEC subpopulations perform distinct subtype-specific functions dependent on their maturity status. Disrupted OEC development is thought to be associated with abnormal OB morphogenesis, leading to anosmia, a defining characteristic of Kallmann syndrome. Hence, anosmin-1 encoded by Kallmann syndrome gene (KAL-1) might modulate OEC differentiation/maturation in the OB. We performed in ovo electroporation of shRNA in the olfactory placode to knock-down kal in chick embryos, resulting in abnormal OB morphogenesis and loss of olfactory sensory axonal innervation into OB. BLBP-expressing OECs appeared to form a thinner and poorly organized outmost OB layer where SOX10 expressing OECs were completely absent with emergence of GFAP-expressing OECs. Furthermore, in embryonic day 10 chick OB explant cultures, GFAP expression in OECs accumulating along the OB nerve layers was dramatically reduced by recombinant anosmin-1. We then purified immature OECs from embryonic day 10 chick OB. These cells express GFAP after 7 days in vitro, exhibiting a multipolar morphology. Overexpression of chick anosmin, exogenous anosmin-1 or FGF2 could inhibit GFAP expression with cells presenting elongated morphology, which was blocked by the FGF receptor inhibitor Su5402. These data demonstrate that anosmin-1 functions via FGF signalling in regulating OEC maturation, thereby providing a permissive glial environment for axonal innervation into the OB during development., (© 2019 The Authors. European Journal of Neuroscience published by Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Cellular attachment and response to biomaterials are mediated by integrin receptor binding to extracellular matrix proteins adsorbed onto the material surface. Osteoblasts interact with their substrates via several integrin complexes including fibronectin-binding α5β1 and collagen-binding α1β1 and α2β1. Knockdown of α2 or β1 integrin subunits inhibits the production of factors that promote an osteogenic microenvironment, including osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, and TGFβ1. Osteoblasts also secrete several angiogenic growth factors such as VEGF-A (VEGF 165 ), FGF-2, and angiopoietin 1, which are regulated by titanium surface topography and surface energy. Here, we examined whether signaling through integrin receptor complexes regulates production and secretion of angiogenic factors during osteoblast differentiation on microtextured Ti surfaces. To do this, integrin subunits α1, α2, α5, and β1 were stably silenced in MG63 osteoblast-like cells cultured on grit-blasted/acid-etched hydrophobic Ti (SLA) or on hydrophilic SLA (modSLA). VEGF-A production increased in response to Ti surface topography and energy in integrin α2, α5, and β1 silenced cells but decreased in α1-silenced cells. FGF-2 decreased on modSLA substrates in both α1 and α2-silenced cells but was unchanged in response to silencing of either α5 or β1. In integrin α1, α2, and β1-silenced cells, Ang-1 increased on modSLA but α5-silencing did not affect Ang-1 production during surface mediated differentiation. These results suggest that signaling through specific integrin receptor complexes during osteoblast differentiation on microstructured Ti substrates, regulates the production of angiogenic factors by those cells, and this is differentially regulated by surface hydrophilicity. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Successful implantation of synthetic biomaterials into bone depends on the biological process known as osseointegration. Osseointegration is a highly regulated communication of cells that orchestrates the migration of progenitor cells towards the implant site and promotes the deposition and mineralization of extracellular matrix proteins within the implant microenvironment, to tightly join the implant to native bone. In this process, angiogenesis functions as the initiation site of progenitor cell migration and is necessary for matrix deposition by providing the necessary nutrients for bone formation. In the present study, we show a novel regulation of specific angiogenic growth factors by integrin receptor complexes. This research is important to develop biomaterials that promote and maintain osseointegration through proper vascularization and prevent implant failure in patients lacking sufficient angiogenesis., (Copyright © 2019 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized as pulmonary arterial endothelial dysfunction and endothelial cells over proliferation, therefore, the repair of pulmonary arterial endothelial cells has been a common goal in treating PAH. In the present study, human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) were transfected with bFGF lentiviral vector and co-cultured with monocrotaline pyrrole treated human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (HPAECs). The results showed that bFGF-ASCs improved the proliferation, viability and decreased the apoptosis of HPAECs, besides, improved PAH was observed in PAH rat models. Western blot analysis showed that the PI3k and p-Akt protein expression level increased in HPAECs, suggesting the activation of the PI3k/Akt signaling pathway. With the administration of LY294002, the bFGF induced HPAECs survival and PI3k/Akt signaling activation were successfully blocked. The present study demonstrated that bFGF transfected ASCs improved the survival of HPAECs by activating the PI3k/Akt pathway., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the transplantation of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) gene-transfected mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and xenogeneic antigen-cancellous bone (XACB) on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression with avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) in rabbits. Methods: The models of steroid-induced osteonecrosis in rabbits were randomly divided into five groups: A (model), B (XACB), C (XACB + MSCs), D (XACB + MSCs + LV), and E (XACB + MSCs + LV-FGF-2) groups. The therapeutic effect was evaluated by Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining. Immunohistochemical and RT-PCR assays were used to detect the protein and mRNA expression of TNF-α in the femoral head, respectively. Results: At 12 weeks after the operation, the defect in rabbits in group E was completely repaired, while defects in rabbits in the other groups were not completely repaired, and the area of new bone formation was higher, when compared with the other groups ( P <0.05). Furthermore, the protein and mRNA expression TNF-α was lower at 3, 6, and 12 weeks after surgery, when compared with the other groups, and the difference was statistically significant ( P <0.05). Conclusion: FGF-2/MSCs/XACB could promote the repair of ANFH, and may be correlated to the inhibition of TNF-α expression., (© 2019 The Author(s).)

