Search

Abstract Background The Mediterranean diet (MD), known to prevent obesity, overweight and the related non communicable diseases (NCD), is based on typical dishes, foods and on a common cultural milieu. Although MD is the basis of dietary guidelines, the prevalence of obesity, overweight and NCD, is increasing both in Western regions, and even more in Middle Eastern regions (MER). This study aimed to analyze (i) the impact of different levels of adherence to the MD, in Italy and MER, on body mass index (BMI) (ii) the bromatological composition of a simulated 7-days food plan (7-DFP) based on Italian or MER typical meals, following MD criteria and the Italian or MER food base dietary guideline; (iii) the optimization of nutrients impacting on NCD. Methods The 7-DFPs were implemented using a dietary software. The association between adherence to MD and BMI was evaluated by pooled estimated ORs (with 95% confidence intervals and p-values). Pooled measures were obtained by the methods appropriate for meta-analysis. The different food-based guidelines have been compared. Results The pooled ORs of obese status comparing medium vs. high adherence to MD were: 1.19 (95% C.I.: 0.99; 1.42, p-value = 0.062) and 1.12 (95% C.I.: 0.90; 1.38, p-value = 0.311) for MER and Italy respectively. For the comparison of low vs. high adherence, the pooled ORs were 1.05 (95% C.I.: 0.88; 1.24, p-value = 0.598) for MER, and 1.20 (95% C.I.: 1.02; 1.41, p-value = 0.031) for Italy when outliers are removed. High adherence to the MD resulted as potential protective factor against obesity. In MER 7-DFP: total fats is higher (34.5 E%) vs. Italian 7-DFP (29.4 E%); EPA (20 mg) and DHA (40 mg) are lower than recommended (200 mg each); sugars (12.6 E%) are higher than recommended (

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing monensin (19.8 g/Mg DM TMR; MON) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-1077 live-cell yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-1077; 1 × 1010 cfu/head per day; LCY) on lactation performance, feeding behavior, and total-tract nutrient digestibility of high-producing dairy cows. Sixty-four multiparous Holstein cows (3.2 ± 1.5 lactations; 97 ± 16 DIM, and 724 ± 68 kg of BW at covariate period initiation) and 32 gate feeders were enrolled in a study with a completely randomized design and a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Cows and gate feeders were randomly assigned to treatments (16 cows and 8 gate feeders per treatment). Cows were allowed 2 wk to acclimate to feeding gates followed by a 2-wk covariate period. During the acclimation and covariate periods, all cows were fed a diet containing MON and LCY. Following the covariate period, cows were enrolled in a 10-wk treatment period during which cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: (1) a combination of MON and LCY (MON-LCY), (2) MON-CON, (3) CON-LCY, or (4) neither MON nor LCY (CON-CON). Data were analyzed using a mixed model with week as a repeated measure and fixed effects of MON, LCY, week, and all their interactions. Cow (treatment) was included as a random effect. The average covariate period value of each variable was used as a covariate. Three-way interactions were observed for DMI and feed efficiency. Dry matter intake decreased from wk 4 to 5 and wk 8 to 10 in MON-LCY cows compared with CON-CON. No treatment differences were observed for actual or component-corrected milk yield or milk components, except for a tendency for LCY to decrease milk fat yield. Feed efficiency was greater for MON-LCY relative to CON-CON in 4 of 10 wk. Interactions between MON and LCY were observed for dry matter and organic matter digestibility, where both were lower for CON-CON than other treatments. Under the conditions of the present study, feeding dairy cows in a high feed bunk density a combination of MON and LCY can decrease intake and improve feed efficiency without affecting milk production or components. Additionally, monensin and live-cell yeasts may each improve total-tract digestibility based on improvements in DM and OM digestibility.

