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Purpose: Evaluate maternal and neonatal outcomes in peripartum coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) positive women., Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted, comparing outcomes between women with and without peripartum COVID-19. All singleton deliveries from June 2020 to January 2022 were included. Univariate analysis was followed by multivariate analysis., Results: Of 26,827 singleton deliveries, 563 women had peripartum COVID-19, associated with preterm deliveries both near-term and remote from term [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.6 and 2.0, respectively, p = 0.007 and 0.003]. Women with peripartum COVID-19 had a significantly higher rate of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (aOR 23.0, p < 0.001). Conversely, peripartum COVID-19 peripartum COVID-19 was negatively associated with premature rupture of membranes and prolonged maternal length of stay (aOR 0.7 and 0.5, respectively, p = 0.006 and <0.001). In cesarean delivery (CDs), patients with COVID-19 had higher rate of urgent CDs (75.5 vs. 56.1%, p < 0.001), higher rate of regional anesthesia (74.5 vs. 64.9%, p = 0.049), and longer anesthesia duration (86.1 vs. 53.4 min, p < 0.001). CD rate due to non-reassuring fetal heart rate (NRFHR) was significantly higher in women with COVID-19 (29.6 vs. 17.4%, p = 0.002). Conversely, CDs rate due to history of previous single CD was significantly higher in patients without COVID-19 diagnosis (13.6 vs. 4.1%, p = 0.006). Concerning neonatal outcomes, an association has been observed between COVID-19 and low one-minute APGAR score <5, as well as neonatal COVID-19 infection (aOR 61.8 and 1.7 respectively, p < 0.001 and p = 0.037)., Conclusions: Peripartum COVID-19 is associated with preterm deliveries, urgent CDs and DIC, potentially aligning with the infection's pathophysiology and coagulation alterations., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Congenital parvovirus B19 infection is a rare but serious condition that can result in hydrops fetalis and fetal death. Due to the virus' cytotoxic effect on fetal red blood cell precursors, postnatal infection can cause a neonatal viremia and secondary pure red cell aplasia. Here, we describe a case of congenital parvovirus infection in a preterm infant complicated by hydrops fetalis and chronic anaemia that responded to postnatal treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin administered on day of life 44. After treatment, the anaemia resolved as the neonate exhibited interval increases in haemoglobin, haematocrit and reticulocyte count with no subsequent need for red blood cell transfusions., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Treatment of viral infections is geared toward ameliorating maternal symptoms and minimizing perinatal transmission. Multidisciplinary teams often are required to manage sequelae due to viral diseases in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). although data are scarce regarding the antepartum management of common viruses in PPROM, essential principles may be extrapolated from national guidelines and studies in gravid patients. The well-established risks of prematurity are weighed against the often unclear risks of vertical transmission., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors have nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Nowadays, a positive HBV carrier status is common among pregnant women, especially in endemic areas (such as China), little is known about the impact of maternal HBV infection on the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Pregnant women with HBV infection often develop obstetric complications, such as pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) syndrome, postpartum hemorrhage, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and their infants often exhibit neonatal complications., Methods: This study undertook a retrospective cohort analysis to explore the association of HBV carrier status with adverse pregnancy outcomes. A cohort of 85,190 women including 9699 HBsAg-positive and 73,076 HBsAg-negative pregnancies was retrospectively analyzed., Results: It's found that HBsAg-positive pregnancies may result in higher risk of various maternal outcomes such as ICP (OR 3.4,95%CI 2.80 to 4.13), postpartum hemorrhage (OR 1.16,95%CI 1.00 to 1.34). Interestingly, there was a decreased risk of Preeclampsia (OR 0.91,95%CI 0.87 to 0.96), premature rupture of membrane (OR 0.91,95%CI 0.87 to 0.96) and gestational hypertension (OR 0.828,95%CI 0.701 to 0.978). And in vaginal delivery subgroup analysis, It's found that the HBsAg-positive group had a higher risk of placental abruption (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.16-1.79)., Conclusions: The present results suggest that compared with HBV positive pregnancies were more likely to be ICP and postpartum hemorrhage. HBV-positive pregnant women underwent vaginal delivery were more likely to have placental abruption and premature birth compared with HBV-negative women. Obstetricians should be aware of ICP, postpartum hemorrhage, placental abruption and premature birth in HBV-positive pregnant women.

