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Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. In MS, disability progresses unpredictably. Dopamine (DA) is a modulator of immune functions, and compelling evidence supports its involvement in both pathogenesis and treatment of MS. Although single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in dopaminergic receptor (DR) genes have been extensively studied, their role in MS progression remains unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this explorative study is to investigate the potential association between functional SNPs in DR genes and MS progression. Methods: Caucasian patients with relapsing–remitting (RR) MS were enrolled, and disease progression assessed by the Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS). Results: Out of the 59 RRMS patients enrolled, those with the G/G genotype for rs6280 and rs1800828 SNPs in DRD3 showed significantly higher MSSSs compared to those with ancestral and heterozygous genotypes. Conclusions: If confirmed in a larger prospective study, the reported findings could contribute to a better understanding of MS pathophysiological mechanisms, opening the way for the identification of marker(s) for assessing MS progression as well as novel therapeutic strategies. A personalized approach to MS management has the potential to improve the overall well-being of MS patients and alleviate the burden on their caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) affects approximately 1–5% of children and is linked to cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurobehavioral complications. Dysregulation of inflammatory process and sympathetic nervous system overstimulation leading to increased catecholamine production may contribute to OSAS pathogenesis. Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils (PMN), key cells in the inflammatory process, express adrenergic receptors, including β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2), which modulate their functions through an autocrine/paracrine loop. In this pilot study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between OSAS severity, ADRB2 expression in PMN and patient's inflammatory profile before and after adenotonsillectomy. In this pilot study we enrolled OSAS pediatric patients in which ADRB2, IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expression levels were evaluated in circulating PMN by RT-PCR. 9 OSAS pediatric patients, ranged from 3 to 8 years of age, were enrolled in the study. We found that adenotonsillectomy significantly reduced ADRB2 as well as IL-6, IL-8 mRNA expression levels in PMN. These findings offer valuable insights into the underlying immune and inflammatory mechanisms of OSAS and open the way for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. • Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome is linked to cardiovascular and metabolic disease. • Inflammatory process and sympathetic system overstimulation contribute to OSAS. • Neutrophils express β2-adrenergic receptor and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. • Adenotonsillectomy reduced β2-adrenergic receptor, IL-6, IL-8 expression in PMN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several dermal substitutes are available on the market, but there is no precise indication that helps surgeons choose the proper one. Few studies have tried to compare different xenogeneic bioengineered products, but no objective bio-parametric comparison has been made yet. Fifteen patients who underwent skin reconstruction with Integra® or Pelnac® were retrospectively evaluated. After at least 12 months of follow-up, an objective and quantitative assessment of several skin biophysical properties, such as color, texture, elasticity, hydration, glossiness and trans-epidermal water loss, were measured with non-invasive skin measurement devices. The grafted skin showed a reduction of the superficial hydration level and a tendency to lower values of trans-epidermal water loss with both dermal substitutes. Melanic and hemoglobin pigmentation were higher in comparison to the donor site in both groups, while a melanic pigmentation increase versus the surrounding skin was seen just with Integra®. Finally, the skin was found to be more elastic when reconstructed with Integra®. The skin barrier appeared to be intact in both groups. Hence, these substitutes are valuable means of skin regeneration. Integra® seems to be more advantageous for reconstructing areas that need more skin flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a philosophical-political commentary of Jason Ā. Josephson Storm’s Metamodernism: The Future of Theory (2021). We welcome Josephson Storm’s integrated interdisciplinary distillation and ambitious ethico-political perspective, but we also point out the necessity to go further in the cross-disciplinary theoretical effort to rebuild a post-postmodernist academia. In particular, we identify the very modern/postmodern dialectic as problematic, and we contend that a materialist philosophy able to rethink politics and non-human agency through all the sciences would better serve the project. We also highlight how the metamodernist project might benefit from the adoption of a Simondonian approach insofar as the conceptualisation of both biology and technology is concerned. Finally, we end with a plea for an ongoing vigilance of the material conditions of possibility that support cutting-edge inter- and cross-disciplinary research, for they are fragile and need institutional and societal support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess adaptation and bonding to root canal dentin of discontinuous (short) glass fiber-reinforced composite to intra-radicular dentin (DSGFRC). Methods: Seventy virgin human teeth were extracted and then endodontically treated; then samples were randomly divided into 7 groups (n = 10), based on the materials' combinations as follows: Group 1, a two-bottle universal adhesive + DSGFRC; Group 2, a single-component universal adhesive + DSGFRC; Groups 3 and 4, the same materials of Goups 1 and 2 were used but after cleaning of the canal walls with 17% EDTA and final irrigation with 5.25% NaOCl Ultrasound Activated (UA); Group 5, traditional prefabricated fiber posts were luted after being silanized with G-Multi Primer; Groups 6 and 7, like Group 5 but after ultrasonic irrigation (UA). All sample roots were cut 1 mm thick (n = 10) to be evaluated regarding root canal adaptation using a light microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and push-out bond strength. These results were statistically analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance by ranks. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Bond strength forces varied between 6.66 and 8.37 MPa and no statistically significant differences were recorded among the groups. By microscopic examination, it was noted that ultrasonic irrigation increased the adaptation of the materials to the dentin surface. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it may be concluded that when DSGFRC was used for intracanal anchorage in the post-endodontic reconstruction, similar push-out retentive force and strength to those of traditional fiber posts cemented with particulate filler resin composite cements were achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge about the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders is increasing in the last decades and evidence from literature suggests a central role for immuno-inflammatory mechanisms in these illnesses. The antipsychotic quetiapine acts on dopamine and serotonin signalling and well-established evidence demonstrates that these neurotransmitters can modulate immune functions in healthy and diseased conditions. Starting from this perspective, in the last few decades, a number of studies attempted to identify quetiapine effects on immune functions in order to highlight a possible additional effect of this drug in psychotic diseases, although no conclusive results were obtained. We critically reviewed preclinical and clinical studies evaluating quetiapine effects on immune systems, suggesting strategies for future work in this field. Computerised search, in PubMed and Embase databases, was performed in March 2020: 120 studies were identified but only 29 relevant papers were selected for detailed review. Despite some interesting preliminary findings about anti-inflammatory effects of quetiapine, mainly supported by preclinical studies, it is possible to conclude further studies are needed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of this drug and achieve a better understanding of its relevance on clinical outcomes to finally identify new therapeutic approaches in psychiatric treatment. Mounting evidence points to a role for immuno-inflammatory mechanisms in psychiatric disorders. Quetiapine (QUE) acts on catecholamine (dopamine and norepinephrine) and serotonin signalling. The immunomodulatory effects of catecholamines are well established. Treatment with QUE in psychiatric disorders could leverage immunomodulatory effects. QUE unclear role in immune function modulation suggests future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prognostic value of conventional histopathological parameters in the sinonasal intestinal-type adenocarcinoma (ITAC) has been debated and novel variables should be investigated. Increasing evidence demonstrated that the evolution of cancer is strongly dependent upon the complex interactions within tumor microenvironment. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the features of immune microenvironment in terms of CD3+ and CD8+ cells in a series of ITAC and explore their prognostic role, as well as their relations with clinicopathological variables. A computer-assisted image analysis of CD3+ and CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) density was conducted on surgical specimens of 51 patients with ITAC that underwent a curative treatment including surgery. ITAC displays variable TIL density, which is associated with OS. In a univariate model, the density of CD3+ TIL was significantly related to OS (p = 0.012), whereas the association with CD8+ TIL density resulted in being non-significant (p = 0.056). Patients with intermediate CD3+ TIL density were associated with the best outcome, whereas 5-year OS was the lowest for intermediate CD8+ TIL density. CD3+ TIL density maintained a significant association with OS in the multivariable analysis. TIL density was not significantly related to demographic and clinicopathological variables. CD3+ TIL density was independently associated with OS in a non-linear fashion and patients with intermediate CD3+ TIL density had the best outcome. Though based on a preliminary analysis on a relatively small series of patients, this finding makes TIL density a potential independent prognostic factor of ITAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) is a stochastic particle model that is able to simulate larger systems over longer time scales than atomistic modeling approaches by including the concept of coarse-graining. Whether standard DPD can cover the whole mesoscale by changing the level of coarse-graining is still an open issue. A scaling scheme originally developed by Füchslin et al. (2009) was here applied to interfacial systems as one of the most successful uses of the classical DPD method. In particular, equilibrium properties such as the interfacial tension were analyzed at different levels of coarse-graining for planar oil–water interfaces with and without surfactant. A scaling factor for the interfacial tension was found due to the combined effect of the scaling scheme and the coarse-graining parameterization. Although the level of molecular description was largely decreased, promising results showed that it is possible to conserve the interfacial tension trend at increasing surfactant concentrations, remarkably reducing modeling complexity. The same approach was also employed to simulate a droplet configuration. Both planar and droplet conformations were maintained, showing that typical domain formations of multi-component systems can be performed in DPD by means of the scaling procedure. Therefore, we explored the possibility of describing oil–water and oil–water–surfactant systems in standard DPD using a scaling scheme with the aim of highlighting its advantages and limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health care spending in Italy is high and continues to increase; assessing the long-term health and economic outcomes of new therapies is essential. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, pruritic, immune-mediated inflammatory dermatosis, a clinical condition that significantly affects patients' quality of life at a high cost and requires continuous care. This retrospective study aimed to assess the direct cost and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of Dupilumab and patients' clinical outcomes. All AD patients treated with Dupilumab at the Sassari University Hospital, Italy, between January 2019 and December 2021 were included. Eczema Area Severity Index, Dermatology Life Quality Index, and Itch Numeric Rating Scale scores were measured. ADRs and drug expenses were analyzed. A statistically significant posttreatment improvement was observed for all the indices measured: EASI (P < 0.0001), DLQI (P < 0.0001), NRS (P < 0.0001). The total expenditure for Dupilumab, in the observed period, amounted to € 589.748,66 for 1358 doses, and a positive correlation was shown between annual expenditure and delta percentage of variation pre- and posttreatment for the clinical parameters evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Recent studies proposed the existence of a correlation between patients' inflammatory status and therapy response in bipolar disorder (BD). Here we investigated the correlation between levels of inflammatory markers and quetiapine (QUE) effects in BD patients. Methods: In 15 hospitalised BD patients, we investigated changes in inflammatory markers such as C‐Reactive Protein (CRP), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and cytokines after a 6‐week treatment with QUE monotherapy. Results: We found QUE treatment to significantly reduce CRP and IL‐6 plasma levels. Moreover, we found higher CRP and IL‐6 plasma levels at baseline correlated with better improvement of patients' clinical symptoms. Conclusion: The reported results, although preliminary, could be useful in clinical practice, providing not only markers for QUE response, but also allowing for identification of new targets and new therapies for the treatment of this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last 2 decades, transnasal endoscopic surgery (TES) has become the most frequently employed surgical technique to treat sinonasal malignancies. The rarity and heterogeneity of sinonasal cancers have hampered large non-population-based analyses. All patients receiving TES-including treatment between 1995 and 2021 in 5 referral hospitals were included. A prognostic study was performed, and multivariable models were transformed into nomograms. Training and validation sets were based on results from 3 European and 2 non-European centres, respectively. The training and validation set included 940 and 420 patients, respectively. The mean age at surgery, primary-versus-recurrent presentation, histology distribution, type of surgery, T category and type of adjuvant treatment were differently distributed in the training and validation set. In the training set, 5-year overall survival and recurrence-free survival with a 95%-confidence interval were 72.7% (69.5–76.0%) and 66.4% (63.1–69.8%), respectively, significantly varying with histology. At multivariable analyses, age, gender, previous treatment, the extent of resection on the cranial, lateral and posterolateral axes, grade/subtype, T category, nodal status, margin status and adjuvant treatment were all associated with different prognostic outcomes, displaying a heterogeneous significance and effect size according to histology. The internal and external validation of nomograms was satisfactory (optimism-corrected C-index >0.7 and cumulative area under curve >0.7) for all histologies but mucosal melanoma. Outcomes of TES-based treatment of sinonasal cancers vary substantially with histology. This large, non-population-based study provides benchmark data on the prognosis of sinonasal cancers that are deemed suitable for treatment including TES. • The largest study on sinonasal cancers treated with transnasal endoscopic surgery. • Analysis of prognostic factors based on 20-year multidisciplinary experience. • Multivariable analysis with internal and external validation of prognostic models. • Benchmark data on outcomes of patients affected by rare cancers. • Comparison between European, North American, and Asian cohorts of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we characterize the mineralogy and microbiology of a suite of samples from the Bagno dell'Acqua alkaline (pH ≥ 9) lake in Pantelleria, Italy. The aim of the present characterization is the assessment of the lake as a Martian analog site. Nineteen samples were characterized by a combination of VNIR reflectance spectroscopy, micro-Raman (μ-Raman) spectroscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. In addition, DNA extraction was performed on three selected samples to identify the bacteria phyla and to quantify their abundance. The samples were collected as push cores inside the lake and as loose sediments taken along the eastern and southeastern lake's shore. The samples underwent three thermal cycles (between 343 K and 473 K) to remove excess water and organic matter. The VNIR spectra were measured on each sample after each thermal cycle to check the variation of the spectral features as a function of thermal treatment. The mineralogical content of our push core samples is dominated by the presence of Mg-smectite clays always associated with the remanence of K-feldspars and Ca-carbonates while in the sediments we observe also additional minor phases like pyroxene (aegirine NaFe3+Si 2 O 6), hematite (Fe 2 O 3), anatase (TiO 2), and volcanic glass. Two organic phases were detected by μ-Raman spectroscopy. One phase was attributable to carotenoids, in line with the high abundance of Bacterial Phyla that can synthesize these molecules. The second phase appeared to be visually indistinguishable from the inorganic matrix and is therefore attributed to EPS (Extracellular Polymeric Substances) forming a biofilm and extensively observed by fluorescent microscopy. The peculiar chemistry of the waters, the presence of Mg-smectite in the sediments of Lake Bagno dell'Acqua associated with Ca-carbonates and sediments derived by biological activity makes Lake Bagno dell'Acqua a very interesting and promising Martian analog site. • Mg-smectite and carbonates associated with a rich microbic community characterize the sediments of the Lake Bagno dell'Acqua. • The presence of a rich microbial community allows to study the interactions between microbes and sediments. • Co-occurrence of carbonates and smectite is observed on Mars suggesting that the Lake can be used as a Mars analog site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper an analytical model is introduced to describe the impulse response of the diffusive channel between a pointwise transmitter and a given fully-absorbing (FA) receiver in a molecular communication (MC) system. The presence of neighbouring FA nanomachines in the environment is taken into account by describing them as sources of negative molecules. The channel impulse responses of all the receivers are linked in a system of integral equations. The solution of the system with two receivers is obtained analytically. For a higher number of receivers the system of integral equations is solved numerically. It is also shown that the channel impulse response shape is distorted by the presence of the neighbouring FA interferers. For instance, there is a time shift of the peak in the number of absorbed molecules compared to the case without interference, as predicted by the proposed model. The analytical derivations are validated by means of particle based simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we analyse the idea of progress and show that, since its early-modern inception, it has relied on a twofold commitment. On the one hand, it rests on a project of mathematical modelisation of natural and social reality, deterministically conceived. On the other hand, it requires the production of a stable social order capable of implementing that model. This stance, we argue, is still dominant and defines the '(hyper-)modern condition'. Following Gilbert Simondon, we take the cybernetic notion of dynamic stability ('homeostasis') as paradigmatic of the hyper-modern condition. As we explain, this core notion has covered multiple epistemic domains, including the social sciences, and contributed to reformulate the modern idea of progress within the terms dictated by neoliberal governmentality. The connection we establish between cybernetics and neoliberalism will eventually allow us to use Simondon's theory against both. In our view, Simondon's concept of 'metastability' supports an alternative understanding of progress based on the ideas of social change and the government of normative invention, which includes the opening of social systems to a future beyond their own preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interventional Pulmonology continues to evolve in the diagnosis, treatment and palliation of various benign and malignant diseases (i.e. lung cancer, interstitial lung diseases, pulmonary emphysema and severe asthma). For this reason, continuous updating in this field is useful for all of those health professionals who could benefit from increasingly innovative and technologically advanced procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many food emulsions are stabilized by functional egg yolk biomolecules, which act as surfactants at the oil/water interface. Detailed experimental studies on egg yolk emulsifying properties have been largely hindered due to the difficulty in isolating individual chemical species. Therefore, this work presents a molecular model of an oil/water interfacial system where the emulsifier is one of the most surface-active proteins from the egg yolk low-density lipoproteins (LDL), the so-called Apovitellenin I. Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) was here adopted in order to simulate large systems over long time scales, when compared with full-atom molecular dynamics (MD). Instead of a manual assignment of the DPD simulation parameters, a fully automated coarse-graining procedure was employed. The molecular interactions used in the DPD system were determined by means of a parameter calibration based on matching structural data from atomistic MD simulations. Despite the little availability of experimental data, the model was designed to test the most relevant physical properties of the protein investigated. Protein structural and dynamics properties obtained via MD and DPD were compared highlighting advantages and limits of each molecular technique. Promising results were achieved from DPD simulations of the oil/water interface. The proposed model was able to properly describe the protein surfactant behavior in terms of interfacial tension decrease at increasing protein surface concentration. Moreover, the adsorption time of a free protein molecule was estimated and, finally, an LDL-like particle adsorption mechanism was qualitatively reproduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A first look at the moving behavior of the yielded surface in a high Reynolds number inside the 3D lid-driven cavity is presented. • Effective Reynolds numbers up to 2,000 have been probed for Bingham numbers up to 5. • The bifurcation point depends on the effective Reynolds number, Re* = Re 0 (1 + Bn) • The unyielded edges break down into plugs before bifurcation. • The Taylor-Görtler vortices drifted towards the lateral sides of the cavity when Bn = 5 and Re = 10900. This work builds upon the previously published analysis of a lid-driven cavity filled with viscoplastic fluid. We extend the study from a two-dimensional case to a three-dimensional one, employing the moment representation of the lattice Boltzmann method to obtain numerical results. The findings expand the existing dataset, which can potentially serve as benchmark results for inertial regimes of viscoplastic flows. In this study, we investigate the Reynolds and Bingham numbers until the flow transition from stationary to a transient regime. The results reveal that, similarly to the Newtonian case, there is an effective Reynolds number for the bifurcation, approximately Re⁎ = Re 0 (1 + Bn), where Re 0 represents the bifurcation point for a Newtonian fluid. Like the Newtonian cases, there were instances where the Taylor-Görtler-like vortices moved toward the cavity's side periodically. In other cases, more than two vortices simultaneously formed, with their number changing over time. Finally, similar to the two-dimensional case, the bifurcation initiated after the Moffat eddies in the downstream corner broke down into plugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This article provides an updated overview of restorative procedures of endodontically treated teeth. Clinical considerations: The different techniques and procedures to restore an endodontic treated tooth were considered in the last decades. While they are generally performed using bonding procedures in combination with or without the placement of a post into the root to build up the abutment, there has been a lack of interest in restorative difficulties that can be faced. Failures are represented such as debonding of the post, fracture of the root, decementation, and/or fracture of the restoration, microleakage of the margins. Essentially, the presence of a sufficient failure is considered a key point of a long prognosis. Different clinical factors can directly influence the type of restoration and the longevity of the treatment. The restorative difficulty evaluation system (RDES) is proposed in this article. This new system is composed of eight different clinical factors that are divided into six levels of difficulties. The RDES is composed of 1. Endodontic complexity and outcome, 2. Vertical amount of coronal residual structure and dimension of the pulp chamber, 3. Horizontal amount of coronal residual structure, 4. Restoration marginal seal, 5. Local interdisciplinary conditions, 6. the complexity of the treatment planning, 7. Functional need, 8. Dental wear and esthetic need. Conclusion: This article reviews the RDES and outlines critical steps and tips for clinical success. Clinical significance: The RDES allows to any clinician to evaluate restorative difficulties when an endodontic treated tooth must be restored, combines clinical aspects that can involve from the single tooth to a full mouth rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key points: Nasoseptal flap with extended pedicle dissection is a low morbidity and high success rate flap.It is a flap that can be applied to reconstruct a wide range of ipsilateral skull base defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imaging of the larynx and hypopharynx is frequently requested to assess the extent of neoplasms beyond the field of view of endoscopic evaluation. The combination of optical and cross-sectional imaging allows tumors to be classified according to AJCC/UICC guidelines. A thorough understanding of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal anatomy is crucial to guide the radiological eye along the possible pathways of the spread of diseases and to guide differential diagnoses. Computed tomography (CT) has been the first cross-sectional imaging technique used to evaluate the larynx and hypopharynx; its spatial resolution combined with volumetric capability and the use of injectable contrast medium made CT the working horse in the assessment of neoplastic and inflammatory diseases. In the last two decades, magnetic resonance (MR) supported CT in the most challenging cases, when the optimal contrast resolution due to the multisequence portfolio is needed to assess the neoplastic involvement of laryngeal cartilages, paraglottic space(s), and extra laryngeal spread. The aim of this paper is to give a comprehensive radiological overview of larynx and hypopharynx complex anatomy, combining in vivo images, anatomical sections, and images of ex vivo specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key points ICA coil extrusion (ICA‐CE) occurs most frequently in the nasopharyngeal/sinonasal site. Evaluating the ICA coils stability, through an angiography, is of primary importance. ICA‐CE management needs to be decided based on the patient's symptoms and general status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mayonnaise is a stable liquid–liquid emulsion with high content of the dispersed oil phase. In the last step of its production, the emulsion is fluxed into a high-shear mixer, where the oil droplets undergo breakage until the final size distribution is reached. This step is crucial to fine-tune the droplet size distribution (DSD), in order to result in the desired structure, stability, taste, and color. In this work, we aim to model this last step via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and population balance modeling (PBM), to properly describe both the non-Newtonian dynamics of the emulsion and the evolution of the DSD. 2D and 3D CFD simulations show that attention should be paid to the grid resolution to properly describe recognizable patterns observed in experiments. Moreover, CFD and PBM simulations clarify the role of the pre- and post-mixing zones in the high-shear mixer, as well as the effect of the type of flow, pure shear vs elongational, on droplet breakage. We thus propose a physics-based model as a computational tool in order to possibly develop a digital twin of the industrial food emulsion preparation. • Emulsification process in the cone mill is modeled by means of a CFD approach. • Droplet size distribution evolution is described by a population balance model. • Oil droplet coalescence and breakage are considered in the emulsification. • Both flow field and mean oil droplet diameter trends reproduce experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The technique for transnasal endoscopic resection of inverted papilloma (IP) has evolved considerably during the last 20 years. The aim of the present study is to retrospectively analyze a single tertiary center series, with special emphasis on assessing the value of an "insertion‐driven" technique on local control. Methods: Patients undergoing endoscopic resection for IP at the University of Brescia during the period 1991 to 2015 were enrolled. Site of origin and extension of IPs were assessed, together with presence of dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Patients were divided in 3 cohorts: (1) historical cohort (treated before 2008), (2) contemporary "centripetal" cohort (treated with a traditional technique after 2008), and (3) contemporary "insertion‐driven" cohort (treated with insertion‐driven resection). Groups were compared considering outcomes and complications. Results: The series included 210 patients. Mean follow‐up was 77.8 months. Thirty‐eight (18.1%) patients showed precancerous changes. Maxillary involvement (p = 0.021) and presence of precancerous changes (p = 0.013) were significantly associated with a higher risk of recurrence. Five‐year local control rate before and after 2008 was 95.1% and 90.5%, respectively. The insertion‐driven cohort was associated with lower disease control when IPs involved the maxillary sinus. The rate of complications was 11.9%. The insertion‐driven cohort was associated with a lower rate of major complications (p = 0.098). Conclusion: Preoperative evidence of precancerous changes and/or involvement of maxillary sinus should prompt the surgeon to address the disease more aggressively (centripetal resection). Preoperative imaging and biopsy with abundant material may optimize the chance to stratify patients eligible for less or more conservative approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Achieving an effective endoscopic skull base reconstruction in case of large dural defects requires specific training and can be extremely challenging. The aim of this study was to describe the development and validation of a preclinical model for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak repair, which can be used for training and to test the mechanical efficacy of endoscopic skull base reconstruction. Methods: Eleven fresh‐frozen cadaver heads were dissected. A catheter was inserted in the subdural space via a cervical access, which was sealed with mastic; a vertical graduated tube connected to the catheter measured intracranial pressure (ICP), while stained water was injected intracranially. After endoscopic skull base reconstruction was performed, an expert surgeon assessed its efficacy. ICP was then gradually increased until a leak was evident and CSF leak pressure value was recorded. The correlation between subjective and quantitative evaluations was investigated through Pearson and Spearman correlation tests. Results: The model was successfully tested in 11 specimens. A single, large dural defect was created in each model (transplanum‐transtuberculum = 4; transplanum‐transtuberculum‐transsellar = 3; transclival = 3; transcribriform‐transplanum = 1). Skull base reconstruction always comprised a rigid buttress with temporal fascia and/or fat. The CSF leak pressure ranged from 4 to 110 cmH2O. The correlation between expert subjective and quantitative assessment of skull base reconstruction mechanical efficacy was high (r = 0.7; rs = 0.7; p = 0.010 and p = 0.006, respectively). Conclusion: This preclinical model is simple, easily reproducible, and effective in simulating an intraoperative leak and objectively measures the CSF leak pressure point of a skull base reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the definition of threshold of elementary absorbing sets is extended to scaled Min-Sum low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoding. Based on the analysis of the behavior of scaled Min-Sum LDPC decoders in the Tanner graph of the absorbing set, it is proven that correct decoding is guaranteed with received channel messages above threshold. A fast algorithm for the threshold computation is derived. Many examples of absorbing sets taken from LDPC codes of various variable node degrees are investigated, and it is shown that all of them can be deactivated with low enough scaling factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the last 5 years since our last systematic review, a significant number of articles have been published on the technical aspects of muscle near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), the interpretation of the signals and the benefits of using the NIRS technique to measure the physiological status of muscles and to determine the workload of working muscles. Objectives: Considering the consistent number of studies on the application of muscle oximetry in sports science published over the last 5 years, the objectives of this updated systematic review were to highlight the applications of muscle oximetry in the assessment of skeletal muscle oxidative performance in sports activities and to emphasize how this technology has been applied to exercise and training over the last 5 years. In addition, some recent instrumental developments will be briefly summarized. Methods: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews guidelines were followed in a systematic fashion to search, appraise and synthesize existing literature on this topic. Electronic databases such as Scopus, MEDLINE/PubMed and SPORTDiscus were searched from March 2017 up to March 2023. Potential inclusions were screened against eligibility criteria relating to recreationally trained to elite athletes, with