ABSTRACT: We evaluated the effects of supplementing bacterial direct-fed microbial (DFM) on performance, apparent total-tract digestibility, rumen fermentation, and immune parameters of lactating dairy cows. One hundred fourteen multiparous Holstein cows (41 ± 7 DIM) were used in a randomized complete block design with an experiment comprising 14 d of a covariate (pre-experimental sample and data collection) and 91 d of an experimental period. Cows were blocked based on energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield during the covariate period and the following treatments were randomly assigned within each block: (1) control (CON), corn silage-based total mixed ration without DFM; (2) PRO-A, basal diet top-dressed with a mixture of Lactobacillus animalis and Propionibacterium freudenreichii at 3 × 109 cfu/d; and 3) PRO-B, basal diet top-dressed with a mixture of L. animalis, P. freudenreichii, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus licheniformis at 11.8 × 109 cfu/d. Milk yield, dry matter intake (DMI), and body weight were measured daily, while milk samples for component analysis were taken on 2 consecutive days of each week of data collection. Feces, urine, rumen, and blood samples were taken during the covariate period, wk 4, 7, 10, and 13 for estimation of digestibility, N-partitioning, rumen fermentation, plasma nutrient status and immune parameters. Treatments had no effect on DMI and milk yield. Fat-corrected milk (3.5% FCM) and milk fat yield were improved with PRO-B, while milk fat percent and feed efficiency (ECM/DMI) tended to increase with PRO-B compared with PRO-A and CON. Crude fat digestibility was greater with PRO-B compared with CON. Feeding CON and PRO-A resulted in higher total volatile fatty acid concentration relative to PRO-B. Percentage of neutrophils tended to be reduced with PRO-A compared with CON and PRO-B. The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of anti-CD44 antibody on granulocytes tended to be higher in PRO-B compared with CON. The MFI of anti-CD62L antibody on CD8+ T cells was lower in PRO-A than PRO-B, with PRO-A also showing a tendency to be lower than CON. This study indicates the potential of DFM to improve fat digestibility with consequential improvement in fat corrected milk yield, feed efficiency and milk fat yield by lactating dairy cows. The study findings also indicate that dietary supplementation with DFM may augment immune parameters or activation of immune cells, including granulocytes and T cells; however, the overall effects on immune parameters are inconclusive.

ABSTRACT: Zeins are commercially important proteins found in corn endosperms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of altering zein levels in corn inbred lines carrying endosperm mutations with differential allelic dosage and analyze the effects on the composition, nutritive value, and starch digestibility of whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) at 5 storage lengths. Three inbred lines carrying 3 different endosperm modifiers (opaque-2 [o2], floury-2 [fl2], and soft endosperm-1 [h1]) were pollinated with 2 pollen sources to form pairs of near-isogenic lines with either 2 or 3 doses of the mutant allele for each endosperm modifier. The experiment was designed as a split-plot design with 3 replications. Pollinated genotype was the main plot factor, and storage length was the subplot-level factor. Agronomic precautions were taken to mimic hybrid WPCS to the extent possible. Samples were collected at approximately 30% dry matter (DM) using a forage harvester and ensiled in heat-sealed plastic bags for 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 d. Thus, the experiment consisted of 30 treatments (6 genotypes × 5 storage lengths) and 90 ensiling units (3 replications per treatment). Measurements included nutrient analysis, including crude protein, soluble crude protein, amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, starch, fermentation end products, zein concentration, and in vitro starch digestibility (ivSD). The nutritional profile of the inbred-based silage samples was similar to hybrid values reported in literature. Significant differences were found in fresh (unfermented) sample kernels for endosperm vitreousness and zein profiles between and within isogenic pairs. The o2 homozygous (3 doses of mutant allele) had the highest reduction in vitreousness level (74.5 to 38%) and zein concentration (6.2 to 4.7% of DM) compared with the heterozygous counterpart (2 doses of mutant allele). All genotypes showed significant reduction of total zeins and α-zeins during progressive storage length. In vitro starch digestibility increased with storage length and had significant effects of genotype and storage length but not for genotype by storage length interaction, which suggests that the storage period did not attenuate the difference in ivSD between near-isogenic pairs caused by zeins in WPCS. Both total zeins and α-zeins showed a strong negative correlation with ivSD, which agrees with the general hypothesis that the degradation of zeins increases ruminal starch degradability. Homozygous o2 was the only mutant with significantly higher ivSD compared with the heterozygous version, which suggests that, if all other conditions remain constant in a WPCS systems, substantial reductions in endosperm α-zeins are required to significantly improve ivSD in the silo.

