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Background Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) are frequent healthcare-associated infections and an important cause of death. Aim To analyse changes in CRBSI epidemiology observed by the Infection Control Catalan Programme (VINCat). Methods A cohort study including all hospital-acquired CRBSI episodes diagnosed at 55 hospitals (2007–2019) in Catalonia, Spain, was prospectively conducted. CRBSI incidence rates were adjusted per 1,000 patient days. To assess the CRBSI rate trend per year, negative binomial models were used, with the number of events as the dependent variable, and the year as the main independent variable. From each model, the annual rate of CRBSI diagnosed per 1,000 patient days and the incidence rate ratio (IRR) with its 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. Results During the study, 9,290 CRBSI episodes were diagnosed (mean annual incidence rate: 0.20 episodes/1,000 patient days). Patients’ median age was 64.1 years; 36.6% (3,403/9,290) were female. In total, 73.7% (n = 6,845) of CRBSI occurred in non-intensive care unit (ICU) wards, 62.7% (n = 5,822) were related to central venous catheter (CVC), 24.1% (n = 2,236) to peripheral venous catheters (PVC) and 13.3% (n = 1,232) to peripherally-inserted central venous catheters (PICVC). Incidence rate fell over the study period (IRR: 0.94; 95%CI: 0.93–0.96), especially in the ICU (IRR: 0.88; 95%CI: 0.87–0.89). As a whole, while episodes of CVC CRBSI fell significantly (IRR: 0.88; 95%CI: 0.87–0.91), peripherally-inserted catheter CRBSI (PVC and PICVC) rose, especially in medical wards (IRR PICVC: 1.08; 95%CI: 1.05–1.11; IRR PVC: 1.03; 95% 1.00-1.05). Conclusions Over the study, CRBSIs associated with CVC and diagnosed in ICUs decreased while episodes in conventional wards involving peripherally-inserted catheters increased. Hospitals should implement preventive measures in conventional wards.

El presente artículo avala la necesidad de una «quinta ola» en la evolución de la salud pública para abordar la salud poblacional y concienciar sobre el valor social de la buena salud, reconociendo la importancia de las redes sociales y el beneficio de prestar atención tanto a la salud como al bienestar. Tras analizar tres estudios de casos internacionales, el artículo llega a la conclusión de que es necesario avanzar hacia unos sistemas de atención responsable con un enfoque de carácter más local para hacer posible la transformación necesaria para responder adecuadamente a los desafíos a los que se enfrentan los sistemas sanitarios en la actualidad.

Projecte per a la creació d'un programari per a un viver de plantes auto-gestionat amb l'ajuda d'elements de control i interactuació amb les instal·lacions i els sistemes de reg i fertilització. Proyecto para la creación de un software para un vivero de plantas auto-gestionado con la ayuda de elementos de control e interactuación con las instalaciones y los sistemas de riego y fertilización. Bachelor thesis for the Computer science program on Software engineering.

Paper from the anual meeting of SEAC (European Society for Astronomy in Culture) held in Kecskemét in Hungary in 2004. This volumen is edited by Emília Pásztor., [EN]We report here on an on-going study to measure the orientation of the megalithic monuments of the TRB West group. The orientation of 48 passage graves between the rivers Wesser and Ems have been measured. The orientations of the chambers and of the passages, where posible, have been collected. Chambers are orientated close to due east-west. A secondary peck in the orientation of the chambers is observed close to summer solstice sunrise. The entrance is mostly located to the south and can be related to the rise and set of the stars of the Southern Cross and the Pointers. When compared with the monuments from TRB East group and the Allees Couverts from Brittany the orientations seem compatible. However the orientations of monuments from the TRB North group seem to be different. The oldest dating from the TRB monuments come from the TRB North group. Possible implications are discussed.

Proceedings of the SEAC 2005, Isili, Sardinia, 28 June to 3 July. Editors: Mauro Peppino Zedda and Juan Antonio Belmonte, [EN]We have measured the orientations on a number of hipogea for several Punic necropolises in the islands of Sardinia and Ibiza. In Sardinia we have explored the necropolises of Tuvixeddu, Tharros, Sulcis, Mte. Sirai, Senorbi (Mte. Luna) and Villamar. In Ibiza we have obtained data in the necrópolis of Puig des Molins (the main necrópolis of the Punic town of Ebusus, today Ibiza) and in two rural settlement neropolises (Ses Païses de Cala D'Hort and Ses Torres). We have measured the orientation of the entrance to the hypogeum (and the inclination where it was possible), and we have yielded distributions of azimuth and declination for the different sites. On the one hand, we have measured over 300 hipogea in Puig des Molins. The hipogea show a tendency to be open perpendicularly to the ground level contours, in a clear example of arqueotopography. On the other hand, the rural necropolises show a hipogea in Tuvixeddu. This necrópolis shows a strong peak in the orientation towards the Winter solstice sunset. The data from the other necropolises in Sardinia show a larger spread in azimuths. When combined to increase the signal, three statistically significant peaks appear in declinations towards the two solstices and equinox. We finally compare these results with data from the literatura and map measurements for other Punic necropolises. These include necropolises from the Iberian Peninsula, Tunisia and Sicily. Curiously, a general tendency appears towards orientating the hipogea in relation with the Solstices and Equinoxes. This orientation costume can be related to important festivities in the Phoenician/Punic calendar as informed by epigraphic sources. All these data show that the orientation of the entrance might presumably have been important when building a hypogeum in a Punic necrópolis., This work has been partially financed by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias under Projetc P07/93 "Arqueoastronomía" and by the Spanish MEC under Projetc AyA2004-01010 "Orientatio ad Sidera".