or without training programmes, who must have assessed physiological variables monitored by commercial oximeters or NIRS instrumentation. Results: Of the identified records, 191 studies regrouping 3435 participants, met the eligibility criteria. This systematic review highlighted a number of key findings in 37 domains of sport activities. Overall, NIRS information can be used as a meaningful marker of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and can become one of the primary monitoring tools in practice in conjunction with, or in comparison with, heart rate or mechanical power indices in diverse exercise contexts and across different types of training and interventions. Conclusions: Although the feasibility and success of the use of muscle oximetry in sports science is well documented, there is still a need for further instrumental development to overcome current instrumental limitations. Longitudinal studies are urgently needed to strengthen the benefits of using muscle oximetry in sports science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The armamentarium for anterior skull base (ASB) reconstruction includes a variegate spectrum of grafts, endonasal pedicled flaps, regional pedicled flaps, and free flaps, which are selected to face specific scenarios. The use of a vascularized flap in case of large ABS defects ensures an adequate blood supply. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible role of temporoparietal fascia flap (TPFF) in ASB reconstruction. Eight fresh-frozen head specimens were dissected to evaluate the adequacy of TPFF and pericranial flap (PF) for the reconstruction of ASB defects. The percentage of coverage of the ASB was calculated for TPFF and PF. An anatomic-radiologic analysis was performed to provide useful practical information for flap harvesting and positioning. The TPFF was easily transposed to the ABS defect through an epidural corridor; the edges of the TPFF were successfully placed in the intradural space, in the epidural space, or on the extracranial surface of the ABS defect. The PF was particularly adequate for median defects, and the TPFF was shown to be useful also in cases with paramedian-supraorbital extension. The median percentage of coverage of the ASB was significantly higher for TPFF (85.1%) than PF (65.7%) (P = 0.018). The supraorbital epidural corridor is a possible novel pathway for transposition of the TPFF for ASB reconstruction. Side-door TPFF was shown to be an ideal choice for large ASB defect with lateral supraorbital extension and could be useful in the scenario of salvage reconstruction for recurrent ABS cerebrospinal fluid leak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: When amenable to radical excision, cancer involving the maxilla is typically treated with maxillectomy followed by adjuvant therapy. Posterior tumor extension beyond the maxillary box leads to the invasion of complex areas, where achieving clear margins may be challenging.Methods: Patients undergoing endoscopic-assisted maxillectomy for nasoethmoidal, maxillary, or hard palate cancer between 2007 and 2017 were included in the study. Surgical technique, margin status, and recurrences were analyzed. Extension of posterior resection was classified in 3 types (type 1: resection of the pterygopalatine fossa; type 2: resection of the pterygoid plates and related muscles; type 3: resection of the upper parapharyngeal space). The analysis of putative risk factors for involvement of margins and local recurrence was performed with special focus on the posterior and medial margin.Results: The study included 79 patients (75 with available follow-up; mean: 20.6 months, range: 6-101 months), 37 (46.8%) of whom underwent type 1 resection, 34 (43.0%) type 2, and 8 (10.1%) type 3. According to pT category, 57 (72.2%) tumors were classified as T4a/T4b. Posterior and medial clear margins were achieved in 76/79 (96.2%) and 75/79 (94.9%) patients, respectively. T4b category, extension to the ethmoid, sphenoid sinus, pterygoid process, orbital cavity, and premaxillary tissues were significantly associated with a higher rate of margin involvement. None of the factors was significantly associated with medial margin involvement.Conclusion: Endoscopic-assisted maxillectomy combines several refinements including the facilitated detachment of the maxilla from the skull base and precise delineation of the posterior and medial margins of resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research results on the efficacy of sunblock sticks in avoiding or reducing Herpes labialis (HL) recurrences are contradictory and has shown mixed results, with some protection reported under experimental conditions that could not be replicated under natural conditions. Objective: The purpose of the present work was to carry out an in vivo test on the effectiveness of a protective lip product in preventing recurrent HL in natural conditions during summer. Methods: An exploratory randomized crossover study was performed on 20 adult volunteers who served as their own controls during the analysis. The study was conducted between May and July 2017 around the summer solstice. During the two-month period, volunteers had to perform normal daily activities and also needed to go to the beach in Sardinia; thirty subjects applying SPF 30 protection and 30 without protection. Results: In individuals with stick protection, the number of HL attacks was significantly reduced. Based on association between different parameters, which emerged from the medical history and the post-test questionnaire, it was found that male individuals over 44 y of age and with Fitzpatrick skin type 2 were the most exposed to recurrence. Conclusion: HL recurrence rate can be reduced by using sunblock stick in summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma (ITAC) of the ethmoid mostly affects patients exposed to wood dust and has been traditionally treated with bilateral resection. The aim of the present study was to validate unilateral endoscopic resection with transnasal craniectomy (uERTC) in selected ITACs.Materials and Methods: Patients affected by ITAC receiving uERTC from 2004 to 2017 at two tertiary referral centers were retrospectively analyzed. A control group of patients treated with bilateral endoscopic resection with transnasal craniectomy (bERTC) was selected. Olfaction, taste, and quality of life were evaluated. Survival and functional outcomes in the two groups were compared.Results: Fifty-four patients who underwent uERTC (case group: 27/54) or bERTC (control group: 27/54) were enrolled. The two groups were statistically comparable. Five-year overall (OS), disease-specific (DSS), recurrence-free (RFS) survivals, and local recurrence rates were not significantly different between groups. Hospitalization time was significantly shorter in the uERTC group (p = 0.0004) and no significant difference in terms of complications was demonstrated. The rate of subjective olfaction preservation was significantly higher in the uERTC group (45.5%) than in the bERTC group (0.0%) (p = 0.0007). Median 22-Items Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) values were not significantly different between groups. No significant association of olfaction and taste preservation/worsening with reconstructive technique, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy was observed.Conclusions: uERTC is an adequate surgical procedure for selected unilateral ITAC with similar survival rates and lower morbidity compared to bERTC. A rigorous follow-up of patients with ITAC is crucial and strongly recommended independently of the extent of resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study used non‐invasive functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) neuroimaging to monitor bilateral sensorimotor region activation during unilateral voluntary (VOL) and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)‐evoked movements. Methods. In eight healthy male volunteers, fNIRS was used to measure relative changes in oxyhaemoglobin (O2Hb) and deoxyhaemoglobin (HHb) concentrations from a cortical sensorimotor region of interest in the left (LH) and right (RH) hemispheres during NMES‐evoked and VOL wrist extension movements of the right arm. Results. NMES‐evoked movements induced significantly greater activation (increase in O2Hb and concomitant decrease in HHb) in the contralateral LH than in the ipsilateral RH (O2Hb: 0·44 ± 0·16 μM and 0·25 ± 0·22 μM, P = 0·017; HHb: −0·19 ± 0·10 μM and −0·12 ± 0·09 μM, P = 0·036, respectively) as did VOL movements (0·51 ± 0·24 μΜ and 0·34 ± 0·21 μM, P = 0·031; HHb: −0·18 ± 0·07 μΜ and −0·12 ± 0·04 μΜ, P = 0·05, respectively). There was no significant difference between conditions for O2Hb (P = 0·144) and HHb (P = 0·958). Conclusion. fNIRS neuroimaging enables quantification of bilateral sensorimotor regional activation profiles during voluntary and NMES‐evoked wrist extension movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this RCT was to analyze Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) of implant crowns processed in complete digital workflows (test) and combined analog‐digital workflows (control) with a three‐year follow‐up. This is a second reporting from the same trial with sample size calculation based on time efficiency. Materials and Methods: Twenty participants were selected for single‐tooth replacement with screw‐retained crowns in posterior sites (Straumann TL Implant System). Ten patients each were treated with test or control workflows and evaluated after 1 week of prosthetic delivery (baseline) and 3 years. The subjective opinion of the patient was assessed using visual analog scales (VAS) for PROMs; the Functional Implant Prosthodontic Score (FIPS) for the objective evaluation of the dentist. Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests and Mann–Whitney U‐tests were used for comparisons between test and control with a level of significance set at α = 0.05. Results: In test and control, implant crowns showed 100% survival without technical and/or biological complications. Mean PROMs varied between 81.6 and 90.3 with no difference between test and control, or between baseline and after 3 years for intra‐patient comparison. Linear regression analysis exhibited a significant correlation between FIPS and PROMs related to overall treatment satisfaction (VAS‐1: coefficient 0.45; p = 0.0472). Conclusion: Subjective patient's perception (PROMs) of posterior implant crowns processed in complete digital and combined analog‐digital workflows revealed comparable high levels of satisfaction on the overall treatment outcome including function, esthetics, and cleanability after 3 years. The objective evaluation of the dentist (FIPS) seems to reflect the perception of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution are major contributors to climate change, causing harm to both the planet and people. Since transportation is a significant source of these emissions, several European countries have implemented plans to switch to electric cars and decrease emissions by 2050. However, this transition presents many challenges, including issues with redesigning supply chains, scarcity of raw materials, and impacts on employment, technology, mobility behaviour, and infrastructure. The aim of this study is to develop a model based on system dynamics and agent-based approaches to evaluate effects of the electric and net zero economy transitions on the automotive supply chains and relevant stakeholders. The study incorporates principles of circular economy, stakeholder theory, and system thinking approach. The research considers various stakeholders such as automotive manufacturers, suppliers, and workers, and it explores several operations such as production, de-manufacturing, and end-of-life activities for three types of vehicles: fuel, hybrid, and electric. The results of the model show that a transition towards electric vehicles and a net zero economy is only possible through the implementation of circular economy, which can generate new business opportunities, reductions in raw material consumption, and a resulting increase in competitiveness; however, at the same time, this transition can have several implications for job. Indeed, the EV transition will significantly reduce the number of manufacturing jobs available in the automotive industry due to an increase in automation, fewer moving parts, and simpler engines. Therefore, it is fundamental that companies and policy makers use the results of this study to reduce the negative effects on employment and plan specific programs and policies to support the developing of new skills for workers and favour their relocation in the supply chain (i.e., end of life activities). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fully-resolved simulations of viscoplastic fluid flow in a lid-driven cavity are investigated using LBM with Reynolds numbers up to 20,000. • The minimal Reynolds numbers for the bifurcation to occur will increase with the augmentation of the material yield stress. • Different periodic regimes are observed: single, double, and quasi-periodic. • Certain combinations of Reynolds and Bingham numbers exhibit similar yield surfaces. • The time to reach a stable periodic regime will increase with the Bingham number. This paper explores the flow behavior of a bi-dimensional lid-driven cavity filled with a viscoplastic fluid. The results were obtained numerically using the moment representation of the lattice Boltzmann method for a Bingham fluid. The lid-driven cavity is a classic problem in computational fluid dynamics, often used to compare numerical methods due to the presence of singularities in its corners and complex flow structures. It is well-known that the flow bifurcates from a stationary to a periodic regime in Newtonian fluids as the Reynolds number exceeds a certain threshold. This information can be used as a benchmark for numerical methods at high Reynolds numbers. However, results for viscoplastic fluids at high Reynolds numbers fall short. The data obtained in this work, with Reynolds numbers up to 20,000 and Bingham numbers up to 10, show how the bifurcation point increases with the fluid's yield stress. Below the bifurcation point, the primary vortex center converges towards a single point, independently of the Bingham number. Above the bifurcation point, most cases present a single dominant frequency, while double or quasi-periodic regimes were obtained under certain conditions. We observed that the time required to reach a permanent state increases with the Bingham number. Finally, the flow exhibits stationary and moving yield surfaces, with some of the latter traveling inside the primary vortex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adhesive pads should reduce the action of the local muscle contraction on the skin leading to a decrease in the depth of existing wrinkles and the formation of new dynamic wrinkles. Aim of the work: This study aims at assessing the antiwrinkles action of adhesive pads during time, and the temporary improvement of facial skin appearance by reducing the vision of linear wrinkles and improving skin elasticity. Patients and methods: Thirty-nine subjects participated to a placebo-controlled study. In the short-term test, the measurements were taken 15, 30, and 60 minutes following 30 minutes application of the product; in the long-term test, the measurements were taken after wearing pads every night for 4 weeks. The roughness parameter of the skin surface was calculated by using a profilometry software 3D MEX®. Results: In the short- and long-term tests, analyzing the average of the elastomeric measurements, no significant change was observed in any of the parameters analyzed after 15, 30, and 60 minutes. The adhesive pad decreased significantly all roughness skin parameters 15 minutes after short-term application and until 60 minutes after long-term application. These changes did not occur in the contralateral untreated zone. Conclusions: The use of topical adhesive pads improves wrinkles in the crow's feet area in the first hour after use. However, patient self-evaluation indicated that the use of topical adhesive pads for 3 weeks may offer subjective improvement in crow's feet zone over a 2 hour period. Topical adhesive pads are safe to use and tolerable for most users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatopulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is characterized by impairment in blood oxygenation due to intrapulmonary vascular dilatations and shunting in the context of liver disease. Prevalence in patients waiting for a liver transplantation ranges between 4% to 32%. We still know little about the pathogenesis of this condition, since the majority of information has been obtained in animal models. Although HPS is usually asymptomatic, some patients may complain exertional dyspnea and platypnea, impacting on their quality of life and prognosis. Currently no effective medical treatment for HPS exists. Only liver transplantation has been shown to reverse the syndrome and improve survival rates. The aim of this paper is to provide an exhaustive overview on HPS, including the diagnosis and management of this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The complexity of the frontal sinus drainage pathway (FSDP) can be challenging even for expert surgeons. Several classifications have been proposed to simplify the understanding of FSDP, whose anatomical variability can be simplified based on the knowledge of its developmental mechanisms. Methods: Cone‐beam computed tomography studies performed at the Unit of Radiology of the University of Brescia between March and November 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. FSDP was classified as medial or lateral to the vertical portion of the uncinate process and the following anatomical variants were studied: agger nasi cell, Kuhn's cells, suprabullar cell, supraorbital ethmoid cell, suprabullar frontal cell, and frontal septal cell. The developmental model of the FSDP proposed by Terracol and Ardouin