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The purpose of the communication is to present some research results on the sector of aromatic and medicinal herbs located in different regions of the Portuguese territory. The focus of the presentation is the role of local development associations and networks in the development of the sector. Aromatic and medicinal plants are very important in the Mediterranean diet. Their presence in gourmet food and the recipes of well-known chefs gave an important impulse in the prestige and, therefore, demand of the product. The cultivation of aromatic and medicinal herbs has economic, social, and environmental impacts on the territory. Besides the creation of employment and the possibility of an, principal or complementary, income source, this production provides the improvement of biodiversity and the occupation of rural areas. They are mostly cultivated in small and very small farms, both in developing and developed countries (Kwankhao & Indaratna, 2020; Matthews & Jack, 201; Schunko, et al, 2019; Unati et al, 2016; Yamoah et al, 2014). This characteristic presents many challenges in different dimensions of business development through the value chain, namely commercialization. That is why the connection and the establishment of partnerships with other actors, such as local development associations, and other producers, have an important role, since they provide the scale and critical resources towards the success of this initiatives. The case study selected, EPAM, provides the empirical setting to explore this sector regarding the role of networks. With these goals in mind, the presentation is structured in through the following topics: after the revision of literature, and the design of a conceptual framework, the communication presents the methodological options, and the results. The presentation finishes with the identification of limitations of the research and concluding remarks. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Genetic resources constitute a critical resource to deal with the current climatic and geostrategic challenges. The XXI century reintroduced the problem of food security in political and scientific agendas of developed countries. At the roots of this re-emergence are multidimensional reasons: economic (cereals crisis in 2008), public health (covid pandemic), and war (Russia vs Ukraine). Within this context, the reflection on basic issues concerning the food system, namely food production and the resources involved in, such as seeds, is of utmost importance. The paper presents an exploratory approach to genetic conservation through banks in Portugal. The sections of the paper include a problematization, namely the international and national framework on the subject, the design of an analytical model, and the presentation of the results of a case study of a Portuguese genetic bank. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This paper tries to understand whether access to land in the Central Plateau of Angola can reduce hunger, poverty, food insecurity and thereby contribute to sustainable regional development. The Q Method approach based on the selection and ranking of phrases collected from local authorities allow the identification of different attitudes that constraint sustainable development related to access to land and food security. The State disagrees with the potential of small farms, Family Farms do not agree with the importance of access to land and those who have access to land disagree with the role of the market. Summing up the results of this exercise recognize that access to land is a solution to the hunger and food insecurity that is at odds with governments and the community. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

A pandemia Covid-19 veio revelar, na sua fase mais aguda, a hierarquia de importância das atividades essenciais às sociedades. As questões da saúde pública, da alimentação, do saneamento, do cuidado das pessoas mais vulneráveis, dos transportes fundamentais foram colocadas em destaque em todos os países que tiveram de enfrentar a pandemia. Este capítulo tem como primeiro objetivo analisar o impacto da pandemia na resiliência do sistema alimentar, com particular enfoque nas iniciativas criadas para minorar dois problemas: o problema do acesso alimentar por uma parte subitamente muito acrescida da população; e o problema do escoamento da produção agrícola e pecuária, resultante dos fatores acima enunciados. Em segundo lugar, procura refletir de que forma as novas iniciativas podem beneficiar o desenvolvimento de sistemas agroalimentares ambientalmente mais sustentáveis, com maior recurso a produção agrícola local e circuitos curtos de comercialização. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