O presente artigo discute os resultados obtidos com as análises de imagens e espectroscópicas (para determinação dos elementos e compostos químicos) não invasivas realizadas em seis pinturas do artista alemão, naturalizado italiano, Massimo Campigli pertencentes ao acervo do Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidade de São Paulo (MAC USP). Os aspectos da trajetória do artista, as soluções plásticas das obras somadas às análises feitas com técnicas espectroscópicas de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de energia (FRX-DE), Raman, e infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), e com técnicas de imageamento como fotografia sob luz visível (VIS), luz rasante (RAS), luz transmitida (TRANS), fluorescência visível induzida por radiação ultravioleta (UV-VIS), reflectografia de infravermelho (RIV) e radiografia (RAD) fornecem importantes informações sobre o artista e sua obra. As técnicas analíticas não invasivas foram realizadas no próprio museu e com equipamentos portáteis do Laboratório de Arqueometria e Ciências Aplicadas ao Patrimônio Cultural (LACAPC) do Instituto de Física (IF) da USP. No geral, os resultados obtidos corroboram com os testemunhos de Campigli sobre o seu fazer artístico, assim como daqueles que o viram trabalhando no ateliê. A sua escolha de paleta, composta por pigmentos naturais e sintéticos, na sua maior parte brancos e tintas com tonalidades terrosas, e suas etapas produtivas de criar e recriar as pinturas, muitas vezes reutilizando telas, foram comprovadas através das investigações analíticas.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the physical effectiveness of whole-plant corn silage (CS) particles stratified with the Penn State Particle Separator, composed of 19- and 8-mm-diameter sieves and a pan, for lactating dairy cows. Eight Holstein cows (27.6 ± 2.8 kg/d of milk, 611 ± 74 kg body weight; 152 ± 83 d in milk) were assigned to two 4 × 4 Latin squares (22-d periods, 16-d adaptation), where one square was formed with rumen-cannulated cows. Three CS particle fractions were manually isolated using the 8- and 19-mm diameter sieves and re-ensiled in 200-L drums. The 4 experimental diets were (% dry matter): (1) CON (control): 17% forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from CS (basal roughage), 31.5% starch, and 31.9% NDF; (2) PSPan: 17% forage NDF from CS + 9% NDF from CS particles 19 mm, 24.9% starch, and 38.8% NDF. Cows fed PS8 had greater dry matter intake and energy-corrected milk yield (22.4 and 26.9 kg/d, respectively) than cows fed CON (20.8 and 24.7 kg/d) and PS19 (21.2 and 24.8 kg/d), but no difference was detected between PSPan (21.6 and 25.8 kg/d) and other treatments. Milk fat concentration was greater for PS8 than CON, with intermediate values for PSPan and PS19. Milk fat yield was greater for cows fed PS8 than CON and PS19, and cows fed PSPan secreted more fat than CON cows but were not different from cows fed the other 2 diets. Cows fed CON had a lower meal frequency than cows fed PSPan, shorter meal and rumination times than PS8, and greater meal size and lower rates of rumination and chewing than the other 3 diets. Total chewing per unit of NDF was higher for PS8 than PSPan, although neither treatment differed from CON or PS19. Cows fed PS19 had higher refusal of feed particles >19 mm than cows fed CON and PSPan. The refusal of dietary NDF and undigested NDF in favor of starch were all greater for PS19 than on the other treatments. Cows fed PS19 had a greater proportion of the swallowed bolus and rumen digesta with particles >19 mm than the other 3 diets. Cows fed CON had the lowest ruminal pH and greatest lactate concentration relative to the other 3 diets. Plasma lipopolysaccharide was higher for cows fed CON and PSPan than for cows fed PS8 and PS19, and serum d-lactate tended to be lower on PSPan than for CON and PS8. In summary, the inclusion of CS fractions in a low-forage fiber diet (CON) reduced signs of ruminal acidosis. Compared with CS NDF 19 mm, CS NDF with 8- to 19-mm length promoted better rumen health and performance of dairy cows. These results highlight the importance of adjusting CS harvest and formulating dairy diets based on the proportion of particles retained between the 8- and 19-mm sieves.