Background: Experimental studies provide evidence of the harmful effect of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection on pregnancy, but observational studies are inconclusive. We systematically assessed the association between HPV and adverse pregnancy outcomes., Methods: We searched electronic databases up to December 1, 2019. We included observational studies on the association between HPV and adverse pregnancy outcomes. We conducted a random-effect meta-analysis for each outcome and assessed heterogeneity between studies., Results: From 3034 citations, we included 38 studies and quantitatively synthesized 36 studies. Human papillomavirus was significantly associated with preterm birth (age-adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-1.88), preterm premature rupture of membranes (aOR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.11-3.45), premature rupture of membranes (aOR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.08-1.86), intrauterine growth restriction (aOR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.01-1.37), low birth weight (aOR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.33-2.76), and fetal death (aOR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.14-4.37). No significant association was found for spontaneous abortion (aOR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.40-3.22) and pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders (aOR, 1.24; 95% CI, 0.80-1.92). Most of the studies were of moderate or low quality, and substantial between-studies heterogeneity remained unexplained., Conclusions: We found a consistent and significant association between HPV and preterm birth and preterm premature rupture of membranes. Human papillomavirus may also be associated with intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight, and fetal death, but findings are limited by suboptimal control of biases., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether timing of the initiating event of spontaneous labor (either uterine contractions with intact fetal membranes or rupture of membranes prior to labor (PROM)) is associated with maternal viral infection. It was a prospective case control study of women with either spontaneous labor or PROM occurring < 37 weeks' gestation ("cases") or at term ("controls"). An initial unbiased screen for viruses was performed with next-generation sequencing (NGS) in serum pooled from eight cases delivered by C/S and represents a range of gestational ages, membrane rupture status, and presence or absence of chorioamnionitis. Custom PCR was used to query individual patient samples from the original cohort. The NGS screen generated 15 million reads. Seven unique viral sequences were detected in two cases, all identified as torque teno virus (TTV), an ubiquitous DNA anellovirus of no known pathogenicity. Using nested and semi-nested PCR, sera from 72 patients (47 cases and 25 matched controls, stratified by ROM status) were screened for the 3 subtypes of anelloviruses (TTV, TTMDV, or TTMV). These were found in 43/47 cases (91%) and 16/25 controls (64%) (p = 0.012, OR = 5.9 (95% CI = 1.4-29.9)). In logistic regression, pregnant women with at least one type of anellovirus were more likely to experience preterm labor than those with no anellovirus (p = 0.03, aOR = 4.6, CI = 1.2-18.7). Among women experiencing a spontaneous initiating event of labor, TTV virus was more likely to be present in the serum of preterm than term patients. TTV may have a role in determining the timing of parturition.

Objective: To evaluate the association between cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection at the time of admission and the presence of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) and intra-amniotic inflammation (IAI) in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) and to determine the association between cervical HPV infection and short-term neonatal morbidity., Methods: One hundred women with singleton pregnancies complicated by PPROM between the gestational ages of 24+0 and 36+6 weeks were included in the study. The presence of HPV DNA was evaluated in scraped cervical cells using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amniotic fluid samples were obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis., Results: The rate of cervical HPV infection in women with PPROM was 24%. The rates of MIAC and IAI were not different between women with cervical HPV infection and those without cervical HPV infection [MIAC: with HPV: 21% (5/24) vs. without HPV: 22% (17/76), p = 1.00; IAI: with HPV: 21% (5/24) vs. without HPV: 18% (14/76), p = 0.77]. There were no differences in the selected aspects of short-term neonatal morbidity between women with and without cervical HPV infection., Conclusions: In women with PPROM, the presence of cervical HPV infection at the time of admission is not related to a higher risk of intra-amniotic infection-related and inflammatory complications or worse short-term neonatal outcomes., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Background: Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) in pregnant women may be a threat for both mothers and fetuses. This study was performed to explore the impact of maternal HBV carrier status on pregnancy outcomes., Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study at the Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Nantong University between January 1, 2012 and September 30, 2015. A consecutive sample of 21,004 pregnant women, 513 asymptomatic HBV carriers and 20,491 non-HBV controls, was included in this study. The main outcomes of interest were selected pregnancy outcomes including miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth (PTB), gestational diabetes (GDM), intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), preterm premature rupture of the membrane (PPROM), low birth weight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA) and Apgar scores. The incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes between asymptomatic HBV carriers and non-HBV controls were compared using the chi-square test and logistic regression. P values were two sided, and P <0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance., Results: The incidences of stillbirth, PTB, GDM, ICP, PPROM, LBW, and SGA were similar between the HBV carrier and non-HBV groups. The proportion of miscarriage was significantly higher among the HBV carriers than the controls (9.36% vs 5.70%; P <0.001). After using multivariate modelling to adjust for possible socio-demographical variables and obstetric complications, women with HBV carrier status were still more likely to have miscarriage (adjusted OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.23-2.38). In addition, the incidences of other maternal and neonatal outcomes were similar between the two groups., Conclusion: Maternal HBV carrier status may be an independent risk factor for miscarriage and careful surveillance is warranted.

