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Copyright of Spektrum der Augenheilkunde is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fatty acids are characterised by a wide variety of structures and properties. Their functions and the effects of their metabolites in and on the skin are correspondingly diverse. They range from physical protection to local hormonal effects. In addition to the biochemistry of the fatty acids in the epidermis, synergistic influences of the skin microbiome play a major role in physiologically intact skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gesunde Pflanzen is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Die Untersuchung der Milchfettzusammensetzung gewinnt in der Milchbranche an Bedeutung. Zur Bestimmung werden heute, neben den klassischen Analyseverfahren wie der Gaschromatographie (GC), auch kostengünstigere Schnellmethoden angewandt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte die Genauigkeit der über ein Mid-Infrarot-Verfahren (MIR) des „MilkoScan-FT6000-Software-Pakets“ ermittelten Fettsäurekonzentrationen anhand von GC-Fettsäuregehalten evaluiert werden, wobei die Ergebnisse aus der GC-Analyse als Goldstandard angesehen wurden. Dazu wurde auf ausgewählte Proben von Praxisbetrieben bzw. LKW-Tankmilchproben von Milchviehbetrieben einer Kärntner Molkerei (Kärntnermilch) zurückgegriffen. Dreimal jährlich (November 2017, März 2018, Juni 2018) wurden auf fünf Praxisbetrieben (2 biologisch und 3 konventionell wirtschaftende) der Kärntnermilch Liefermilch-Hofmischproben sowie von drei Milchsammeltouren Tankmilchproben (2 biologische und 1 konventionelle) gezogen. Die Milchproben der biologisch wirtschaftenden Betriebe entfielen dabei alle auf Bio-Wiesenmilch-Betriebe. Basierend auf dem GC-Datensatz und einem zusätzlichen umfassenden MIR-Datensatz von Hofmischproben (Januar 2019 und Juni 2019) sollten auch Effekte der Bewirtschaftung (biologisch „Bio-Wiesenmilchprojekt“ bzw. konventionell „gentechnikfrei“) sowie der Saison (Sommer- bzw. Winterfütterungssituation) auf die Milch-Fettsäurekonzentrationen untersucht werden. Da speziell im Bio-Wiesenmilchprojekt der Kärntnermilch eine grünland- und weidebasierte Fütterung angestrebt wird, sollten zusätzlich die Möglichkeiten zur Evaluierung der Rationszusammensetzung über MIRFettsäure-Datensätze beurteilt werden. Es wurden signifikante Unterschiede im Fettsäuremuster zwischen den Wirtschaftsweisen (Bio-Wiesenmilch versus konventionelle gentechnikfreie Milch) und den Saisonen (Sommer- versus Winterfütterungssituation) festgestellt. Die Anteile an mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren (PUFA), konjugierten Linolsäuren (CLA) und Omega-3-Fettsäuren (ω-3-FA) lagen in den Proben der Bio-Wiesenmilchbetriebe signifikant über jenen der konventionellen Betriebe. Unabhängig von der Wirtschaftsweise lagen in den Sommermilchproben die CLA-, einfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren (MUFA) und ungesättigten Fettsäuren (UFA) höher als in den Wintermilchproben, wobei die saisonalen Effekte bei den Bio-Betrieben stärker ausgeprägt waren als bei den konventionellen Betrieben. Die MIR-Analyseergebnisse korrelierten hinsichtlich der Konzentrationen an UFA bzw. gesättigten Fettsäuren (SFA) sowie an MUFA mit den Ergebnissen der GC-Analytik hoch (r = 0,95). Es zeigten sich jedoch systematische Abweichungen, die bei der Ergebnisinterpretation bzw. bei Eichungen zu berücksichtigen sind. Hinsichtlich der Konzentration an PUFA zeigte sich nur ein moderater Zusammenhang (r = 0,57) zwischen den Analysemethoden. Außerdem wurde eine große Streuung festgestellt: 95 % der MIR-Ergebnisse für die PUFA lagen zwischen 9,5 % und 40,4 % unter den GC-Ergebnissen. Aus den Ergebnissen der Studie sowie Literaturdaten kann abgeleitet werden, dass aus MIR-Fettsäureergebnissen alleine keine eindeutigen und direkten Rückschlüsse auf die Fütterung (z. B. Weide-, Kraftfutter- oder Maissilage-Rationsanteil) von Kühen gezogen werden können. Die MIR-Ergebnisse könnten jedoch als grobes Screening-Tool für darauf aufbauende Betriebsberatungskonzepte genutzt werden.

