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1. A giant exoplanet orbiting a very-low-mass star challenges planet formation models

Author

Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), European Commission, Israel Science Foundation, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México), German Centre for Air and Space Travel, European Research Council, German Research Foundation, National Science Foundation (US), Swiss National Science Foundation, Queen Mary University of London, Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK), Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Ribas, Ignasi, López González, Maria J., Caballero, J. A., Cortés-Contreras, M., Amado, Pedro J., Abellán, F. J., Abril, Miguel, Barrado y Navascués, David, Cárdenas Vázquez, María Concepción, Claret dos Santos, Antonio, Colomé, J., Holgado, G., Sarkis, Paula, Schlecker, M., Schmitt, Jürgen H. M. M., Sarmiento, L. F., Kehr, M., Schöfer, P., Stahl, O., Stock, S., Solano, E., López Salas, J.F., Stuber, T., Suárez, J.C., Tabernero, H. M., Stürmer, J., Tulloch, S.M., Vico Linares, J.I., Vilardell, Francesc, Veredas, G., Wagner, K., Wolthoff, V., Yan, F., Winkler, J., Díez-Alonso, E., Dorda, R., Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Mandel, H., Emsenhuber, A., Ferro, I.M., Fuhrmeister, Birgit, Fernández, M., Pavlov, A., Galadí-Enriquez, D., García-Piquer, A., Gesa, Lluis, Cava, I. Gallardo, González-Álvarez, E., González-Peinado, R., Guàrdia, J., González Hernández, Jonay I., Guijarro, A., Hatzes, Artie P., Hauschildt, P. H., de Guindos, E., Hedrosa, R.P., Arabi, R.H., Hermelo, I., Rabaza, O., Hernández Otero, F., Huber, A., Huke, P., Hintz, D., Schäfer, S., Johnson, E.N., Kemmer, J., Kim, M., de Juan, E., Klüter, J., Labarga, F., Labiche, N., Klutsch, A., Lalitha, S., Lara, Luisa María, Launhardt, R., Lampón, M., Lázaro, F. J., Llamas, M., Lizon, J. -L., Sota, A., Lodieu, N., López-Santiago, J., Magán Madinabeitia, H., López del Fresno, M., Czesla, S., Mall, U., Marfil, E., Marín Molina, J.A., Mancini, L., Martín, Eduardo Lorenzo, Martín-Ruiz, Susana, Martínez-Rodríguez, Héctor, Martín-Fernández, P., Marvin, C. J., Moya, A., Naranjo, V., Miralda-Escudé, Jordi, Nelson, R. P., Nowak, G., Nortmann, L., Fernández-Martín, A., Ofir, A., Pedraz, S., Medialdea, D. Pérez, Pascual, J., García Vargas, M. L., Pérez-Calpena, A., Ballesta, A. Ramón, Rebolo López, Rafael, Perryman, M. A. C., Redondo, P., Rodler, F., Rodríguez Trinidad, A., Rix, H.-W., Sabotta, S., Salz, M., Sánchez-Blanco, E., Sadegi, S., Sánchez Carrasco, Miguel Andrés, Sanz-Forcada, J., Sánchez-López, A., Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), European Commission, Israel Science Foundation, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México), German Centre for Air and Space Travel, European Research Council, German Research Foundation, National Science Foundation (US), Swiss National Science Foundation, Queen Mary University of London, Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK), Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Ribas, Ignasi, López González, Maria J., Caballero, J. A., Cortés-Contreras, M., Amado, Pedro J., Abellán, F. J., Abril, Miguel, Barrado y Navascués, David, Cárdenas Vázquez, María Concepción, Claret dos Santos, Antonio, Colomé, J., Holgado, G., Sarkis, Paula, Schlecker, M., Schmitt, Jürgen H. M. M., Sarmiento, L. F., Kehr, M., Schöfer, P., Stahl, O., Stock, S., Solano, E., López Salas, J.F., Stuber, T., Suárez, J.C., Tabernero, H. M., Stürmer, J., Tulloch, S.M., Vico Linares, J.I., Vilardell, Francesc, Veredas, G., Wagner, K., Wolthoff, V., Yan, F., Winkler, J., Díez-Alonso, E., Dorda, R., Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Mandel, H., Emsenhuber, A., Ferro, I.M., Fuhrmeister, Birgit, Fernández, M., Pavlov, A., Galadí-Enriquez, D., García-Piquer, A., Gesa, Lluis, Cava, I. Gallardo, González-Álvarez, E., González-Peinado, R., Guàrdia, J., González Hernández, Jonay I., Guijarro, A., Hatzes, Artie P., Hauschildt, P. H., de Guindos, E., Hedrosa, R.P., Arabi, R.H., Hermelo, I., Rabaza, O., Hernández Otero, F., Huber, A., Huke, P., Hintz, D., Schäfer, S., Johnson, E.N., Kemmer, J., Kim, M., de Juan, E., Klüter, J., Labarga, F., Labiche, N., Klutsch, A., Lalitha, S., Lara, Luisa María, Launhardt, R., Lampón, M., Lázaro, F. J., Llamas, M., Lizon, J. -L., Sota, A., Lodieu, N., López-Santiago, J., Magán Madinabeitia, H., López del Fresno, M., Czesla, S., Mall, U., Marfil, E., Marín Molina, J.A., Mancini, L., Martín, Eduardo Lorenzo, Martín-Ruiz, Susana, Martínez-Rodríguez, Héctor, Martín-Fernández, P., Marvin, C. J., Moya, A., Naranjo, V., Miralda-Escudé, Jordi, Nelson, R. P., Nowak, G., Nortmann, L., Fernández-Martín, A., Ofir, A., Pedraz, S., Medialdea, D. Pérez, Pascual, J., García Vargas, M. L., Pérez-Calpena, A., Ballesta, A. Ramón, Rebolo López, Rafael, Perryman, M. A. C., Redondo, P., Rodler, F., Rodríguez Trinidad, A., Rix, H.-W., Sabotta, S., Salz, M., Sánchez-Blanco, E., Sadegi, S., Sánchez Carrasco, Miguel Andrés, Sanz-Forcada, J., and Sánchez-López, A.