Problem: We have previously determined that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are differentially expressed in preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) and hypothesized that the collagenolysis ubiquitin-proteasome system may be activated by infection and inflammation. However, direct evidence of the involvement of lncRNAs in transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of the infection-triggered alteration of collagen is lacking., Method of Study: A previously developed mouse model with MHV68 viral infection was assessed to determine whether viral infection may induce differential expression of lncRNAs in mouse placentas and amniotic sacs., Results: Differential expression of lncRNAs that are associated with collagen was found in HMV68 viral-infected, compared to non-infected, mouse placentas and amniotic sacs. Differential expression of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of collagen was also documented., Conclusions: Our data demonstrate, for the first time, that viral infection may induce the differential expression of lncRNAs that are associated with collagen. Based on this finding, we propose that lncRNA may have involved in regulating of infection-induced collagen transcription., (© 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: To compare obstetric and neonatal outcomes between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive (HIV+) and HIV negative (HIV-) women and to determine if racial disparities exist among pregnancies complicated by HIV infection., Study Design: This was a retrospective analysis of data from the Consortium of Safe Labor between 2002 and 2008. Comparisons of obstetric morbidity, neonatal morbidity, and indications for cesarean delivery were examined. Included were singletons with documented HIV status, race, and antepartum admission. Chi-square, Fisher exact tests, and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis., Results: Included were 178,972 patients (178,210 HIV-, 762 HIV+, 464 HIV+ black, 298 HIV+ nonblack). HIV+ women were more likely to have a cesarean delivery, preterm premature rupture of membranes, another sexually transmitted infection, and delivery at an earlier gestational age. Obstetric outcomes were similar between HIV+ black and HIV+ nonblack women. Neonates of HIV+ mothers had lower birth weights and higher rates of neonatal intensive care admissions. HIV+ black women had lower birth weight neonates than HIV+ nonblack women., Conclusion: HIV+ women have higher rates of obstetric complications and deliver at an earlier gestational age than HIV- mothers. Lower birth weight was the only notable complication among HIV+ black women compared with HIV+ nonblack women., (Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.)

We report a case of non-immune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in an infant whose mother had recurrent HSV-2 infection. In spite of prematurity, severe disseminated infection and hydrops, the infant survived and was neurologically intact. HSV-2-induced NIHF is extremely rare, particularly in the setting of recurrent maternal infection, and this case is, to our knowledge, the first report of a surviving infant. HSV-2 should be considered in the differential diagnosis of NIHF and early initiation of empiric acyclovir therapy is recommended in this setting, pending the results of virologic diagnostic tests.

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is known to be more prevalent in spontaneous abortions than in elective terminations of pregnancy. More recently, placental infection with HPV was shown to be associated with spontaneous preterm delivery. However, no study has evaluated the prevalence of HPV infection in pregnant Korean females and its association with adverse pregnancy outcomes., Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 311 females who gave birth at Korea University Medical Center. Our sample included 45 preterm deliveries, 50 cases of premature rupture of the membranes (PROM), 21 preeclampsia cases, and 8 gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients. We used the Hybrid Capture II system to detect high-risk (HR)-HPV infection at six weeks postpartum., Results: The prevalence of HR-HPV infection was 14.1%. Women with HR-HPV infection had a higher incidence of PROM than those without HR-HPV. HR-HPV infection was associated with an increased risk of PROM (OR, 2.380; 95% CI, 1.103-5.134). The prevalence of preterm delivery, preeclampsia, or GDM was not different between the two groups., Conclusions: We observed a high prevalence of HR-HPV infection in pregnant women. Moreover, HR-HPV infection was associated with a risk of PROM at term. Further studies are needed to evaluate mechanisms by which HR-HPV infection induces PROM.

Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) and preterm birth are strongly linked to intrauterine inflammation. Bacterial infection is often not identified as the cause. The objective was to examine the amniotic fluid of women with PPROM for viral genomic content, and to correlate with the presence of bacterial infection and markers of intrauterine inflammation. A case series of 13 women with PPROM is presented. Amniocentesis was performed in each of these women. DNA/RNA isolated from amniotic fluid was tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and -2, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus-2 (AAV-2), cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, human papilloma viruses (HPV), and enteroviruses. Maternal and neonatal hospital course and laboratory information, including results of amniotic fluid inflammatory marker testing and bacterial culture, were determined from the medical record. All amniotic fluid samples were negative for HSV-1 and HSV-2, adenovirus, AAV-2, CMV, parvovirus B19, HPV, and enteroviruses. Six of the 13 fluid samples (46%) had positive bacterial cultures, including culture for atypical organisms. In a small series of women, viral infection as assessed by the presence of viral genomic content in the amniotic fluid was not associated with PPROM., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether the duration of membrane rupture of 4 or more hours is a significant risk factor for perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART)., Study Design: This was a prospective cohort study of 717 HIV-infected pregnant women-infant pairs with a delivery viral load available who received prenatal care and delivered at our institution during the interval 1996-2008., Results: The cohort comprised 707 women receiving ART who delivered during this interval. The perinatal transmission rate was 1% in women with membranes ruptured for less than 4 hours and 1.9% when ruptured for 4 or more hours. For 493 women with a delivery viral load less than 1000 copies/mL receiving combination ART in pregnancy, there were no cases of perinatal transmission identified up to 25 hours of membrane rupture. Logistic regression demonstrated only a viral load above 10,000 copies/mL as an independent risk factor for perinatal transmission., Conclusion: Duration of membrane rupture of 4 or more hours is not a risk factor for perinatal transmission of HIV in women with a viral load less than 1000 copies/mL receiving combination ART., (Copyright © 2012 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in pregnancy have potential for vertical transmission that may result in death or morbidity. The risk increases with preterm delivery and prolonged ruptured membranes. When managing preterm premature rupture of membranes, the risk of transmission must be weighed against the risk of prematurity. Before 32 to 34 weeks, expectant management is preferred for patients with well controlled HIV or recurrent active genital HSV infection. For patients with advanced HIV disease or primary genital HSV infection, the risk of vertical transmission is higher and many clinical factors need to be considered.

Ballantyne's syndrome also known as Mirror syndrome is the association of fetal hydrops and maternal hydric retention. The maternal condition is often misdiagnosed as preeclampsia. We report two cases of Ballantyne syndrome associated with materno-fetal Parvovirus B19 infection. In the first case, the syndrome occurred at 26GW in a context of premature rupture of membranes. Parents and medical staff opted for termination of pregnancy because of the poor fetal prognosis. Maternal symptoms regressed after delivery. In the second case, the patient presented a Ballantyne's syndrome at 25GW. Intrauterine transfusions reversed symptomatology. Fetal hydrops of any etiology can be associated with this syndrome. Specific treatment of the fetus can avoid maternal complication allowing continuation of the pregnancy., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Measles virus (MV) during pregnancy is associated with maternal morbidity and mortality and can put the fetus and newborn at risk of a wide range of complications. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detecting MV in the placenta has not been reported., Case: A case of RT-PCR detection of MV in the placenta of a 38-year-old woman who presented with premature rupture of membranes at 16 weeks' gestation is presented.

Objective: The objective of this study was to describe one center's five-year experience of the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive gravidas with preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM) not in labor at

Objective: Intrapartum events may play a role in determining the likelihood of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1. Timing and duration of rupture of membranes have been shown to modify transmission risk of other organisms but have not been examined for human immunodeficiency virus. This study was undertaken to assess the relationship between duration of rupture of membranes, maternal immune status, and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus., Methods: The Mothers' and Infants' Cohort Study enrolled 207 human immunodeficiency virus-positive women and their infants at five study sites in Brooklyn and the Bronx, New York between January 1986 and January 1991. One hundred twenty-seven woman-infant sets for whom antepartum CD4+ levels were available, the infant's human immunodeficiency virus infection outcome was known, and the duration of ruptured membranes could be determined were included in this analysis., Results: Thirty of the 127 evaluable infants (24%) were infected. Women with low CD4+ levels (< 20%) were significantly more likely to transmit the virus if rupture of membranes was > or = 4 hours (relative risk 4.53, 95% confidence interval 1.14 to 1.81, p = 0.02). The same association was not observed among women with higher CD4+ levels (relative risk 1.11, 95% confidence interval 0.52 to 2.69, p = 0.69). No association with the duration of labor or mode of delivery was seen., Conclusions: In this urban North American cohort women with low CD4+ levels were significantly more likely to transmit human immunodeficiency virus to their offspring if the duration of rupture of membranes was > or = 4 hours.