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Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for generalized anxiety disorder, but there is still room for improvement. The aim of the present study was to examine the potential benefit of enriching CBT with kundalini yoga (Y-CBT). Participants consisted of treatment resistant clients at a community mental health clinic. A total of 32 participants enrolled in the study and 22 completed the programme. After the Y-CBT intervention, pre-post comparisons showed statistically significant improvements in state and trait anxiety, depression, panic, sleep and quality of life. Results from this preliminary study suggest that Y-CBT may have potential as a promising treatment for those suffering from generalized anxiety disorder., Key Practitioner Messages: Yoga-enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy (Y-CBT) may be a promising new treatment for those suffering from generalized anxiety disorder. Y-CBT may also reduce depression in those suffering from generalized anxiety. Y-CBT may reduce depression and anxiety in a clinic population where clients suffer from multiple diagnoses including generalized anxiety disorder., (Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

The internal nanostructure of the diatoms Cyclotella meneghiniana, Seminavis robusta and Achnanthes subsessilis was investigated using small angle neutron scattering (SANS) to examine thin biosilica samples, consisting of isotropic (powder) from their isolated cell walls. The interpretation of SANS data was assisted by several other measurements. The N2 adsorption, interpreted within the Branuer-Emmet-Teller isotherm, yielded the specific surface area of the material. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy indicates that the isolated material is amorphous silica with small amounts of organic cell wall materials acting as a filling material between the silica particles. A two-phase (air and amorphous silica) model was used to interpret small angle neutron scattering data. After correction for instrumental resolution, the measurements on two SANS instruments covered an extended range of scattering vectors 0.0011 nm(-1) < q < 5.6 nm(-1), giving an almost continuous SANS curve over a range of scattering vectors, q, on an absolute scale of intensity for each sample. Each of the samples gave a characteristic scattering curve where log (intensity) versus log (q) has a -4 dependence, with other features superimposed. In the high-q regime, departure from this behaviour was observed at a length-scales equivalent to the proposed unitary silica particle. The limiting Porod scattering law was used to determine the specific area per unit of volume of each sample illuminated by the neutron beam. The Porod behaviour, and divergence from this behaviour, is discussed in terms of various structural features and the proposed mechanisms for the bio-assembly of unitary silica particles in frustules.

This paper summarizes the discussion that occurred at a November 2003 roundtable on philanthropy and health policy making. The roundtable was intended to stimulate a conversation about the strategic interplay of health policy and philanthropy in a challenging economy; to gain a richer understanding of the needs and expectations of funders and policymakers so that resources can be leveraged far more effectively; and to identify practical, collaborative approaches for advancing policy development and implementation. The gathering included more than fifty key leaders from state and national foundations; state policymakers; representatives from the California governor's office and key state health agencies and commissions; private-sector leaders; and academics.

This study investigated the potential for using algal esterase activity of Microcystis aeruginosa and Selenastrum capricornutum as a rapid measure of the biological effects of acid mine drainage (AMD) in a South Australian stream (Australia) also affected by sewage pollution and dry-land salinity. Algal bioassays were based on the non-fluorescent substrate, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) which is metabolised by esterases to the fluorescent product, fluorescein. Esterase activity was interpreted as the mean rate of conversion of FDA to fluorescein and expressed as a percentage of the rate achieved by control algae (%FDAC). Flow cytometry was used to measure the fluorescence of individual algal cells, enabling differentiation of three esterase activity states (low=S(1), normal and stimulated) and calculation of the percentage of algal cells in each activity state relative to that found for control algae (e.g. %S(1)). Algal esterase activity responded rapidly to AMD-affected water but also to increased conductivity (associated with dry-land salinity) and nutrient concentrations (associated with sewage). Exposure to AMD-affected water for 1 h reduced %FDAC by 30-70%, and increased %S(1) by 60-90%, a depression of esterase activity that was maintained over 24 h. A similar depression of esterase activity occurred in both algae exposed to comparatively high-conductivity water (ca. 20 mS cm(-1)) for 1 h but the algae recovered from this 'shock' within 24 h. The %FDAC of S. capricornutum increased from 66 to 158% of control values after a 24 h exposure to nutrient-enriched water sampled downstream from a sewage treatment plant, despite the fact that the alga was grown in nutrient-sufficient culture. The combination of cyanobacterial (M. aeruginosa) and green (S. capricornutum) algal cultures with exposure times of 1 and 24 h was successful in distinguishing between the three types of pollution. Correlation of esterase activity measures with water quality parameters indicated that the clearest and least equivocal biological measure of AMD for the study area was the %S(1) for M. aeruginosa after a 24 h exposure. The use of the flow cytometer to define a low esterase activity state was therefore successful in clarifying the response to AMD-affected water. The study demonstrates the successful application of algal esterase activity bioassays, in combination with flow cytometry, to rapidly assess the toxicity of AMD-affected waters and to differentiate this response from the effects of other pollutants (increased nutrients and conductivity).