Abstract

Surveys have shown that super-Earth and Neptune-mass exoplanets are more frequent than gas giants around low-mass stars, as predicted by the core accretion theory of planet formation. We report the discovery of a giant planet around the very-low-mass star GJ 3512, as determined by optical and near-infrared radial-velocity observations. The planet has a minimum mass of 0.46 Jupiter masses, very high for such a small host star, and an eccentric 204-day orbit. Dynamical models show that the high eccentricity is most likely due to planet-planet interactions. We use simulations to demonstrate that the GJ 3512 planetary system challenges generally accepted formation theories, and that it puts constraints on the planet accretion and migration rates. Disk instabilities may be more efficient in forming planets than previously thought.Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science

Published
2019

2. CARMENES: high-resolution spectra and precise radial velocities in the red and infrared

Author

Quirrenbach, Andreas, Amado, Pedro J., Ribas, Ignasi, Reiners, Ansgar, Caballero, J. A., Seifert, W., Aceituno, Jesús, Azzaro, M., Baroch, David, Barrado y Navascués, David, Bauer, Florian Franz, Kehr, M., Pavlov, A., Fernández, Matilde, Hernández Hernando, F., Schäfer, S., Cortés-Contreras, M., Abellán, F. J., Guàrdia, J., Cardona Guillén, C., Mundt, R., Mandel, H., Abril, Miguel, Zhao, Z., Alonso-Floriano, F. Javier, Ammler-von Eiff, M., Anglada-Escudé, Guillem, Huke, P., Lara, Luisa María, Tal-Or, L., Moya, A., López Salas, J.F., Moreno-Raya, M.E., Storz, C., Anwand-Heerwart, H., Reffert, S., Gaisné, G., Hernández Castaño, L., Gallardo, I., Gálvez-Ortiz, M. C., García-Piquer, A., Lodieu, N., Passegger, V.M., Galadí-Enriquez, D., Czesla, S., Schmidt, C., Perryman, M. A. C., Sarmiento, L. F., Brinkmöller, M., García-Vargas, M. L., Tala Pinto, M., Guijarro, A., López-Puertas, Manuel, Hedrosa, R.P., Lampón, M., Hermann, D., Hermelo, I., Panduro, J., Schmitt, Jürgen H. M. M., Jeffers, Sandra V., Dreizler, S., Benítez, D., Tulloch, S.M., Béjar, Victor J. S., López-Santiago, J., Rohloff, R.-R., Hernández Arabí, R., Claret dos Santos, Antonio, Klüter, J., Perger, M., Klutsch, A., Pallé, Enric, Labarga, F., Labiche, N., Stürmer, J., Blümcke, M., Berdiñas, Z. M., Marfil, E., Herbort, O., Lamert, A., Fuhrmeister, Birgit, Holgado, G., Pluto, M., Wolthoff, V., Laun, W., Trifonov, T., Magán Madinabeitia, H., Veredas, G., Solano, E., Mall, U., Schiller, J., Mancini, L., Marín Molina, J.A., Cifuentes, C., Frölich, K., Gesa, Lluis, Rodríguez Martínez, Eloy, López del Fresno, M., Johnson, E.N., Martínez-Rodríguez, Héctor, Hintz, D., Lenzen, R., Ulbrich, R.G., Hauschildt, P. H., Maroto Fernández, D., Díez-Alonso, E., Ramón, A., González Hernández, Jonay I., Cárdenas Vázquez, María Concepción, Pérez Medialdea, D., Redondo, P., Bergondy, G., Reinhart, S., Rhode, P., Rix, H.-W., Herrero, E., Hidalgo, D., Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Pedraz, S., Martín, Eduardo Lorenzo, Shulyak, D., Rodler, F., López González, Maria J., Vico Linares, J. L., González-Álvarez, E., Vidal Dasilva, Manuela, Vilardell, Francesc, Wagner, K., Luque, R., Lemke, U., Doellinger, M., Schweitzer, Andreas, Rodríguez-López, Cristina, Schöfer, P., Carro, J., Winkler, J., Pascual, J., González Peinado, R., Huber, K., Guenther, E. W., de Guindos, E., Hagen, Hans-Jürgen, Rebolo López, Rafael, Miralda-Escudé, Jordi, Grözinger, U., Dorda, R., Cano, J., Yan, F., Del Burgo, C., Martín-Ruiz, Susana, Hatzes, Artie P., Suárez Yanes, Juan Carlos, de Juan, E., Lizon, J. -L., Kaminski, Adrian, Lázaro, F. J., Klahr, H., Kürster, M., Stahl, O., Sánchez Carrasco, Miguel Andrés, Kim, M., Gómez Galera, V., Lafarga, M., Feiz, C., Henning, Thomas, Rosich, Albert, Arroyo-Torres, B., Sairam, L., Colomé, J., Mathar, R.J., Naranjo, V., Montes, D., Marvin, C. J., Morales, Juan