Recently, the use of cocktail forage mixes in dairy cattle rations has become more common because the mixtures are low-cost, fit well in rotation after a cereal grain forage, and can have similar yield and energy value compared with alfalfa silage. This experiment evaluated the effects of a chemical additive and packing density on the fermentation profile and nutrient composition of cocktail mix silage. The cocktail forage mix (brown-midrib sorghum-sudangrass, Italian ryegrass, red clover, berseem clover, and hairy vetch) was harvested, ensiled in laboratory silos (3.79-L plastic buckets), and allowed to ferment for 30 d. The experiment consisted of 6 treatments, 2 chemical additives [CON (30 mL of distilled water) or ADD (sodium sulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and fungal amylase)], and 3 packing densities [D100, D75, and D50 (100%, 75%, or 50% of the maximum material in laboratory silos, respectively)], for a total of 24 silos (4 replications per treatment combination). No interactions of additive by density were detected for any parameters evaluated. The addition of the chemical additive influenced fermentation profile, with reduced concentrations of total acids, lactic acid, acetic acid, and ethanol in ADD-treated silages. Moreover, D50 reduced concentrations of total acids, lactic acid, and acetic acid compared with D100, but had greater pH and yeast and mold counts. Minimal changes in nutrient composition were detected regardless of treatment. Overall, this study corroborates the importance of a well-packed silage during the ensiling process. Poorly packed cocktail mix silages may be more prone to spoilage based on yeast and mold counts.

Estudo historiográfico que recupera e analisa a gênese do rádio como negócio no Brasil no final da década de 1920 e no início da de 1930. Considera, para tal, os modelos de periodização histórica do rádio propostos por Ferraretto (2012) e Bolaño (2012). Faz isso à luz de pressupostos teóricos e metodológicos oferecidos por Flichy (1991), Mosco (1996) e Schudson (1993). Descreve, assim, a transformação da Rádio Record, de São Paulo, em emissora comercial e o impacto dessa iniciativa em outras estações, como a Mayrink Veiga, do Rio de Janeiro. No processo de configuração do rádio comercial, destaca o papel: (1) do Decreto nº 21.111, de 1º de março de 1932; (2) do empresário Paulo Machado de Carvalho e dos radialistas César Ladeira e Ademar Casé; (3) do estabelecimento do elenco fixo e exclusivo; e (4) da reorganização do conteúdo.

The aim of this article is to discuss the political and artistic implications around the award granted to the painting Limões (Lemons) by the Italian artist Danilo Di Prete (Zambra, 1911 - São Paulo, 1985) at the 1st São Paulo Biennial in 1951, as part of the Brazilian representation. The prize caused a lot of controversy in the Brazilian art world, mainly due to three issues. The first relates to the fact that the award was assigned to an Italian artist and not a Brazilian one; the second was that the visual language of Di Prete’s award-winning work Limões was questioned for not being considered as modern as Max Bill’s sculpture, which also received an award at the exhibition; and the third has to do with the suspicion that the prize was awarded to Di Prete because of his involvement in the organisation of the 1st Bienal de São Paulo. By focusing on this specific case and the controversies it caused, the paper proposes on the one side to analyse the political, national, and artistic factors that led to Di Prete’s accolade at the exhibition. On the other, it aims to discuss the theoretical, political, and artistic assumptions that inspired the artist to create Limões.