Pflanzliche und tierische Öle und Fette bleiben ein wichtiger nachwachsender Rohstoff der chemischen Industrie. Ihre industrielle Nutzung hat sich in den letzten 10 Jahren von 31 auf 51 Millionen Tonnen pro Jahr erhöht. Dieser Aufsatz fasst die bedeutenden Fortschritte zusammen, die in dieser Zeit in der Oleochemie erzielt wurden, beispielsweise die Reduktion von Fettsäureestern zu Ethern, die selektive Oxidation und oxidative Spaltung von C‐C‐Doppelbindungen, die Synthese von alkylverzweigten Fettstoffen, die isomerisierende Hydroformylierung und Alkoxycarbonylierung sowie die Olefinmetathese. Auch die Nutzung von fettsäurebasierten Chemikalien in der Synthese einer Vielzahl polymerer Materialien hat stark zugenommen. Zusätzlich zu Lipasen und Phospholipasen haben mittlerweile viele weitere Enzyme in der biokatalytischen Fettchemie Anwendung gefunden. Wichtige Entwicklungen haben außerdem neue Eigenschaften bei den Ölen bestehender Nutzpflanzen hervorgebracht, was alternativ auch durch die Verwendung von metabolisch optimierten Mikroorganismen möglich ist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Der Diabetologe is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Zelluläres Leben erfordert ein hohes Maß an molekularer Komplexität und Selbstorganisation, von denen einige in einem präbiotischen Kontext entstanden sein müssen. Hier demonstrieren wir, wie beide dieser Eigenschaften in einem plausibel präbiotischen System entstehen können. Wir fanden heraus, dass chemische Gradienten in einfachen Mischungen von aktivierten Aminosäuren und Fettsäuren zur Bildung von amyloidartigen Peptidfibrillen führen können, die innerhalb eines protozellulären Kompartiments lokalisiert sind. Bei diesem Prozess wirken die Fettsäure‐ oder Lipidvesikel sowohl als Filter, der die selektive Passage von aktivierten Aminosäuren ermöglicht, als auch als Barriere, welche die Diffusion der amyloidogenen Peptide blockiert, die sich spontan innerhalb der Vesikel bilden. Diese Synergie zwischen zwei unterschiedlichen Bausteinen des Lebens induziert eine signifikante Zunahme der molekularen Komplexität und räumlichen Ordnung und bietet damit einen Weg für die frühe molekulare Evolution, die zu einer lebenden Zelle führen könnte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work was to study the nutritional and bioactive quality of dried sea buckthorn pomace by proximate analysis and evaluation of total phenolics, total flavonoids, total carotenoids content and ABTS antioxidant activity. In addition, the carotenoid, amino acid and fatty acid profiles were assessed using chromatographic methods while mineral content was determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Dried sea buckthorn pomace presented high values of the fat (20.05%), crude protein (14.89%) and crude fiber (19.86%) content. The essential amino acids represented 38.42% of total amino acids, the most abundant being leucine, followed by phenylalanine and lysine. The fatty acid profile revealed a high concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids (53.08% of total fatty acids), as a result of the high content of oleic and palmitoleic acids, and a low ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (1.42). Total carotenoids showed average contents of 245.6 mg/100 g, of which the major ones were β‑carotene (80.76 mg/kg) and zeaxanthin (69.60 mg/kg). The results demonstrated that dried sea buckthorn by-products are valuable sources of nutritional and bioactive compounds and have potential to be used as nutraceutical for feed, as ingredient for functional food, as well as for the pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study the effect of inclusion of different levels of dietary Tenebrio molitor larvae meal (TM) as a dietary protein source on laying performance, egg quality, amino acid and fatty acid profile of egg yolk, haematological traits, cytokines, and faecal noxious gas emission was investigated in laying hen. One hundred and ninety-two 41 weeks old laying hens (Hy-Line Brown; average BW 1973 ± 28 g) with similar egg production were randomly divided into 4 treatments, including control (without TM), TM1 (1%), TM2 (2%), and TM3 (3%) with 6 replicates per treatment and 8 hens per replicate. The feeding study lasted 56 days. Yolk colour increased linearly when TM was added to the diet (P < 0.05). Concentration of yolk histidine was linearly increased as the TM level increased. An increase in the palmitoleic acid and oleic acid ratio of egg yolk (P < 0.01) and a linear increase in the ratio of linoleic acid were observed with increasing dietary TM levels. In addition, the a-linolenic acid content of egg yolk was quadratically affected (P < 0.05) by an increase in dietary TM. There was also a linear increase (P < 0.05) in total polyunsaturated fatty acid of egg yolk, however, total short-chain and monounsaturated fatty acids were not affected. A linear decrease was observed in the plasma concentration of IL-4 with increasing dietary levels of TM at week 4. Plasma IL-2 concentration decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing dietary TM-levels at week 8. In conclusion, in this study dietary TM-supplementation induced no improvement in egg production but positively affected the egg quality by improving the yolk colour and increasing the yolk content of linolenic acid and unsaturated fatty acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long‐chain