Carlos, Nagel, Evangelos, Casal, E., Becerril, S., Xu, W., López-Morales, Mercedes, Huber, A., Nortmann, L., Grohnert, S., Launhardt, R., Zechmeister, Mathias, Garrido, Rafael, Nowak, G., Tabernero, H. M., Sabotta, S., Ferro, I.M., Strachan, J. B. P., Sadegi, S., Sánchez-Blanco, E., Salz, M., Sánchez-López, A., Sanz-Forcada, J., González-Cuesta, L., Helmling, J., Pérez-Calpena, A., Llamas, M., Klein, R., Sarkis, Paula, Quirrenbach, Andreas, Amado, Pedro J., Ribas, Ignasi, Reiners, Ansgar, Caballero, J. A., Seifert, W., Aceituno, Jesús, Azzaro, M., Baroch, David, Barrado y Navascués, David, Bauer, Florian Franz, Kehr, M., Pavlov, A., Fernández, Matilde, Hernández Hernando, F., Schäfer, S., Cortés-Contreras, M., Abellán, F. J., Guàrdia, J., Cardona Guillén, C., Mundt, R., Mandel, H., Abril, Miguel, Zhao, Z., Alonso-Floriano, F. Javier, Ammler-von Eiff, M., Anglada-Escudé, Guillem, Huke, P., Lara, Luisa María, Tal-Or, L., Moya, A., López Salas, J.F., Moreno-Raya, M.E., Storz, C., Anwand-Heerwart, H., Reffert, S., Gaisné, G., Hernández Castaño, L., Gallardo, I., Gálvez-Ortiz, M. C., García-Piquer, A., Lodieu, N., Passegger, V.M., Galadí-Enriquez, D., Czesla, S., Schmidt, C., Perryman, M. A. C., Sarmiento, L. F., Brinkmöller, M., García-Vargas, M. L., Tala Pinto, M., Guijarro, A., López-Puertas, Manuel, Hedrosa, R.P., Lampón, M., Hermann, D., Hermelo, I., Panduro, J., Schmitt, Jürgen H. M. M., Jeffers, Sandra V., Dreizler, S., Benítez, D., Tulloch, S.M., Béjar, Victor J. S., López-Santiago, J., Rohloff, R.-R., Hernández Arabí, R., Claret dos Santos, Antonio, Klüter, J., Perger, M., Klutsch, A., Pallé, Enric, Labarga, F., Labiche, N., Stürmer, J., Blümcke, M., Berdiñas, Z. M., Marfil, E., Herbort, O., Lamert, A., Fuhrmeister, Birgit, Holgado, G., Pluto, M., Wolthoff, V., Laun, W., Trifonov, T., Magán Madinabeitia, H., Veredas, G., Solano, E., Mall, U., Schiller, J., Mancini, L., Marín Molina, J.A., Cifuentes, C., Frölich, K., Gesa, Lluis, Rodríguez Martínez, Eloy, López del Fresno, M., Johnson, E.N., Martínez-Rodríguez, Héctor, Hintz, D., Lenzen, R., Ulbrich, R.G., Hauschildt, P. H., Maroto Fernández, D., Díez-Alonso, E., Ramón, A., González Hernández, Jonay I., Cárdenas Vázquez, María Concepción, Pérez Medialdea, D., Redondo, P., Bergondy, G., Reinhart, S., Rhode, P., Rix, H.-W., Herrero, E., Hidalgo, D., Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Pedraz, S., Martín, Eduardo Lorenzo, Shulyak, D., Rodler, F., López González, Maria J., Vico Linares, J. L., González-Álvarez, E., Vidal Dasilva, Manuela, Vilardell, Francesc, Wagner, K., Luque, R., Lemke, U., Doellinger, M., Schweitzer, Andreas, Rodríguez-López, Cristina, Schöfer, P., Carro, J., Winkler, J., Pascual, J., González Peinado, R., Huber, K., Guenther, E. W., de Guindos, E., Hagen, Hans-Jürgen, Rebolo López, Rafael, Miralda-Escudé, Jordi, Grözinger, U., Dorda, R., Cano, J., Yan, F., Del Burgo, C., Martín-Ruiz, Susana, Hatzes, Artie P., Suárez Yanes, Juan Carlos, de Juan, E., Lizon, J. -L., Kaminski, Adrian, Lázaro, F. J., Klahr, H., Kürster, M., Stahl, O., Sánchez Carrasco, Miguel Andrés, Kim, M., Gómez Galera, V., Lafarga, M., Feiz, C., Henning, Thomas, Rosich, Albert, Arroyo-Torres, B., Sairam, L., Colomé, J., Mathar, R.J., Naranjo, V., Montes, D., Marvin, C. J., Morales, Juan Carlos, Nagel, Evangelos, Casal, E., Becerril, S., Xu, W., López-Morales, Mercedes, Huber, A., Nortmann, L., Grohnert, S., Launhardt, R., Zechmeister, Mathias, Garrido, Rafael, Nowak, G., Tabernero, H. M., Sabotta, S., Ferro, I.M., Strachan, J. B. P., Sadegi, S., Sánchez-Blanco, E., Salz, M., Sánchez-López, A., Sanz-Forcada, J., González-Cuesta, L., Helmling, J., Pérez-Calpena, A., Llamas, M., Klein, R., and Sarkis, Paula

