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This document compiles all the simulations performed to validate the EMS developed in the paper "Fundamentals for the design of energy management strategies for smart grids based on predictive control techniques. Methodology and case studies", This work was supported in part by grant PID2020-116616RB-C31 and grant PID2021-124908NB-I00 founded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ‘‘ERDF A way of making Europe’’; by the Generalitat Valenciana regional government through project CIAICO/2021/064, by Andalusian Regional Program of R+D+i (P20- 00730), and by the project “The green hydrogen vector. Residential and mobility application”, approved in the call for research projects of the Cepsa Foundation Chair of the University of Huelva. Funding for open access charge: CRUE-Universitat Politècnica de València.

[EN] This paper presents a design for the multivariable control of a cooling system in a PEM (proton exchange membrane) fuel cell stack. This system is complex and challenging enough: interactions between variables, highly nonlinear dynamic behavior, etc. This design is carried out using a multiobjective optimization methodology. There are few previous works that address this problem using multiobjective techniques. Also, this work has, as a novelty, the consideration of, in addition to the optimal controllers, the nearly optimal controllers nondominated in their neighborhood (potentially useful alternatives). In the multiobjective optimization problem approach, the designer must make decisions that include design objectives; parameters of the controllers to be estimated; and the conditions and characteristics of the simulation of the system. However, to simplify the optimization and decision stages, the designer does not include all the desired scenarios in the multiobjective problem definition. Nevertheless, these aspects can be analyzed in the decision stage only for the controllers obtained with a much less computational cost. At this stage, the potentially useful alternatives can play an important role. These controllers have significantly different parameters and therefore allow the designer to make a final decision with additional valuable information. Nearly optimal controllers can obtain an improvement in some aspects not included in the multiobjective optimization problem. For example, in this paper, various aspects are analyzed regarding potentially useful solutions, such as (1) the influence of certain parameters of the simulator; (2) the sample time of the controller; (3) the effect of stack degradation; and (4) the robustness. Therefore, this paper highlights the relevance of this in-depth analysis using the methodology proposed in the design of the multivariable control of the cooling system of a PEM fuel cell. This analysis can modify the final choice of the designer., This study was supported in part by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (Spain) (grant no. RTI2018-096904-B-I00) and by the Generalitat Valenciana regional government through project AICO/2019/055.

[EN] In this work, the parametric identification of a cooling system in a PEM (proton exchange membrane) fuel cell is carried out. This system is multivariable and nonlinear. In this type of system there are different objectives and the unmodeled dynamics cause conflicting objectives (prediction errors in each output). For this reason, resolution is proposed using a multi-objective optimization approach. Nearly optimal alternatives can exist in any optimization problem. Among them, the nearly optimal solutions that are significantly different (that we call nearly optimal solutions nondominated in their neighborhood) are potentially useful solutions. In identification problems, two situations arise for consideration: 1) aggregation in the design objectives (when considering the prediction error throughout the identification test). When an aggregation occurs in the design objectives, interesting non-neighboring (significantly different) multimodal and nearly optimal alternatives appear. These alternatives have different trade-offs in the aggregated objectives; 2) new objectives in decision making appear. Some models can, with similar performance in the design objectives, obtain a significant improvement in new objectives not included in the optimization phase. A typical case of additional objectives are the validation objectives. In these situations, nearly optimal solutions nondominated in their neighborhood play a key role. These alternatives allow the designer to make the final decision with more valuable information. Therefore, this work highlights, as a novelty, the relevance of considering nearly optimal models nondominated in their neighborhood in problems of parametric identification of multivariable nonlinear systems and shows an application in a complex problem., This work was supported in part by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades, Spain, under Grant RTI2018-096904-B-I00, and in part by the Generalitat Valenciana Regional Government under Project AICO/2019/055.