aliphatic amines such as (S,Z)‐heptadec‐9‐en‐7‐amine and 9‐aminoheptadecane were synthesized from ricinoleic acid and oleic acid, respectively, by whole‐cell cascade reactions using the combination of an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from Micrococcus luteus, an engineered amine transaminase from Vibrio fluvialis (Vf‐ATA), and a photoactivated decarboxylase from Chlorella variabilis NC64A (Cv‐FAP) in a one‐pot process. In addition, long chain aliphatic esters such as 10‐(heptanoyloxy)dec‐8‐ene and octylnonanoate were prepared from ricinoleic acid and oleic acid, respectively, by using the combination of the ADH, a Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase variant from Pseudomonas putida KT2440, and the Cv‐FAP. The target compounds were produced at rates of up to 37 U g−1 dry cells with conversions up to 90 %. Therefore, this study contributes to the preparation of industrially relevant long‐chain aliphatic chiral amines and esters from renewable fatty acid resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Besides other factors the fatty acid content of cow's milk is influenced by feeding. In human nutrition, one aim is to reduce SFA intake and increase the supply of MUFA, PUFA, CLA and ω-3 fatty acids. The present study investigated the impact of full grazing (VW) or silage feeding with (S-KF+) or without concentrate supplementation (S-KF0) on milk fatty acid concentrations. Therefore the fatty acid pattern of the milk of 63 cows was studied over 3 years. The dairy cows of the pasture group were fed exclusively on a continuously grazed pasture (growth height 5.3 cm ± 0.81). Grass silage was offered to the two groups fed indoors, whereby half of the cows additionally received concentrates (KF) according to their actual milk yield (S-KF+: KF kg per animal and day = 0.5 * kg daily milk -- 18; but at a max. quantity of 8.5 kg KF per animal and day). In each experimental year, one third of the permanent grassland area was used for grazing, two thirds for silage production. For silage production the forage was cut four times per year at an average growth height of 15.4 cm (± 2.52), preserved in silage bales and fed to the indoor fed groups in the following winter. On average, the cows entered the experiment on the 46th (± 11.9) day in milk. The milk fatty acid data set included 74 (40.4%) individual daily milk samples from VW animals, 55 (30.1%) samples from animals in group S-KF0 and 54 (29.5%) samples from animals in group S-KF+. 104 (56.8%) milk samples were from cows of a Holstein Friesian genotype selected for lifetime performance, 43 (23.5%) from Austrian Simmental cows and 36 (19.7%) from Brown Swiss cows. Milk samples were also allocated to three experimental periods (seasonal groups) according to the experimental week. The milk fatty acid contents were determined by gas chromatography and data were statistically analysed with a mixed model. The proportions of nutritionally important fatty acid groups in the milk from the grazing cows (VW) were significantly different from those of the silage fed groups (S-KF0, S-KF+). While the proportion of SFA in the milk of the VW group was significantly lower (VW 63.3 g/100 g FA, S-KF0 and S-KF+ each 71.5 g), the proportions of MUFA (VW 30.9 g, S-KF0 and S-KF+ each 24.4 g/100 g FA) and PUFA (VW 5.8 g and S-KF0 and S-KF+ 4.1 g/100 g FA) were markedly higher. The concentrations of CLA, ω-3 fatty acids and ω-6 fatty acids were also significantly higher in milk from the grazing group. The CLA and ω-3 fatty acid contents of the VW group were 2.3g and 1.7g/100g FA, respectively. In group S-KF0 these two fatty acids were 1.2 g and 1.4 g, and in group S-KF+ 1.1 g and 1.4 g/100 g FA, respectively. In contrast to the stable fed groups, the season and/or the days in milk affected the fatty acid concentration of the grazing group. In addition, breed and year effects were also observed for all groups. The restricted concentrate supplementation in the silage fed group S-KF+ only had a significant effect on the ω-6/ω-3 fatty acid ratio as compared to S-KF0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The receptor lipid Gb3 is responsible for the specific internalization of Shiga toxin (STx) into cells. The head group of Gb3 defines the specificity of STx binding, and the backbone with different fatty acids is expected to influence its localization within membranes impacting membrane organization and protein internalization. To investigate this influence, a set of Gb3 glycosphingolipids labeled with a BODIPY fluorophore attached to the head group was synthesized. C24 fatty acids, saturated, unsaturated, α‐hydroxylated derivatives, and a combination thereof, were attached to the sphingosine backbone. The synthetic