The aim of the current study was to determine individual animal variability in rumination, activity, and lying behavior during the periparturient period within the context of dairy cattle nutrition, social, and physical environment. Holstein animals (nulliparous = 77, parous = 219) from one sand-bedded, freestall dairy in northwest Wisconsin were enrolled −17 d in milk (DIM, d 0 = calving), when they were fitted with an automated monitoring device (Hi-Tag, SCR Engineers Ltd.). At −11 DIM, animals were fitted with HOBO Pendant G Data Loggers. The HOBO Pendant G Data Loggers were fitted 6 d later because they were set up to collect data for 22 d (d −11 to 11), to avoid constant handling of the animals that could alter their behavior. Prepartum, nulliparous and parous animals were housed separately. Postpartum (1 to 17 ± 3 DIM), primiparous and multiparous cows were commingled. Samples of the total mixed ration were submitted for wet chemistry analysis and determination of physically effective NDF (peNDF). Temperature and humidity data were collected using RH Temp probes (HOBO Pro Series) installed in each of the pens, and the percentages of 30-min intervals within a day with temperature-humidity index ≥68 (PctTHI68) were calculated. Stocking density (cows per stall) during the pre- and postpartum periods were calculated daily. Prepartum data from nulliparous and parous animals were analyzed separately, and postpartum data from primiparous and multiparous animals were analyzed together. Prepartum, nulliparous and parous animals explained 83.9 and 64.5% of the variability in rumination, 70.7 and 60.9% of the variability in activity, and 38.1 and 63.6% of the variability in lying time, respectively. Postpartum, animal explained 49.7, 56.8, and 35.6% of the variability in rumination, activity, and lying time, respectively. Although stocking density, PctTHI68, peNDF, crude protein, and ether extract were associated with the variability in rumination, activity, and lying time, they explained ≤6.6% of the daily variability in these behaviors. We conclude that, within the conditions of the collaborating commercial herd, individual animal is the most important factor explaining daily variability in rumination, activity, and lying time.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of including exogenous amylolytic or fibrolytic enzymes in a diet for high-producing dairy cows on in vitro ruminal fermentation. Eight dual-flow continuous-culture fermentors were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square. The treatments were control (CON), a xylanase and glucanase mixture (T1), an α-amylase mixture (T2), or a xylanase, glucanase, and α-amylase mixture (T3). Treatments were included at a rate of 0.008% of diet dry matter (DM) for T1 and T2 and at 0.02% for T3. All treatments replaced the equivalent amount of soybean meal in the diet compared with CON. All diets were balanced to have the same nutrient composition [30.2% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 16.1% crude protein (CP), and 30% starch; DM basis], and fermentors were fed 106 g/d divided into 2 feedings. At each feeding, T2 was pipetted into the respective fermentor and an equivalent amount of deionized water was added to each fermentor to eliminate potential variation. Experimental periods were 10 d (7 d for adaptation and 3 d for sample collection). Composite samples of daily effluent were collected and analyzed for volatile fatty acids (VFA), NH3-N, and lactate concentrations, degradability of DM, organic matter, NDF, CP, and starch, and flow and metabolism of N. Samples of fermentor contents were collected from each fermentor at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after feeding to determine kinetics of pH, NH3-N, lactate, and VFA concentrations over time. All data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS (SAS Institute Inc.), and the repeated variable of time was included for kinetics measurements. Treatment did not affect mean pH, degradability, N flow and metabolism, or the concentrations of VFA, NH3-N, or lactate in the effluent samples. Treatment did not affect pH, acetate:propionate ratio, or the concentrations of lactate, NH3-N, total VFA, acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate, or caproate. However, the concentration of total VFA tended to change at each time point depending upon the treatment, and T2 tended to have a greater proportion of 2-methylbutyrate and isovalerate than CON, T1, or T3. As 2-methylbutyrate and isovalerate are branched-chain VFA that are synthesized from branched-chain amino acids, T2 may have an increased fermentation of branched-chain amino acids or decreased uptake by fibrolytic microorganisms. Although we did not observe changes in N metabolism due to the enzymes, there could be changes in microbial populations that utilize branched-chain VFA. Overall, the tested enzymes did not improve in vitro ruminal fermentation in the diet of high-producing dairy cows.

Formula um tipo ideal para estudar o exercício de outorgas de rádio por emissoras comerciais – especialmente as dedicadas ao jornalismo ou que afirmam fazê-lo – em um cenário de crise institucional, ameaças ao Estado democrático de direito, instabilidade econômica e pandemia de covid-19. Partindo de ideias sobre responsabilidade profissional e negacionismo, debate momentos da abordagem jornalística, por emissoras de rádio e pelos seus profissionais, de fatos e opiniões relacionados à política, à economia e à covid-19, procurando suscitar reflexões sobre o desvio no uso das outorgas públicas.