Objective: The aim of the study was to explore the role of microRNA-23c in the differentiation of marrow stromal cells (MSCs) to chondrocytes and its potential mechanism., Materials and Methods: MSCs were first isolated from rat bone marrow for cell culture. Surface antigens of MSCs (CD29 and CD34) were identified by flow cytometry. MSCs were induced for chondrogenic differentiation in MCDM (Mesenchymal Stem Cell Chondrogenic Differentiation Medium) for 0, 3, and 7 days, respectively, followed by detection of RUNX2, microRNA-23c and FGF2 expressions by quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). Alcian blue staining was performed to access proteoglycan deposition in MSCs transfected with microRNA-23c mimics or inhibitor. Western blot was conducted to detect the protein expressions of ACAN and COL2A1 in MSCs. The binding condition between microRNA-23c and FGF2 was verified by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. Finally, MSCs were co-transfected with microRNA-23c mimics and FGF2 overexpression plasmid for rescue experiments., Results: On the fourth day of MSCs isolation, MSCs were in an elongated shape. Flow cytometry results showed positive expression of CD29 and negative expression of CD34, which were consistent with MSCs phenotype. QRT-PCR data elucidated that the mRNA levels of RUNX2 and FGF2 gradually increased, whereas microRNA-23c expression decreased with the prolongation of chondrogenic differentiation. Transfection of microRNA-23c mimics in MSCs remarkably elevated microRNA-23c expression. Alcian blue staining showed that microRNA-23c overexpression results in less proteoglycan deposition in MSCs than that of controls. Both mRNA and protein expressions of ACAN and COL2A1 decreased after microRNA-23c overexpression. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay confirmed that FGF2 binds to microRNA-23c. Further Western blot results demonstrated that FGF2 expression is negatively regulated by microRNA-23c. FGF2 overexpression reversed the inhibitory effects of microRNA-23c on proteoglycan deposition, as well as expressions of ACAN and COL2A1., Conclusions: MicroRNA-23c expression decreases during chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs, which inhibits MSCs differentiation to chondrocytes by inhibiting FGF2.

Different regenerative medicine approaches for tendon healing exist. Recently, especially gene therapy gained popularity. However, potential mutagenic and immunologic effects might prevent its translation to clinical research. Chemically modified mRNA (cmRNA) might bypass these limitations of gene therapy. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the early healing properties of Achilles tendon defects in rats treated with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) cmRNA. Forty male Lewis rats were used for the study and randomly assigned to two study groups: (1) treatment with cmRNA coding for bFGF and (2) noncoding cmRNA control. Protein expression was measured using in vivo bioluminescence imaging at 24, 48, and 72 h, as well as 14 days. Animals were euthanized 2 weeks following surgery. Biomechanical, histological, and immunohistological analyses were performed with the significance level set at p < 0.05. Protein expression was evident for 3 days. At 14 days, bioluminescence imaging revealed only little protein expression. Biomechanically, tendons treated with bFGF cmRNA showed a construct stiffness closer to the healthy contralateral side when compared with the control group (p = 0.034), without any significant differences in terms of load to failure. Hematoxylin and eosin staining detected no side effects of the treatment, as signs of inflammation, or necrosis. Furthermore, it revealed the shape of the nuclei to be more oval in the bFGF group in the tendon midsubstance (p = 0.043) with a reduced cell count (p = 0.035). Immunohistological staining for type I, II, III, and IV collagen did not differ significantly between the two groups. In conclusion, this pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of a novel messenger RNA (mRNA)-based therapy for Achilles tendon defects using chemically modified mRNA coding for bFGF.