Amazon requires measuring the level of knowledge in safety in academic chemistry laboratories, to determine if the percentage of students who have the qualification "Good" or "Excellent" exceeds 50%, if there is an association between the level of knowledge and the academic level, the vocational school and gender. A stratified random sample was selected, and a 120-question questionnaire was applied. The results are the percentage of students with grades "Good" or "Excellent" does not exceed 50%. In the faculty, there is an association between the level of knowledge and the academic level (? = 0.326). There is no association between the level of knowledge and the vocational school (p > 0.05). There is no association between the level of knowledge and gender (p > 0.05). In the engineering school in food industries, there is an association between the level of knowledge and the academic level (? = 0.611). There is no association between the level of knowledge and gender (p > 0.05). In the school of bromatology and human nutrition, there is no association between the level of knowledge and the academic level (? = 0.009). There is no association between the level of knowledge and gender (p > 0.05). It is concluded that the students of the faculty of food industries require that the teaching on safety be reinforced in academic chemistry laboratories. La Facultad de Industrias Alimentarias de la Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, requiere medir el nivel de conocimientos en seguridad en laboratorios académicos de química, con el objeto de determinar si el porcentaje de estudiantes que tienen la calificación “Bueno” o “Excelente” supera el 50%, si existe asociación entre el nivel de conocimientos y el nivel académico, la escuela de formación profesional y el sexo. Se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria estratificada y se aplicó un cuestionario de 120 preguntas. Los resultados son: el porcentaje de estudiantes con calificaciones “Bueno” o “Excelente” no supera el 50%. En la facultad, existe asociación entre el nivel de conocimientos y el nivel académico (? = 0.326). No existe asociación entre el nivel de conocimientos y la escuela de formación profesional (p > 0.05). No se verifica asociación entre el nivel de conocimientos y el sexo (p > 0.05). En la escuela de ingeniería en industrias alimentaria, existe asociación el nivel de conocimientos y el nivel académico (? = 0.611). No existe asociación entre el nivel de conocimientos y el sexo (p > 0.05). En la escuela de bromatología y nutrición humana, no existe asociación entre el nivel de conocimientos y el nivel académico (? = 0.009). No existe asociación entre el nivel de conocimientos y el sexo (p > 0.05). Se concluye que los estudiantes de la facultad de industrias alimentarias requieren que se refuerce la enseñanza sobre seguridad en laboratorios académicos de química.

[ES] En un problema de optimización multiobjetivo, habitualmente se busca caracterizar el conjunto de soluciones óptimas de Pareto, ignorando las soluciones casi-óptimas. Sin embargo, estas soluciones pueden proporcionar al diseñador una mayor diversidad de soluciones potencialmente útiles, lo que permite tomar una decisión final más informada. Pese a ello, obtener todas las soluciones casi-óptimas puede aumentar en exceso el número de ellas y, en consecuencia, ralentizar en exceso el proceso de optimización y complicar la etapa de decisión. Por ello, se propone obtener las soluciones casi-óptimas que mayor información relevante aporten al diseñador, descartando el resto de ellas. En este trabajo se asume que las soluciones más relevantes son, además de las óptimas (en el espacio de objetivos), las alternativas casi-óptimas significativamente diferentes (no vecinas en el espacio de parámetros) a las soluciones que le dominan, es decir, las soluciones casi-óptimas no dominadas en su vecindad. Este conjunto de soluciones proporciona alternativas diferentes sin aumentar en exceso el número de ellas. Para caracterizar este conjunto, en esta tesis, se presenta y valida un nuevo algoritmo (nevMOGA). Gracias a este algoritmo y la metodología descrita para su aplicación, el diseñador puede obtener estas soluciones con el objetivo de realizar un análisis más profundo, tomando la decisión final con mayor información. Además, en la tesis, se aplica esta nueva metodología en problemas de identificación de modelos y diseño de controladores multivariables. En ellos, se pone de manifiesto la utilidad de obtener las alternativas casi-óptimas no dominadas en su vecindad, proporcionando nueva información relevante para el diseñador. De hecho, en algunos de estos problemas, las alternativas casi-óptimas son preferidas en lugar de las óptimas., [CA] En un problema d'optimització multiobjectiu, habitualment se busca caracteritzar el conjunt de solucions òptimes de Pareto, ignorant les solucions quasi-òptimes. Aquestes solucions poden proporcionar al dissenyador una major diversitat de solucions potencialment útils, la qual cosa permet prendre una decisió final més informada. No obstant això, obtenir totes les solucions quasi-òptimes pot augmentar en excés el número d'elles, alentint en excés el procés d'optimització i complicant l'etapa de decisió. Per això, es proposa obtenir les solucions quasi-òptimes que major informació rellevant aporten al dissenyador, descartant la resta d'elles. En aquest treball s'assumix que les solucions més rellevants són, a més de les òptimes (en l'espai d'objectius), les alternatives quasi-òptimes significativament diferents (no veïnes en l'espai de paràmetres) a les solucions que li dominen, és a dir, les solucions quasi-òptimes no dominades en el seu veïnatge. Aquest conjunt de solucions proporciona alternatives diferents sense augmentar en excés el número d'elles. Per a caracteritzar aquest conjunt, en aquesta tesi, es presenta i valida un nou algorisme (nevMOGA). Gràcies a aquest algorisme i la metodologia descrita per a la seua aplicació, el dissenyador pot obtenir aquestes solucions amb l'objectiu de realitzar una anàlisi més profunda, prenent la decisió final amb major informació. A més, en la tesi, s'aplica aquesta nova metodologia en problemes d'identificació de models i disseny de controladors multivariables. En ells, es posa de manifest la utilitat d'obtenir les alternatives quasi-òptimes no dominades en el seu veïnatge, proporcionant nova informació rellevant per al dissenyador. De fet, en diversos casos, les alternatives quasi-òptimes són preferides en lloc de les òptimes., [EN] In a multiobjective optimization problem, the aim is usually to characterize the set of optimal solutions (Pareto set) and the nearly optimal solutions are ignored. Proceeding in this way has a drawback, namely, some of these nearly optimal solutions are potentially useful for the designer and their consideration can lead him or her to make a better informed decision. However, finding all the nearly optimal solutions would excessively slow down the optimization process and would complicate the decision stage unnecessarily. In order to overcome this problem, we propose a new methodology to obtain only the nearly optimal solutions that really provide relevant information to the designer, discarding the rest of them. In this work, it is assumed that the most relevant solutions are, apart from the optimal ones, the nearly optimal solutions which are significantly different (not neighbors in the parameter space) from the solutions that dominate them, that is to say, the nearly optimal solutions non dominated in their neighborhood. In this way, a set of potentially useful alternatives is provided, without increasing their number unnecessarily. In order to characterize this new set of solutions, a novel algorithm (nevMOGA) is presented and validated. Thanks to this algorithm and to the methodology described for its application, a designer will be able to obtain these new solutions and, therefore, this will enable him or her to perform a deeper analysis of the problem, which eventually will result in a more knowledgeable decision. In addition, this new methodology is applied to several engineering problems in the areas of model tuning and multivariable control design. Through these application examples, the usefulness of obtaining and taking into account the nearly optimal solutions non dominated in their neighborhood is demonstrated. In effect, in some of these cases, a nearly optimal solution is preferred to any of the optimal ones., Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente subvencionado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad a través de la beca FPU15/01652, y los proyectos DPI2015- 71443-R y RTI2018-096904-B-I00, por la administración local Generalitat Valenciana a través de la beca ACIF/2015/079 y los proyectos GV/2017/029 y AICO/2019/055, y por la Universitat Politècnica de València a través de la beca FPI-2014/2429.

[EN] A design problem is usually solvable in different ways or by design alternatives. In this work, the term concept is used to refer to the design alternatives. Additionally, it is quite common that a design problem has to satisfy conflicting objectives. In these cases, the design problem can be formulated as a multiobjective optimization problem (MOP). One of the aims of this work was to show how to combine multiobjective requirements with concepts comparisons, in order to attain a satisfactory design. The second aim of this work was to take advantage of this methodology to obtain a battery model that described the dynamic behavior of the main electrical variables. Two objectives related to the model accuracy during the charge and discharge processes were used. In the final model selection, three different concepts were compared. These concepts differed in the complexity of their model structure. More complex models usually provide a good approximation of the process when identification data are used, but the approximation could be worse when validation data are applied. In this article, it is shown that a model with an intermediate complexity supplies a good approximation for both identification and validation data sets., This work was partially supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Spain), Grant Numbers: DPI2015-71443-R and FPU15/01652.

Treball final de carrera basat en el reconeixement de punts clau en imatges mitjançant l'algorisme Random Ferns. Trabajo final de carrera basado en el reconocimiento de puntos clave en imágenes mediante el algoritmo Random Ferns.

[EN] The term Real-Time Optimization (RTO) has spread rapidly in the industry, and provides a higher level control system. In this project the design and evaluation of a RTO for different types of control where the optimizer will calculate the best references from a multi-objective approach, [ES] El término Optimización en Tiempo Real (RTO) se ha extendido rápidamente en la industria, y constituye un nivel superior del sistema de control. En el presente proyecto se realizará el diseño y evaluación de un RTO para diferentes tipos de control donde el optimizador calculará las referecias óptimas desde un enfoque multiobjetivo

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