ABSTRACT: Sorghum forage is an important alternative to high-quality forage in regions where climatic and soil conditions are less desirable for corn production for silage and producing comparable nutritive value is challenging. The objective of this experiment was to assess the effects of season (spring vs. summer), sorghum variety type (forage sorghum vs. sorghum-sudangrass), and trait [brown midrib (BMR) vs. non-BMR] on dry matter (DM) yield, nutrient composition, and predicted intake and milk yield of whole-plant sorghum forage grown in Florida from 2008 to 2019. Whole-plant sorghum forage was harvested at a targeted 32% of DM, and each year, spring (April) and summer (July) trials were established. A total of 300 forage sorghum and 137 sorghum-sudangrass hybrids were tested for a total of 437 hybrids, of which 199 hybrids contained the BMR trait and 238 were non-BMR. An interaction between season and sorghum variety type was observed for DM yield. Dry matter yield was greater for the spring season than the summer season, with sorghum-sudangrass outperforming forage sorghum only during the spring season. In addition, BMR hybrids had a lower DM yield than non-BMR hybrids, regardless of season and variety type. An interaction between season and trait was observed for predicted neutral detergent fiber digestibility after 30 h of incubation in rumen fluid (NDFD30h). Predicted NDFD30h was greater for BMR sorghum in comparison to non-BMR sorghum, but BMR sorghum had slightly greater predicted NDFD30h when grown in the spring than summer, whereas no seasonal differences were found for predicted NDFD30h across non-BMR sorghum. An interaction between season, variety type, and trait was observed for predicted dry matter intake at 45 (DMI45), 55 (DMI55), and 65 (DMI65) kg of milk/d. Predicted DMI45 and DMI55 were greater for spring BMR forage sorghum than for spring and summer non-BMR sorghum-sudangrass and were greater for spring BMR forage sorghum than for summer BMR sorghum-sudangrass. Predicted DMI65 was greater for BMR forage sorghum in comparison to all non-BMR hybrids in the spring. Additionally, spring BMR forage sorghum was greater than summer sorghum-sudangrass regardless of trait. An interaction between season and sorghum variety type was observed for milk yield per megagram of forage. Milk yield per megagram of forage was greatest for spring forage sorghum. Sorghum variety type and trait selection are crucial to minimize differences in forage nutritive value of sorghum forage between seasons and improve the performance of high-producing dairy cows.