Various angiogenic factors have been shown to play important roles in intraplaque angiogenesis, while little is known about the dynamic expression change and interplay between various angiogenic factors and intraplaque angiogenesis under high cholesterol conditions. New Zealand rabbits underwent balloon injury of the abdominal artery and then were assigned to a control group (n = 15, normal chow) or high cholesterol group (n = 25, 1% high cholesterol diet). At weeks 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 after acclimation, rabbits (high cholesterol group, n = 5; control group, n = 3) were euthanized. No lesions were observed in the control group. From week 4 to week 12, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), FGF receptor 1 (FGFR-1), platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), the vulnerability index (VI) and the microvessel density (MVD) were significantly elevated in the high cholesterol group; however, PDGF receptor β (PDGFR-β) expression showed little change. Analysis by double-label immunofluorescence (CD31 and Ng2) and FITC-dextran indicated that the neovessels within the plaque were leaky due to a lack of pericytes. As indicated by Pearson's correlation analysis, there was a highly positive correlation between the VI, MVD, macrophage content, and TNF-α level, and the levels of VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 and FGF-2/FGFR-1. However, no correlations were observed between PDGFR-β levels and the VI or MVD. High expression of VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 and FGF-2/FGFR-1 but not of PDGF-BB/PDGFR-β may contribute to immature and inflammatory intraplaque angiogenesis and plaque instability in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Objectives: To study the intensity of inflammatory infiltrate and production of interleukin-1β (ll-1β), tumor necrosis factor-β (TNF-β), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and osteocalcin in response to in-office tooth bleaching in rats., Material and Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats were randomized into four groups (n=5) according to the received treatment (tooth bleaching or no treatment - control) and the period of euthanasia after treatment (24 h or 10 days). We performed tooth bleaching using a 38% hydrogen peroxide gel on maxillary and mandibular incisors. After euthanasia, incisors (20 per group) were processed for histological analysis, immunohistochemistry staining of ll-1β, TNF-β, FGF-2 and GPX and osteocalcin by immunofluorescence. We analyzed data using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn tests (p<0.05)., Results: The bleached groups presented statistically significant differences regarding the pulp inflammation stage compared with the control groups. Bleached teeth showed moderate/severe inflammatory infiltrate and control groups presented absent inflammatory cells or a negligible number of mononuclear cells (p<0.001) at two times (24 h and 10 days). There was strong staining for ll-1β, TNF-β, and GPX in bleached groups at 24 h and strong staining for ll-1β, TNF-β, GPX and FGF-2 at 10 days. After 10 days of tooth bleaching, the bleached group showed a statistically superior amount of osteocalcin than the other groups (p<0.01)., Conclusions: Tooth bleaching with 38% hydrogen peroxide causes severe pulp inflammation, but characteristics of tissue repair after 10 days.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by the proliferation of stromal and epithelial cell types in the prostate, and interactions between the two types of cells. We demonstrated previously that proliferation of prostate stromal cells was induced by BPH epithelial cells in response to Trichomonas vaginalis (Tv) infection via crosstalk with mast cells. In this study, we investigated whether IL-6 released by the proliferating stromal cells in turn induce the BPH epithelial cells to multiply. When culture supernatants of the proliferating prostate stromal cells were added to BPH epithelial cells, the latter multiplied, and expression of cyclin D1, FGF2 and Bcl-2 increased. Blocking the IL-6 signalling pathway with anti-IL-6R antibody or JAK1/2 inhibitor inhibited the proliferation of the BPH epithelial cells and reduced the expression of IL-6, IL-6R and STAT3. Also, epithelial-mesenchymal transition was detected in the proliferating BPH epithelial cells. In conclusion, IL-6 released from proliferating prostate stromal cells induced by BPH epithelial cells infected with Tv in turn induces multiplication of the BPH epithelial cells. This result provides first evidence that the inflammatory microenvironment of prostate stromal cells resulting from Tv infection induces the proliferation of prostate epithelial cells by stromal-epithelial interaction., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have recently been considered as a promising therapy for erectile dysfunction (ED). However, the mechanism of ADSC-based therapy is unclear. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secreted by ADSCs were assessed in vitro. Sixteen 24-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for comparative analysis of 2-week treatment with labeled ADSCs or PBS. Eight additional 5-month-old rats were used as a young rat group. At 2 weeks post-transplantation, all rats were analyzed for erectile function, cavernous IGF-1, bFGF and VEGF levels, and penile histology. Conditioned medium and co-culture systems were used in cell experiments to detect how growth factors act on corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs) under oxidative stress conditions via crystal violet staining and immunofluorescence staining. We found that ADSCs secreted significantly higher IGF-1, bFGF, and VEGF levels in culture medium compared with basal medium. Compared with young rats, untreated aged rats had significantly lower Max ICP/MAP and ADSC treatment significantly increased the ratio. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated a small number of labeled ADSCs in the corpus cavernosum. The untreated aged rats showed significantly decreased cavernous IGF-1, bFGF, and VEGF levels and significantly decreased contents of cavernous smooth muscle and endothelium compared with young rats. ADSC treatment partially normalized these alterations. In cell experiments, the groups receiving growth factor neutralizing antibody separately or combined had significantly decreased numbers of CCSMCs compared with control groups. These results indicated that ADSC treatment may improve aging-related ED partially through the secretion of IGF-1, bFGF, and VEGF., (© 2018 American Society of Andrology and European Academy of Andrology.)

Pituitary tumor-transforming gene-1 (PTTG1) encodes securin, a multifunctional protein involved in development of various types of cancer. Securin participates in the regulation of sister chromatids separation and the expression of multiple genes involved in the control of the cell cycle, metabolism, and angiogenesis. In several human cell lines, we have found a novel short isoform of securin mRNA, which does not contain exons 3 and 4. After the translation of this new mRNA, a shortened protein is produced that, like the full-size form, is able to activate the transcription of cyclin D3 gene (CCND3), which controls the G1/S transition and angiogenesis factors VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor), and FGF2 (fibroblast growth factor 2) in HEK293 cells. However, unlike the full-size protein, the short isoform of PTTG1 does not affect the MYC gene expression because it lacks the DNA-binding domain, which is needed for its interactions with the MYC promoter. Furthermore, the short form of securin does not influence the expression of MYC transcriptional targets, such as TP53 and IL-8. Thus, we found a novel isoform of securin which is able to activate a more restricted repertoire of genes compared to the full-size protein.

Purpose: The objective is to analyze the antiangiogenic mechanism of suramab, a pharmaceutical compound of bevacizumab and suramin, in a rabbit model of corneal angiogenesis., Material and Methods: Corneal neovascularization was induced in four groups of six New Zealand White rabbits by applying a filter paper disk soaked in 1 M Na (OH) on the central cornea. Group one was treated after injury with intravenous suramab at a dose equivalent to 3 mg/kg of bevacizumab and 10 mg/kg of suramin. Group two was treated with intravenous bevacizumab (5 mg/kg). Group three was treated with 10 mg/kg of suramin while the control group received no treatment. Digital photographs were taken at days 9, 15, 21, and 35. Neovessel formation was quantified giving a 0-4 score to each quadrant according to the centripetal growth of the longest vessel (neovessel index, NVI). Animals were sacrificed at day 35. Corneas were processed for histology, immunohistochemistry, and Western-blot using primary antibodies against P 2 X 2 , basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), LYVE-1, PECAM-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A)., Results: Suramab significantly reduced neovessel growth (mean NVI: 4.2) compared to bevacizumab (8.4), suramin (7.22), and control animals (12.2) at 35 days post-injury (p < 0.01). A lower protein expression of P 2 X 2 , bFGF, LYVE-1, PECAM-1, and VEGF-A was found in the cornea of suramab animals than in the other groups of animals., Conclusions: Joint downregulation of bFGF, P 2 X 2 , bFGF, and LYVE-1 constitutes a mechanism that induces greater and longer inhibition of corneal angiogenesis. Results might be relevant to ophthalmic care. Ocular administration of suramab is currently being investigated.