Gb3 glycosphingolipids were reconstituted into coexisting liquid‐ordered (lo)/liquid‐disordered (ld) giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), and STx binding was verified by fluorescence microscopy. Gb3 with the C24:0 fatty acid partitioned mostly in the lo phase, while the unsaturated C24:1 fatty acid distributes more into the ld phase. The α‐hydroxylation does not influence its partitioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of MESO is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a class of biocompatible and biodegradable phase‐change materials, natural fatty acids have received considerable interest in recent years for temperature‐controlled release of drugs. However, the poor dispersibility and colloidal stability of their nanoparticles under physiological conditions place a major limitation on their applications in biomedicine. Herein, we report a facile method for encapsulating a mixture of two natural fatty acids (with a eutectic melting point at 39 °C) in a biocompatible, silica‐based nanocapsule to achieve both stable dispersion and controllable release of drugs. The nanocapsules have a well‐defined hole in the wall to ensure easy loading of fatty acids, together with multiple types of functional components such as therapeutics and near‐infrared dyes. The payloads can be released through the hole when the fatty acids are melted upon photothermal heating. The release profile can be controlled by varying the size of the hole and/or the duration of laser irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are essential fatty acids. PUFA synthases are composed of three to four subunits and each create a specific PUFA without undesirable byproducts. However, detailed biosynthetic mechanisms for controlling final product profiles have been obscure. Here, the bacterial DHA and EPA synthases were carefully dissected by in vivo and in vitro experiments. In vitro analysis with two KS domains (KSA and KSC) and acyl‐acyl carrier protein (ACP) substrates showed that KSA accepted short‐ to medium‐chain substrates while KSC accepted medium‐ to long‐chain substrates. Unexpectedly, condensation from C18 to C20, the last elongation step in EPA biosynthesis, was catalyzed by KSA domains in both EPA and DHA synthases. Conversely, condensation from C20 to C22, the last elongation step for DHA biosynthesis, was catalyzed by the KSC domain in DHA synthase. KSC domains therefore determine the chain lengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion of saturated fatty acids to high value chiral hydroxy‐acids and lactones poses a number of synthetic challenges: the activation of unreactive C−H bonds and the need for regio‐ and stereoselectivity. Here the first example of a wild‐type cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP116B46 from Tepidiphilus thermophilus) capable of enantio‐ and regioselective C5 hydroxylation of decanoic acid 1 to (S)‐5‐hydroxydecanoic acid 2 is reported. Subsequent lactonization yields (S)‐δ‐decalactone 3, a high value fragrance compound, with greater than 90 % ee. Docking studies provide a rationale for the high regio‐ and enantioselectivity of the reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlling the outgrowth of neurites is important for enhancing the repair of injured nerves and understanding the development of nervous systems. Herein we report a simple strategy for enhancing the outgrowth of neurites through a unique integration of topographical guidance and a chemical cue. We use electrospray to easily functionalize the surface of a substrate with microparticles of natural fatty acids at a controllable density. Through a synergistic effect from the surface roughness arising from the microparticles and the chemical cue offered by the fatty acids, the outgrowth of neurites from PC12 cells is greatly enhanced. We also functionalize the surfaces of uniaxially aligned, electrospun microfibers with the microparticles and further demonstrate that the substrates can guide and enhance directional outgrowth of neurites from both PC12 multicellular spheroids and chick embryonic dorsal root ganglia bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and arachidonic acid (ARA) are essential fatty acids for humans. Some microorganisms biosynthesize these PUFAs through PUFA synthases composed of four subunits with multiple catalytic domains. These PUFA synthases each create a specific PUFA without undesirable byproducts, even though the multiple catalytic domains in each large subunit are very similar. However, the detailed biosynthetic pathways and mechanisms for controlling final‐product profiles are still obscure. In this study, the FabA‐type dehydratase domain (DHFabA) in the C‐subunit and the polyketide synthase‐type