ABSTRACT: Corn is a feedstuff commonly fed to dairy cows as a source of energy. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether partially replacing dietary corn with molasses or condensed whey permeate, in lactating dairy cow diets in a dual-flow continuous culture system, can maintain nutrient digestibility by ruminal microorganisms. Furthermore, this study evaluated whether treating condensed whey permeate before feeding could aid the fermentation of the condensed whey permeate in the rumen. Eight fermentors were used in a 4 × 4 replicated Latin square with 4 periods of 10 d each. The control diet (CON) was formulated with corn grain, and the other diets were formulated by replacing corn grain with either sugarcane molasses (MOL), condensed whey permeate (CWP), or treated condensed whey permeate (TCWP). Diets were formulated by replacing 4% of the diet dry matter (DM) in the form of starch from corn with sugars from the byproducts. Sugars were defined as water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) in the rations. The fermentors were fed 52 g of DM twice daily of diets containing 17% crude protein, 28% neutral detergent fiber, and 45% nonfiber carbohydrates. Liquid treatments were pipetted into each fermentor. After 7 d of adaptation, samples were collected for analyses of volatile fatty acids (VFA), lactate, and ammonia, and fermentors' pH were measured at time points after the morning feeding for 3 d. Pooled samples from effluent containers were collected for similar analyses, nutrient flow, and N metabolism. Data were statistically analyzed using Proc MIXED of SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc.); fixed effects included treatment and time, and random effects included fermentor, period, and square. The interaction of treatment and time was included for the kinetics samples. The TCWP and MOL treatments maintained greater fermentor pH compared with CWP. Total VFA concentration was increased in CWP compared with MOL. The acetate:propionate ratio was increased in TCWP compared with CON, due to tendencies of increased acetate molar proportion and decreased propionate molar proportion in TCWP. Lactate concentration was increased in MOL. Digestibility of WSC was increased in the diets that replaced corn with byproducts. The partial replacement of 4% of DM from corn starch with the sugars in byproducts had minimal effects on ruminal microbial fermentation and increased pH. Treated CWP had similar effects to molasses.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of supplementing a rumen-protected source of Met, N-acetyl-l-methionine (NALM), on lactational performance and nitrogen metabolism in early- to mid-lactation dairy cows. Sixty multiparous Holstein dairy cows in early lactation (27 ± 4.3 d in milk, SD) were assigned to 4 treatments in a randomized complete block design. Cows were blocked by actual milk yield. Treatments were as follows: (1) no NALM (control); (2) 15 g/d of NALM (NALM15); (3) 30 g/d of NALM (NALM30); and (4) 45 g/d of NALM (NALM45). Diets were formulated using a Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) v.6.5 model software to meet or exceed nutritional requirements of lactating dairy cows producing 42 kg/d of milk and to undersupply metabolizable Met (control) or supply incremental amounts of NALM. The digestible Met (dMet) supply for control, NALM15, NALM30, and NALM45 were 54.7, 59.8, 64.7, and 72.2 g/d, respectively. The supply of dMet was 88, 94, 104, and 115% of dMet requirement for control, NALM15, NALM30, and NALM45, respectively. Milk yield data were collected, dry matter intake (DMI) was measured daily, and milk samples were collected twice per week for 22 wk. Blood, ruminal fluid, urine, and fecal samples were collected during the covariate period and during wk 4, 8, and 16. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS Institute) using covariates in the model for all variables except body weight. Linear, quadratic, and cubic contrasts were also tested. Treatments did not affect DMI, milk yield, and milk component concentration and yield; however, feed efficiency expressed as milk yield per DMI and 3.5% fat-corrected milk per DMI were quadratically affected, with greater response observed for NALM15 and NALM30 compared with control. Acetate proportion linearly increased, whereas propionate proportion linearly decreased with NALM supplementation. Blood urea nitrogen linearly decreased with NALM supplementation. Total plasma essential AA concentrations were quadratically affected, as greater values were observed for control and NALM45 than other treatments. Plasma Met concentration was quadratically affected as lower levels were observed with NALM15, whereas Met concentrations increased with NALM45 compared with control. Nitrogen utilization efficiency and apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility were not affected by treatment. Supplementation of NALM at 15 or 30 g/head per day resulted in the greatest improvements in feed efficiency without affecting N metabolism of early- to mid-lactation dairy cows.

The objective of this experiment was to analyze the effect of kernel breakage on the fermentation profile, nitrogen fractions, and ruminal in vitro starch digestibility of whole-plant corn silage and ensiled corn grain. Whole corn plants were harvested, and ears were separated from the forage portion and shelled. Corn kernels were either left intact or broken manually using a hammer. The remaining forage portion of the corn plants was chopped. Samples of the intact and broken kernels were stored for 0 or 30 d in quadruplicate vacuum pouches. Remaining intact and broken kernels were each reconstituted with the chopped forage portion of the corn plant to simulate whole-plant corn forage and were also stored for 0 or 30 d. In kernels separated from whole-plant corn silage, kernel form had no effect on zein protein concentrations. However, it was observed that in vitro starch digestibility at 7 h increased with ensiling only in kernels that were broken. When corn kernels were ensiled alone, concentrations of soluble crude protein and ammonia nitrogen increased with ensiling to a greater extent when kernels were broken. Finally, fermentation of ensiled corn grain was enhanced when kernels were broken. Overall, this study gives insight into the importance of kernel breakage to improve starch digestibility in corn silage through means other than a reduction in particle size and opens the door for continued investigation into the proteolytic activity occurring in the silo.

RESUMO O artigo trata das seis pinturas do artista alemão naturalizado italiano Massimo Campigli, do acervo do MAC USP. Esse conjunto, ainda não analisado em profundidade pela historiografia da arte no Brasil, será discutido no contexto mais amplo de sua produção artística. Para tanto, recuperamos aspectos da biografia de Campigli e de sua produção e indicamos como as obras chegaram ao acervo do antigo MAM-SP. Por fim, apresentamos a análise plástica e as considerações finais. Para tratar das telas, nos apoiamos em seus escritos autobiográficos, catálogos de exposições, textos críticos, além de informações fornecidas pelo Arquivo da Bienal de São Paulo e pelo Arquivo Campigli. Sobre a incorporação ao museu, nos valemos das pesquisas da professora Ana Gonçalves Magalhães.