Objective: To investigate the effect of low intensity ultrasound irradiation combine with fibroblast growth factors (FGF2) on the repair of the knee articular cartilage and to explore its mechanism in rabbit., Materials and Methods: The model of the rabbit knee joint injury was established. 40 rabbits were divided into four groups, including control group, model group, FGF2 group and FGF2 + low intensity pulsed ultrasound group (FGF2 + LIPU). The knee joints of rabbits were taken at 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. Histopathological changes were detected by Hematoxylin and Eosin stain (HE) and evaluated by Wakitani score. The expression of FGF2 mRNA was detected by Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the levels of Collagen I and Collagen II protein were analyzed by Western blotting., Results: In FGF2 group and FGF2 + LIPU group, it was found that the tissues of knee joint were gradually repaired following the change of time. Further, the recovery was better in FGF2 + LIPU group. Cartilage defect areas were filled with cartilage-like cells and the repair surface was fused with surrounding cartilage in FGF2 and FGF2 + LIPU groups. Wakitani scores were consistent with HE results. The expressions of FGF2 mRNA were higher in FGF2 and FGF2 + LIPU group than the model group. Western blotting results showed that the levels of Collagen I and Collagen II protein in FGF2 and FGF2 + LIPU groups were significantly increased compared with that in model group., Conclusions: FGF2 and LIPU combined application on the rabbit knees joint repair is better than FGF2 alone. FGF2 and LIPU combination can promote the synthesis and secretion of collagen in chondrocytes, promote the differentiation and maturation of chondrocytes during the repair of cartilage defects.

Background: Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) have been investigated in different human neoplasms and were shown to play important roles in the pathogenesis of these diseases; however, very few are known regarding their prognostic importance in the context of ameloblastoma. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the expression of FGF2 and FGFR1 is associated with ameloblastoma clinical behavior., Methods: Fifty-eight cases of ameloblastoma arranged in tissue microarray were submitted to immunohistochemistry against FGF2 and FGFR1. Clinicopathological parameters regarding sex, age, tumor size, duration and location, treatment, recurrences, radiographic features, cortical disruptions, and follow-up data were obtained from patients' medical records and correlated with the molecules expression. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to investigate the prognostic potential of the biomarkers., Results: Forty-four cases (75.9%) exhibited cytoplasmic positivity for FGF2 in central and peripheral epithelial cells, 46 of 58 (79.3%) showed FGFR1 cytoplasmic positivity predominantly in the columnar peripheral cells, and 43 cases (74.1%) were positive for both. Expression of FGF2 and FGF2 + FGFR1 was associated with tumor recurrences (P = .05). However, univariate and multivariate analyses did not demonstrate a significant influence of FGF2, FGFR1, or FGF2 + FGFR1 in the 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate (P = .27, P = .33, and P = .25, respectively)., Conclusion: Cytoplasmic expression of FGF2 and FGF2 + FGFR1 is associated with ameloblastoma recurrence, but FGF2 and FGFR1 are not determinants of a lower DFS., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a member of the fibroblast growth factors family. It is a highly specific mitogenic factor for many cell types, as though it be involved in wound repair, angiogenesis, nerve nutrition and embryonic development etc. Oil bodies have been applied for medicine, foodstuff and industry field. The heterogonous proteins expressed in oil bodies have distinct advantages, such as less purification steps and low costs. In this study, bFGF was expressed in A. thaliana seeds using oleosin fusion technology. The pOTB-bFGF vector contained an oleosin-bFGF fusion gene and a glufosinate resistance gene for selection. Transgenic A. thaliana lines were obtained by the floral dip method and protein expression was identified by SDS-PAGE and western blotting in transgenic A. thaliana lines. Moreover, MTT assays showed that the oil bodies expressed oleosin-bFGF fusion protein had a remarkable proliferation effect on NIH/3T3 cells and animal experiments showed that it could effectively decrease wound size and accelerate granulation tissue maturation. In conclusion, this may be a better method of producing oleosin-bFGF fusion protein to meet the increasing demand in its pharmacological application., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background and Purpose: Striatal GABAergic neuron is known as a key regulator in adult neurogenesis. However, the specific role of striatal GABAergic neuronal activity in the promotion of neurological recovery after ischemic stroke remains unknown. Here, we used optogenetic approach to investigate these effects and mechanism., Methods: Laser stimulation was delivered via an implanted optical fiber to inhibit or activate the striatal GABAergic neurons in Gad2-Arch-GFP or Gad2-ChR2-tdTomato mice (n=80) 1 week after 60-minute transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurological severity score, brain atrophy volume, microvessel density, and cell morphological changes were examined using immunohistochemistry. Gene expression and protein levels of related growth factors were further examined using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting., Results: Inhibiting striatal GABAergic neuronal activity improved functional recovery, reduced brain atrophy volume, and prohibited cell death compared with the control ( P <0.05). Microvessel density and bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor) expression in the inhibition group were also increased ( P <0.05). In contrast, activation of striatal GABAergic neurons resulted in adverse effects compared with the control ( P <0.05). Using cocultures of GABAergic neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells, we further demonstrated that the photoinhibition of GABAergic neuronal activity could upregulate bFGF expression in endothelial cells, depending on the presence of astrocytes. The conditioned medium from the aforementioned photoinhibited 3-cell coculture system protected cells from oxygen glucose deprivation injury., Conclusions: After ischemic stroke, optogenetic inhibition of GABAergic neurons upregulated bFGF expression by endothelial cells and promoted neurobehavioral recovery, possibly orchestrated by astrocytes. Optogenetically inhibiting neuronal activity provides a novel approach to promote neurological recovery., (© 2017 American Heart Association, Inc.)

