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In this paper, we show how capitalism and feudalism reinforce each other to enable the former's success in the higher education context. In this regard, Polish universities are an interesting case due to Poland's capitalist shock therapy in the 1990s, its Western European membership in the European Union in the 2000s and due to recent reforms intended to modernize Polish academia. Based on 36 interviews with Polish early career academics from urban universities with experience working in watchdogs of higher education, we examine respondents' perspectives on the current capitalist reforms. They treat ongoing changes as a solution for the problems experienced and defined as "feudal": political labeling, abuse of power and discrimination against women. Understanding capitalism and feudalism through their organizing principles, the main contribution of this study is that it demonstrates how capitalist organizing principles fix existing feudalist organizing principles to flourish in Polish university. Hence, it is difficult for early career academics to recognize that capitalist organizing principles are in fact reinforcing rather than eliminating (as the advocates of capitalist reforms often claim) feudal problems in Polish academia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the Indo-European principle of trifunctionality and on the medieval Three Estates imagery provide researchers with precious resources for investigating the ways and means through which social representations become loaded with sacredness, and sacredness progressively transferred from one set of social representations to another. This article focuses on the transformations undergone by the Three Estates religious substratum, first at the time of the birth of Absolutism, and second during and after the French Revolution. In the case of France (and with openings towards other contexts), it shows how trifunctionality has been attributed, alternatively or conjointly, to the bourgeoisie and to the nation. Triune imagery has thus contributed to shape rituals and symbols proper to civil religion in France. Additionally, this contribution draws lessons from our case study for assessing both the resilience and the power of metamorphosis proper to symbolic references once the latter are organized into patterns that nurture a community's cohesiveness by the putting into motion of images, narratives and ritual practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countries in East and Southeast Asia are caught in the US-China rivalry. Even though some countries choose to side with the US or China, a large number of them try to stay somewhere in between (i.e., hedging) so as to manage the risks and to gain as much as possible from the two big powers. This paper attempts at defining hedging along with the associated notions of balancing and bandwagoning in a two-dimensional issue space which incorporates both security and economic concerns, and looking for possible factors (e.g., China's vassal states in history, US formal allies, territorial disputes with China, cultural background, democracies, economic conditions, Belt and Road Initiative, and population size) that may affect the positions taken by the small states/middle powers in the region. Thus far, neither big power is able to completely outdo the other. Hedging, broadly defined, may continue to be the modus vivendi in the international relations of East and Southeast Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the socio-historical background of Nah 1:9 amidst seemingly contradictory scholarly claims that its addressees were skeptical about the power of YHWH in the face of the power of the Neo-Assyrian empire at a time that the same empire was weak. The research ends with two conclusions. First, the basis of the skepticism among the addressees was fear that the dying empire could recover with disastrous consequences for disloyal vassals who abandoned the empire in its time of weakness. Second, far from being timid Judeans, the skeptics had rationally defensible bases for their fear. They were simply being cautious. This was no cowardice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines traditional forms of rural protest in Spain, Catalonia's wine-growing regions during the late 19th century, highlighting how these protests evolved in response to social and economic changes driven by the transition from feudalism to capitalism. It focuses on the role of mutual aid societies and resistance groups, particularly the Federació de Treballadors Agrícoles and the anarchist Campo de Trabajadores conference, in shaping rural protests.

The article explores the evolution of agrarian capitalism in the Valencian region in Spain from the 18th to the 19th centuries, emphasizing the tension between traditional feudal structures and modern agricultural practices. It delves into the historical and economic dynamics that shaped Valencia's agricultural landscape, including the impact of irrigation systems, land ownership changes, and economic transitions from feudalism to a more capitalist agrarian economy.

The article explores failures of the U.S. as a modern nation-state in Toni Morrison's "Paradise" from the perspectives of Silvia Federici's works which place the figure of the witch at the center of anti-capitalist struggle and shows the transition from feudalism to capitalism. It discusses the heteropatriarchal racially supremacist capitalism in communities, capital accumulation, silenced social position of women, social reproduction obfuscated by capitalist ideology, and capitalist relations.