A new apparatus to release eggs from cysts of soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) is described and its efficiency evaluated. A rubber stopper was mounted on a bolt, and cysts were ground against a 60-mesh screen. Eggs and second-stage juveniles were washed into a series of screens nested underneath the apparatus. This method was fast and efficient, and had no ill effect on prepared inoculum.

An experiment was conducted in Heterodera glycines-infested fields in 40 north central U.S. environments (21 sites in 1994 and 19 sites in 1995) to assess reproduction of this nematode. Two resistant and two susceptible soybean cultivars from each of the maturity groups (MG) I through IV were grown at each site in 6.1 m by 4 row plots. Soil samples were collected from each plot at planting and harvest and processed at Iowa State University to determine H. glycines initial (Pi) and final (Pf) population densities as eggs per 100 cm 3 of soil. Overall, reproduction (Pf/Pi) of H. glycines on susceptible cultivars in all MG was similar. Reproduction was higher on MG III and IV susceptible cultivars than on those in MG I and II. Resistant MG I and II cultivars reduced nematode population densities more consistently than those in MG III and IV. Reproduction of the nematode was similar among sites within the same maturity zone (MZ), defined as the areas of best adaptation of the corresponding MG. Nonetheless, careful monitoring of nematode population densities is necessary to assess changes that occur over time in individual fields.

Globodera millefolii and G. artemisiae are interesting because their type localities (Estonia and Russia, respectively) are geographically distant from those of the potato cyst nematodes and other Globodera species that seem to have originated in the Western world, and because the type host for each is a member of Compositae rather than Solanaceae. Sequence data for ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA) for G. millefolii and G. artemisiae were nearly identical to sequence data for Cactodera salina from the rhizosphere of the estuary plant Salicornia bigelovii in Sonora, Mexico. The ITS rDNA sequences of these three species were all about 94% similar to those of two other Cactodera species for which ITS rDNA data were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that, based on the ITS rDNA data, G. millefolii and G. artemisiae are more closely related phylogenetically to the Cactodera species than to other nominal Globodera species. The molecular data further suggest that the genus Cactodera may comprise two or more morphologically similar but separate groups.

ABSTRACT The prevalence of brown stem rot (caused by Phialophora gregata), Heterodera glycines, and Phytophthora sojae in the north central United States was investigated during the fall of 1995 and 1996. Soybean fields were randomly selected using an area-frame sampling design in collaboration with the National Agricultural Statistics Service. Soil and soybean stem samples, along with tillage information, were collected from 1,462 fields in Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, and Ohio. An additional 275 soil samples collected from Indiana were assessed for H. glycines. For each field, the incidence and prevalence of brown stem rot was assessed in 20 soybean stem pieces. The prevalence and recovery (expressed as the percentage of leaf disks colonized) of P. sojae and the prevalence and population densities of H. glycines were determined from the soil samples. The prevalence of brown stem rot ranged from 28% in Missouri to 73% in Illinois; 68 and 72% of the fields in Minnesota and Iowa, respectively, showed symptomatic samples. The incidence of brown stem rot was greater in conservation-till than in conventional-till fields in all states except Minnesota, which had few no-till fields. P. sojae was detected in two-thirds of the soybean fields in Ohio and Minnesota, whereas 63, 55, and 41% of the fields in Iowa, Missouri, and Illinois, respectively, were infested with the pathogen. The recovery rates of P. sojae were significantly greater (P