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most malignant cancers. MicroRNAs (miRs) were reported to play important roles in GBM recently. However, the role of a novel miR-186-5p in GBM tumorigenesis is still elusive. Using bioinformatics, miR-186-5p was identified as potential regulators of both fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and NF-κB subunit RelA. Luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the direct recognition FGF2 and RelA mRNAs by miR-186-5p. Invasion and migration assays were employed to study the effect of miR-186-5p on GBM cell growth in vitro. Xenograft tumor animal model was established to elucidate the in vivo function of miR-186-5p. MiR-186-5p directly targeted mRNAs of both FGF2 and RelA, and repressed their expressions. Invasive and migratory abilities of GBM cells and growth of xenograft tumors were significantly inhibited by miR-186-5p, which can be restored by re-introduction of FGF2 and RelA expressions. MiR-186-5p is a novel tumor suppressor miR that functions to inhibit tumorigenesis of GBM both in vitro and in vivo, by targeting both FGF2 and RelA. MiR-186-5p/FGF2/RelA pathway may be potentially used as molecular targets of in the clinical treatment of GBM.

This study is designed to investigate the role of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) antisense oligonucleotide (ASODN) on the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) in rat models with focal cerebral infarction (CI). Seventy-five Sprague-Dawlay (SD) rats were randomly divided into the control, sham, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), MCAO + nonsense oligonucleotide (NODN), and MCAO + ASODN groups. Proliferation and differentiation of NSCs were detected by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. ELISA was performed to detect the expressions of endogenous factors that include insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), transforming growth factor-α1 (TGF-α1), bFGF, and nerve growth factor (NGF). Results show significant neurological deficits and focal CI in the MCAO and MCAO + NODN groups. An obvious increase of NSC proliferation, reactive proliferation of astrocytes in CI areas, differentiation of newly proliferated NSCs into mature neuronal cells, and expressions of endogenous growth factors exhibited in the MCAO, MCAO + NODN and MCAO + ASODN groups. Compared to the MCAO and MACO + NODN groups, the MCAO + ASODN group showed a significant decrease NSC proliferation and differentiation in CI areas as well as decrease expressions of endogenous growth factors. These findings may offer insight to help us understand more as to how bFGF ASODN can effectively suppress the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. These findings are expected to help contribute to research for new targets in the treatment of focal CI. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3875-3882, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., (© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Objective: To observe the curative effect of dl-3-n-Butylphthalide (NBP) on patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI) and its effects on levels of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)., Patients and Methods: A total of 160 ACI patients treated in our hospital who met the criteria were selected and randomly divided into treatment group (n=80, including 42 males and 38 females) and control group (n=80, including 40 males and 40 females). The control group was treated with routine drug therapy, while the treatment group was treated with butylphthalide on this basis. The curative effect was evaluated using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and the Activity of Daily Life Scale (ADL Scale). The levels of the two factors in serum were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the changes in the levels of the two factors in serum at different time points before and after treatment were compared between the two groups., Results: After treatment, the levels of the two factors in serum in both groups were significantly increased compared with those before treatment (p<0.05), and the increase in treatment group was more significant than that in control group (p<0.05). The scores of ADL scale in both groups were significantly increased after treatment compared with those before treatment, and the increase in treatment group was more significant than that in control group (p<0.05). The scores of NIHSS in both groups were significantly decreased compared with those before treatment, and the decrease in treatment group was more significant than that in control group (p<0.05)., Conclusions: NBP can improve the expressions of VEGF and bFGF in serum of ACI patients, and its effect is superior to that of conventional drugs.

Objective: To investigate the role of miR-145 silencing in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), BCL2-Associated X(bax) and caspase-3 in avascular necrosis of femoral head (ANFH)., Materials and Methods: A total of 12 healthy wild-types (the control group) and 12 miR-145 knock-out (miR-145-/-) (the experimental group) adult New Zealand white rabbits were selected to construct ANFH model with a steroid. Four weeks later, immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR and Western blot were performed to measure the VEGF, bFGF, Bcl-2, bax, caspase-3, β-catenin as well as c-Myc expression. Terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining analysis was used to detect the apoptosis of bone cells in each group., Results: Compared with the control group, the expression of VEGF, bFGF, Bcl-2, β-catenin and c-Myc in the miR-145-/- group raised (p<0.05). Moreover, the expression level of bax and caspase-3 significantly decreased in the miR-145-/- group (p<0.05). TUNEL staining showed decreased apoptosis in the miR-145-/- group., Conclusions: MiR-145 silencing promotes bone repair of ANFH via upregulating VEGF, bFGF and inhibiting the bone cells apoptosis through Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Prolonged hospitalization and antibiotic therapy are risk factors for the development of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in thermal burn patients. We used a rat model to study the in vivo efficacy of daptomycin in the treatment of burn wound infections by S. aureus , and we evaluated the wound healing process through morphological and immunohistochemical analysis. A copper bar heated in boiling water was applied on a paraspinal site of each rat, resulting in two full-thickness burns. A small gauze was placed over each burn and inoculated with 5 × 10 7 CFU of S. aureus ATCC 43300. The study included two uninfected control groups with and without daptomycin treatment, an infected control group that did not receive any treatment, and two infected groups treated, respectively, with intraperitoneal daptomycin and teicoplanin. The main outcome measures were quantitative culture, histological evaluation of tissue repair, and immunohistochemical expression of wound healing markers: epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2). The highest inhibition of infection was achieved in the group that received daptomycin, which reduced the bacterial load from 10 7 CFU/ml to about 10 3 CFU/g ( P < 0.01). The groups treated with daptomycin showed better overall healing with epithelialization and significantly higher collagen scores than the other groups, and these findings were also confirmed by immunohistochemical data. In conclusion, our results support the hypothesis that daptomycin is an important modulator of wound repair by possibly reducing hypertrophic burn scar formation., (Copyright © 2017 American Society for Microbiology.)