was analyzed and expected associations between the position of the drainage pathway and anatomical variants were formulated. Statistical associations between anatomical variants and the position of FSDP were calculated and compared with expected associations to validate the developmental model. Results: The anatomical variants of FSDP statistically validated the developmental model of Terracol and Ardouin. Conclusion: Knowledge of the possible developmental patterns of FSDP helps the surgeon in the understanding of the complexity of the frontoethmoidal region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since the introduction (in 2006) of commercially available portable wireless muscle oximeters, the use of muscle near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology is gaining in popularity as an application to observe changes in muscle metabolism and muscle oxygenation during and after exercise or training interventions in both laboratory and applied sports settings.Objectives: The objectives of this systematic review were to highlight the application of muscle oximetry in evaluating oxidative skeletal muscle performance to sport activities and emphasize how this technology has been applied to exercise and training.Methods: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed in a systematic fashion to search, assess and synthesize existing literature on this topic. The Scopus and MEDLINE/PubMed electronic databases were searched to 1 March 2017. Potential inclusions were screened against eligibility criteria relating to recreationally trained to elite athletes, with or without training programs, who must have assessed physiological variables monitored by commercial oximeters or NIRS instrumentation.Results: Of the 14,609 identified records, only 57 studies met the eligibility criteria. This systematic review highlighted a number of key findings in 16 sporting activities. Overall, NIRS information can be used as a marker of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and for analyzing muscle performance factors.Conclusions: Although NIRS instrumentation is promising in evaluating oxidative skeletal muscle performance when used in sport settings, there is still the need for further instrumental development and randomized/longitudinal trials to support the detailed advantages of muscle oximetry utilization in sports science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The aim of this prospective clinical cohort study was to validate implant crowns with a novel Functional Implant Prosthodontic Score (FIPS). Material and methods Twenty patients were restored with cement-retained crowns on soft tissue level implants (Institut Straumann AG, Basel, Switzerland) in posterior sites and annually followed-up for 3 years. FIPS was applied for the objective outcome assessment including clinical and radiographic examinations. Five variables were defined for evaluation, resulting in a maximum score of 10 per implant restoration. The patients' level of satisfaction was recorded and correlated with FIPS. Results All implants and connected crowns revealed survival rates of 100% without any biological or technical complications after three years of loading. The mean total FIPS score was 7.8 ± 1.5, ranging from 6 to 10. The variable 'bone' revealed the highest scores (2 ± 0; range: 2-2), followed by 'occlusion' (1.9 ± 0.1; range: 1-2). Mean scores for 'design' (1.2 ± 0.6; range: 0-2), 'mucosa' (1.3 ± 0.7; range: 0-2), and 'interproximal' (1.4 ± 0.4; range: 1-2) were more challenging to satisfy. The patients expressed a high level of functional satisfaction (84.1 ± 9.5; range: 68-100). A significant correlation was found between FIPS and the subjective patients' perception with a coefficient of 0.88 ( P < 0.0001). Conclusions The findings of the clinical trial indicated the potential of FIPS as an objective and reliable instrument in assessing implant success. FIPS can be considered as a supportive tool to validate a satisfactory outcome as perceived by patients, to identify possible failure risks, and to compare follow-up observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To describe the anatomical variability of the ethmoidal arteries (EAs). To evaluate the reliability of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in preoperative assessment of EAs. Methods: Fourteen cadaver heads underwent CBCT and endoscopic dissection. The following anatomical features were evaluated for anterior (AEA), middle (MEA), and posterior (PEA) EAs: presence, cranio-caudal position, antero-posterior position, and dehiscence of the bony canal. Accuracy of radiological assessment was calculated. Results: AEA, MEA, and PEA were identified in 100, 28.6, and 100% of sides. They were caudal to the skull base in 60.7, 25, and 17.9%, respectively. CBCT showed a high accuracy in identifying these features. The antero-posterior position of EAs, which was highly variable, was correctly assessed by CBCT. A dehiscent bony canal of AEA, MEA, and PEA was found in 46.4, 12.5, and 28.6% of sides, respectively. Accuracy of CBCT in picking up this feature was poor but negative predictive value was high. Conclusions: CBCT was adequate in identifying and localizing EAs. In addition, it can be used to exclude the presence of MEA and dehiscence of ethmoidal canals, whereas the accuracy in detecting these anatomic variants was low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper an energy harvesting system based on a piezoelectric converter to extract energy from airflow and use it to power battery-less sensors is presented. The converter is embedded as a part of a flexure beam that is put into vibrations by von Karman vortices detached from a bluff body placed upstream. The vortex street has been investigated by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, aiming at assessing the vortex shedding frequency as a function of the flow velocity. From the simulation results the preferred positioning of the beam behind the bluff body has been derived. In the experimental characterization the electrical output from the converter has been measured for different flow velocities and beam orientations. Highest conversion effectiveness is obtained by an optimal orientation of the beam, to exploit the maximum forcing, and for flow velocities where the repetition frequency of the vortices allows to excite the beam resonant frequency at its first flexural mode. The possibility to power battery-less sensors and make them autonomous has been shown by developing an energy management and signal conditioning electronic circuit plus two sensors for measuring temperature and flow velocity and transmitting their values over a RF signal. A harvested power of about 650 μW with retransmission intervals below 2 min have been obtained for the optimal flow velocity of 4 m/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this paper is to provide a systematic review of the literature regarding the clinical use of botulinum toxin (BTX) to treat various orofacial neuropathic pain disorders (NP). Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using Medline, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library databases. Only randomized clinical trials (RCT) published between 2003 and the end of June 2023, investigating the use of BTX to treat NP, were selected. PICO guidelines were used to select and tabulate the articles. Results: A total of 6 RCTs were selected. Five articles used BTX injections to treat classical trigeminal neuralgia, and one to treat post-herpetic neuralgia. A total of 795 patients received BTX injections. The selected studies utilised different doses and methods of injections and doses. All the selected studies concluded superiority of BTX injections over placebo for reducing pain levels, and 5 out 6 of them highlighted an improvement in the patient's quality of life. Most of the studies reported transient and mild side effects. Conclusion: There is evidence of the efficacy of BTX injections in orofacial pain management. However, improved study protocols are required to provide direction for the clinical use of BTX to treat various orofacial neuropathic pain disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of low-cost multi-wavelength finger pulse oximeters with melanin correction is urgently necessary. Therefore, there is an urgent need that manufacturers would replace conventional two-wavelengths finger pulse oximeters with multi-wavelength systems implemented for melanin absorption correction. [Extracted from the article]