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is a major soybean yield-limiting pest. The present study was conducted to map broad-based SCN resistance loci from the cultivar 'Hartwig'. Two-hundred F2∶3 lines derived from the cross 'Williams 82' x 'Hartwig' were screened with a fourth-generation SCN inbred and 56 polymorphic molecular markers. Allele states and phenotypes were analyzed using stepwise regression and the model selection was made at P [Symbol: see text] 0.01. Four unlinked RFLP markers (A006, A567, A487, A112) were associated with SCN resistance and the partial coefficient of determinations (R(2)) were 91%, 1%, 1%, and 1%. We have mapped a new, major SCN resistance locus (A006) and three minor loci (A567, A487, A112). This complete mapping will accelerate the transfer of broad-based resistance without linkage drag and aid in the determination of relationships among various SCN-resistant germplasm sources.

The number of resistance genes in soybean to soybean cyst nematode (SCN) Heterodera glycines was estimated using progeny from a cross of 'Williams 82' x 'Hartwig' (derived from 'Forrest'(3) x PI 437.654) screened with a fourth-generation inbred nematode line derived from a race 3 field population of SCN. Numbers of females developing on roots of inoculated seedlings were assigned to phenotype cells (resistant, susceptible, or segregating) using Ward's minimum variance cluster analysis. The ratio obtained from screening 220 F soybean families was not significantly different from a 1:8:7 (resistant:segregating:susceptible) ratio, suggesting a two-gene system for resistance. The ratio obtained from screening 183 F plants was not significantly different from a 3:13 (resistant:susceptible) ratio, indicating both a dominant (Rhg) and a recessive (rhg) resistance gene.

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence data were compared for five species of Globodera, including G. rostochiensis, G. pallida, G. virginiae, and two undescribed Globodera isolates from Mexico collected from weed species and maintained on Solanum dulcamara. The rDNA comparisons included both internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2), the 5.8S rRNA gene, and small portions of the 3' end of the 18S gene and the 5' end of the 28S gene. Phylogenetic analysis of the rDNA sequence data indicated that the two potato cyst nematodes, G. pallida and especially G. rostochiensis, are closely related to the Mexican isolates, whereas G. virginiae is relatively dissimilar to the others and more distantly related. The data are consistent with the thesis that Mexico is the center of origin for the potato cyst nematodes.

Six geographic isolates of Heterodera avenae, including two isolates each from Sweden, Australia, and the United States, were compared on the basis of 2-D PAGE protein patterns and the complete DNA sequence for the two internal transcribed ribosomal DNA spacers (rDNA ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5.8S rRNA gene. The protein pattern data and rDNA ITS sequence data both indicated that the Swedish Gotland strain of H. avenae differed markedly from the rest of the isolates. Protein patterns for the Australia isolates differed more from a Swedish strict H. avenae isolate and isolates from Oregon and Idaho, than the two U.S. isolates and the Swedish strict H. avenae isolate differed from each other. Except for the Gotland strain isolate, the rDNA ITS sequences were highly conserved among all of the H. avenae isolates, just as we earlier found them to be conserved among species of the schachtii group of Heterodera.

The increased role of government contracts in the funding of nonprofits has heightened tensions as governments seek accountability and nonprofits seek to preserve autonomy. Considering both sides of the contract market this article suggests that the threat of government funding is exaggerated. Nonprofits are attractive contractor options because of their experience and trustworthiness. Governments should recognize that excessive intrusions limit the advantages of the nonprofit sector. At the same time, nonprofits should be conscious of the implications of public funding, just as they must be of other sources of funding.

Although much morphometric overlap occurs among five geographical isolates of Heterodera glycines in Indiana, significant differences in means exist among the isolates for various comparisons of second-stage juveniles. By using combinations of means, most of the isolates can be distinguished from the rest: e.g., the Vanderburgh County isolate (southern Indiana) has the longest esophagus, tail, and tail terminus; the Vigo County isolate (also from the south) has the shortest esophagus; the White County isolate (northern Indiana) has the shortest tail and tail terminus and the greatest total length; the Benton County isolate (north) is the shortest. Morphological similarities and differences do not appear to be coordinated with reproductive behavioral patterns we observed in the northern versus the southern isolates.