Background: Cardiac mesenchymal cell (CMC) administration improves cardiac function in animal models of heart failure. Although the precise mechanisms remain unclear, transdifferentiation and paracrine signaling are suggested to underlie their cardiac reparative effects. We have shown that histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) inhibition enhances CMC cardiomyogenic lineage commitment. Here, we investigated the impact of HDAC1 on CMC cytokine secretion and associated paracrine-mediated activities on endothelial cell function., Methods and Results: CMCs were transduced with shRNA constructs targeting HDAC1 (shHDAC1) or nontarget (shNT) control. Cytokine arrays were used to assess the expression of secreted proteins in conditioned medium (CM) from shHDAC1 or shNT-transduced CMCs. In vitro functional assays for cell proliferation, protection from oxidative stress, cell migration, and tube formation were performed on human endothelial cells incubated with CM from the various treatment conditions. CM from shHDAC1-transduced CMCs contained more cytokines involved in cell growth/differentiation and more efficiently promoted endothelial cell proliferation and tube formation compared with CM from shNT. After evaluating key cytokines previously implicated in cell-therapy-mediated cardiac repair, we found that basic fibroblast growth factor was significantly upregulated in shHDAC1-transduced CMCs. Furthermore, shRNA-mediated knockdown of basic fibroblast growth factor in HDAC1-depleted CMCs inhibited the effects of shHDAC1 CM in promoting endothelial proliferation and tube formation-indicating that HDAC1 depletion activates CMC proangiogenic paracrine signaling in a basic fibroblast growth factor-dependent manner., Conclusions: These results reveal a hitherto unknown role for HDAC1 in the modulation of CMC cytokine secretion and implicate the targeted inhibition of HDAC1 in CMCs as a means to enhance paracrine-mediated neovascularization in cardiac cell therapy applications., (© 2017 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley.)

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is a multifunctional growth factor that induces cell proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation in various cell types and tissues. With these biological functions, FGF-2 has been evaluated for clinical use in the regeneration of damaged tissues. The expression of hFGF-2 in Escherichia coli and a purification system using the immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) is well established to generate a continuous supply of FGF-2. Although hexa-histidine tag (H 6 ) is commonly used for IMAC purification, hexa-histidine-asparagine tag (HN 6 ) is also efficient for purification as it is easily exposed on the surface of the protein. In this study, four different tagging constructs of hFGF-2 based on tag positions and types (H 6 -FGF2, FGF2-H 6 , HN 6 -FGF2, and FGF2-HN 6 ) were designed and expressed under the inducible T7 expression system in E. coli. The experimental conditions of expression and purification of each recombinant protein were optimized. The effective dosages of the recombinant proteins were determined based on the increase of cell proliferation in human gingival fibroblast. ED50s of H 6 -FGF2, FGF2-H 6 , HN 6 -FGF2, and FGF2-HN 6 were determined (4.42 ng/ml, 3.55 ng/ml, 3.54 ng/ml, and 4.14 ng/ml, respectively) and found to be comparable to commercial FGF-2 (3.67 ng/ml). All the recombinant hFGF-2s inhibit the osteogenic induction and mineralization in human periodontal ligament-derived cells. Our data suggested that biological activities of the recombinant hFGF-2 are irrelevant to types and positions of tags, but may have an influence on the expression efficiency and solubility., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We previously reported that heparan sulfate 6-O endosulfatases (Sulfs) were expressed in articular cartilage, and that the Sulf-1 knockout mouse developed severe knee osteoarthritis. In this study, we hypothesised that intra-articular injection of Sulf-1 would prevent cartilage degeneration. After confirming that 1 mg/ml Sulf-1 did not induce ATDC5 cell death in vitro, gene expression of type II collagen and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 in the presence of Sulf-1 (1 100 ng/ml) were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Sulf-1 was also injected intra-articularly into mice following surgical destabilisation of the medial meniscus to produce a model of osteoarthritis, and cartilage degeneration was evaluated by safranin O and MMP-13 staining. We also investigated fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) cell signalling by western blotting. Exposure to Sulf-1 in vitro increased type II collagen expression and decreased MMP-13 expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Sulf-1 injection into the mouse osteoarthritic knee significantly suppressed glycosaminoglycan loss and MMP-13 expression. Erk1/2 signalling pathway activation was significantly reduced by Sulf-1 and FGF2. These findings indicate that Sulf-1 prevents cartilage degeneration by suppressing MMP-13 via an effect on FGF2/Erk1/2 signalling.