dehydratase domain (DHPKS) in the B‐subunit of ARA synthase were revealed to be essential for ARA biosynthesis by in vivo gene exchange assays. Furthermore, in vitro analysis with truncated recombinant enzymes and C4‐ to C8‐acyl ACP substrates showed that ARA and EPA synthases utilized two types of DH domains, DHPKS and DHFabA, depending on the carbon‐chain length, to introduce either saturation or cis double bonds to growing acyl chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of MESO is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Eine photoenzymatische Decarboxylierung von Fettsäuren zu Alkanen wird als Alternative zu herkömmlichen Biodieselsynthesen vorgeschlagen. Mittels der kürzlich beschriebenen Photodecarboxylase aus Chlorella variabilis NC64A (CvFAP) zeigen wir die Synthese von Alkanen aus Fettsäuren und ihren Triglyzeriden. Unter Belichtung mit blauem Licht setzt CvFAP eine Reihe verschiedener Fettsäuren hochselektiv und nahezu quantitativ um. Bereits in dieser Konzeptstudie zeigt CvFAP vielversprechende Wechselzahlen um 8000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid content in duck meat can show a very large variation. It influences the nutritional and sensory attributes of the meat and perhaps it influences meat susceptibility to oxidation during cold storage of fresh or processed meat. By combining the duck genotype (Muscovy duck, Pekin duck and mule) and the nutritional level (ad libitum or overfed) we were able to obtain duck fillets exhibiting a large variation in lipid content and to distribute them into 3 classes (2.0 to 3.5%, 4.0 to 5.5% and 5.9 to 7.9% fat). Storage at +4°C or -20°C of raw meat or at +4°C of dry-cured fillets did neither affect the colour and fatty acid composition of the meat nor its susceptibility to lipid or protein oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of MESO is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a valuable multipurpose medicinal plant belonging to Elaeagnaceae family. In this study, oil content and fatty acid composition of seed oil from 20 sea buckthorn wild populations of Iran were evaluated in 2014 and 2015. Oil extraction was done using n-hexane solvent in a Soxhlet apparatus and then GC analysis of fatty acid methyl esters was performed. The highest and lowest amount of seed oil content in two years were obtained from Sarein and Kejel populations, respectively (3.88 to 8.63% in 2014 and from 4.07 to 9.66% in 2015). Importance of seed oil is related to it’s highly amount of unsaturated fatty acids. Maximum content of oleic acid cis were existed in Kelavenga (21.19%) on 2014. The highest value of oleic acid trans were related to Shahrestanak (6.34%) in 2015. Maximum content of linoleic acid in 2014 were existed in Baladeh (42.03%) on 2015. The highest linolenic acid content were obtained from Dehdar (30.73%) in 2014. Factor analysis based on PCA revealed, first three components (PC1-PC3) explained 63.86% of the total variation. The first component (PC1) was contributed by some traits such as seed oil percentage, Palmitoleic acid, oleic acid trance and linoleic acid contents with about 29% of total variation. Hierarchical cluster analysis divided the populations into four main groups with high diversity. Wide range of variation across the sea buckthorn populations in seed oil traits could be exploited for selection of suitable genotypes to improvement and commercial exploitation of this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiologische Daten sprechen für eine überproportionale Zunahme der Inzidenz der Multiplen Sklerose (MS) in den letzten Jahrzehnten, vor allem auch in den Industrienationen. Während diese Zunahme auch mit veränderten Diagnosekriterien und einer verbesserten Sensitivität der bildgebenden Verfahren einhergeht, sprechen aktuelle Daten vor allem für eine wichtige Rolle, die Veränderungen unserer Lebensgewohnheiten spielen. In den letzten Jahren wurde besonders die Bedeutung des Darmes und des intestinalen Mikrobioms für einige neurologische Erkrankungen und insbesondere auch die MS erkannt. Da Ernährungsgewohnheiten einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Zusammensetzung des Mikrobioms haben und sich unsere Ernährung in den letzten Jahrzehnten erheblich verändert hat, können Nahrungsmittelbestandteile eine wichtige Rolle in der MS-Pathogenese spielen. Im vorliegenden Weiterbildungsartikel fassen wir die aktuellen Erkenntnisse zur Rolle des Darms und zu Effekten von Ernährungsbestandteilen auf das Mikrobiom in der MS-Pathogenese zusammen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed at determining and comparing the fatty acid lipid and amino acid profiles of protein from breast muscles of 17-week-old geese native to northern Poland - Kartuska (KA) and