We consider the effect of a local interatomic repulsion on synthetic heterostructures where a discrete synthetic dimension is created by Raman processes on top of $SU(N)$-symmetric two-dimensional lattice systems. At a filling of one fermion per site, increasing the interaction strength, the system is driven towards a Mott state which is adiabatically connected to a band insulator. The chiral currents associated with the synthetic magnetic field increase all the way to the Mott transition, where they reach the maximum value, and they remain finite in the whole insulating state. The transition towards the Mott-band insulator is associated with the opening of a gap within the low-energy quasiparticle peak, while a mean-field picture is recovered deep in the insulating state.

The rules relating to good clinical and biological practice in Assited Reproductive Technologies (ART) concerning the management of patients infected with HIV, HBV or HCV have changed several times since 2001, until the latest decree dated 5 October 2023, which definitively abandons the term 'viral risk' and allows all establishments authorised to carry out intrauterine insemination or ART techniques to manage these patients. The previously detailed recommendations have disappeared altogether, since all that remains is the requirement for multidisciplinary care. It is therefore now necessary to base the management of these patients on the infectious diseases and hepatology recommendations relating to these different viruses. Management of HIV patients is based on the systematic initiation of antiretroviral treatment for at least 6 months, to control HIV viral load and CD4+ lymphocyte count. It is important to ensure good compliance and efficacy of the treatment, with a target viral load of less than 50 copies/mL and a CD4+ count > 200/mm3, as well as the absence of urogenital infection. If the patient is likely to become pregnant, it is important to ensure that the antiretroviral treatment is compatible with pregnancy. Regarding to the management of patients with HBV, in the absence of treatment it is important to ensure that the viral load remains stable at less than 2000 IU/mL and that the virus has no impact on liver function. If this is not the case, it will be necessary to discuss the introduction of treatment compatible with the child's plans. It is essential to ensure that the partner of the infected person is immune to HBV. For patients infected with HCV, the existence of curative treatment means that each patient carrying the virus must be treated before any ART care; treatment before the introduction of curative treatment must be reserved exclusively for emergencies. HTLV oncoviruses can be screened in patients from endemic areas such as south-west Japan, the Caribbean, Latin America, tropical Africa and certain regions of the Middle East and Australo-Melanesia. The main aim of screening is to prevent transmission to the child and partner. The treatment of patients infected with one or more of these viruses should never be the only reason for their undergoing ART ; this must be linked to the existence of infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the best level of forage inclusion in diets for optimal performance of weaned calves will benefit the dairy industry greatly. This study evaluated the effect of feeding different forage to concentrate ratios on performance, behaviour, and metabolic responses of Holstein weaned calves. Forty-five Holstein female calves (70 d of age and 71.7 ± 4.4 kg body weight at trial initiation) were balanced for birth BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: (1) forage-to-concentrate ratio of 50:50, (2) forage-to-concentrate ratio of 35:65 and (3) forage-to-concentrate ratio of 20:80. Alfalfa hay was the sole dietary forage source. Calves were kept in individual pens until 120 d of age. Decreasing dietary forage concentration linearly increased dry matter and energy intake, and average daily gain. Body weight at d 95 and 120 linearly increased as alfalfa hay was replaced with concentrate. Ruminal pH at d 120 of age linearly decreased with greater inclusion of concentrate. Final heart girth, withers height and hip height linearly increased and final hip width tended to increase as concentrate was substituted for alfalfa hay. Plasma glucose concentration at d 95 of age linearly increased with greater concentrate levels, but the opposite was observed for β-hydroxybutyrate concentration. Increasing concentrate increased lying behaviour linearly, but decreased rumination behaviour. The results of this study indicated that feeding diets with a 20:80 forage to concentrate ratio enhanced feed intake, growth performance, and some skeletal growth parameters in the post-weaning period and increased lying behaviour and decreased rumination behaviour.HIGHLIGHTS Determining the best level of forage inclusion in diets for optimal performance of weaned calves will benefit the dairy industry greatly. Decreasing dietary forage concentration linearly increased dry matter intake, body weight and withers height. Feeding diets with a 20:80 forage to concentrate ratio enhanced performance in the postweaning period of dairy calves.