Background: Critical leg ischemia (CLI) represents the ultimate stage of peripheral arterial disease. Despite current surgery advances, patients with CLI have limited therapeutic options. Therapeutic angiogenesis thus appears as a powerful approach, aiming to stimulate vessel formation by angiogenic molecules administration. In this context, combined gene therapy has been proved to be the most efficient. The present study aims to compare, in a preclinical mouse model, the therapeutic benefit of a combination of 2 angiogenic factors fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and Cyr61 using plasmid and viral vectors, able to generate short- or long-term transgene expression in the leg, respectively., Methods: Two therapeutic genes, FGF2 and Cyr61, were introduced into internal ribosome entry site-based expression vectors (FGFiCyr) allowing co-expression of the 2 transgenes. The proangiogenic plasmid pC-FGFiCyr was assessed by intramuscular administration followed by electrotransfer into ischemic legs. To generate long-term transgene expression, the FGFiCyr bicistronic cassette was introduced into an adenoassociated virus-derived vector (rAAV). The rAAV treatment was performed either before or immediately after surgery. Therapeutic effects were analyzed by laser Doppler imaging, clinical score, and angiography., Results: The plasmid pC-FGFiCyr improved revascularization, reperfusion, and clinical score. Surprisingly, when AAV-FGFiCyr was injected 21 or 28 days before surgery, the proangiogenic rAAV was drastically deleterious on all measured parameters. In contrast, when administrated shortly after surgery, AAV-FGFiCyr generated therapeutic benefits, with a significantly better clinical score than after treatment with the plasmid., Conclusions: Therapeutic effects of the angiogenic combination FGF2-Cyr61 is observed with short-term transgene expression, but the treatment is significantly more efficient when a long-term expression viral vector is used. However, the rAAV-FGFiCyr generated therapeutic benefit only when injected in an ischemic leg, whereas the same dose of rAAV exhibited deleterious effects when administrated to healthy animals. These data may contribute to the understanding of the moderate success of proangiogenic treatments in CLI gene therapy clinical assays., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study elucidates the question of whether chronic inflammation in the jawbone contributes to the development of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). Fatty degenerative osteonecrosis in jawbone (FDOJ) may contribute to CFS by induction of inflammatory mediators. We examined seven cytokines by multiplex analysis in jawbone samples from two groups of patients. In order to clarify neurological interrelations, specimens from 21 CFS patients were analyzed from areas of previous surgery in the retromolar wisdom tooth area. Each of the retromolar jawbone samples showed clinically fatty degenerated and osteonecrotic medullary changes. As control, healthy jawbone specimens from 19 healthy patients were analyzed. All fatty necrotic and osteolytic jawbone (FDOJ) samples showed high expression of RANTES and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2. FDOJ cohorts showed a 30-fold mean overexpression of RANTES and a 20-fold overexpressed level of FGF-2 when compared to healthy controls. As RANTES is discussed in the literature as a possible contributor to inflammatory diseases, we hypothesize that FDOJ in areas of improper and incomplete wound healing in the jawbone may hyperactivate signaling pathways. Constituting a hidden source of “silent inflammation” FDOJ may represent a hitherto unknown cause for the development of CFS.

Objective: To investigate the effect of fibroblasts on regulating airway stem cell proliferation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis., Methods: Lung cell suspension was prepared from β-actin-GFP mice. Airway stem cells were obtained by fluorescence activated cell sorting and co-cultured with lung fibroblasts. The fibroblasts were treated with TGF-β inhibitor SB43142. The expression of growth factors FGF1/2 and the effect of FGF1/2 on stem cell proliferation were observed., Results: The cloning efficiency of airway stem cells, when co-cultured with normal lung fibroblast cells for 8 days, was (3.5±1.1)%, while the cloning efficiency was reduced to (0.04±0.04)% when co-cultured with lung fibroblasts from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. The difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant(P=0.002 5). TGF-β receptor inhibitor SB431542 increased lung fibroblast growth factors FGF1/2 expression.FGF1 mRNA expression was increased to the experimental group 0.005 5 from 0.000 2 in the control group.FGF2 mRNA expression of the amount raised to the experimental group 0.000 15 from 0.000 8 in the control group.FGF1/2 promoted the growth of airway stem cells. After FGF1/2 was co-cultured with normal lung fibroblast cells for 8 days, the cloning efficiency of airway stem cells was (0.3±0.1)%., Conclusion: During the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, fibroblast secreted FGF1/2 regulate airway stem cell proliferation.

Irradiation with red or near infrared light promotes tissue repair, while treatment with blue light is known to be antimicrobial. Consequently, it is thought that infected wounds could benefit more from combined blue and red/infrared light therapy; but there is a concern that blue light may slow healing. We investigated the effect of blue 470nm light on wound healing, in terms of wound closure, total protein and collagen synthesis, growth factor and cytokines expression, in an in vitro scratch wound model. Human dermal fibroblasts were cultured for 48h until confluent. Then a linear scratch wound was created and irradiated with 3, 5, 10 or 55J/cm(2). Control plates were not irradiated. Following 24h of incubation, cells were fixed and stained for migration and fluorescence analyses and the supernatant collected for quantification of total protein, hydroxyproline, bFGF, IL-6 and IL-10. The results showed that wound closure was similar for groups treated with 3, 5 and 10J/cm(2), with a slight improvement with the 5J/cm(2) dose, and slower closure with 55J/cm(2) p<0.001). Total protein concentration increased after irradiation with 3, 5 and 10J/cm(2), reaching statistical significance at 5J/cm(2) compared to control (p<0.0001). However, hydroxyproline levels did not differ between groups. Similarly, bFGF and IL-10 concentrations did not differ between groups, but IL-6 concentration decreased progressively as fluence increased (p<0.0001). Fluorescence analysis showed viable cells regardless of irradiation fluence. We conclude that irradiation with blue light at low fluence does not impair in vitro wound healing. The significant decrease in IL-6 suggests that 470nm light is anti-inflammatory., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Rationale: Adolescence is a period of high vulnerability to drugs of abuse and alterations of the proper developmental trajectory via psychostimulant exposure might change the physiological brain homeostasis., Objective: By microdissection of brain areas via punching, we investigated whether repeated exposure to cocaine during adolescence (from postnatal day 28 [PND28] to PND42) has altered fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in selected brain subregions critical for the action of cocaine., Results: We found a reduction of FGF-2 mRNA levels in ventral tegmental area (VTA), where mesocortical and mesolimbic pathways originate. The analysis of the trophic factor levels in the distal projecting regions revealed a selective reduction of FGF-2 mRNA levels in infralimbic (IL) subregion of the medial prefrontal cortex (the terminal region of the mesocortical pathway) and in the nucleus accumbens core (cNAc) (the terminal region of the mesolimbic pathway). Last, we found reduced FGF-2 mRNA levels also in brain regions which, although in a different manner, contribute to the reward system, i.e., the central nucleus of amygdala (cAmy) and the ventral portion of hippocampus (vHip)., Conclusion: The widespread and coordinated reduction of FGF-2 mRNA levels across the brain's reward neurocircuitry might represent a defensive strategy set in motion to oppose to the psychostimulant properties of cocaine. Moreover, given the role of FGF-2 in modulating mood disorders, the reduced trophic support here observed might sustain the negative emotional state set in motion by repeated exposure to cocaine.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanism involved in the stem cell factor (SCF)-induced production of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3) in tracheal smooth muscle cells (tSMCs) and the signaling pathway involved in the process. tSMC primary cultures were stimulated with SCF and evaluated at 24 h. Cells treated with specific antibodies did not show any immunolabeling for cytokeratin or fibroblast activation protein, but were positive for α-smooth muscle actin, indicating the purity of the primary cell line. Western blot analysis showed constitutive phosphorylation of c-Kit, as well as increased total protein and phosphorylated c-Kit levels in tSMCs after SCF stimulation. Flow cytometry analysis also showed an increase in cell-surface c-Kit expression in the presence of SCF. SCF induced TGF-β mRNA expression in tSMCs, as well as the production of TGF-β1, CCL3, and FGF-2. Pretreatment with anti-CCL3 antibody blocked TGF-β1 expression and partially inhibited FGF-2 production. On the other hand, anti-c-Kit antibody blocked TGF-β1 expression and FGF-2 production. Thus, TGF-β1 and FGF-2 production were mediated by CCL3 production through c-Kit. Pretreatment with mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1, p38, and Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitors showed that the effects mediated by SCF were involved with the modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Development of inhibitors targeting CCL3 through MAPK activation could thus be an attractive strategy to inhibit tSMC activation during asthma.