Abstract

The design and construction of CARMENES has been presented at previous SPIE conferences. It is a next-generation radial-velocity instrument at the 3.5m telescope of the Calar Alto Observatory, which was built by a consortium of eleven Spanish and German institutions. CARMENES consists of two separate échelle spectrographs covering the wavelength range from 0.52 to 1.71¿m at a spec-tral resolution of R < 80,000, fed by fibers from the Cassegrain focus of the telescope. CARMENES saw ¿First Light¿ on Nov 9, 2015. During the commissioning and initial operation phases, we established basic performance data such as throughput and spectral resolution. We found that our hollow-cathode lamps are suitable for precise wavelength calibration, but their spectra contain a number of lines of neon or argon that are so bright that the lamps cannot be used in simultaneous exposures with stars. We have therefore adopted a calibration procedure that uses simultaneous star / Fabry Pérot etalon exposures in combination with a cross-calibration between the etalons and hollow-cathode lamps during daytime. With this strategy it has been possible to achieve 1-2 m/s precision in the visible and 5-10 m/s precision in the near-IR; further improvements are expected from ongoing work on temperature control, calibration procedures and data reduction. Comparing the RV precision achieved in different wavelength bands, we find a ¿sweet spot¿ between 0.7 and 0.8¿m, where deep TiO bands provide rich RV information in mid-M dwarfs. This is in contrast to our pre-survey models, which predicted comparatively better performance in the near-IR around 1¿m, and explains in part why our near-IR RVs do not reach the same precision level as those taken with the visible spectrograph. We are now conducting a large survey of 340 nearby M dwarfs (with an average distance of only 12pc), with the goal of finding terrestrial planets in their habitable zones. We have detected the signatures of several previously known o

Published
2018

3. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: High-resolution optical and near-infrared spectroscopy of 324 survey stars