On the occasion of the award of the author's da Vinci Medal in 2022, this article sketches a perspective, material political economy, employed by the author, explaining it by drawing on Marc Bloch's classic account of the dispute in European feudalism between milling grain on watermills or windmills controlled by feudal superiors, who could exact fees, and common people's use of hand mills. It considers the material political economy aspects of two modern technologies. The first is automated high-frequency trading in finance, where there are typically conflicts with incumbents and material efforts to favor "market-making" over "aggressive" algorithms. The second is the automated auctioning of digital display advertising opportunities, showing tension between two forms of these auctions' material organization: centralized auctioning via Google's systems and decentralized "header bidding." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author proposes a Marxian class analysis of undergraduate education in U.S. four-year residential colleges and universities, highlighting the role of student labor in the production of courses, degrees, and campus life (college) and in the production of academic learning (knowledge). Undergraduate students are theorized as direct producers within two overlapping class structures: academic feudalism (college) and academic communism (knowledge). The concept of academic communism is argued to be normatively compatible with Marxian and liberal visions of higher education: the Marxian commitment to abolish class exploitation and the liberal commitment to academic freedom. As a constructive response to intensifying criticisms of undergraduate education as we know it, a Marxian view of college and knowledge offers an ethically grounded defense of the core mission of U.S. higher education, centered on undergraduate students and faculty members as coproducers of academic knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the summer of 1908 political changes occurred in The Ottoman Empire, marked by the actions of the young Turkish committee “Unity and progress”. Taking advantage of the internal instability in the empire, the rulers of the Principality of Bulgaria raised the question of whether it was the right time to reject the vassalage of the Ottoman Sultan. A central role in the realization of the idea of declaring Bulgarian independence was played by the diplomatic representative of the Principality in Constantinople - Ivan Stefanov Geshov, the Bulgarian Prime Minister Alexander Malinov, the Foreign Minister Stefan Paprikov and the Bulgarian ruler Knyaz Ferdinand I. The present statement aims to enlighten few essential moments of the history of Principality Bulgaria and The Ottoman Empire, namely the young Ottoman revolution of the summer of 1908, the incident "Geshov" and the recall of the diplomatic representative of Tsarigrad, the ensuing actions of the Bulgarian diplomacy and Knyaz Ferdinand led to the Proclamation of the Independence of the Principality of Bulgaria in the old capital Tarnovo. The basic scientific works on the topic was used for the needs of the investigation, published documents and materials of the Bulgarian press [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology / Shehui is the property of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Álabe is the property of Alabe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Álabe is the property of Alabe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The subject of this study is the nomenclature used in medieval documents for small feudal residences. The majority of these residences were built privately by vassals of the duke, i.e. by knights and citizens of Breslau. Examples include the residences of village mayors and rural fortified houses belonging to orders of knighthood. Smaller buildings (mostly with special functions) constructed by territorial rulers - namely by Silesian dukes and bishops of Breslau - are also considered. These buildings differ significantly in size from the imposing brick castles which served as princely residences or formed part of the country's administrative structure. On the basis of the material collected, small feudal residences were referred to as follows in the medieval Silesian documentary sources: curia (court), curia habitationis (residential court), curia murata (walled courtyard), castrum (castle, house), fortalicium (fortress), propugnaculum (keep), turris (tower), "Gesesse" (seat), "Sitz" (manor house), "Rittersitz" (knightly manor house). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correspondence of the Count of Gondomar represents a collection with multiple possibilities of study for new perspectives on corruption and its connections with perceptions of failure. Based on the richness of this epistolary corpus, the article analyses the impact that corruption, or the mechanisms against it, had on the failure of the trajectories of agents and vassals of the Iberian Monarchies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are some provisions on the vassal's obligation to respond to the king's call to arms in the 13th century Hungarian legislation. In this paper we aim to compare the Hungarian legislation with the European ius commune on this subject, and we try to elucidate which were the sources of the Hungarian legislation in this regard. However, since these provisions are closely linked to the concept of just war, we look at what was considered a just war in the Middle Ages and what the implications of this classification were for the obligations of the vassals. After thorough analysis of the sources, the author made the cautious