Suwalska (SU) as well as native to southern Poland - Lubelska (LU) and Kielecka (KI). There were 18 birds from each genotype (n = 18). During the experimental period, geese were fed ad libitum on the same complete feed. Genotype affected the fatty acid lipid and amino acid profiles of protein. The data indicated that protein nutritional value of KA and SU breast muscles was lower than LU and KI because they contained lower levels of tryptophan according to the standard protein (FAO/WHO, 1991). Research conducted on Polish, domestic varieties of geese suggest that muscles of the birds from the same region of Poland are characterised by similar amino acid profiles. The KI geese were shown to have the least nutritional value of lipid, because of their low PUFA share and high level of n-6/n-3 ratio. The n-6/n-3 ratios in muscles of all analysed geese were higher (7.56-9.65) than recommended, but at the same time, they were lower than in the so-called contemporary western diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A single high‐affinity fatty acid binding site in the important human transport protein serum albumin (HSA) is identified and characterized using an NBD (7‐nitrobenz‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazol‐4‐yl)‐C12 fatty acid. This ligand exhibits a 1:1 binding stoichiometry in its HSA complex with high site‐specificity. The complex dissociation constant is determined by titration experiments as well as radioactive equilibrium dialysis. Competition experiments with the known HSA‐binding drugs warfarin and ibuprofen confirm the new binding site to be different from Sudlow‐sites I and II. These binding studies are extended to other albumin binders and fatty acid derivatives. Furthermore an X‐ray crystal structure allows locating the binding site in HSA subdomain IIA. The knowledge about this novel HSA site will be important for drug depot development and for understanding drug‐protein interaction, which are important prerequisites for modulation of drug pharmacokinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An eight-weeks feeding trial was conducted in 27-wk-old Isa brown laying hens to study the effect of dry extrusion processing on partial reduction in the conmtent of total glucosinolates of locally produced rapeseed and on egg quality parameters. In total, 60 hens were randomly assigned to one of five treatments (CONTROL group, I Exp group, II Exp group, III Exp group and IV Exp group), each comprising 12 individually caged layers. The main composition of the diets was the same, but extruded soya bean seeds were replaced by 1.5%, 2.5%, 3.5% and 4.5% of extruded full-fat rapeseed (EFFRS) in the I Exp, II Exp, III Exp and IV Exp groups, respectively. Rapeseed was extruded together with faba beans. Due to the extrusion process, glucosinolates content was reduced from 14.7 to 6.87 µmol/g. The results show that dietary treatments did not affect egg weight, albumen height, Haugh units, albumen and yolk pH. However, eggs of laying hens in Exp IV group had a more intensive yolk color, higher redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) indices. The inclusion of EFFRS did not affect egg shell quality parameters, i.e. shell breaking strength and shell index, but in the experimental groups eggs had a thinner shell (P < 0.05). Eggs produced by hens fed diets containing 4.5% of EFFRS had a higher SPUFA/SSFA ratio and a lower S(n-6)/S(n-3) ratio in yolk lipids than the CONTROL group. A more favourable ratio of n-6:n-3 was determined in egg yolks of the Exp IV group than in the group without EFFRS supplementation. The hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic fatty acids (h/H) ratio, which is based on the functional properties of fatty acids, was significantly higher in laying hens fed the diet supplemented with 4.5% EFFRS than in the CONTROL group. However, the higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in eggs yolk is the substrate of autoxidation and favours the formation of volatile aroma compounds in 28 days stored eggs, by this modifying the sensory quality. So, the results of the conducted trial confirmed that EFFRS (4.5%) is suitable to replace soybean seeds in compound feed for laying hens, but reduces the storability of eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are a class of nanocarriers for the targeted delivery of therapeutics into aberrant cells that overexpress the LDL receptor. A facile procedure is used for reconstituting the hydrophobic core of LDLs with a binary fatty acid mixture. Facilitated by the tumor targeting capability of the apolipoprotein, the reconstituted, drug-loaded LDLs can effectively target cancer cells that overexpress the LDL receptor while showing minor adverse impact on normal