Author

Max Planck Society, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministry of Science, Research and Art Baden-Württemberg, German Research Foundation, Junta de Andalucía, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile), German Centre for Air and Space Travel, European Research Council, Reiners, Ansgar, Zechmeister, Mathias, Caballero, J. A., Ribas, Ignasi, Morales, Juan Carlos, Jeffers, Sandra V., Schöfer, P., Tal-Or, L., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Amado, Pedro J., Kaminski, Adrian, Sarmiento, L. F., García Vargas, M. L., Laun, W., Marvin, C. J., Ammler-von Eiff, M., Martín, Eduardo Lorenzo, López-Puertas, Manuel, Henning, Thomas, Schmitt, Jürgen H. M. M., Rodler, F., Hernández Hernando, F., Schiller, J., Schweitzer, Andreas, Ulbrich, R.G., Mancini, L., Stürmer, J., Solano, E., Grohnert, S., Anwand-Heerwart, H., Helmling, J., Kürster, M., Sánchez-López, A., Wolthoff, V., Lampón, M., Ferro, I.M., Klutsch, A., Fuhrmeister, Birgit, Fernández, Matilde, Béjar, Victor J. S., Huke, P., Hernández Arabí, R., Herrero, E., Tala, M., de Juan, E., Baroch, David, Blümcke, M., Montes, D., Moya, A., Del Burgo, C., Guindos, E. D., Rodríguez Martínez, Eloy, López González, Maria J., Cano, J., Czesla, S., Cárdenas Vázquez, María Concepción, Casal, E., Aceituno, Jesús, Marfil, E., Yan, F., Rhode, P., Magán Madinabeitia, H., Lenzen, R., Nagel, Evangelos, Gesa, Lluis, Kim, M., Cortés-Contreras, M., Mundt, R., Hedrosa, R.P., Galera, V. G., González Hernández, Jonay I., López Salas, J.F., Luque, R., Marín Molina, J.A., Wagner, K., Guijarro, A., Mathar, R.J., Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Gutiérrez-Soto, J., Cifuentes, C., Abril, Miguel, Hagen, Hans-Jürgen, Miralda-Escudé, Jordi, Vilardell, Francesc, Azzaro, M., Naranjo, V., Mandel, H., Anglada-Escudé, Guillem, Trifonov, T., Claret dos Santos, Antonio, Klein, R., Guàrdia, J., Rodríguez-López, Cristina, Klüter, J., Lemke, U., Panduro, J., Passegger, V.M., Martín-Ruiz, Susana, Redondo, P., Sanz-Forcada, J., Winkler, J., Pavlov, A., Sadegi, S., Bergond, G., Pérez-Calpena, A., Reffert, S., Veredas, G., Rosich, Albert, Launhardt, R., Reinhart, S., Sánchez-Blanco, E., López del Fresno, M., Rix, H.-W., Barrado y Navascués, David, Johnson, E.N., Rebolo López, Rafael, Hauschildt, P. H., López-Santiago, J., Suárez, J.C., Stahl, O., Pérez Medialdea, D., Perryman, M. A. C., Lara, Luisa María, Becerril, S., Sánchez Carrasco, Miguel Andrés, Moreno-Raya, M.E., Xu, W., Strachan, J. B. P., Bauer, Florian Franz, Schäfer, S., Seifert, W., Grözinger, U., Perger, M., Hatzes, Artie P., Benítez, D., Nortmann, L., Rodríguez Trinidad, A., Hernández Castaño, L., Lamert, A., Nowak, G., Ofir, A., Oreiro, Raquel, Tulloch, S.M., Maroto Fernández, D., Pallé, Enric, Hermelo, I., Vico Linares, J.I., Arroyo-Torres, B., Tabernero, H. M., Pluto, M., Lafarga, M., Dreizler, S., Huber, A., Rabaza, O., Ramón, A., Berdiñas, Z. M., Brinkmöller, M., Antona, R., Pedraz, S., Feiz, C., González-Peinado, R., Sarkis, Paula, Pascual Granado, J., Guenther, E. W., Alonso-Floriano, F. Javier, Colomé, J., Díez-Alonso, E., García-Piquer, A., Mall, U., Rohloff, R.-R., Galadí-Enriquez, D., Max Planck Society, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministry of Science, Research and Art Baden-Württemberg, German Research Foundation, Junta de Andalucía, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile), German Centre for Air and Space Travel, European Research Council, Reiners, Ansgar, Zechmeister, Mathias, Caballero, J. A., Ribas, Ignasi, Morales, Juan Carlos, Jeffers, Sandra V., Schöfer, P., Tal-Or, L., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Amado, Pedro J., Kaminski, Adrian, Sarmiento, L. F., García Vargas, M. L., Laun, W., Marvin, C. J., Ammler-von Eiff, M., Martín, Eduardo Lorenzo, López-Puertas, Manuel, Henning, Thomas, Schmitt, Jürgen H. M. M., Rodler, F., Hernández Hernando, F., Schiller, J., Schweitzer, Andreas, Ulbrich, R.G., Mancini, L., Stürmer, J., Solano, E., Grohnert, S., Anwand-Heerwart, H., Helmling, J., Kürster, M., Sánchez-López, A., Wolthoff, V., Lampón, M., Ferro, I.M., Klutsch, A., Fuhrmeister, Birgit, Fernández, Matilde, Béjar, Victor J. S., Huke, P., Hernández Arabí, R., Herrero, E., Tala, M., de Juan, E., Baroch, David, Blümcke, M., Montes, D., Moya, A., Del Burgo, C., Guindos, E. D., Rodríguez Martínez, Eloy, López González, Maria J., Cano, J., Czesla, S., Cárdenas Vázquez, María Concepción, Casal, E., Aceituno, Jesús, Marfil, E., Yan, F., Rhode, P., Magán Madinabeitia, H., Lenzen, R., Nagel, Evangelos, Gesa, Lluis, Kim, M., Cortés-Contreras, M., Mundt, R., Hedrosa, R.P., Galera, V. G., González Hernández, Jonay I., López Salas, J.F., Luque, R., Marín Molina, J.A., Wagner, K., Guijarro, A., Mathar, R.J., Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Gutiérrez-Soto, J., Cifuentes, C., Abril, Miguel, Hagen, Hans-Jürgen, Miralda-Escudé, Jordi, Vilardell, Francesc, Azzaro, M., Naranjo, V., Mandel, H., Anglada-Escudé, Guillem, Trifonov, T., Claret dos Santos, Antonio, Klein, R., Guàrdia, J., Rodríguez-López, Cristina, Klüter, J., Lemke, U., Panduro, J., Passegger, V.M., Martín-Ruiz, Susana, Redondo, P., Sanz-Forcada, J., Winkler, J., Pavlov, A., Sadegi, S., Bergond, G., Pérez-Calpena, A., Reffert, S., Veredas, G., Rosich, Albert, Launhardt, R., Reinhart, S., Sánchez-Blanco, E., López del Fresno, M., Rix, H.-W., Barrado y Navascués, David, Johnson, E.N., Rebolo López, Rafael, Hauschildt, P. H., López-Santiago, J., Suárez, J.C., Stahl, O., Pérez Medialdea, D., Perryman, M. A. C., Lara, Luisa María, Becerril, S., Sánchez Carrasco, Miguel Andrés, Moreno-Raya, M.E., Xu, W., Strachan, J. B. P., Bauer, Florian Franz, Schäfer, S., Seifert, W., Grözinger, U., Perger, M., Hatzes, Artie P., Benítez, D., Nortmann, L., Rodríguez Trinidad, A., Hernández Castaño, L., Lamert, A., Nowak, G., Ofir, A., Oreiro, Raquel, Tulloch, S.M., Maroto Fernández, D., Pallé, Enric, Hermelo, I., Vico Linares, J.I., Arroyo-Torres, B., Tabernero, H. M., Pluto, M., Lafarga, M., Dreizler, S., Huber, A., Rabaza, O., Ramón, A., Berdiñas, Z. M., Brinkmöller, M., Antona, R., Pedraz, S., Feiz, C., González-Peinado, R., Sarkis, Paula, Pascual Granado, J., Guenther, E. W., Alonso-Floriano, F. Javier, Colomé, J., Díez-Alonso, E., García-Piquer, A., Mall, U., Rohloff, R.-R., and Galadí-Enriquez, D.