Ecologists are concerned with population dynamics of organisms and with the spatial patterns of single or multiple populations. The goal of the ecologist is usually to explain the observed patterns in terms of processes. Field samples of nematodes from different habitats may contain similar but not identical specimens of a nominal taxon, and the systematist can help the ecologist decide whether the specimens are ecophenotypes of a single taxon or represent distinct species. A correct decision may be important or trivial, depending on the parameters and goals of the ecological study. When a precise identification is crucial to the success of the study, new biochemical methodologies of systematists may provide rapid and accurate diagnoses. Systematists can provide additional help in the assignment of taxa to trophic groups. For clarifying host-parasite associations, often a goal in ecological investigations, modern analytical methods of systematists can facilitate the ordering of systematic relationships.

Leptonchoid species found in soil samples taken in lowland and mid-elevation seasonal forests at four locations in Panama were as follows: Sclerostylus karri n. gen., n. sp., Basirotyleptus saccatus n. sp., B. nemoralis, B. acus, B. penetrans, Doryllium neotropicum n. sp., D. minor, Tyleptus gymnochilus, Gerthus jamesi, Dorylaimoides micoletzkyi, and Tylencholaimellus macrophallus. The discoveries corroborate our earlier suggestion of a Gondwanian origin for Tyleptus and Basirotyleptus and provide data for additional biogeographical study.

In this first biogeographical synthesis based on the morphology and known distribution of a group of free-living soil nematodes, data indicate a pre-Jurassic origin followed by West Gondwanaland radiation for some genera and Laurasian radiation for others.

Data from two-dimensional protein patterns for nine dorylaimid isolates were analyzed using PAUP, a computer program for inferring phylogenies under the principle of maximum parsimony. With a variety of available options, including branch swapping and rooting, essentially the same tree was obtained. When isolates of the genus Labronema were analyzed alone, all trees obtained had the same topology, although tree length varied considerably, depending on whether a hypothetical ancestral taxon was included.

Four of five geographical isolates of Heterodera glycines from Indiana classified as Race 3 using standard differentials showed many differences when classified using another group of differentials comprised of five soybean breeding lines and cultivars. Two isolates from northern Indiana produced cysts on more of the differentials tested than did three isolates from southern Indiana, suggesting that potential resistant lines should be tested on a range of H. glycines populations originating from the areas for which cultivars are being developed.

Of eight corn inbreds tested in the greenhouse and field, three (H60, H95, and H84) supported lower populations of Pratylenchus hexincisus than other inbreds included in this study. No apparent differences existed among inbreds in nematode invasion or development in the roots, or in population structure. Differences in population were therefore attributed to differential reproduction.

Protein patterns obtained by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for three isolates of Heterodera glycines from southern Indiana appear qualitatively similar and have higher pairwise Jaccard similarity coefficients with each other than with isolates from northern Indiana. Three isolates from three northern counties share proteins not present in the southern isolates, but as a group the northern isolates are less similar to each other than are the southern Indiana isolates.

Examination of dispersional characteristics of Pratylenchus scribneri and Hoplolaimus galeatus indicated that there were patches within soybean fields in which both survival and reproduction wexe enhanced in spite of apparent homogeneity of soil type and topography. Treatment with carbofuran reduced the patchiness (or increased the dispersion) for H. galeatus while it had the opposite effect for P. scribneri. P. scribneri was less highly dispersed in conventional tillage plots than in the zero tillage plots. Populations from quadrats contained entirely within the patches could be described by the normal distribution (in the case of P. scribneri) or by the Poisson distribution (in the case of H. galeatus), while populations from quadrats contained entirely outside the patches could be described by the Poisson distribution for both nematodes. None of the distributions tested (Poisson, normal, negative binomial, Neyman's) gave an adequate fit when populations from both inside and outside the patches were considered together. In all instances, log and ln transformations reduced the goodness of fit of the data to all of the distributions tested. Even with logarithmic transformations, parametric statistics were not appropriate for analysis of data in most instances.

Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic protein patterns of H. glycines from southern Indiana (Posey County) and northern Indiana (Pulaski County) were largely similar, but many differences existed. The pattern of the Posey isolate was similar to patterns from isolates collected in other areas of the United States. Unique dense protein spots in the pattern of an isolate from Hokkaido, Japan, distinguished it from patterns of six U.S. isolates.

Increasing hospital costs coupled with increasing numbers of individuals dependent on local governments for health care, at a time of reduced abilities to finance these expenditures, are causing local governments to reexamine their role in the delivery of hospital services. A potentially cost-reducing option for governments is to contract out for service delivery. In this paper we examine the decision of local governments to contract out for hospital services. Factors believed to influence this production choice decision are the cost savings that can be expected from economies of scale or increased competition, the willingness of local officials to trade control for such cost savings, and the political incentives and obstacles to contracting out. Our empirical analysis indicates that the pivotal factors in the contracting-out decision are the availability of external suppliers and the potential for scale economies.

Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of proteins for two isolates of Labronema from Indiana were nearly identical to the pattern for L. vulvapapillatum from Europe. The pattern for a nominal isolate of L. pacificum from Florida was very different from the patterns of nominal L. pacificum isolates from Hawaii and Fiji (which had patterns very similar to each other). Patterns for four other isolates (in Eudorylaimus and Aporcelaimellus) were different from the Labronema patterns and from each other, although some constellations of protein spots were shared among all the isolates. The study demonstrates the utility of 2-D PAGE for clarifying taxonomic problems that cannot be resolved using classical morphological data alone.

Nematode communities of 18 Indiana mixed hardwood stands were comprised of an average of 23% tylenchid species, 31% dorylaimid species, and 46% species of six other orders. Based on total numbers of individuals present the stands averaged 42% tylenchids, 20% dorylaimids, and 38% individuals of other orders. Ordination of the sites using data only for tylenchid species gave an even distribution of sites, indicating little effect of site disturbances on tylenchid populations. By contrast an ordination using data for dorylaimid species showed a high degree ofd issimilarity between reference sites indicating that disturbances at some sites had drastically affected the dorylaimid fauna. An ordination utilizing biomass of all species present was very similar to the ordination based on data for dorylaimid species only.

The effect of soil temperatures 7-25 C upon injury to seedling onions by Pratylenchus penetrans was investigated. At 7-13 C < 100 nematodes/g of root caused significant reduction in onion root weights by the fifth week. More than 400 nematodes/g were required to produce comparable injury at 16-25 C.

Intersite relationships among nematode communities of 18 Indiana mixed hardwood stands of varying composition, soils, physiography and past management practices were determined by community ordination techniques. All sites were sampled in April, July and October of 1968 and 1969, and ordinations were based on the number of individuals of each nematode species at each site at each sampling period. The resulting groupings correlated well with groupings based on forest types and successional stages of the tree communities at the sites, and also with groupings based on well-defined soil types. Results were similar to those obtained previously with a resemblance equation which used qualitative data only; but the present study provided more information on species associations and relationships and ecological distance between sites.

Comparisons of plant parasitic nematode populations using a resemblance equation and community ordination showed that community structure tends to be similar on dark-colored, highly productive soybean soils throughout Indiana and Illinois. On lighter-colored soils community structures differed somewhat from those of darker soils and from each other.

Associations among nematode communities were studied in 18 Indiana mixed-hardwood stands of varying composition, soils, physiography, and past management practices. All sites were sampled in April, July, and October of 1968 and 1969. A total of 175 species representing eight orders were found, with 18 species occurring in all 18 sites, and approximately half the total species occurring in more than 50% of the sites. Taxonomic similarity, based on nematode species composition, was determined for the woodlots by means of a resemblance equation. Woodlots containing similar nematode species also showed similarities in dominant tree species and in soil types. Sites that had undergone major disturbances were the most dissimilar.