A política pública de aquisição é um instrumento central e estratégico de inovação, bem como de promoção e implementação dos valores da sustentabilidade. O artigo apresenta resultados de investigação sobre política de aquisição pública sustentável no caso das cantinas escolares a partir da análise exploratória de três casos de estudo em Portugal. Estes casos permitem identificar alguns dos principais desafios que atualmente se apresentam à política pública de aquisição no quadro da implementação dos valores da sustentabilidade, incluindo a saúde e o ambiente. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Aim: Low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) is pragmatically defined as disordered bowel function after rectal resection leading to a detriment in quality of life. This broad characterization does not allow for precise estimates of prevalence. The LARS score was designed as a simple tool for clinical evaluation of LARS. Although the LARS score has good clinical utility, it may not capture all important aspects that patients may experience. The aim of this collaboration was to develop an international consensus definition of LARS that encompasses all aspects of the condition and is informed by all stakeholders. Method: This international patient–provider initiative used an online Delphi survey, regional patient consultation meetings, and an international consensus meeting. Three expert groups participated: patients, surgeons and other health professionals from five regions (Australasia, Denmark, Spain, Great Britain and Ireland, and North America) and in three languages (English, Spanish, and Danish). The primary outcome measured was the priorities for the definition of LARS. Results: Three hundred twenty-five participants (156 patients) registered. The response rates for successive rounds of the Delphi survey were 86%, 96% and 99%. Eighteen priorities emerged from the Delphi survey. Patient consultation and consensus meetings refined these priorities to eight symptoms and eight consequences that capture essential aspects of the syndrome. Sampling bias may have been present, in particular, in the patient panel because social media was used extensively in recruitment. There was also dominance of the surgical panel at the final consensus meeting despite attempts to mitigate this. Conclusion: This is the first definition of LARS developed with direct input from a large international patient panel. The involvement of patients in all phases has ensured that the definition presented encompasses the vital aspects of the patient experience of LARS. The novel separation of symptoms and consequences may enable greater sensitivity to detect changes in LARS over time and with intervention.

Os territórios metropolitanos são importantes contextos empíricos para desenvolver investigação sobre as tendências de evolução do sistema agroalimentar. Entre outros fatores, essa relevância decorre de aspetos de natureza económica, institucional e social. O presente artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre o potencial dos nichos de inovação agroalimentar na Área Metropolitana de Lisboa (AML). Nesse contexto analítico serão considerados casos de estudo que permitem ilustrar as dinâmicas de inovação para a sustentabilidade. Tendo em vista este propósito, serão apresentados os percursos de cada projeto (i.e., perfil e motivações dos seus promotores, importância de medidas de política, estabelecimento de redes de parcerias) e analisadas as particularidades destas iniciativas de base local como agentes de mudança. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (VWD) depends on personal and family history of bleeding and confirmatory laboratory testing. Currently available phenotypic tests for VWD contain potential sources for error that may distort results. Despite an exponential growth of information about the von Willebrand factor gene ( VWF ), the role of molecular diagnosis in VWD is still controversial. Due to the complexity and high cost of conventional molecular analyses, some investigators have recommended limiting this approach to distinguish suspected type 2N VWD from hemophilia A, type 2B from platelet-type VWD, and the exploration of type 3 VWD. New genetic methodologies and approaches are becoming available, but there is still some reluctance for their implementation in VWD diagnosis. This article discusses the pros and cons of molecular testing in VWD considering the experience obtained through the multicenter project "Molecular and Clinical Profile of VWD in Spain (PCM-EVW-ES)."