Abstract

The CARMENES radial velocity (RV) survey is observing 324 M dwarfs to search for any orbiting planets. In this paper, we present the survey sample by publishing one CARMENES spectrum for each M dwarf. These spectra cover the wavelength range 520¿1710 nm at a resolution of at least R >80 000, and we measure its RV, H¿ emission, and projected rotation velocity. We present an atlas of high-resolution M-dwarf spectra and compare the spectra to atmospheric models. To quantify the RV precision that can be achieved in low-mass stars over the CARMENES wavelength range, we analyze our empirical information on the RV precision from more than 6500 observations. We compare our high-resolution M-dwarf spectra to atmospheric models where we determine the spectroscopic RV information content, Q, and signal-to-noise ratio. We find that for all M-type dwarfs, the highest RV precision can be reached in the wavelength range 700¿900 nm. Observations at longer wavelengths are equally precise only at the very latest spectral types (M8 and M9). We demonstrate that in this spectroscopic range, the large amount of absorption features compensates for the intrinsic faintness of an M7 star. To reach an RV precision of 1 m s¿1 in very low mass M dwarfs at longer wavelengths likely requires the use of a 10 m class telescope. For spectral types M6 and earlier, the combination of a red visual and a near-infrared spectrograph is ideal to search for low-mass planets and to distinguish between planets and stellar variability. At a 4 m class telescope, an instrument like CARMENES has the potential to push the RV precision well below the typical jitter level of 3-4 m s-1. © ESO 2018.

Published
2018

4. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: HD147379 b: A nearby Neptune in the temperate zone of an early-M dwarf

Author

Max Planck Society, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministry of Science, Research and Art Baden-Württemberg, Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile), German Centre for Air and Space Travel, European Research Council, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Reiners, Ansgar, Ribas, Ignasi, Zechmeister, Mathias, Caballero, J. A., Trifonov, T., Dreizler, S., Morales, Juan Carlos, Tal-Or, L., Lafarga, M., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Benítez, D., Rabaza, O., Ramón, A., Reinhart, S., Rodríguez Martínez, Eloy, Redondo, P., Claret, A., Rodríguez Trinidad, A., Rosich, Albert, Sánchez-Blanco, E., Sánchez Carrasco, Miguel Andrés, Solano, E., Sánchez-López, A., Sanz-Forcada, J., Tabernero, H. M., Suárez, J.C., Cárdenas Vázquez, María Concepción, Vico Linares, J.I., Kaminski, Adrian, Vilardell, Francesc, Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Jeffers, Sandra V., Aceituno, Jesús, Béjar, Victor J. S., Hagen, Hans-Jürgen, Guàrdia, J., Guenther, E. W., Passegger, V.M., Montes, D., Schweitzer, Andreas, Abril, Miguel, Seifert, W., Cortés-Contreras, M., Alonso-Floriano, F. Javier, Eiff, M.A.V., Antona, R., Anglada-Escudé, Guillem, Arroyo-Torres, B., Anwand-Heerwart, H., Rodríguez-López, Cristina, Baroch, David, Azzaro, M., Bauer, Florian Franz, Barrado y Navascués, David, Berdiñas, Z. M., Becerril, S., Bergond, G., Blümcke, M., Brinkmöller, M., Del Burgo, C., Cifuentes, C., Cano, J., Casal, E., Lara, Luisa María, Díez-Alonso, E., Ferro, I.M., Colomé, J., Czesla, S., Galadí-Enriquez, D., García-Piquer, A., Gesa, Lluis, López-Puertas, Manuel, Gómez Galera, V., Guijarro, A., González Hernández, Jonay I., González-Peinado, R., Fernández, M., Helmling, J., Gutiérrez-Soto, J., de Guindos, E., Martín-Ruiz, Susana, Hedrosa, R.P., Hermelo, I., Amado, Pedro J., Hernández Arabí, R., Hernández Castaño, L., de Juan, E., Hernández Hernando, F., Herrero, E., Labarga, F., Klutsch, A., López del Fresno, M., Lampón, M., López González, Maria J., López Salas, J.F., López-Santiago, J., Magán Madinabeitia, H., Marfil, E., Marín Molina, J.A., Miralda-Escudé, Jordi, Maroto Fernández, D., Martín, Eduardo Lorenzo, Moreno-Raya, M.E., Nortmann, L., Nowak, G., Moya, A., Oreiro, Raquel, Pallé, Enric, Pascual, J., Pedraz, S., Pérez Medialdea, D., Perger, M., Rebolo López, Rafael, Max Planck Society, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministry of Science, Research and Art Baden-Württemberg, Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile), German Centre for Air and Space Travel, European Research Council, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Reiners, Ansgar, Ribas, Ignasi, Zechmeister, Mathias, Caballero, J. A., Trifonov, T., Dreizler, S., Morales, Juan Carlos, Tal-Or, L., Lafarga, M., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Benítez, D., Rabaza, O., Ramón, A., Reinhart, S., Rodríguez Martínez, Eloy, Redondo, P., Claret, A., Rodríguez Trinidad, A., Rosich, Albert, Sánchez-Blanco, E., Sánchez Carrasco, Miguel Andrés, Solano, E., Sánchez-López, A., Sanz-Forcada, J., Tabernero, H. M., Suárez, J.C., Cárdenas Vázquez, María Concepción, Vico Linares, J.I., Kaminski, Adrian, Vilardell, Francesc, Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Jeffers, Sandra V., Aceituno, Jesús, Béjar, Victor J. S., Hagen, Hans-Jürgen, Guàrdia, J., Guenther, E. W., Passegger, V.M., Montes, D., Schweitzer, Andreas, Abril, Miguel, Seifert, W., Cortés-Contreras, M., Alonso-Floriano, F. Javier, Eiff, M.A.V., Antona, R., Anglada-Escudé, Guillem, Arroyo-Torres, B., Anwand-Heerwart, H., Rodríguez-López, Cristina, Baroch, David, Azzaro, M., Bauer, Florian Franz, Barrado y Navascués, David, Berdiñas, Z. M., Becerril, S., Bergond, G., Blümcke, M., Brinkmöller, M., Del Burgo, C., Cifuentes, C., Cano, J., Casal, E., Lara, Luisa María, Díez-Alonso, E., Ferro, I.M., Colomé, J., Czesla, S., Galadí-Enriquez, D., García-Piquer, A., Gesa, Lluis, López-Puertas, Manuel, Gómez Galera, V., Guijarro, A., González Hernández, Jonay I., González-Peinado, R., Fernández, M., Helmling, J., Gutiérrez-Soto, J., de Guindos, E., Martín-Ruiz, Susana, Hedrosa, R.P., Hermelo, I., Amado, Pedro J., Hernández Arabí, R., Hernández Castaño, L., de Juan, E., Hernández Hernando, F., Herrero, E., Labarga, F., Klutsch, A., López del Fresno, M., Lampón, M., López González, Maria J., López Salas, J.F., López-Santiago, J., Magán Madinabeitia, H., Marfil, E., Marín Molina, J.A., Miralda-Escudé, Jordi, Maroto Fernández, D., Martín, Eduardo Lorenzo, Moreno-Raya, M.E., Nortmann, L., Nowak, G., Moya, A., Oreiro, Raquel, Pallé, Enric, Pascual, J., Pedraz, S., Pérez Medialdea, D., Perger, M., and Rebolo López, Rafael