Living organisms have evolved an array of genes coding for detoxifying enzymes and efflux protein pumps, to cope with endogenous and xenobiotic toxic compounds. The study of the genes activated during toxic exposure is relevant to the area of arthropod vector control, since these genes are one of the targets upon which natural selection acts for the evolution of insecticide resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters participate to insecticide detoxification acting as efflux pumps, that reduce the intracellular concentration of toxic compounds, or of their metabolic derivatives. Here we analyzed the modulation of the expression of six genes coding for ABC transporters, after the exposure of adult females and males of the mosquito Anopheles stephensi , a major malaria vector in Asia, to permethrin. Male and female mosquitoes were exposed to insecticide for one hour, then the expression profiles of the ABC transporter genes Anst ABCB2, Anst ABCB3, Anst ABCB4, Anst ABCBmember6, Anst ABCC11, and Anst ABCG4 were analysed after one and 24 h. Our results showed that three genes ( Anst ABCB2, Anst ABCBmember6, Anst ABCG4) were up-regulated in both sexes; two of these ( Anst ABCBmember6 and Anst ABCG4) have previously been shown to be up-regulated also in larval stages of An. stephensi, supporting a role for these genes in permethrin defence in larvae as well as in adults. Finally, the same ABC transporter genes were activated both in females and males; however, the timing of gene induction was different, with a prompter induction in females than in males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The technical development of digital processing allows the production of anatomically full-contoured implant-supported restorations. Purpose The aim of this prospective clinical trial was to analyze the treatment concept of monolithic lithium disilicate (LS2) single-unit restorations in a complete digital workflow. Material and Methods Forty-four patients were restored with 50 screw-retained monolithic implant LS2 crowns bonded to pre-fabricated titanium abutments on soft tissue level implants (Institut Straumann AG, Basel, Switzerland) in premolar and molar sites. All implant restorations were digitally designed after intraoral optical scanning (IOS) and CAD/CAM-processing without physical model situations. Study participants were clinically and radiographically examined based on an annually performed follow-up. The 'Functional Implant Prosthodontic Score' (FIPS) was applied for objective outcome assessment after 2 years of loading. Five variables were defined for FIPS evaluation, resulting in a maximum score of 10 per implant restoration. Descriptive statistics were calculated for mean scores standard deviations, medians, and Q25-Q75. Results All patients could be successfully treated within two clinical appointments. No clinical modifications were necessary for the seating of the monolithic crowns, neither for interproximal nor occlusal sites. The implant LS2 restorations demonstrated survival rates of 100% without any technical or biological complications after 2 years. The mean total FIPS score was 7.7 ± 1.0, ranging from 6 to 10. Conclusions CAD/CAM-produced monolithic implant crowns out of LS2 in a complete digital workflow seem to be a feasible treatment concept for the rehabilitation of single-tooth gaps in posterior sites under mid-term observation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A technique for contactless electromagnetic interrogation of AT-cut quartz piezoelectric resonator sensors is proposed based on a primary coil electromagnetically air-coupled to a secondary coil connected to the electrodes of the resonator. The interrogation technique periodically switches between interleaved excitation and detection phases. During the excitation phase, the resonator is set into vibration by a driving voltage applied to the primary coil, whereas in the detection phase, the excitation signal is turned off and the transient decaying response of the resonator is sensed without contact by measuring the voltage induced back across the primary coil. This approach ensures that the readout frequency of the sensor signal is to a first order approximation independent of the interrogation distance between the primary and secondary coils. A detailed theoretical analysis of the interrogation principle based on a lumped-element equivalent circuit is presented. The analysis has been experimentally validated on a 4.432 MHz AT-cut quartz crystal resonator, demonstrating the accurate readout of the series resonant frequency and quality factor over an interrogation distance of up to 2 cm. As an application, the technique has been applied to the measurement of liquid microdroplets deposited on a 4.8 MHz AT-cut quartz crystal. More generally, the proposed technique can be exploited for the measurement of any physical or chemical quantities affecting the resonant response of quartz resonator sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The nomenclature adopted for endoscopic medial maxillectomies (EMMs) is exceedingly heterogeneous. The aim of this study was to objectively measure surgical exposure in a preclinical anatomic setting to validate a classification for modular EMMs. Materials and Methods Computed tomography was used to scan 6 cadaver heads, and images were uploaded on dedicated software. A neuronavigation system was used to measure areas and volumes of surgical corridors during dissection. Differences of >10% of area exposed and >3 cm 3 of volume were considered to define incremental types of EMM. Specific anatomic targets were assessed on the axial and sagittal planes. Influence of anatomic variants on surgical exposure was evaluated. Results There were 4 types of EMMs (A–D), with a transseptal variant for each, identified. In the axial plane, type A exposed the vidian canal and foramen rotundum, type B exposed the foramen ovale and foramen spinosum, and transseptal type C or type D exposed the coronoid process. In the sagittal plane, type A exposed the vidian canal, and type B exposed the foramen ovale and styloid process. Transseptal type C exposed the pterygomaxillary fissure, and type D exposed the inferior border of the lateral pterygoid plate. The nasal floor limits the downward angle in transseptal approaches. The width of the piriform aperture independently influenced surgical volume of types B and C. Conclusions This modular classification of EMMs, based on quantitative analysis in a preclinical setting, should allow for better personalized preoperative surgical planning and provides standardization of nomenclature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital protocols are increasingly influencing prosthodontic treatment concepts. Implant-supported single-unit and short-span reconstructions will benefit mostly from the present digital trends. In these protocols, monolithic implant crowns connected to prefabricated titanium abutments, which are created based on data obtained from an intraoral scan followed by virtual design and production, without the need of a physical master cast, have to be considered in lieu of conventional manufacturing techniques for posterior implant restorations. No space for storage is needed in the complete digital workflow, and if a remake is required a replica of the original reconstruction can be produced quickly and inexpensively using rapid prototyping. The technological process is split into subtractive methods, such as milling or laser ablation, and additive processing, such as three-dimensional printing and selective laser melting. The dimensions of the supra-implant soft-tissue architecture can be calculated in advance of implant placement, according to the morphologic copy, and consequently are individualized for each patient. All these technologies have to be considered before implementing new digital dental workflows in daily routine. The correct indication and application are prerequisite and crucial for the success of the overall therapy, and, finally, for a satisfied patient. This includes a teamwork approach and equally affects the clinician, the dental assistant and the technician as well. The digitization process has the potential to change the entire dental profession. The major benefits will be reduced production costs, improvement in time efficiency and fulfilment of patients' perceptions of a modernized treatment concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is a frequent motor complication of Parkinson's disease (PD), associated with a negative prognosis. Previous studies showed an association between dopamine receptor (DR) gene (DR) variants and LID, the results of which have not been confirmed. The present study is aimed to determine whether genetic differences of DR are associated with LID in a small but well-characterized cohort of PD patients. To this end we enrolled 100 PD subjects, 50 with and 50 without LID, matched for age, gender, disease duration and dopaminergic medication in a case-control study. We conducted polymerase chain reaction for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in both D1-like (DRD1A48G; DRD1C62T and DRD5T798C) and D2-like DR (DRD2G2137A, DRD2C957T, DRD3G25A, DRD3G712C, DRD4C616G and DRD4nR VNTR 48bp) analyzed genomic DNA. Our results showed that PD patients carrying allele A at DRD3G3127A had an increased risk of LID (OR 4.9; 95% CI 1.7-13.9; p = 0.004). The present findings may provide valuable information for personalizing pharmacological therapy in PD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]