O sistema agroalimentar assume uma importância central nos desafios contemporâneos (e.g. alterações climáticas, depredação dos recursos naturais, perda de biodiversidade, segurança alimentar, saúde) (FAO, 2018). Ao longo dos últimos anos, a crescente inadequação do seu modelo de desenvolvimento tem vindo a revelar diversas fragilidades, recentemente ampliadas pela crise pandémica provocada pela pandemia Covid-19 (e.g. alteração das cadeias de abastecimento, fragmentação dos locais de produção e consumo, desequilíbrio na distribuição de valor entre os diferentes segmentos da cadeia de abastecimento, ameaças à soberania e segurança alimentar). Estas alterações vieram reforçar em grande escala a necessidade e a oportunidade de promover a transformação destes sistemas para modelos mais sustentáveis, intensificando a ação dos mecanismos de coordenação e governação europeia. A transformação do sistema agroalimentar não diz respeito em exclusivo ao mundo rural. Diz também respeito às áreas urbanas e periurbanas, chamadas a desempenhar um papel renovado. As grandes áreas metropolitanas integram, em muitos casos, uma periferia rural extensa, que constitui mais do que uma reserva de paisagem. É também uma fonte importante de produção alimentar. A revalorização do local e das relações de proximidade tem surgido associada à crescente preocupação com a qualidade dos alimentos, à consciência do valor da paisagem e da biodiversidade. Em muitos países desenvolvidos, movimentos culturais e organizações ambientalistas combinaram-se na criação de uma tendência de re-ligação à terra a partir das grandes cidades, que se exprime pela criação e exploração de pequenos talhões cultivados no interior do território das cidades, e pela mais intensa fruição dos chamados espaços verdes. O equilíbrio da vida urbana parece depender de uma nova perspetiva sobre as relações rural-urbano, onde o repensar do sistema alimentar se insere e a participação das cidades é revisitada. A transformação do sistema alimentar requer a intervenção de várias políticas dizendo respeito à agricultura e ao desenvolvimento rural; ao ordenamento e coesão do território; à defesa da biodiversidade e da paisagem; e à alimentação e saúde. Entre a multiplicidade de atores envolvidos, os agentes locais, incluindo as autoridades municipais, têm vindo a intervir de forma crescente quer na disponibilização de parcelas para cultivo, quer no assegurar de alimentação saudável nos equipamentos que gerem, através de uma nova filosofia de aquisições. Este capítulo tem como objetivo abordar a transformação do sistema alimentar português, com especial destaque para as políticas relevantes para essa transformação. Na secção 2 apresenta-se o tema da transformação dos sistemas alimentares na perspetiva da sustentabilidade. Na secção 3 analisam-se as principais políticas envolvidas nesta mudança, a política agrícola e de desenvolvimento rural, e a política de ordenamento do território, com uma menção particular à Área Metropolitana de Lisboa (AML). Na secção 4, é apresentado um exemplo de boas práticas de atores locais, designadamente de aquisição pública pelas autarquias, no território da AML. Na secção 5 são apresentadas as conclusões e, na secção 6, a bibliografia citada info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (VWD) depends on personal and family history of bleeding and confirmatory laboratory testing. Currently available phenotypic tests for VWD contain potential sources for error that may distort results. Despite an exponential growth of information about the von Willebrand factor gene ( VWF ), the role of molecular diagnosis in VWD is still controversial. Due to the complexity and high cost of conventional molecular analyses, some investigators have recommended limiting this approach to distinguish suspected type 2N VWD from hemophilia A, type 2B from platelet-type VWD, and the exploration of type 3 VWD. New genetic methodologies and approaches are becoming available, but there is still some reluctance for their implementation in VWD diagnosis. This article discusses the pros and cons of molecular testing in VWD considering the experience obtained through the multicenter project "Molecular and Clinical Profile of VWD in Spain (PCM-EVW-ES)."