fibroblasts. According to a hypothesized mechanism, the reconstituted LDLs can also enable metabolism-triggered drug release while preventing the payloads from lysosomal degradation. This study demonstrates that LDLs reconstructed with fatty acids hold great promise to serve as effective and versatile nanocarriers for targeted cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from common monounsaturated fatty acids, a strategy is revealed that provides ultra-long aliphatic α,ω-difunctional building blocks by a sequence of two scalable catalytic steps that virtually double the chain length of the starting materials. The central double bond of the α,ω-dicarboxylic fatty acid self-metathesis products is shifted selectively to the statistically much-disfavored α,β-position in a catalytic dynamic isomerizing crystallization approach. 'Chain doubling' by a subsequent catalytic olefin metathesis step, which overcomes the low reactivity of this substrates by using waste internal olefins as recyclable co-reagents, yields ultra-long-chain α,ω-difunctional building blocks of a precise chain length, as demonstrated up to a C48 chain. The unique nature of these structures is reflected by unrivaled melting points ( Tm=120 °C) of aliphatic polyesters generated from these telechelic monomers, and by their self-assembly to polyethylene-like single crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Langkettige aliphatische Nitrile, eine neue Naturstoffklasse, wurden durch Analyse flüchtiger Verbindungen aus Bakterienkulturen gefunden. Diese Nitrile werden von Gram ‐ positiven Micromonospora echinospora und Gram ‐ negativen Pseudomonas veronii produziert, jedoch mit unterschiedlichen Strukturmerkmalen. Eine flexible Abfolge von Kettenverlängerungen und Dehydratisierung in der Fettsäurebiosynthese führt zu unverzweigten gesättigten Nitrilen und entsprechenden ungesättigten Nitrilen mit ω−7 ‐ Doppelbindung, wie (Z) ‐ 11 ‐ Octadecennitril, oder zu methylverzweigten ungesättigten Nitrilen mit einer Doppelbindung in C ‐ 3 ‐ Position, z. B. (Z) ‐ 13 ‐ Methyltetradec ‐ 3 ‐ ennitril. Die Biosynthese dieser Verbindungen beginnt mit Fettsäuren, die zuerst in ihre Amide und schließlich unter Wasserabspaltung zu Nitrilen umgewandelt werden. Die Strukturen und die Biosynthese der 19 natürlich vorkommenden Verbindungen wurden durch Massenspektrometrie, Synthese und Fütterungsexperimente mit deuterierten Vorstufen aufgeklärt. Einige der Nitrile zeigten antimikrobielle Aktivität, z. B. gegen MRSA ‐ Stämme. Eine neue Naturstoffklasse – langkettige aliphatische Nitrile – wird gleichermaßen von Gram ‐ positiven und Gram ‐ negativen Bakterien gebildet. Variable Kettenverlängerung und Dehydratisierung in der Fettsäurebiosynthese führt entweder zu methyl ‐ oder zu unverzweigten ungesättigten Nitrilen mit ω−7 ‐ oder C ‐ 3 ‐ Doppelbindung. Einige der Nitrile zeigten antimikrobielle Aktivität, z. B. gegen MRSA ‐ Stämme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of MESO is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The atmosphere type and the storage time had an influence on the fatty acids profile and sensory evaluation of odour and colour intensity in subcutaneous fat of geese. During storage there was no change in the fatty acids profile of the vacuum-stored fat, and the sensory evaluation of odour and colour intensity did not change. The total percentage of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids increased, while polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased in fat stored under modified atmosphere for 14 days. Differences in the sum of all fatty acids resulted from changes in the percentages of individual acids in subcutaneous fat packed in modified atmosphere. The obtained data indicates that vacuum packaging inhibited lipid oxidation of subcutaneous goose fat, maintaining its nutritional value throughout storage time, whereas packaging in a high oxygen modified atmosphere promoted fatty acid oxidation, causing changes of fat odour and colour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic trace minerals have a higher bioavailability and stability. Therefore, it is agreed that lower rates of inclusion in feed are needed to meet the poultry nutritional requirements resulting also in a lower environmental output. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of diets supplemented with organic and inorganic iron on the contents of iron, TBARS (MDA) and fatty acids profile in the yolk and texture properties and sensory quality of chicken eggs. In total, 60 Lohman Brown laying hens 28 weeks old were assigned to five treatment groups (12 hens per each treatment group) and fed with one of the experimental diets for 8 weeks: group I (control; 70 mg iron sulphate/kg feed), group II (70 mg iron sulphate + 72 mg iron glycinate/kg), group III (144 mg iron glycinate/kg), group IV (150 mg iron sulphate/kg), group V (72 mg iron glycinate/kg). Productivity of hens was according to the breeders (Lohman brown) information. Iron content of egg yolk was 3% to 13% (P > 0.05) lower in treatment groups compared to the control group and amounted to 150-170 mg/kg yolk. The MDA concentration in fresh egg yolk was 3% less in group II and 9% less in group III compared to the control group (P > 0.05). In groups IV and V this parameter increased by 7% and 11% compared to the control group. Storage of eggs for 30 days did not result in anincrease in the MDA concentration in egg yolk. The content of MUFA in egg yolk of the treatments groups was between 0.32 and 1.14% (P > 0.05) lower than in the control group, whereas, there was a tendency for higher PUFA contents (0.46%, P > 0.05 to 1.42%, P < 0.05). In eggs of group III the n-3 content was significantly higher (0.62%, P < 0.05) compared to the control group. The n-6/n-3 ratio was higher in groups III, IV and V, whereas, no difference occurred between group II and the control group. Obviously, iron sources affected some egg texture properties significantly. Sensory evaluation did not reveal significant differences between treatments groups, probably due to small changes. Supplementation of laying hens diet with a single iron product or with blend of inorganic and organic iron products resulted in a high sensory quality of eggs, even after 30 days storage. The use of different iron sources in the diet did not affect both the performance of laying hens and egg quality features. The proposed oxidation favoring effects of high iron contents in the diet could not be proven. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two studies were conducted separately with different combinations of light emitting diode (LED) colour to evaluate the performance, blood properties, meat fatty acid composition and immunity of broiler chicks. In Experiment 1, 1536 one day old Ross x Ross broiler chicks were randomly divided into 8 treatments with three replications: red (R), green (G), blue (B) and combinations of red→green (R→G), red→blue (R→B), red→green→blue (R→G→B) and R→B→G light colour where fluorescent white was the control. Experiment 2 comprised 6 treatments, including pure blue (PB), bright blue (BB), sky blue (SB), greenish blue (GB), green (G) and white (W) with 4 replications. In Experiment 1, G light birds were numerically heavier during the first 7 d. During 2-3 weeks, weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the G light treatment. At the 4-5 weeks period, significantly (P<0.05) higher weight was obtained in the combination R→B→G, R→G and the monochromatic B and G treatments. Breast meat pH was significantly increased in the R→G treatment. Bone mineral density of the tibia was significantly higher in the R→G and R→B→G light treatments. Serum glucose content was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the R→G and R→B→G treatments. Consequently, in Experiment 2, body weight and weight gain increased by the SB treatment from 8-21 days of age (P< 0.05). Weight gain was significantly higher due to the PB treatment during the growing period (22-42 days). At 6 weeks of age, the PB light treatment had reduced (P<0.05) blood glucose, total protein, triglycerides, total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein levels. Myristic acid, palmitoleic acid and oleic acid contents in breast meat (P<0.05) increased significantly in the G treatment. In Experiment 1, it was evident that the application of monochromatic G and B and the combination R→G and R→B→G would perform better for broiler rearing. In Experiment 2, performance, blood and meat quality was enhanced by the PB and SB treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Erwerbs-Obstbau is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Der Gynäkologe is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Die enzymatische oxidative Decarboxylierung von linearen kurzkettigen Fettsäuren (C4:0-C9:0) unter Verwendung der P450-Monooxygenase OleT, O2 und NAD(P)H als Elektronendonor ermöglicht die Synthese terminaler C3- bis C8-Alkene mit Produkttitern von bis zu 0.93 g L−1 und TTNs >2000. Essentiell für diesen Prozess war die Entwicklung einer effizienten Elektronentransferkette unter Verwendung von Putidaredoxin (CamAB) und NAD(P)H-Regeneration basierend auf Glukose, Ameisensäure oder Phosphonat. Mithilfe dieses Reaktionssystems lassen sich auf biokatalytischem Weg industriell wichtige Alkene, wie z. B. Propen und 1-Octen zum ersten Mal vollständig aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen herstellen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]