assumption that the Summa iuris feudorum of Jacobus de Ardizone was presumably the most important source of the Hungarian legislation on this issue of the feudal law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, Marxist-inspired approaches from the field of International Historical Sociology (IHS) have theorised the relationship between 16th and 17th Century European colonial expansion and the development of relations of production and economic growth on both sides of the Atlantic. In this article, we argue that such attempts - from Dependency Theory (DT), World-Systems Theory (WST), and Uneven and Combined Development (UCD) - are premised on a structuralist perspective which overextend the notion of capitalism and under examine the sphere of production, rendering divergent and distinct strategies of European colonialism a homogenous and under-historicised process. Embracing theoretical innovations from Geopolitical Marxism (GPM), we dispute this unitary logic of expansion, instead applying a radical historicist methodology to demonstrate that British and Spanish colonial strategies in the Americas (intra-imperial free trade vs. mercantilism) were shaped by nationally specific class relations (capitalism vs. feudalism/absolutism), generating unique patterns of settlement on the ground (mineral extraction vs. cash-crop production). Promoting historicism thus allows Marxist International Relations to better recognise "the 'making of' the international order" during the period of European colonial expansion from the 16th century onwards, and, in doing so, further understand its enduring legacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi (OAD) is the property of Ortacag Arastirmalari Dergisi (OAD) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study attempts to analyse the nature of feudalism in Early Medieval Kashmir, presenting an exploration of its social and political dynamics. Contrary to typical European feudal models, Kashmir’s feudal system was characterised by a unique interplay between the monarch, feudal chiefs (Samantas), Damaras, and peasants. The research challenges traditional interpretations, such as Colonel James Tod’s comparison of Rajput governance with European feudalism, by introducing concepts like ‘feudalism from above’ and ‘feudalism from below’. Utilising a historical and analytical methodology, the study scrutinizes primary sources like the Rajatarangini and incorporates diverse perspectives from sociology, economics, and political science. It revisits various feudal aspects such as land ownership, military service, and social transformations, particularly focusing on the Damaras’ role and the centralisation of power under the monarch. The study sheds light on the enduring impact of feudalism in contemporary Kashmir, noting the survival of the Damaras and Lavanyas as agricultural castes in modern times. It critically assesses the notion of feudalism as a monolithic construct, emphasising its adaptive nature and contextual variations. The study offers a distinct interpretation of Kashmir’s feudal structure, indicating its deviation from classical models due to the central role of the monarch, the lack of strong hereditary trends, and the region’s specific socio-political context.

Copyright of Memorias is the property of Fundacion Universidad del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of KULT online is the property of Justus Liebig University Giessen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Oaths of fidelity, homage and fealty were ubiquitous in late medieval England. Variously given by tenants, officeholders and retainers, such oaths represented a promise of loyalty and goodwill towards a lord. Individuals might make many such professions, perhaps as a tenant of one lord, an officer of another or a hired retainer of yet a third. Such multiple loyalties can be difficult to recover, especially as many oaths would have been given verbally and left little documentary evidence. The nature of such social relations has been seen as vital to our understanding of the emergence of 'bastard feudalism' and attempts to understand the texture of late medieval politics. This article explores these issues through the unusual situation that arose in medieval Durham whereby the incoming officials of the bishops of Durham swore oaths of fidelity to the monks of Durham priory, an entirely separate landowner. Who were these individuals, what were they promising and why were the incoming officers of one lord swearing fidelity to another? This local arrangement likely arose to avoid conflict between the two major landowners in the region and demonstrates the ways that oaths and the resultant ties they created could aid in the social stability of late medieval England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Church in the World / Crkva u Svijetu is the property of University of Split, Catholic Faculty of Theology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During archaeological excavations in 2013-2015 and 2018, a castle dating from the High Middle Ages was uncovered near Stotel in the district of Cuxhaven which so far remains unique for the region. The fortifications, with a massive stone wall and a gate tower, differ from those found at the many other lowland castles in the Elbe-Weser triangle. The castle can be linked to the social rise of the first Count of Stotel and is closely bound up with the fate of the county concerned. In order to understand the castle, the article looks not only at the findings from the excavations but also at the domain/county of Stotel, including selected castles belonging to vassals of the Count of Stotel. A brief consideration of the castle of the Counts of Oldenburg was equally necessary, as the person who had the stone castle at Stotel built was a very close relative of that prominent family of counts, and the function of the stone castle was undoubtedly also determined by that. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karl Marx consistently contrasts the alienation and egoism of bourgeois, capitalist society with the holism and intimacy of medieval feudalism. In his critique of Hegel's Philosophy of right , he cryptically terms medievalism the 'democracy of unfreedom', arguing that feudalism embodied an integration of political and economic life that the fragmented modern constitutional state abandons. Focusing on writings from the early 1840s, this article examines Marx's account of feudalism to better understand his early democratic theory and its relationship to his account of human emancipation. While Marx rejects feudal nostalgia and insists on the revolutionary progress brought by capitalism and liberal constitutionalism, he nonetheless believes that medievalism models a partial unity of political and economic life that 'true democracy' will restore and radicalize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to estimate trends in the levels of public and private investment, and national government surpluses and deficits from accumulated capital income, taxation, and rents estimated by different economic historians for England and the UK by utilizing the concept of Paul Baran and Paul Sweezy's economic surplus. The data support historical accounts that income per capita growth begins to increase around the 1600s in Britain, perhaps due to the level of capital, tax, and land income achieving an adequate threshold amount. According to some historians, this would also be about the time of capitalism's ascent as the dominant economic system in Britain. Even then, dramatic increases in investment and economic growth do not appear until the late eighteenth century when investment and deficits reach even higher levels. The new estimates developed in this article are offered as additional macroeconomic data supplements to works created by other authors and researchers and submitted as a demonstration of the concept of economic surplus and the power of threshold levels of private and public investment. Most of all they also give some support to Baran and Sweezy's notion of a society's economic surplus coming from labor exploitation and being used to further investment and government expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This introduction presents 'racial capitalism' as a timely and important avenue of study in contemporary French and Francophone Studies. Drawing inspiration from the belated French translation of Cedric Robinson's landmark Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition , it details early responses to Robinson's book on the francophone left, before engaging more broadly with the concept of racial capitalism in its more recent interpretations. Before detailing the issue's contributions, it argues that while work on race and racism in French and Francophone Studies is rich and expansive, work on racial capitalism remains to be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ho Xuan Huong was a famous Vietnamese poet who lived in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. She left behind many unique poems with a poetic style that is both thanh (right and pur vulgar) or tục (vulgar and dirty) and was dubbed “the Queen of Nom Poetry”. While nom poetry is a genre of poetry passed down from generation to generation without original text, Huong is considered one of the unique poets of Vietnamese literature. Many of her works have been lost; up to now, her poems still in circulation are mainly oral Nom poems. Her poetic system focuses primarily on promoting the role of women under the harsh regime of the feudal dynasty which is expressed to honor women while mocking and pointing out the negative aspects of the regime of “trọng nam khinh nữ" (male chauvinism, to value men above women). Using qualitative research methods and referencing several previous studies combined with a survey of some historical data, is the main method of this research. Researching feminism in Huong’s nom poetry allows future generations to have a more complete and comprehensive view of the condition of women under feudalism, ideas that are ahead of their time and humanely profound; from there, determine its value and significance to the current issue of gender equality.

Studies on the Indo-European principle of trifunctionality and on the medieval Three Estates imagery provide researchers with precious resources for investigating the ways and means through which social representations become loaded with sacredness, and sacredness progressively transferred from one set of social representations to another. This article focuses on the transformations undergone by the Three Estates religious substratum, first at the time of the birth of Absolutism, and second during and after the French Revolution. In the case of France (and with openings towards other contexts), it shows how trifunctionality has been attributed, alternatively or conjointly, to the bourgeoisie and to the nation. Triune imagery has thus contributed to shape rituals and symbols proper to civil religion in France. Additionally, this contribution draws lessons from our case study for assessing both the resilience and the power of metamorphosis proper to symbolic references once the latter are organized into patterns that nurture a community’s cohesiveness by the putting into motion of images, narratives and ritual practices.