The research has been developed within a research project on Spatial Planning for Change (SPLACH) through an interdisciplinary approach. The analysis addresses food system’s transition in a specific territory, the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA). The transition of food systems towards a sustainable model has been under analysis and debate. This transition is related with structural changes, namely the emphasis on local production, short supply chains, and the preference for organic products. The shift of the agri-food system is taking place through the creation of entirely new businesses and the shift of individual farms towards organic production. In both cases, the new enterprises resort to a combination of old agricultural knowledge and techniques, new scientific knowledge regarding productive methods and new technological platforms for advertising and commercialization. These mixed sources permit the creation of interesting forms of new business models, combining old and new knowledge and practices. In addition to the agriculture domain, they exemplify how traditional industries can absorb/generate innovation, at technological and organizational levels, and become in line with the new knowledge-based era. The study has three main objectives: to identify and analyze the emerging agri-food businesses in LMA; to characterize business models (BM) changes within the transition dynamics towards sustainability; to reflect on the challenges presented by the food system characteristics, in terms of sustainable BM; and to demonstrate that BM specificity – combining new and old knowledge and practices - is closely related to the characteristics of the food system. The paper presents results of the research on the emergence of a new business models, focusing on the case of an organic food production innovative initiative in the LMA, Quinta do Oeste. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The paper aims to analyse sustainable innovations in food production, commercialization and consumption, notably in the form of new production practices, new means of commercialization and new patterns of consumer behaviour. The main goal is to determine the importance of these recent experiments in the shift towards a more sustainable sociotechnical food system in Portugal, in a comparative perspective. In fact, there have been social, technological and organizational innovations in the food system in Portugal: novel forms of organic food production; new specialized retail chains; the transformation of food departments in large stores; and the creation of short food supply chains. These experiments – innovations deployed in “niches”, or protected spaces -, may become more widely adopted depending on their degree of compatibility with the dominant regime or, conversely, their ability to substitute the dominant regime (Ingram et al, 2015). Tensions at the mainstream regime (Smith, 2016) or pressures exerted by the landscape (Geels, 2004) may boost the diffusion of these innovations, favouring a complex transition process. When developing initiatives to achieve a sustainable food system, the role played by institutions (local and national authorities and legal framework) is crucial, as is the involvement of a wide range of actors (e.g., farmers, food processing companies, retailers and consumers). New social practices are crucial to this shift, due to centrality of consumers in this shift (Spaargaren, 2011). Policies may support or hinder the emergence and deployment of experiments in the form of new products, processes, business models and practices. The theoretical framework draws on niche strategic management (Smith, 2006), sustainable transitions multilevel approach (Geels, 2004) and social practices approach (Spaargaren, 2011). The paper aims to contribute to the literature by making a critical assessment of the impact of these experiments on the transition in the food system in Portugal, taking into account successful cases reported in the literature. It also aims to contribute to policy formulation regarding a sustainable food system info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Metropolitan areas are strategic territories in the research on ‘urban agriculture, food and food systems’. Land use categories and farm related activities constitute major indicators in this research. One of the main characteristics of periurban areas is the complementary nature of the relations between urban and rural systems. The paper presents and discusses the main findings of two research projects conducted in Lisbon Metropolitan Area, in relation with urban agriculture and food and the transition of the food sociotechnical system. This presentation and further discussion highlights the adequacy of interdisciplinary approaches regarding ‘Connections and missing links within urban agriculture, food and food systems’. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The paper presents a case study related to the production of medicinal and aromatic plants in rural territories within a conceptual and methodological framework focused on social innovation and networks. The case study presents specificities that allow the debate on methodologies and approaches aiming the promotion of rural development of territories with structural problems such as desertification. The concepts operationalized in order to understand these realities and problems offer interesting potentialities in the discussion of the challenges and design of solutions to overcome the main problems of rural territories. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