Proceedings of the SEAC 2005, Isili, Sardinia, 28 June to 3 July. Editors: Mauro Peppino Zedda and Juan Antonio Belmonte, [EN]It has been proposed that the patterns of orientation of several groups of megalithic monuments may be explained by an interest in the moon or the sun. These two celestial bodies follow distinct rising and setting patterns for different periods of the year and throughout the years. These distributions can be compared, in a statistical sense, to the patterns followed by the orientation of groups of monuments. In this manner, we can attempt to find which object (sun or moon) these monuments are more likely related to. We have performed a numerical analysis of the orientations of a few groups of megaltihic monuments in the central mediterranean in relation to the patterns of the crescent/waning moon as seen a few degrees above the horizon for different times of the year. We have studied the west facing monuments in Provence and Languedoc (France), which can be related to the first sighting of the crescent moon for different times of the year. Then, we present results for hte Sardinian Tombe di Giganti. We divide the simple in north and south of the island and find that, although for both cases a relation with the waning moon can be climed, this would happen at different times of the year, implying a posible evolution in this culture. For comparison, we have analysed the Tunisian dolmens finding similar explanations as for the Tombe the Giganti of southern Sardinia. Finally, we try to falsify our working hypothesis by testing the sunrise/sun-climbing hypothesis for one of our data sets. From that test, we can discard the sunrise, although the sun-climbing is still plausible., This work has been partially financed by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and by the Spanish MEC under Projects P07/93 "Arqueoastronomía" and AyA2004-01010

[EN]The Western Group of the Trichterbecherkultur (TRB Culture) built the megalithic monuments in Northwest Germany and The Netherlands. These monuments include different types of megaliths belonging to the TRB-West group, among which the most common are Passage Graves. We have obtained data for 163 monuments in this area in three campaigns. The present study completes two previous communications at SEAC meetings. We consider that the measured sample is largely competed and therefore we attempt a full analysis of the data. We have measured the orientation of the chamber and passages (where possible) for the Passage Graves, and for the so-called Langebetten. The general orientation of the chamber of the Passage Graves is east west, with another concentration of monuments at azimuths around 70 degrees. The passage is always located to the southern or eastern sides of the chamber. Possible astronomical explanations involving the Sun and the Moon are attempted. We find a preference towards lunar orientations. The general orientation of the Langebetten is similar to the Passage Graves although a preference to significant positions of the Sun and Moon is detected. Finally we perform a comparison with data from the literature of other TRB groups and give a tentative explanation for the evolution of the megaliths and their orientation.

Proceedings of th 9th anual meeting of the European Society for Astronomy in Culture (SEAC), Stockholm, 27-30 August 2001. Editors of volumen: Mary Blomberg, Peter E. Blomberg, Goran Henriksson. 167 pages, [EN]From about 3400 to 2850 BC, the peoples of the Western Group of the Funnel Beaker Culture occupied the North European plain between Ámsterdam and Hamburg. In the northern Dutch provinces of Drenthe and Groningen, running along the 'Hondsrug', lie 52 passage graves belonging to this culture. The monuments consist of a number of trilithons that form the burial camber. For some of the chambers there is a passage that, although not very long on one side, also consists of a series of trilithons. An earthen mound originally covered all of the stones. Archaeological studies in the past roughly determined an east-west orientation for the chambers, indicating that the passages are always on the east or south sides of the cambers. However few more detailed sutides are found in the literatura. We have measured the orientation of both the camber and the passage of each grave wherever this is posible. The camber orientations are broadly distributed about east-west with a peak near the equinoxes. It has already been proposed that they may have incorporated deliberate solar and lunar alignments. The orientations of the passages (entrances) exhibit a slightly broader distribution. This is centred about due south, but is doublé peaked, with a peak on either side os South. One might postúlate an alignment to the culminating moon low in the southern sky at times around the major standstill. Alternatively the data could be interpreted as relating to the rising and setting of a group of stars, notably Alpha Centauri and perhaps the Southern Cross.