Abstract

We report on the first star discovered to host a planet detected by radial velocity (RV) observations obtained within the CARMENES survey for exoplanets around M dwarfs. HD 147379 (V = 8.9 mag, M = 0.58 ± 0.08 M), a bright M0.0 V star at a distance of 10.7 pc, is found to undergo periodic RV variations with a semi-amplitude of K = 5.1 ± 0.4 m s and a period of P = 86.54 ± 0.06 d. The RV signal is found in our CARMENES data, which were taken between 2016 and 2017, and is supported by HIRES/Keck observations that were obtained since 2000. The RV variations are interpreted as resulting from a planet of minimum mass m sin i = 25 ± 2 M, 1.5 times the mass of Neptune, with an orbital semi-major axis a = 0.32 au and low eccentricity (e < 0.13). HD 147379 b is orbiting inside the temperate zone around the star, where water could exist in liquid form. The RV time-series and various spectroscopic indicators show additional hints of variations at an approximate period of 21.1 d (and its first harmonic), which we attribute to the rotation period of the star.© ESO, 2018.

Published
2018

5. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: First visual-channel radial-velocity measurements and orbital parameter updates of seven M-dwarf planetary systems

Author

Max Planck Society, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministry of Science, Research and Art Baden-Württemberg, German Research Foundation, Junta de Andalucía, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile), German Centre for Air and Space Travel, Trifonov, T., Kürster, M., Zechmeister, Mathias, Tal-Or, L., Caballero, J. A., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Amado, Pedro J., Ribas, Ignasi, Reiners, Ansgar, Reffert, S., Dreizler, S., Lafarga, M., López del Fresno, M., López Salas, J.F., Magán Madinabeitia, H., Moya, A., Marfil, E., Marín Molina, J.A., Maroto Fernández, D., Martín, Eduardo Lorenzo, Miralda-Escudé, Jordi, Perger, M., Ramón, A., Pallé, Enric, Rabaza, O., Moreno-Raya, M.E., Nortmann, L., Rodríguez-López, Cristina, Sanz-Forcada, J., Pedraz, S., Pérez Medialdea, D., Rebolo López, Rafael, Redondo, P., Reinhardt, S., Sánchez-López, A., Solano, E., Rodríguez Martínez, Eloy, Rodríguez Trinidad, A., Rosich, Albert, Sánchez-Blanco, E., Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Kaminski, Adrian, Sánchez Carrasco, Miguel Andrés, Hatzes, Artie P., Suárez, J.C., Tabernero, H. M., Tulloch, S.M., Mundt, R., Vico Linares, J.I., Vilardell, Francesc, Launhardt, R., Henning, Thomas, Nowak, G., Del Burgo, C., Montes, D., Béjar, Victor J. S., Pavlov, A., Schmitt, Jürgen H. M. M., Seifert, W., Abril, Miguel, Barrado y Navascués, David, Morales, Juan Carlos, Jeffers, Sandra V., Anglada-Escudé, Guillem, López-Santiago, J., Mathar, R.J., Aceituno, Jesús, Ammler-von Eiff, M., Guenther, E. W., González Hernández, Jonay I., Arroyo-Torres, B., Mancini, L., Becerril, S., Bauer, Florian Franz, Stürmer, J., Alonso-Floriano, F. Javier, Antona, R., Anwand-Heerwart, H., Cárdenas Vázquez, María Concepción, Cano, J., Azzaro, M., Baroch, David, Benítez, D., Berdiñas, Z. M., Bergond, G., Colomé, J., Blümcke, M., Martín-Ruiz, Susana, Ferro, I.M., Casal, E., Cifuentes, C., García-Piquer, A., Gómez Galera, V., Claret dos Santos, Antonio, Cortés-Contreras, M., Díez-Alonso, E., Guàrdia, J., Gutiérrez-Soto, J., Fernández, Matilde, Lara, Luisa María, Galadí-Enriquez, D., Gesa, Lluis, González-Peinado, R., López-Puertas, Manuel, Hernández Castaño, L., Guijarro, A., de Guindos, E., Hedrosa, R.P., Klutsch, A., Helmling, J., López González, Maria J., Hermelo, I., Hernández Arabí, R., Lampón, M., Hernández Hernando, F., Herrero Casas, Enrique, Oreiro, Raquel, de Juan, E., Pascual Granado, J., Max Planck Society, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministry of Science, Research and Art Baden-Württemberg, German Research Foundation, Junta de Andalucía, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile), German Centre for Air and Space Travel, Trifonov, T., Kürster, M., Zechmeister, Mathias, Tal-Or, L., Caballero, J. A., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Amado, Pedro J., Ribas, Ignasi, Reiners, Ansgar, Reffert, S., Dreizler, S., Lafarga, M., López del Fresno, M., López Salas, J.F., Magán Madinabeitia, H., Moya, A., Marfil, E., Marín Molina, J.A., Maroto Fernández, D., Martín, Eduardo Lorenzo, Miralda-Escudé, Jordi, Perger, M., Ramón, A., Pallé, Enric, Rabaza, O., Moreno-Raya, M.E., Nortmann, L., Rodríguez-López, Cristina, Sanz-Forcada, J., Pedraz, S., Pérez Medialdea, D., Rebolo López, Rafael, Redondo, P., Reinhardt, S., Sánchez-López, A., Solano, E., Rodríguez Martínez, Eloy, Rodríguez Trinidad, A., Rosich, Albert, Sánchez-Blanco, E., Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Kaminski, Adrian, Sánchez Carrasco, Miguel Andrés, Hatzes, Artie P., Suárez, J.C., Tabernero, H. M., Tulloch, S.M., Mundt, R., Vico Linares, J.I., Vilardell, Francesc, Launhardt, R., Henning, Thomas, Nowak, G., Del Burgo, C., Montes, D., Béjar, Victor J. S., Pavlov, A., Schmitt, Jürgen H. M. M., Seifert, W., Abril, Miguel, Barrado y Navascués, David, Morales, Juan Carlos, Jeffers, Sandra V., Anglada-Escudé, Guillem, López-Santiago, J., Mathar, R.J., Aceituno, Jesús, Ammler-von Eiff, M., Guenther, E. W., González Hernández, Jonay I., Arroyo-Torres, B., Mancini, L., Becerril, S., Bauer, Florian Franz, Stürmer, J., Alonso-Floriano, F. Javier, Antona, R., Anwand-Heerwart, H., Cárdenas Vázquez, María Concepción, Cano, J., Azzaro, M., Baroch, David, Benítez, D., Berdiñas, Z. M., Bergond, G., Colomé, J., Blümcke, M., Martín-Ruiz, Susana, Ferro, I.M., Casal, E., Cifuentes, C., García-Piquer, A., Gómez Galera, V., Claret dos Santos, Antonio, Cortés-Contreras, M., Díez-Alonso, E., Guàrdia, J., Gutiérrez-Soto, J., Fernández, Matilde, Lara, Luisa María, Galadí-Enriquez, D., Gesa, Lluis, González-Peinado, R., López-Puertas, Manuel, Hernández Castaño, L., Guijarro, A., de Guindos, E., Hedrosa, R.P., Klutsch, A., Helmling, J., López González, Maria J., Hermelo, I., Hernández Arabí, R., Lampón, M., Hernández Hernando, F., Herrero Casas, Enrique, Oreiro, Raquel, de Juan, E., and Pascual Granado, J.

Abstract

Context. The main goal of the CARMENES survey is to find Earth-mass planets around nearby M-dwarf stars. Seven M dwarfs included in the CARMENES sample had been observed before with HIRES and HARPS and either were reported to have one short period planetary companion (GJ 15 A, GJ 176, GJ 436, GJ 536 and GJ 1148) or are multiple planetary systems (GJ 581 and GJ 876). Aims. We aim to report new precise optical radial velocity measurements for these planet hosts and test the overall capabilities of CARMENES. Methods. We combined our CARMENES precise Doppler measurements with those available from HIRES and HARPS and derived new orbital parameters for the systems. Bona-fide single planet systems were fitted with a Keplerian model. The multiple planet systems were analyzed using a self-consistent dynamical model and their best fit orbits were tested for long-term stability. Results. We confirm or provide supportive arguments for planets around all the investigated stars except for GJ 15 A, for which we find that the post-discovery HIRES data and our CARMENES data do not show a signal at 11.4 days. Although we cannot confirm the super-Earth planet GJ 15 Ab, we show evidence for a possible long-period (P = 7030 d) Saturn-mass (msini = 51.8M) planet around GJ 15 A. In addition, based on our CARMENES and HIRES data we discover a second planet around GJ 1148, for which we estimate a period P = 532.6 days, eccentricity e = 0.342 and minimum mass msini = 68.1M. Conclusions. The CARMENES optical radial velocities have similar precision and overall scatter when compared to the Doppler measurements conducted with HARPS and HIRES. We conclude that CARMENES is an instrument that is up to the challenge of discovering rocky planets around low-mass stars.© ESO, 2018.

Published
2018

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