The concept of social innovation is not new but “has returned to prominence in the last 15 years, after a period of neglect” (McCallum, Moulaert et al, 2009, p.2). However, and according to Ionescu, “social innovation is a relatively new analysis subject when it comes to the development of the theoretical approaches which rend the projected social development possible and efficient, but also within the context of other approaches which put emphasis on dispersed knowledge, decentralization and the capacity of communities and social groups to self-organize and formulate specific and new solutions to the problems they are dealing with” (Ionescu, 2015, p.54). The history of the concept revels that the association between the terms ‘innovation’ and ‘social’ has moved from its consideration as one of the dimensions of political and organizational change (Benjamin Franklin, Emile Durkheim, Joseph Schumpeter) to a change in itself: “the introduction of the social to innovation - as well as of the innovation to the social” (McCallum, Moulaert et al, 2009, p. 2). According to the same authors, “The concept enlarges the economic and technological reading of the role of innovation in development to encompass a more comprehensive societal transformation of human relations and practices (Moulaert and Nussbaumer 2008, in McCallum, Moulaert et al, 2009, p.2), being much more than innovations that enhance economic efficiency (Moulaert et al. 2005, 1973; Moulaert and Nussbaumer 2005, in McCallum, Moulaert et al, 2009, p.2) The work of Chambon, David and Devevey (1982) (Que sais- je?) offers an important synthesis on social innovation, namely the “relationship between social innovation and the pressures bound up within societal changes, and show how the mechanisms of crisis and recovery both provoke and accelerate social innovation”. According to the authors, “social innovation signifies satisfaction of specific needs thanks to collective initiative, which is not synonymous with state intervention” (in Moulaert, 2009, p.13), and “can occur in different communities and at various spatial scales, but is conditional on processes of consciousness raising, mobilization and learning” (Idem, ibidem, p.13). The literature on the subject refers also the different elements involved in the dynamic of social innovation: objectives, processes, results and impact. In fact, “social innovations are innovations in both their ends and their means” (Ionescu, 2015, p.56); “social innovation is innovation in social relations, as well as in meeting human needs” (McCallum, Moulaert et al, 2009, p.2). info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

New Delhi is the second largest megacity in the world with a population of 26 million inhabitants (United Nations, 2016). Its metropolitan area its under severe vulnerabilities due to the lack of control of planning instruments on urban transformations. Needs in housing, resources (water and energy), infrastructures, transports, public services (health and education) among others are definitely going beyond local and regional government response capacities (Kapuria, 2014). Planning efforts, polices and regulations seem to have been instrumentalized under distinct historical moments, namely colonization, state control over land and nowadays capitalism and globalization. This leaded to the advent of an unplanned urbanism, with its extreme consequences and risks. It is intended to establish this nexus by revisiting the key planning moments in Delhi along with its different socioeconomic, cultural and political frameworks across time. Finally, we draw conclusions on how contemporary urban development models such as ‘sustainability’, ‘resilience’, ‘participated governance’ or ‘smart cities’ are being framed, perceived and applied under the context of Delhi urban planning instruments, polices and research. It seems that these narratives are serving as means to achieve specific goals by different drivers and actors. The discourse of sustainability is used to sell gated urbanizations for higher income classes, situated in greened areas, far way from slums and pollution. Resilience and horizontal governance is pursuit by the state as a mean to make citizens resistant and accountable to deal with city problems withdrawing public institutions from its own responsibility. Smart Cities Agenda is based on a huge investment on technologic information systems (Delhi is home to many ICT companies) on the hope to end mobility and pollution problems, leaving aside the fact that 77% of Delhi population live under poverty, in precarious housing or without infrastructure (sewage systems, water distribution and services) (Kushwaha, 2016). It is intended to highlight the importance of this reflection for a deep rethinking on concepts and practices in urban planning field, specially in what concerns its normative generalization without taking into account the influences and consequences of distinct political, social, info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The presentation aims to highlight the case of Delhi as a reference to reflect on urban planning in general and in the case of Lisbon Metropolitan Area. In fact, the extremes, the edges, offer important insights to understand other realities and dynamics through the identification of players, forces and movements that might be not so evidenced in more ‘conventional’ cases. New Delhi is the second largest megacity in the world with a population of 25 million inhabitants. Its metropolitan area is under severe vulnerabilities due to the lack of control of planning instruments on urban transformations. Planning efforts seem to have been used by diverse processes and actors under distinct historical moments, namely colonization, state control over land and nowadays capitalism and globalization dynamics. This leaded to the advent of an insurgent urbanism, where a network of vulnerabilities as settled in time. The presentation establishes this nexus by revisiting key urban transformations in Delhi relating them with planning options that have emerged in distinct socioeconomic, cultural and political contexts. Secondly some considerations will be made on how contemporary concepts such as ‘sustainability’, ‘resilience’, ‘participative governance’ or ‘smart cities’ are being framed, perceived and applied under the context of current urban planning instruments, polices and research. It seems that these narratives are serving as a mean to achieve specific goals by different drivers and actors. Thirdly it is intended to highlight the importance of these examples as key triggers for a deep rethinking on concepts and practices in urban planning field today, namely in the case of Lisbon Metropolitan Area, keeping a critical distance from hegemonic normative views and looking closer at the distinct meanings, power relations, unbalances that surround them according to the diverse scientific, politic, social, economic drivers. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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A agricultura urbana tem um importante papel na mitigação de problemas sociais, económicos e ambientais, ao promover a coesão social, as relações de reciprocidade, a produção local, práticas agrícolas sustentáveis e o uso de solos abandonados. A agricultura urbana é, assim, suscetível de ser analisada à luz da economia solidária, enquanto abordagem substantiva da economia, baseada na reciprocidade, domesticidade, redistribuição, participação democrática e em relações de solidariedade, sendo especialmente relevante a perspetiva da Macaronésia, pela diversidade de projetos propostos: social; económico; cultural; ambiental; territorial; de conhecimento interativo; de gestão inovadora; político. O artigo tem como principal objetivo a identificação das práticas de economia solidária (perspetiva da Macaronésia) presentes em três hortas urbanas do concelho de Lisboa: o Parque Hortícola do Vale de Chelas (iniciativa formal da Câmara Municipal de Lisboa), o Parque Agrícola da Alta de Lisboa (iniciativa formal, associativa, da Associação para a Valorização Ambiental da Alta de Lisboa) e a Horta do Baldio (iniciativa informal). Foi adotada uma abordagem metodológica de natureza quantitativa e qualitativa envolvendo inquéritos a utentes das iniciativas (n=42), entrevistas semi-diretivas a atores com responsabilidades nas iniciativas (n=3) e a observação participante. Com base nas 35 práticas avaliadas, representativas de oito projetos da economia solidária da Macaronésia, identificámos 31 práticas, sendo sete muito relevantes e quatro relevantes. Destacam-se a produção em modo biológico, os contributos para a coesão social e para a saúde, a partilha de conhecimentos entre os utentes, a promoção de relações de reciprocidade e a tomada democrática de decisões. As restantes 20 práticas foram consideradas pouco relevantes. Tais resultados revelam, como mais explícitos, os projetos económico, social e ambiental e remetem para a riqueza e diversidade das iniciativas bem como para alguns dos desafios que se colocam à agricultura urbana. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Razionale EXPO 2015 affronta un bisogno primario per l’essere umano: “nutrire il pianeta; energia per la vita”. Per le ripercussioni globali a breve-medio termine è una importante occasione di confronto nazionale e internazionale. La problematica dovrebbe essere affrontata in modo razionale, chiaro e, soprattutto, ampiamente compartecipato dall’opinione pubblica. Dato per scontato che il primo nutrimento è l’ossigeno, l’assunto è che la composizione e non solo la qualità del cibo ingerito siano indispensabili per stabilire la porzione e la frequenza di consumo. Il primo aspetto da fare emergere dovrebbe pertanto riguardare le caratteristiche della corretta nutrizione e le modalità per ottenerla, considerando che il comportamento alimentare è la risultante di una complessa interazione tra fattori biologici, psicologici e l’ambiente in cui si vive. Cibo in quantità suf#ciente, sicuro e in grado di fornire il giusto apporto nutrizionale sono le condizioni per mantenere la salute e avere una vita attiva (World Food Summit del 1996). Mentre la Commissione Europea propone un aggiornamento dei Regolamenti a garanzia della sicurezza alimentare con una rinnovata attenzione alla prevenzione e alle ricadute ecologiche dell’alimentazione, le Agenzie Internazionali (OMS, FAO, UE) sottolineano la necessità di porre la giusta attenzione agli aspetti nutrizionali dell’alimentazione e alle sue conseguenze in termini di salute. Sulla scelta al consumo le tre priorità emergenti sono: 1. ricerca del benessere e salute. L’equazione “mangiare bene-stare bene”, sempre più percepita dalla popolazione, necessita di chiarimenti sui rapporti tra sano e naturale, sano e industriale, sano e biologico (più di 700 milioni di euro in Italia nel 2014 per prodotti bio), sano ed eco-friendly; 2. attenzione all’ambiente e alla sostenibilità; 3. criteri etici nella scelta dei prodotti. La visione globale della problematica risulta estremamente complessa, richiedendo una pianificazione a 360° che va oltre il mero ambito sanitario. Imprescindibile alla sua realizzazione, specie a livello nazionale, l’esistenza di un “Sistema Paese” di fatto coeso. Se nutrire l’individuo è lo scopo principale del cibo, dovrebbero risultare de#nite le priorità/emergenze nutrizionali da affrontare su scala nazionale e internazionale per poter rendere efficaci i modelli d’intervento sia di tipo preventivo sia terapeutico e di piani#cazione agro-alimentare per le popolazioni. Purtroppo, le politiche d’intervento attivate nei vari Paesi dimostrano ancora impostazioni fortemente settoriali e in parte condizionate da interessi economico-finanziari. Una constatazione risulta evidente: l’incomprensibile inadeguato investimento strategico in nutrizione clinica e preventiva nell’ambito della politica sanitaria nazionale. E a maggior ragione, alla luce dei grandi cambiamenti demografici avvenuti in tutti i Paesi del mondo: invecchiamento della popolazione, aumento degli adolescenti, specie nei Paesi in via di sviluppo, migrazioni. Ciò ha modificato prevalenza e incidenza delle patologie cronico degenerative, che richiedono un numero crescente d’interventi riabilitativi, specie in relazione alla malnutrizione per eccesso e difetto (calorico-proteica e/o in micronutrienti). Una evidenziazione delle criticità condivisa dai tecnici del settore, nel rispetto della necessaria multidisciplinarietà, risulta pertanto quanto mai necessaria per un serio raffronto, anche a livello internazionale, su problematiche comuni. La “pesatura” delle stesse, sulla base di criteri quantitativi assoluti, rende oggettiva e trasparente all’opinione pubblica e ai policy maker la possibile e ottimale allocazione delle risorse necessarie per contrastarle. Il manifesto delle criticità in nutrizione clinica e preventiva: • faciliterà la riflessione dei cittadini italiani, sottoposti a una eccessiva e costante pressione mediatica – prevalentemente a fini commerciali – su tali argomenti, fonte di crescente confusione e insicurezza circa i comportamenti da seguire. Non bisognerebbe lasciarsi sfuggire l’opportunità di un’ampia ri*essione di carattere scientifico, che possa portare all’attenzione di un pubblico globale temi che sono centrali per l’intera Comunità Internazionale non solo per la durata di Expo 2015; • potrà fungere da strumento operativo d’indirizzo istituzionale per un intervallo temporale di almeno quattro anni, necessario per una ef#cace pianificazione degli interventi. Il documento non è una linea-guida o un decalogo di nobili propositi, ma una analisi oggettiva corredata di azioni strategiche fattibili e auspichiamo vincolanti. Deve aumentare il convincimento che le problematiche nutrizionali (per lo più connesse alla patologia cronica), non sono risolvibili con soli interventi sanitari, ma richiede un cambio di orientamento culturale a livello produttivo, distributivo e di consumo. In questa operazione risulta evidente la centralità del Ministero della Salute e in particolare della Direzione Generale della Igiene e Sicurezza degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, per un’eventuale revisione delle politiche in materia (tramite strumenti quali linee-guida, LEA, PSN, ecc.) e ricadute in ambito nazionale (politiche regionali in materia sanitaria dedicate alla nutrizione) e internazionale.