Our previous work showed that a Sca-1(+) cell-based FGF2 therapy was capable of promoting robust increases in trabecular bone formation and connectivity on the endosteum of long bones. Past work reported that administration of FGF2 protein promoted bone formation in red marrow but not in yellow marrow. The issue as to whether the Sca-1(+) cell-based FGF2 therapy is effective in yellow marrow is highly relevant to its clinical potential for osteoporosis, as most red marrows in a person of an advanced age are converted to yellow marrows. Accordingly, this study sought to compare the osteogenic effects of this stem cell-based FGF2 therapy on red marrow-filled lumbar vertebrae with those on yellow marrow-filled caudal vertebrae of young adult W(41)/W(41) mice. The Sca-1(+) cell-based FGF2 therapy drastically increased trabecular bone formation in lumbar vertebrae, but the therapy not only did not promote bone formation but instead caused substantial loss of trabecular bone in caudal vertebrae. The lack of an osteogenic response was not due to insufficient engraftment of FGF2-expressing Sca-1(+) cells or inadequate FGF2 expression in caudal vertebrae. Previous studies have demonstrated that recipient mice of this stem cell-based FGF2 therapy developed secondary hyperparathyroidism and increased bone resorption. Thus, the loss of bone mass in caudal vertebrae might in part be due to an increase in resorption without a corresponding increase in bone formation. In conclusion, the Sca-1(+) cell-based FGF2 therapy is osteogenic in red marrow but not in yellow marrow.

After peripheral nerve injury, recovery of motor performance negatively correlates with the poly-innervation of neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) due to excessive sprouting of the terminal Schwann cells. Denervated muscles produce short-range diffusible sprouting stimuli, of which some are neurotrophic factors. Based on recent data that vibrissal whisking is restored perfectly during facial nerve regeneration in blind rats from the Sprague Dawley (SD)/RCS strain, we compared the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2), insulin growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF1, IGF2) and nerve growth factor (NGF) between SD/RCS and SD-rats with normal vision but poor recovery of whisking function after facial nerve injury. To establish which trophic factors might be responsible for proper NMJ-reinnervation, the transected facial nerve was surgically repaired (facial-facial anastomosis, FFA) for subsequent analysis of mRNA and proteins expressed in the levator labii superioris muscle. A complicated time course of expression included (1) a late rise in BDNF protein that followed earlier elevated gene expression, (2) an early increase in FGF2 and IGF2 protein after 2 days with sustained gene expression, (3) reduced IGF1 protein at 28 days coincident with decline of raised mRNA levels to baseline, and (4) reduced NGF protein between 2 and 14 days with maintained gene expression found in blind rats but not the rats with normal vision. These findings suggest that recovery of motor function after peripheral nerve injury is due, at least in part, to a complex regulation of lesion-associated neurotrophic factors and cytokines in denervated muscles. The increase of FGF-2 protein and concomittant decrease of NGF (with no significant changes in BDNF or IGF levels) during the first week following FFA in SD/RCS blind rats possibly prevents the distal branching of regenerating axons resulting in reduced poly-innervation of motor endplates., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim of the study was to examine the early tissue reaction in the tension zone of periodontal ligament (PDL) during orthodontic tooth movement., Design: Upper first molars of rats were moved buccally with fixed appliances. The PDL in the tension zone was examined histologically, immunohistochemically and at a molecular level after 24h, 3 days and 7 days., Results: After 24h of orthodontic force loading, the periodontal space appeared considerably expanded. The periodontal fibers were stretched between the bone and the root. Three days after loading, the expanded periodontal space had slightly narrowed, the periodontal fiber arrangement was relaxed, and the blood vessels did not appear elongated. A considerable layer of osteoid was formed on the bone surface. The total cross-sectional areas of the PDL in experimental groups were significantly larger than control group. The total cross-sectional areas of the blood vessels were not significantly different among the groups. Significantly high expressions of IL-1β and PTX3 were characteristically observed not only in the endothelial cells and cells around the blood vessel, but also in fibroblasts throughout the PDL of the tension zone 24h after orthodontic force loading. Three and 7 days after loading, these showed tendencies to return to control levels., Conclusions: The present results suggest that the early reaction in the tension zone of the PDL during tooth movement consists of two phases: first, inflammation and second, rapid recovery and renovation of the PDL with bone formation., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)