Research on the Mongol conquest of Iran and the Transcaucasus has focused most heavily on the campaigns of Chinggis Khan and his nephew Hülegü, in 1219–1224 and 1256–1260 respectively. Significantly less attention has been given to the nearly four decades that separate these two invasions, during which Mongol control was consolidated by a tamma (garrison) army numbering roughly 30,000 soldiers. This garrison occupied a liminal position on the frontier of the Mongol empire, linking the great khan to regional vassals in Iran, Greater Armenia, Georgia, and eastern Anatolia. This paper will use the history of the tamma to illuminate the web of personal relationships that allowed the Mongol empire to project its authority into the Middle East. It will demonstrate that this network was extremely brittle during the first three decades after Chinggis Khan's death, during which time the Mongol empire was still taking shape. Founded by Chinggis Khan, the tamma owed its loyalty to the great khan in Mongolia, yet long interregnums and political instability at the heart of empire forced the Mongol garrison to identify regional princes and princesses as suitable substitutes for political authority. This collaborative approach embroiled the tamma in the factional politics at the heart of the Mongol empire and ultimately brought about its destruction in 1261. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an analytical summary of various texts related to Golden Age literature. It mentions three unpublished pieces of satirical and hagiographic comedies preserved in the National Library of Spain. It also addresses the theme of self-diegesis and self-satire in Cervantes' "El viaje del Parnaso". Another topic discussed is the conflict between power and rebellion in the comedy "El prodigioso Príncipe transilvano". Additionally, it describes the comfortable life of the Jesuits in New Spain and examines a satirical masquerade that criticizes the ecclesiastical government of Guadalajara in 1663. This article examines a satirical masquerade that criticizes the government of the incumbents of the church of Guadalajara around 1663. It also analyzes the historical-political circumstances in the ecclesiastical administrations in the kingdom of Nueva Galicia that led to the creation of these verses. It focuses on the satire of the literary institution and the professionalization of poetry in the Golden Age. It also studies poems from a Portuguese songbook that reflect the appropriation of Luis de Góngora's epilio and protest poetry in a Sephardic songbook. Finally, it analyzes the burlesque and satirical poetry of Luis de Góngora and the unpopular figure of the Count-Duke of Olivares in Spanish opinion. This article analyzes a poem in rhymed couplets called "Al marqués de Mancera cuando volvió de virrey de Lima", which belongs to manuscript 3917 of the BNE, also known as volume 6 of the Spanish Parnassus. The main objective is to edit the poem and provide explanatory notes to facilitate its understanding, offering a minimal interpretive framework about its context (the economic situation of the 1640-1650 decade) and, most importantly, about the protagonist of the text (due to his performance as viceroy of Peru). The keywords are clandestine poetry, Marqués de Mancera, forgery, inflation, Peru, viceroyalty. This summary presents several articles that address different aspects of satirical literature and textual criticism in Spanish literature. The first article analyzes the transfiguration of the epic tradition in heroic-comic poetry, highlighting the work of António Joaquim de Carvalho and his poem "Os Toiros". The second article examines the satire of loyalty and vassalage in Cervantes' "Don Quijote" and Quevedo's "El Buscón". The third article performs a semantic-stylistic analysis of the satirical letrillas "Corcovilla" and "Pata coja", attributed to Quevedo and Juan Ruiz de Alarcón respectively. The fourth article offers a new perspective on the relationship between Luis Vélez de Guevara's "El Águila del Agua" and Quevedo's comedy "Pero Vázquez de Escamilla". Finally, the fifth article highlights the importance of studying punctuation in textual criticism, in homage to Francisco Rico. [Extracted from the article]

In this article, we will first comment on some texts, belonging to the Middle Ages and the Golden Age, related to loyalty and vassalage. Next, the limits of loyalty in Don Quixote will be pointed out. Thirdly, Quevedo's assessment of vassalage and loyalty will be investigated. In his theoretical writings he repeatedly praises loyal advisors, ministers and favorites, and reprimands bad servants, calls as a stoic for the suppression of affections such as greed criticizes human stupidity and vanity, and in his work Cómo ha de ser el privado he compiles all the good qualities necessary in this political figure. However, in El Buscón Quevedo shows exactly the opposite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Louis de Grandpré's book Voyage à la Côte Occidentale d'Afrique , published in 1801, is well-known to historians of Africa working on the eighteenth-century Loango Coast, located in the Cabinda province of Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In describing the laws and customs of the African societies in this region, de Grandpré invites the reader to imagine these societies as "feudal" in character and draws on the semantics of "slavery" in doing so. This article proposes that we need to place this text in the context in which it was written, namely the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. We also need to consider why the author published this book in the first place, in order to understand how the terms "slave" and "slavery" function in this text. The article argues that Louis de Grandpré used the feudal/slavery nexus consciously in order to provide a legitimizing framework for a possible French conquest, hoping to prove his own loyalty and usefulness to Napoleon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contributions to Contemporary History / Prispevki za Novejšo Zgodovino is the property of Prispevki za Novejso Zgodovino and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In "Harrison Bergeron," Kurt Vonnegut portrays a dystopia that uses prostheses to impair rather than enhance or rehabilitate. The gifted experience oppressive, normalizing measures like those American society has frequently imposed upon the "defective." Through references to "handicaps" as well as cognitive and communicative impairment, disability appears in "Harrison Bergeron" and makes visible the "rule of normalcy" that Lennard J. Davis has identified in bourgeois democracy. Such democracy required a concept of average, normal citizens represented by elected officials. As Davis explains, though, Francis Galton revised the bell curve to create a "statistical Ideal" that would promote extremes of desired traits. In Vonnegut's dystopia, Galton's intervention has not occurred, and mandatory prostheses force everyone to be normal, that is, average. The extraordinary rebel Harrison, however, offers not a liberatory movement but rather a counter-revolutionary return to feudalism. In different ways and for different reasons, Vonnegut and Davis warn against idealizing equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The misinterpretation of the conditions of ancient Chinese social history is to be found in the basic reinterpretation that, according to the standard sinologist-historian thesis, ancient China was feudal in the Zhou period, and then after the Qin unification it was a centralised state. The introduction of the study briefly clarifies why this is not the case and why it is not possible. In this context, the study presents the interpretation of the term fengjian 封建. This concept of 'Chinese feudalism' also has an impact on the reinterpretation of the situation of Chinese thought, because, among other things, it is related to the view that the teachings of the ancient Chinese sages cannot be examined and interpreted as philosophy. However, here too we run into a problem. Why do we have to consider the system of views of Chinese thought as the teachings of the wise? The study briefly discusses the relationship between philosophy and this teaching, and the difference between them, and shows why the teachings of the Chinese sages are not philosophy. Mengzi addressed contemporaries and followers who might have been interested in state administration, the 'building' of relations between individual sub-states, military strategy, agrarian policy, and other issues related to governance. Mengzi, as befits a good Confucian, condemned talk of 'profit' (li 利). Although this condemnation is usually interpreted as demanding the complete rejection of the principle of utility, this is not the case. Later in the text, it is the practice of governance that is useful to 'all under heaven' as a whole that is recommended to rulers. Through examples of the 'horizontal division of labour' within village communities and the 'vertical division of labour' of the dominant role of the elite, the study aims to shed light on the function of these divisions of labour in the structure of society. A prominent place is given to the presentation of the historical role - in ancient China - of peasant production in village communal areas, within the framework of the so-called 'well land system' (jingtian zhi 井田制), which was a method of allocating fields, cultivation, and taxation based on this. Since Mengzi is one of the primary sources that describes the system, we will examine these passages in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents the views of Soviet historian Mikhail Nikolaevich Tikhomirov (1893–1965) on the 1068 uprising in Kyiv, in his book, Peasant and Urban Uprisings in Russia, XI–XIII Centuries. It asks the question how the Stalinist cultural matrix affected Tikhomirov's research identity and how it metaphorized his scholarly narratives. It traces the formation of the researcher's methodology, which he intended to demonstrate the emergence of revolutionary processes in eleventh-century Rus'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Brazilian Business Law Journal / Administração de Empresas em Revista is the property of Administracao de Empresas em Revista and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Every translation implies, itself, an endless number of difficulties caused by the separation between the audience of the ST and that of the TT. However, this problem is greater when we refer to literary texts and infinitely more notable when it comes to works whose date of composition dates back centuries, that is, when we are facing a cross-temporal translation process. It is true that these types of texts usually present particular pitfalls, but their translators have also a series of disciplines which must be considered related to translation and which stand as extremely valuable tools. The present article, after briefly presenting these instruments, applies them to a passage of Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron, specifically to the fragment X, 10, 30-33, in whose translation to different languages some peculiarities can be observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin-glaze technology was introduced early in the Iberian Peninsula and developed further in the Valencian region. Manises lusterware on tin-glazed wares became, from the 14th century onward, a widely exported and socially recognized prestige product, although it declined in later centuries and was replaced by other productions, such as polychrome earthenwares from Alcora or Valencian tilework, that enjoyed a worldwide distribution. The aim of this article is to review the long evolution of this Eastern technology, introduced almost simultaneously with its development in the Middle East, analyzing how the technique and the ceramics produced with it were adapted to changing societies and to the aesthetic keys of each historical moment through to the 18th century. This first occurred because of the admiration it generated in European feudal society when the technique was transferred by the integration of the Muslim population in the expanding kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula, and then by crossing oceans and reaching America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]