La diarrea crónica de origen infeccioso en pacientes inmunocompetentes es un cuadro poco frecuente en países desarrollados, aunque ciertos patógenos, generalmente parásitos (Giardia lamblia, Isospora belli, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Strongyloides, Ameba, Trichuris y Schistosoma) y algunas bacterias (Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile, Salmonella o Mycobacterium tuberculosis) pueden ser causantes de diarrea persistente. Se presenta un caso de un paciente que presentó Salmonella typhimunium en el coprocultivo y se recuperó tras tratamiento con levofloxacino durante 7 días. Chronic diarrhea caused by infection in immunocompetent patients is an infrequent condition in developed countries, although certain pathogens, generally parasites (Giardia lamblia, Isospora belli, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Strongyloides, Ameba, Trichuris and Schistosoma) and some bacteria (Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile, Salmonella or Mycobacterium tuberculosis) can cause persistent diarrhea. We present the case of a patient who showed Salmonella typhimurium in his stool culture and recovered following treatment with levofloxacin for 7 days.

Carried out within the framework of the multidisciplinary research project PERIURBAN (Peri-urban areas faced with the challenges of sustainability: developing scenarios for Lisbon Metropolitan Area) this article aims to propose, discuss and implement criteria for assessing the sustainability of peri-metropolitan territories at the social and economic level, starting from its application to the specific case of 5 parishes in Lisbon Metropolitan area. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

A agricultura urbana tem um importante papel na mitigação de problemas sociais, económicos e ambientais, ao promover a coesão social, as relações de reciprocidade, a produção local, práticas agrícolas sustentáveis e o uso de solos abandonados. A agricultura urbana é, assim, suscetível de ser analisada à luz da economia solidária, enquanto abordagem substantiva da economia, baseada na reciprocidade, domesticidade, redistribuição, participação democrática e em relações de solidariedade, sendo especialmente relevante a perspetiva da Macaronésia, pela diversidade de projetos propostos: social; económico; cultural; ambiental; territorial; de conhecimento interativo; de gestão inovadora; político. O artigo tem como principal objetivo a identificação das práticas de economia solidária (perspetiva da Macaronésia) presentes em três hortas urbanas do concelho de Lisboa: o Parque Hortícola do Vale de Chelas (iniciativa formal da Câmara Municipal de Lisboa), o Parque Agrícola da Alta de Lisboa (iniciativa formal, associativa, da Associação para a Valorização Ambiental da Alta de Lisboa) e a Horta do Baldio (iniciativa informal). Foi adotada uma abordagem metodológica de natureza quantitativa e qualitativa envolvendo inquéritos a utentes das iniciativas (n=42), entrevistas semi-diretivas a atores com responsabilidades nas iniciativas (n=3) e a observação participante. Com base nas 35 práticas avaliadas, representativas de oito projetos da economia solidária da Macaronésia, identificámos 31 práticas, sendo sete muito relevantes e quatro relevantes. Destacam-se a produção em modo biológico, os contributos para a coesão social e para a saúde, a partilha de conhecimentos entre os utentes, a promoção de relações de reciprocidade e a tomada democrática de decisões. As restantes 20 práticas foram consideradas pouco relevantes. Tais resultados revelam, como mais explícitos, os projetos económico, social e ambiental e remetem para a riqueza e diversidade das iniciativas bem como para alguns dos desafios que se colocam à agricultura urbana. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Property rights correspond to one of the central institutions in the debate on sustainability. Nowadays, and in the case of landed property rights, this importance has been worldwide increased by the concerns on food security and climate change. In fact, the control and use of important natural resources allowed by the institution of property are crucial to food production and the mitigation of climatic changes. The paper presents the institution of property rights considering the contribution of economic theory, namely Classical Political Economists and Institutionalism perspective. The revision of literature and conceptual approach on property rights is followed by the analysis of crucial norms regarding the definition of landed property rights in the Portuguese case, providing the base to critically address this institution within the debate on sustainability. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion