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La Formación Santa Cruz consiste en una sucesión de sedimentos continentales del Mioceno Temprano-Medio que se encuentran ampliamente distribuidos en la Patagonia austral. Se describen los atributos sedimentológicos y estratigráficos de tres localidades a lo largo del Río Santa Cruz. De este a oeste estas localidades son: Barrancas Blancas, Segundas Barrancas Blancas y Yaten Huageno. El análisis de facies permitió definir tres Asociaciones que representan acumulación en 1) planicies de inundación; 2) lóbulos de desbordamiento y crecidas en manto; y 3) canales fluviales. Las tres localidades son cronológicamente equivalentes y representan acumulación en un sistema fluvial de bajo gradiente con alta agradación, el cual drenaba hacia el este y noreste desde los Andes Patagónicos hasta la plataforma. Los rasgos de los paleosuelos, más algunas trazas fósiles reconocidas, sugieren un clima templado subhúmedo y en parte, una planicie herbácea. The Santa Cruz Formation is an Early-Middle Miocene terrestrial sedimentary succession widely distributed in southern Patagonia.Particularly, it is exposed along the southern margin of the Río Santa Cruz valley where the sedimentological and stratigraphical features aredescribed for three localities. From east to west these localities are: Barrancas Blancas, Segundas Barrancas Blancas and Yaten Huageno. Thefacies analysis permits us to identify three associations, representing deposition in 1) low-energy floodplains; 2) crevasse splays and sheetfloods; and 3) fluvial channels. The three localities are chronologically equivalent and represent accumulation in an aggradational lowgradientfluvial system that drained towards the east and northeast from the Patagonian Andes to the Atlantic sea. Abundant pedogenicfeatures and some trace fossils are consistent with a temperate subhumid climate and in part, a grassland environment. Fil: Cuitiño, José Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto Patagónico de Geología y Paleontología; Argentina Fil: Fernicola, Juan Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Raigemborn, María Sol. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas; Argentina Fil: Krapovickas, Verónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; Argentina

Interatherium supernum Ameghino, 1887b Holotype. Not located, probably lost. Age and provenance of the type material. Santacrucian SALMA, early Miocene, Santa Cruz Province (Argentina). Original description (Ameghino 1887b: 15). ��� Tama��o mayor que el de la precedente [I. rodens]. Longitud de las siete muelas inferiores, 29 mm. Muelas inferiores m��s anchas. m3 con el l��bulo tercero apenas aparente ���. English translation. Larger in size than the previous species [I. rodens]. Length of the seven lower cheek teeth, 29 mm. Lower cheek teeth wider. m3 with the third lobe barely apparent. Comments. Ameghino (1887b) founded and characterised this species based on a mandibular fragment with at least all of its cheek teeth, but he did not illustrate it. Later, Ameghino (1889, plate 15: figs. 17���19) notably expanded the original description based on fragmented mandibles and, mainly, a partial maxilla, all of them collected by C. Ameghino in Santa Cruz River in 1887 (Fernicola 2011). In contrast to the original description, Ameghino���s catalogue states that the maxilla MACN-A 424 is ��� tipo 1 ��� (1 st type), an old and informal term used to refer to an holotype (C. Scioscia, pers. comm.), and that the partial mandibles MACN-A 357 (alveoli of right i1 and left i1 ���dp1 with complete p2���m1 series), MACN-A 358 (alveoli of left i1 ���dp1 and complete p2���3 series) and MACN-A 359 (broken left p2 and complete p3���m2 series) are ��� tipo 2 ���, an informal and antique expression used to refer to a paratype (C. Scioscia, pers. comm.). Within the Ameghino Collection, MACN-A 424, MACN-A 357 and MACN-A 540 (right fragmented mandible with dp2���m1) correspond to figures 17, 18 and 19, respectively, of Ameghino���s Atlas (1889: plate 15). Nevertheless, none of these mandibular fragments is the holotype of the species, because they do not, either alone or combined, recreate the original dp1���p2���m3 series. Besides, as they do not present any evidence of recent break, it is inferred that they have not lost any dental piece through time in the collection. In addition, these materials do not present wide lower molariforms as originally described by Ameghino (1887b). Regarding the maxilla MACN- A 424, it is also discarded as type material due to the fact that Ameghino (1887b) only described lower dentition of I. supernum. As a matter of fact, if he had had the maxilla at hand, he would have compared and contrasted I. supernum and I. rodens not only based on lower teeth but also on upper teeth, which he did in detail in 1889, when he even recognised that the lower dentition of I supernum did not present anything in particular except its size and more continuous anterior dentition. On the other hand, Mones (1986) indicated MLP 12-1846 (right mandibular fragment with p4���m3), MLP 12- 1878 (incomplete left maxilla with P3���M2), MLP 12-1879 (right maxilla with broken P3, P4���M2, and broken M3), MLP 12-1885 (left mandibular fragment with p3���m1), MLP 12-1886 (right mandibular fragment with dp4���m2), MLP 1887 (right mandibular fragment with p3���m1) and MLP 12-1921 (left mandibular fragment with p4���m2 and broken m3) as the type specimens of I. supernum. In the collection of MLP, all these specimens are labelled as paratypes of I. supernum. However, MLP 12-1878 and MLP 12-1879 are discarded as type materials because they are maxillae. The same conclusion is inferred for the fragmented mandibles, because they do not exhibit the tooth row mentioned in the original diagnosis (Ameghino 1887b) and there is no evidence of any recent break. In the case of MLP 12-1846, which is the only specimen with complete m3, it does not exhibit the characteristics originally mentioned by Ameghino (1887b). It is worth mentioning that when comparing the labels of these specimens (indicating them as paratypes) with the Old Collections catalogue, which was written 30 years before the labelling (M. Reguero, pers. comm.), we noticed that there are many inconsistencies that make us question the veracity of the labelled information. On the one hand, none of the materials labelled as ��� paratype ��� is indicated as such in the Old Collections catalogue; in fact, the term is a modern expression that was never used by Florentino Ameghino. On the other hand, in contrast to the labels, there is no information in Old Collections catalogue concerning the collector and/or provenance of these specimens. Due to all of these facts and that there is no original tag that validates their status as paratypes or even confirms that any of these materials was actually collected by Carlos Ameghino in 1887 and used by Florentino Ameghino to describe I. supernum, they are all rejected as the paratypes of the species. In summary, the holotype of I. supernum has not been located either in MACN-A and MLP collections or in any other collection revised by mean of photographs (e.g., AMNH, FMNH and YPM)., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos & Cerde��o, Esperanza, 2019, On the type materials of the genera Interatherium Ameghino, 1887 and Icochilus Ameghino, 1889 (Interatheriidae, Notoungulata, Mammalia) from early Miocene of the Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, pp. 195-220 in Zootaxa 4543 (2) on pages 200-201, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4543.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2617757, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1887 b) Enumeracion sistematica de las especies de mamiferos fosiles coleccionados por Carlos Ameghino en los terrenos eocenos de la Patagonia austral y depositados en el Museo La Plata. Boletin del Museo de La Plata, 1, 1 - 26.","Ameghino, F. (1889) Contribucion al conocimiento de los mamiferos fosiles de la Republica Argentina. Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Cordoba, 6, i-xxxii, 1 - 1027, atlas of 98 pls.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Interatherium rodens Ameghino, 1887a Interatherium rodens Moreno, 1882: 117, nomen nudum. Ameghino, 1887a: 63, ex Moreno 1882. Holotype. MLP 12-2826 (Fig. 1 A), right maxilla with alveolus of dP1, dP2 and P3���M3 series. Age and provenance of the type material. Santacrucian SALMA, early Miocene, Santa Cruz Province (Argentina). Original description (Ameghino 1887a: 63). ��� Talla comparable a la de una liebre. Paladar profundo, c��ncavo, liso y con un peque��o agujero palatino en la sutura anterior del palatino con el maxilar. Sutura anterior del palatino con el maxilar al nivel del P4. ��ltimo molar superior implantado con su eje mayor en direcci��n de la serie dentaria. Ap��fisis cigom��tica del maxilar con un proceso descendiente suborbitario. ��rbita del ojo, grande. Serie dentaria superior formando un arco muy pronunciado. [���] De este animal s��lo se conoce el maxilar superior derecho con todas sus muelas, menos el pm. 1 , recogido por Moreno durante su viaje de 1876���1877 ���. English translation. Size similar to that of a hare. The palate is deep, concave, smooth and presents a small palatine foramen anterior to the palatine-maxilla suture. This suture is at the level of P4. The last upper molar is implanted with its major axis in the same direction as the dental series. The zygomatic process of the maxilla presents a suborbital descending process. The orbits are large. Upper dental series forms a very pronounced arch. [...] This animal is only known by a right maxilla with all its cheek teeth, except for its P1, which has been collected by Moreno during his 1876 ��� 1877 exploration. Comments. Ameghino (1887a) described this species based on a right maxilla collected by Francisco P. Moreno in 1876 ��� 1877. The same year, Ameghino (1887b) included other characteristics regarding I2 ��� C and provided the length of dp1���p2���m3 series. Subsequently, Ameghino (1889: plate 15, figs. 20���26) significantly expanded his previous descriptions by studying some mandibular and cranial fragments that he also illustrated, including a maxilla herein reproduced (Fig. 1 B). Florentino indicated that this specimen was in fact the maxilla used by Moreno to erect I. rodens and that it was deposited in the MLP at that time. Despite Ameghino���s acknowledgment regarding the status of the maxilla, he stated in his personal catalogue that MACN-A 377 to MACN-A 387 were the type materials of I. rodens. In contrast, Mones (1986) indicated the maxilla MLP 12-2826 as the type material of the species. This specimen is in fact the maxilla originally described and later illustrated by Ameghino (1887a, 1889) and, as a result, it is confirmed as the holotype of I. rodens. On the contrary, MACN-A 377 to MACN-A 387 are discarded as paratypes of I. rodens because, when reconstructing the history of these materials, they were given to Florentino by his brother Carlos in September of 1887, that is after the publication on the maxilla in April of 1887., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos & Cerde��o, Esperanza, 2019, On the type materials of the genera Interatherium Ameghino, 1887 and Icochilus Ameghino, 1889 (Interatheriidae, Notoungulata, Mammalia) from early Miocene of the Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, pp. 195-220 in Zootaxa 4543 (2) on pages 198-199, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4543.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2617757, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1887 a) Observaciones generales sobre el orden de mamiferos extinguidos sub-americanos llamados Toxodontes (Toxodontia) y sinopsis de los generos y especies hasta ahora conocidos. Anales del Museo de La Plata, 1 (1), 1 - 66.","Moreno, F. P. (1882) Patagonia, resto de un antiguo continente hoy sumergido. Contribuciones al estudio de las colecciones del Museo Antropologico y Arqueologico de Buenos Aires. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 14, 97 - 131.","Ameghino, F. (1887 b) Enumeracion sistematica de las especies de mamiferos fosiles coleccionados por Carlos Ameghino en los terrenos eocenos de la Patagonia austral y depositados en el Museo La Plata. Boletin del Museo de La Plata, 1, 1 - 26.","Ameghino, F. (1889) Contribucion al conocimiento de los mamiferos fosiles de la Republica Argentina. Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Cordoba, 6, i-xxxii, 1 - 1027, atlas of 98 pls.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Interatherium dentatum Ameghino, 1894a Holotype. MACN-A 9863 (Fig. 1 E), anterior cranial fragment and an almost complete mandible in anatomical connection. Age and provenance of the type material. Santacrucian SALMA, early Miocene, Santa Cruz Province (Argentina). Original description (Ameghino 1894a: 18). ��� Par la taille se rapproche de 1��� I. supernum; il s'en distingue pour poss��der une pr��molaire de plus �� la m��choire sup��rieure, c'est-��-dire cinq au lieu de quatre. Les deux premi��res pr��molaires sont coniques, la premi��re ou ant��rieure ��tant s��par��e de la deuxi��me. La s��rie dentaire sup��rieure compl��te occupe un espace de 41 mm ���. English translation. It is close to I. supernum by its size; it differs from it in having an additional premolar in the maxilla, which means five instead of four. The first two premolars are conical, the first (or anterior) being separated from the second. The complete upper dental series occupies a space of 41 mm. Comments. Ameghino (1894a) did not add any illustration to the original description. No specimen is indicated as the type material of I. dentatum in Ameghino���s catalogue, and Mones (1986) wrote ���MACN?���, which means doubts or lack of information regarding the type that could be housed at the MACN. There are three specimens assigned to I. dentatum within the Ameghino Collection: the articulated skull and mandible MACN-A 9863, and two fragmented maxillae, MACN-A 9864 and MACN-A 9865, corresponding to two different individuals. These maxillae lack its anterior portion, so the region that should contain the extra premolar is not preserved in any of them; as the areas of breakage are not recent, both specimens are discarded as the type. Instead, MACN-A 9863 matches the original description (Ameghino 1894a) as it presents an extra alveolus between C and dP1, which is separated from the latter by a distinct diastema. The length of left I1 ���M3 series (41.3 mm) also matches the only measurement provided by Ameghino (1894a). Consequently, MACN-A 9863 is considered the holotype of I. dentatum., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos & Cerde��o, Esperanza, 2019, On the type materials of the genera Interatherium Ameghino, 1887 and Icochilus Ameghino, 1889 (Interatheriidae, Notoungulata, Mammalia) from early Miocene of the Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, pp. 195-220 in Zootaxa 4543 (2) on page 202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4543.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2617757, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1894 a) Enumeration synoptique des especes de mammiferes fossiles des formations eocenes de Patagonie. Coni e hijos, Buenos Aires, 196 pp.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Icochilus hegetotheroides Ameghino, 1894a Holotype. MACN-A 9855 (Figs. 6 D���E), anterior cranial fragment, and MACN-A 9856 (Figs. 6 F���G), an incomplete mandible, both of the same individual. Age and provenance of the type material. Santacrucian SALMA, early Miocene, Santa Cruz Province (Argentina). Original description (Ameghino 1894a: 17). ��� Cette esp��ce se distingue par le grand d��veloppement de la paire d'incisives internes sup��rieures (i. 1 ), comparables sous ce rapport �� celles du genre Hegetotherium. Ces incisives sont convexes en avant, concaves en arri��re, et avec la surface de la couronne en arc de cercle. La deuxi��me incisive est petite, et la troisi��me incisive ainsi que la canine sont atrophi��es. La partie ant��rieure du cr��ne est tr��s raccourcie et proportionnellement tr��s large. La couronne de chacune des incisives internes a 5 mm. 5 de diam��tre transverse en ligne droite. Le palais au niveau des canines a 13 mm. de largeur, et la distance du bord ant��rieur de la p. 1 au coin interne de l'i. 1 est de seulement 46 mm ���. English translation. This species is distinguished by the great development of the internal upper incisors (I1), similar in this aspect to those of the genus Hegetotherium. These incisors are labially convex, lingually concave, and with an arched surface of the crown. The second incisor is small, and the third incisor and the canine are atrophied. The anterior part of the skull is very short and proportionally very broad. The crown of each internal incisor measures 5 mm. 5 of transverse diameter in a straight line. The palate is 13 mm wide at the level of the canines, and the distance from the anterior part of P1 to the internal part of I1 is only 46 mm. Comments. Ameghino (1894a) did not illustrate any specimen of this species. According to Ameghino���s catalogue and Mones (1986), MACN-A 9855 (anterior portion of a skull) and MACN-A 9856 (incomplete mandible), which belong to the same individual, are the type specimens of the species. The measurements of MACN-A 9855 (MDL of I1 = 5.5���5.7 mm; width of the palate at the C level = 13.2 mm; length of I1 ���dP1 = 16.3 mm) match approximately those provided by Ameghino (1894a). Therefore, MACN-A 9855 and MACN-A 9856 are confirmed as the holotype of Ic. hegetotheroides., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos & Cerde��o, Esperanza, 2019, On the type materials of the genera Interatherium Ameghino, 1887 and Icochilus Ameghino, 1889 (Interatheriidae, Notoungulata, Mammalia) from early Miocene of the Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, pp. 195-220 in Zootaxa 4543 (2) on pages 215-216, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4543.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2617757, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1894 a) Enumeration synoptique des especes de mammiferes fossiles des formations eocenes de Patagonie. Coni e hijos, Buenos Aires, 196 pp.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Icochilus robustus Ameghino, 1891 Holotype. MACN-A 3454 (Fig. 4A) to MACN-A 3505, complete skull and mandible of the same individual, with associated postcranial elements. Age and provenance of the type material. Santacrucian SALMA, early Miocene, Santa Cruz Province (Argentina). Original description (Ameghino 1891: 393). ��� Del tama��o de Icochilus extensus, del que se distingue por el cr��neo m��s ancho y por los frontales que se prolongan adelante entre los nasales ���. English translation. Of the same size as Icochilus extensus, from which it is distinguished by presenting a wider skull and the frontals extended forward between the nasals. Comments. Ameghino (1891: 393, figs. 95���97) briefly described this species in a footnote, stating that he had the entire skeleton of an individual. He also illustrated a foot, a right hand and an almost complete skull. According to Ameghino���s catalogue and Mones (1986), MACN-A 3454 to MACN-A 3505, an almost complete individual, constitute the type specimen of the species. MACN-A 3454 is indeed the illustrated complete skull (Ameghino 1891: fig. 97), herein reproduced (Fig. 4 B), although it has suffered many breaks. Regarding the right manus and foot, only some elements (basipodia, metapodia and phalanges) are present. At the beginning of the current study, all of these materials were in different uncovered containers, so it is assumed that different elements have been missed over the years. Therefore, MACN 3454 to MACN-A 3505 are confirmed as elements of the holotype of Ic. robustus., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos & Cerde��o, Esperanza, 2019, On the type materials of the genera Interatherium Ameghino, 1887 and Icochilus Ameghino, 1889 (Interatheriidae, Notoungulata, Mammalia) from early Miocene of the Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, pp. 195-220 in Zootaxa 4543 (2) on page 209, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4543.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2617757, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1891) Nuevos restos de mamiferos fosiles descubiertos por Carlos Ameghino en el Eoceno inferior de la Patagonia austral. Especies nuevas, adiciones y correcciones. Revista Argentina de Historia Natural, 1 (5), 289 - 328.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Interatherium brevifrons Ameghino, 1894a Holotype. Not located, probably lost. Age and provenance of the type material. Santacrucian SALMA, early Miocene, Santa Cruz Province (Argentina). Original description (Ameghino 1894a: 18). ��� Esp��ce de taille beaucoup plus petite que le I. rodens et avec toute la denture en s��rie continue, sans diast��mes. La partie ant��rieure du cr��ne est tr��s raccourcie. L'i. 1 est tr��s grande et les i. 2 et 3 tr��s petites. La canine est bien d��velopp��e. Longueur de la partie ant��rieure de l'i. 1 �� la partie post��rieure de la m 3 , 27 mm ���. English translation. Species much smaller in size than I. rodens and with all the dentition in continuous series, without diastemata. The anterior part of the skull is very short. I1 is very large and I2���3 are very small. The canine is well developed. Length from the anterior part of I1 to the posterior part of m3, 27 mm. Comments. Ameghino (1894a) did not add any illustration to the original description of the species. According to Ameghino���s catalogue, the cranial fragment MACN-A 3440 is the type specimen of I. brevifrons. Instead, Mones (1986) indicates the fragmented maxilla MACN-A 3441 as such. MACN-A 3440 does not match the original description because it does not exhibit a complete dental series and it presents two diastemata, anterior and posterior to the upper canine. Therefore, it is discarded as the type specimen of the species. On the other hand, MACN-A 3441 can neither be considered the type material, because it is a very fragmented specimen with only three molariforms (Ameghino���s catalogue indicates ��� tres muelas ��� [three cheek teeth], so there is no option of having lost any dental piece through time). Unfortunately, no material that matches the original description (Ameghino 1894a) was located within the studied collections., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos & Cerde��o, Esperanza, 2019, On the type materials of the genera Interatherium Ameghino, 1887 and Icochilus Ameghino, 1889 (Interatheriidae, Notoungulata, Mammalia) from early Miocene of the Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, pp. 195-220 in Zootaxa 4543 (2) on page 201, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4543.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2617757, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1894 a) Enumeration synoptique des especes de mammiferes fossiles des formations eocenes de Patagonie. Coni e hijos, Buenos Aires, 196 pp.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Interatherium Ameghino, 1887a Interatherium Moreno, 1882: 117, nomen nudum. Ameghino, 1887a: 63, ex Moreno 1882. Type species. Interatherium rodens Ameghino, 1887a: 63., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos & Cerde��o, Esperanza, 2019, On the type materials of the genera Interatherium Ameghino, 1887 and Icochilus Ameghino, 1889 (Interatheriidae, Notoungulata, Mammalia) from early Miocene of the Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, pp. 195-220 in Zootaxa 4543 (2) on page 198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4543.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2617757, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1887 a) Observaciones generales sobre el orden de mamiferos extinguidos sub-americanos llamados Toxodontes (Toxodontia) y sinopsis de los generos y especies hasta ahora conocidos. Anales del Museo de La Plata, 1 (1), 1 - 66.","Moreno, F. P. (1882) Patagonia, resto de un antiguo continente hoy sumergido. Contribuciones al estudio de las colecciones del Museo Antropologico y Arqueologico de Buenos Aires. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 14, 97 - 131."]}

Icochilus truncus Ameghino, 1894a Holotype. MACN-A 3635 (Figs. 5 J���K), right fragmented mandible with alveoli of i1 ���dp1 and the series p2���m1. Age and provenance of the type material. Santacrucian SALMA, early Miocene, Santa Cruz Province (Argentina). Original description (Ameghino 1894a: 16). ��� A peu pr��s de la m��me taille que l��� I. extensus. Elle se distingue par la pr��sence de la premi��re pr��molaire inf��rieure tr��s petite, et par l'absence de la canine inf��rieure. A la place de la canine il y a un diast��me assez ��tendu qui s��pare l'incisive externe de la premi��re pr��molaire ���. English translation. Size almost the same as Ic. extensus. It is distinguished by the presence of a very small first lower premolar, and by the absence of the lower canine. In the place of the lower canine there is a rather extensive diastema that separates the external incisor from the first premolar. Comments. Ameghino (1894a) did not add any illustration to the brief description of I. truncus. According to Ameghino���s catalogue and Mones (1986), MACN-A 3635, a broken symphysis with a fragmented right mandibular ramus, is the type material of the species. This specimen has a small alveolus of dp1 and a diastema between i3 and dp1, whose length (2.2 mm) falls within the range (1 to 3 mm) that Ameghino provided for any gap between adjacent teeth (Ameghino 1894a: 15���18). These characteristics are consistent with Ameghino���s (1894a) description and, consequently, MACN-A 3635 is confirmed as the holotype of Ic. truncus., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos & Cerde��o, Esperanza, 2019, On the type materials of the genera Interatherium Ameghino, 1887 and Icochilus Ameghino, 1889 (Interatheriidae, Notoungulata, Mammalia) from early Miocene of the Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, pp. 195-220 in Zootaxa 4543 (2) on page 213, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4543.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2617757, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1894 a) Enumeration synoptique des especes de mammiferes fossiles des formations eocenes de Patagonie. Coni e hijos, Buenos Aires, 196 pp.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Notoungulata Roth, 1903 Typotheria Zittel, 1893, Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos & Cerde��o, Esperanza, 2019, On the type materials of the genera Interatherium Ameghino, 1887 and Icochilus Ameghino, 1889 (Interatheriidae, Notoungulata, Mammalia) from early Miocene of the Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, pp. 195-220 in Zootaxa 4543 (2) on page 198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4543.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2617757, {"references":["Roth, S. (1903) Los ungulados sudamericanos. Anales del Museo de La Plata, 5, 1 - 36.","Zittel, K. A. (1893) Handbuch der Palaeontologie. Vol 4. Vertebrata (Mammalia). Oldenbourg, Munchen, 293 pp."]}

Icochilus ulter Ameghino, 1899 Holotype. MACN-A 11601 (Figs. 6 H���I), right mandibular fragment with p3���m3 and left mandibular fragment with p4���m1 series. Age and provenance of the type material. Astrapothericulan beds (presumably the Pinturas Formation), early Miocene, Santa Cruz Province (Argentina). Original description (Ameghino 1899: 5). ��� De la talla del Icochilus extensus, pero de rama mandibular m��s alta (20 mil��metros debajo de la quinta muela) ���. English translation. With the size of Icochilus extensus, but with a highest mandibular ramus (20 millimetres below the fifth molar). Comments. Ameghino (1899) briefly described this species without illustrating it, but he did not mention it in his catalogue. There is no specimen indicated as type of Ic. ulter in the Ameghino Collection. Despite this, Mones (1986) indicated, but with doubts, ���MACN-A 10601?��� as type specimen; however, this specimen is also indicated by the author as the type of the isotemnid Eochalicotherium crassidens. MACN-A 10601 is in fact a lot constituted by three mandibular fragments���with one tooth each���that belong to the latter species; consequently, it is discarded as the holotype of Ic. ulter. On the other hand, the lot MACN-A 11601, which is composed of two mandibular fragments of the same individual, with right p3���m3 and left p4���m1, is the only material assigned by F. Ameghino to Ic. ulter within the Ameghino Collection. The right fragment matches the only measurement (length of the mandibular ramus below m1 = 20 mm) given by Ameghino (1899). It is worth mentioning that there are two pieces of paper inside the container with Ameghino���s handwriting: one that reproduces the original description of the species and another with the name ��� Icochilus ulter ���. In the latter, it is also written ���10601��� but with someone else���s handwriting (probably from M. Soria; A. Kramarz, pers. comm.), and the first ���0��� was crossed out and replaced by ���1���; it is very likely that this mistake led Mones to mention ���MACN-A 10601?��� as the type of the species. As a result, MACN-A 11601 is identified as the holotype of Ic. ulter., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos & Cerde��o, Esperanza, 2019, On the type materials of the genera Interatherium Ameghino, 1887 and Icochilus Ameghino, 1889 (Interatheriidae, Notoungulata, Mammalia) from early Miocene of the Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, pp. 195-220 in Zootaxa 4543 (2) on page 216, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4543.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2617757, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1899) Sinopsis geologico-paleontologica de la Argentina. Suplemento (Adiciones y correcciones). Imprenta La Libertad, La Plata, pp. 1 - 13.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Icochilus extensus Ameghino, 1889 Lectotype (this contribution). MACN-A 1083 (Figs. 2 A���B) and MACN-A 1084 (Figs. 2 C���D), an almost complete skull and mandible with complete dentitions, both belonging to the same individual. Paralectotypes (this contribution). Four isolated teeth, not located (see below). Age and provenance of the type material. Santacrucian SALMA, early Miocene, Santa Cruz Province (Argentina). Original description (Ameghino 1889: 471���472). ��� Esta es la especie de mayor tama��o, cuya talla era un poco superior �� la del conejo. Los premolares 2 , 3 y 4 se distinguen f��cilmente de los de las dem��s especies, por presentar sobre la parte anterior de la cara externa dos aristas estrechas separadas por una ranura angosta y profunda; de estas dos aristas, la anterior que forma el ��ngulo ��ntero-externo de cada diente es mas peque��a y mas baja, y la posterior mas ancha y considerablemente mas elevada tomando la forma de una columna perpendicular saliente. La parte posterior externa detr��s de la columna mencionada es mas baja y plana, uni��ndose �� la cara posterior formando un ��ngulo redondeado. Los verdaderos molares superiores tienen las dos aristas de la parte anterior de la cara externa mas estrechas y de tama��o mas igual, sin que la segunda tome la forma de columna perpendicular saliente. Detr��s de esta segunda ��rista viene una depresi��n perpendicular colocada sobre la mitad del ancho de la cara externa de la muela, de fondo c��ncavo pero poco profunda. Cada uno de los verdaderos molares superiores presenta sobre el borde externo de la corona dos c��spides �� cerros puntiagudos, formados por el prolongamiento de las ondulaciones convexas perpendiculares de la cara externa. En la mand��bula inferior, los dos l��bulos que forman cada muela, son de forma mas distinta entre s�� que en las otras especies; el l��bulo anterior tiene el lado interno mucho mas estrecho y en forma de arista perpendicular angosta y saliente dirijida hacia atr��s, y el lado externo mas ancho y redondeado, con su eje mayor dirijido oblicuamente de afuera hacia adentro y de adelante hacia atr��s, presentando la cara posterior de un ancho considerable; el l��bulo posterior es tambi��n igualmente muy estrecho sobre el borde interno y mas grueso sobre el externo, pero presenta su parte anterior que se une al l��bulo que lo precede considerablemente mas angosta que la posterior. La mand��bula inferior presenta tres agujeros mentonianos, el anterior mas grande, colocado debajo de la barra que separa el p. 1 del c. 1 en el punto en que la s��nfisis se comprime transversalmente para tomar la forma de pico, el segundo mucho mas peque��o est�� colocado debajo del p. 2 , y el tercero igualmente peque��o, se encuentra debajo de la parte anterior del p. 4 . La cara externa de la rama horizontal debajo de los premolares es gruesa y convexa. La rama ascendente presenta el borde anterior con la base que sale del lado externo de la ��ltima muela levant��ndose hacia arriba formando una peque��a curva c��ncava, pero su parte superior que constitu��a la ap��fisis coronoides se inclina h��cia adelante ���. English translation. This is the largest species, being a little larger in size than a rabbit. P2���4 are easily distinguishable from those of the other species, because they have two narrow edges separated from each other by a narrow and deep groove on the antero-external face; of these two edges, the anterior one, which forms the anteroexternal angle of each tooth, is smaller and lower, while the posterior is wider and considerably higher resembling a perpendicular projecting column. The postero-external region behind this column is lower and flat, joining the posterior face in a rounded angle. M1���3 also presents two antero-external edges but both are narrower and of equal size, and the posterior edge does not take the form of a perpendicular projecting column. Behind this second edge, there is a perpendicular depression, concave but shallow, placed about half the width of the external face of the molar. Each molar has two pointed cusps or hills on the external margin of the crown which are formed by the prolongation of the convex and perpendicular undulations of the external face. In the mandible, the two lobes that constitute each tooth, are more distinct from each other than in the other species; the inner side of the anterior lobe is much narrower than the external and similar to a narrow, perpendicular and protruding edge which directs backwards, whereas the external side is broader and rounded with its major axis obliquely directed, with the posterior face being considerable wide; the posterior lobe is also very narrow on the inner face and thicker on the external, but the anterior part that joins the preceding lobe is considerably narrower than the posterior lobe. The mandible has three mental foramina, the anterior is the largest and it is placed below the diastema that separates p1 from c at the point where the symphysis is transversely compressed acquiring the shape of a beak, the second is much smaller in size and it is placed below p2, and the third is equally smaller and is placed below the anterior margin of p4. Below the lower premolars, the external face of the horizontal mandibular ramus is thick and convex. The ascending ramus of the mandible presents its anterior border with the base that emerges from the external side of m3 rising upwards forming a small concave curve, but its upper part, which constitutes the coronoid process, slopes forwards. Comments. Ameghino (1889: 471���472, plate 15: figs. 4���5) described and illustrated this species based on a partial skull and mandible of the same individual, along with four isolated teeth���I1, right upper premolar, right upper molar and left lower molariform���(Ameghino 1889, plate 15: figs. 6���9). According to Ameghino���s catalogue and Mones (1986), the skull MACN-A 1083 and the mandible MACN-A 1084 are the type specimens of Ic. extensus. Following Ameghino���s catalogue, both are part of the same animal, which is confirmed by us because they articulate to each other. MACN-A 1083 and MACN-A 1084 correspond to figures 4 and 5, respectively, of the Atlas (Ameghino 1889: plate 15), and are herein reproduced (Figs. 2 E���H). The isolated teeth (Ameghino 1889: plate 15, figs. 6���9), which were not even mentioned in the written catalogue, were not located in the collection and, due to the fact that MACN-A 1083 and MACN-A 1084 already exhibit these teeth, we conclude that they do not belong to the same individual as the skull and mandible; nevertheless, these teeth would be part of the original syntypes. As the original diagnosis was based on the characteristics of the skull and mandible, we designate MACN-A 1083 plus MACN-A 1084 as the lectotype of Ic. extensus. Consequently, the remaining syntypes become paralectotypes (ICZN 2000: Art. 73.2.2)., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos & Cerde��o, Esperanza, 2019, On the type materials of the genera Interatherium Ameghino, 1887 and Icochilus Ameghino, 1889 (Interatheriidae, Notoungulata, Mammalia) from early Miocene of the Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, pp. 195-220 in Zootaxa 4543 (2) on pages 203-205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4543.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2617757, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1889) Contribucion al conocimiento de los mamiferos fosiles de la Republica Argentina. Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Cordoba, 6, i-xxxii, 1 - 1027, atlas of 98 pls.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625.","ICZN (2000) Codigo internacional de nomenclatura zoologica. 4 th edition, CSIC-MNCN Madrid, Caja Espana, The International Comission on Zoological Nomenclature and Sociedad de Amigos del MNCN (eds), Madrid, 156 pp."]}

Icochilus trilineatus Ameghino, 1894a Syntypes. MACN-A 3633 (Fig. 5 B), fragmented left maxilla with M2; and MACN-A 3651 to MACN-A 3657 (Figs. 5 C���H), isolated cheek teeth. Age and provenance of the type material. Santacrucian SALMA, early Miocene, Santa Cruz Province (Argentina). Original description (Ameghino 1894a: 16). ��� Cette esp��ce est de la m��me taille que l��� I. extensus, dont elle se distingue facilement aussi bien que des autres esp��ces, par la forme de ses molaires et pr��molaires sup��rieures. Chacune de ces dents porte sur sa face externe un sillon large et profond qui la divise en deux lobules, et sur chaque lobule il y a un sillon ��troit et profond qui le divise en deux colonnettes verticales; on voit ainsi sur la face externe de chaque dent, quatre colonnettes s��par��es par trois sillons, dont celui du milieu beaucoup plus large et les autres deux tr��s ��troits ���. English translation. This species has the same size as Ic. extensus, from which it is easily distinguished, as well as from the other species, by the morphology of its upper molars and premolars. Each tooth presents a broad and deep groove on its external face, which divides it into two lobules, and on each lobule there is a narrow and deep groove that divides it into two vertical columns; as a result, the external face of each tooth exhibits four columns separated by three grooves, the second being the widest whereas the other two are very narrow. Comments. Ameghino (1894a) did not illustrate this species. According to Ameghino���s catalogue and Mones (1986), MACN-A 3633, a small maxillary fragment with M2, is the type specimen of the species. The ectoloph of this M2 exhibits three perpendicular grooves, one in the middle and one at each lateral lobe, resulting in an ectoloph with four columns as indicated by Ameghino (1894a). Nonetheless, when describing the species, Ameghino (1894a: 16) alluded to the form of its upper molars and premolars, which implies that he had more than one tooth at hand, and therefore MACN-A 3633 cannot be the only type specimen. In this context, in the Ameghino Collection, the lot MACN-A 3651 to MACN-A 3657 contains six isolated teeth (instead of seven as corresponding inventory numbers), five of which (two M3, and three upper molariforms, probably P4 and/or M1/2) show the characteristics mentioned by Ameghino (1894a); thus, we consider them as part of the type series. As the specimens in the lot lack individual labels, it is not possible to identify which is the missing seventh tooth. Therefore, MACN-A 3633 and MACN-A 3651 to MACN-A 3657 (one currently missing) are considered the syntypes of Ic. trilineatus., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos & Cerde��o, Esperanza, 2019, On the type materials of the genera Interatherium Ameghino, 1887 and Icochilus Ameghino, 1889 (Interatheriidae, Notoungulata, Mammalia) from early Miocene of the Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, pp. 195-220 in Zootaxa 4543 (2) on page 211, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4543.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2617757, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1894 a) Enumeration synoptique des especes de mammiferes fossiles des formations eocenes de Patagonie. Coni e hijos, Buenos Aires, 196 pp.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Interatherium interruptum Ameghino, 1894a Holotype. MACN-A 3445 (Fig. 1 D), left maxilla with the alveolus of dP1, and series dP2���3 and P4���M3. Age and provenance of the type material. Santacrucian SALMA, early Miocene, Santa Cruz Province (Argentina). Original description (Ameghino 1894a: 18). ��� De la taille de 1��� I. supernum. Cette esp��ce se distingue facilement par la pr��sence de la premi��re pr��molaire sup��rieure qui est plac��e contre la partie ant��rieure de la deuxi��me, et par la disparition compl��te de la canine. Il y a une longue barre qui s��pare la premi��re pr��molaire de l'incisive externe; le bord de cette barre porte un sillon longitudinal profond qui suit la m��me direction de la s��rie dentaire. Longueur des sept molaires sup��rieures, 25 mm ���. English translation. With the same size as I. supernum. This species is easily distinguished by the presence of the first upper premolar that is placed against the anterior part of the second, and by the complete absence of the upper canine. There is a long diastema that separates the first premolar from the external incisor; the margin of this diastema shows a deep longitudinal groove that has the same direction as the dental series. Length of the seven upper molars, 25 mm. Comments. Ameghino (1894a) did not illustrate this species. According to Ameghino���s catalogue and Mones (1986), the left maxilla MACN-A 3445 is the type specimen of the species. This material lacks the canine and, instead, exhibits a long diastema placed anteriorly to the alveolus of dP1 (L = 4.1 mm). It also shows the groove described by Ameghino, and the length of dP1���M3 is 24.8 mm. All of this coincides with Ameghino���s (1894a) description and, consequently, MACN-A 3445 is confirmed as the holotype of I. interruptum., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos & Cerde��o, Esperanza, 2019, On the type materials of the genera Interatherium Ameghino, 1887 and Icochilus Ameghino, 1889 (Interatheriidae, Notoungulata, Mammalia) from early Miocene of the Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, pp. 195-220 in Zootaxa 4543 (2) on page 202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4543.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2617757, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1894 a) Enumeration synoptique des especes de mammiferes fossiles des formations eocenes de Patagonie. Coni e hijos, Buenos Aires, 196 pp.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Interatherium anguliferum Ameghino, 1894a Holotype. MACN-A 3444 (Fig. 1 C), a fragmented right maxilla with C and P2���M1 series. Age and provenance of the type material. Santacrucian SALMA, early Miocene, Santa Cruz Province (Argentina). Original description (Ameghino 1894a: 18). ��� De taille interm��diaire entre celle de 1��� I. rodens et celle de 1��� I. supernum dont elle se distingue par l'absence de la premi��re pr��molaire sup��rieure. La canine sup��rieure est bien d��velopp��e et isol��e par des diast��mesen avant et en arri��re. Les p. 2 �� 4 ont les deux ar��tes perpendiculaires de l'angle ant��rieur externe tr��s fortes. Longueur du bord ant��rieur de la canine au bord post��rieur de la premi��re vraie molaire sup��rieure, 17 mm ���. English translation. Size intermediate between I. rodens and I. supernum, from which it is distinguished by the absence of the first upper premolar. The upper canine is well developed and anteriorly and posteriorly isolated by diastemata. P2���4 have the two perpendicular columns of the antero-external angle very strong. Length from the anterior region of the upper canine to the posterior border of the first true upper molar, 17 mm. Comments. Ameghino (1894a) did not illustrate any specimen of this species. According to Ameghino���s catalogue and Mones (1986), the maxilla MACN-A 3444 is the type specimen of the species. This material matches the original description provided by Ameghino (1894a) because its dP1 is absent, there are diastemata anterior and posterior to C, and the series C���M1 is 17.3 mm long. Therefore, MACN-A 3444 is confirmed as the holotype of I. anguliferum., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos & Cerde��o, Esperanza, 2019, On the type materials of the genera Interatherium Ameghino, 1887 and Icochilus Ameghino, 1889 (Interatheriidae, Notoungulata, Mammalia) from early Miocene of the Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, pp. 195-220 in Zootaxa 4543 (2) on page 201, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4543.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2617757, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1894 a) Enumeration synoptique des especes de mammiferes fossiles des formations eocenes de Patagonie. Coni e hijos, Buenos Aires, 196 pp.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Icochilus curtus Ameghino, 1894a Holotype. Not located, probably lost. Age and provenance of the type material. Santacrucian SALMA, early Miocene, Santa Cruz Province (Argentina). Original description (Ameghino 1894a: 17). ��� De la m��me taille que l��� I. extensus. Cette esp��ce se distingue facilement par le grand raccourcissement de la derni��re molaire inf��rieure qui est �� peine un peu plus longue que l'avant-derni��re, et par son lobe post��rieur qui est convexe sur le c��t�� externe, sans vestige du sillon perpendiculaire qu'on voit sur la m��me dent des autres esp��ces. La derni��re molaire inf��rieure a pr��s de 5 mm. de longueur, et les deux derni��res molaires occupent un espace de 9 mm. de long ���. English translation. With the same size as Ic. extensus. This species is easily distinguished by the great shortening of the last lower molar, which is just a little longer than m2, and by its posterior lobe that is convex on the external side and it does not exhibit the perpendicular groove seen on the same tooth in the other species. The last lower molar is nearly 5 mm long, and the last two molars occupy a space of 9 mm. Comments. Ameghino (1894a) did not illustrate this species. According to Ameghino���s catalogue and Mones (1986), the mandibular fragment MACN-A 9852 is the type material of the species. However, MACN-A 9852 does not match the original description, because its m3 exhibits a labial groove in the talonid as in other species of Icochilus. Among the remaining specimens assigned to this species within the Ameghino Collection, other two fragmented mandibles, MACN-A 9853 and MACN-A 9854, neither present the diagnostic characteristics described for the m3. In addition, no material labelled as Icochilus sp., Interatherium sp., Icochilini, Icochilinae and Interatheriidae indet. matches the original description provided by Ameghino (1894a). As a result, the type specimen of Ic. curtus has not been located., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos & Cerde��o, Esperanza, 2019, On the type materials of the genera Interatherium Ameghino, 1887 and Icochilus Ameghino, 1889 (Interatheriidae, Notoungulata, Mammalia) from early Miocene of the Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, pp. 195-220 in Zootaxa 4543 (2) on page 215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4543.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2617757, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1894 a) Enumeration synoptique des especes de mammiferes fossiles des formations eocenes de Patagonie. Coni e hijos, Buenos Aires, 196 pp.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Protypotherium globosum Ameghino, 1891 Holotype. MACN-A 4049 (Figs. 2 M���N), an almost complete skull lacking the left premaxilla. Diagnosis (Ameghino 1891: 292). ��� Tama��o bastante m��s peque��o que el Protypotherium australe (Moreno) Ameghino. Se distingue por los parietales, que se levantan bastante m��s arriba que los frontales, de superficie globosa, cortos y que atr��s descienden hacia abajo de una manera casi repentina. Frente muy ancha y plana; nasales cortos. Longitud del cr��neo, 8 cent��metros. Di��metro transverso m��ximo, 53 mil��metros. Di��metro interorbitario de los frontales, 3 cent��metros. Longitud de la serie dentaria superior, 45 mil��metros ���. English translation. Considerably smaller size than Protypotherium australe (Moreno) Ameghino. It can be distinguished by its short parietals that rise much higher than the frontals, with a globular surface, and suddenly descend downwards posteriorly. Forehead very broad and flat; nasals short. Length of the skull, 8 centimetres. Maximum transverse diameter, 53 millimetres. Interorbital diameter of the frontals, 3 centimetres. Length of upper tooth row, 45 millimetres. Comments. Ameghino (1891) described this taxon without any illustration. According to Ameghino���s catalogue and to Mones (1986), the incomplete skull MACN-A 4049 is the type material of the species. This specimen matches the original diagnosis (Ameghino 1891) both in morphology (e.g., the most posterior region of the frontals and the anterior portion of the parietals form a convex surface that rapidly descends posteriorly, frontals are wide and flat, and nasals and parietals are short) and measurements (length of the skull = 84.2 mm; maximum transverse diameter = 53.4 mm; interorbital frontal diameter = 30.1 mm; length of the upper tooth row = 45 mm), and it is herein confirmed as the holotype of P. globosum. Chronological and geographical distribution of the type specimen. Santacrucian SALMA, Santa Cruz Province., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos, Cerde��o, Esperanza & Reguero, Marcelo A., 2018, Identification of type materials of the species of Protypotherium Ameghino, 1885 and Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Notoungulata: Interatheriidae) erected by Florentino Ameghino, pp. 473-498 in Zootaxa 4387 (3) on page 485, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1187697, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1891) Nuevos restos de mamiferos fosiles descubiertos por Carlos Ameghino en el Eoceno inferior de la Patagonia austral. Especies nuevas, adiciones y correcciones. Revista Argentina de Historia Natural, 1 (5), 289 - 328.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Protypotherium praerutilum Ameghino, 1887b Holotype. MACN-A 1081 (Figs. 1 H���I), an incomplete skull, and MACN-A 1082 (Figs. 1 J���K), a broken mandible, both belonging to the same individual. Diagnosis (Ameghino 1887b: 15). ��� Tama��o m��s peque��o [que Protypotherium australe]. Ultima muela inferior con la separaci��n del tercer l��bulo apenas indicada. Longitud de las siete muelas inferiores, 35 mm. Alto de la rama horizontal debajo del m. 1 , 16 mm ���. English translation. Smaller size [than Protypotherium australe]. Last lower molar with the separation of the third lobe slightly marked. Length of the seven lower molars, 35 mm. Height of mandibular ramus below m 1, 16 mm. Comments. In 1889, Ameghino expanded the original description of the species by including more characteristics associated to the mandible and its lower dentition. He also featured the skull and its mandible (Ameghino 1889, plate 14: figs. 6���7) along with three isolated lower anterior teeth (i2, i3, c; figs. 8, 12���13). According to Ameghino���s catalogue, MACN-A 1081 and MACN-A 1082, skull and mandible of the same individual, are the type materials of this species. Meanwhile, no specimen is indicated as such by Mones (1986). MACN-A 1081 and MACN-A 1082 match the original Ameghino���s (1889) figures, herein reproduced (Figs. 1 L���O). In addition, MACN-A 1082 coincides with the original description as the talonid of its m3 presents shallow labial and lingual sulci, resulting in a slightly delimitated third lobe, and matches the measurements (length of p1��� m3 = 35.36 mm; height of the mandibular ramus below m1 = 16.7 mm) given by Ameghino (1887b). All of this supports the identification of the mandible as the type specimen of P. praerutilum, and given that the skull MACN- A 1081 belongs to the same individual as the mandible, both specimens constitute the holotype of the species. Unfortunately, the anterior lower teeth illustrated in the Atlas (Ameghino 1889, plate 14: figs. 8, 12���13) could not be located and they are considered to be lost. In addition, they do not belong to MACN-A 1082, because this specimen presents all of its anterior lower dentition. It is not evident that Ameghino had these teeth at hand when he described the species two years earlier and, in fact, he did not indicate them as type material in his catalogue as he did with the skull and mandible; consequently, we do not consider them as part of the type material. On the other hand, in the collection of palaeontology at the MLP, there are twelve fragmented specimens (MLP 12-1815, left mandible with broken p4 and m1, MLP 12-1818, left mandible with broken m1 and m2, MLP 12- 1819, left m3, MLP 12-1834, right M3, MLP 12-1845, left mandible with p4���m1, MLP 12-1854, left mandible with m2���3, MLP 12-1856, broken symphysis with broken anterior dentition, MLP 12-1877, left mandible with alveoli of p3���4 and m1���2, MLP 12-2031, left m1 or m2, MLP 12-2041, left maxilla with P4���M2, MLP 12-2084, right maxilla with P4���M2, and MLP 12-2085, maxillae with both P3���M2 series) labelled as paratypes of P. praerutilum. These labels were made in the 1960���s and are based on the information contained in the handwritten catalogue of the ���Old Collections���, which was elaborated in the 1930���s (M. Reguero���s pers. obs.), that is long after the collection of these specimens. Nevertheless, when comparing the information of these labels with the Old Collections catalogue, we noticed that there are many inconsistencies that make us question the veracity of the labelled data. Although there are handwritten indications concerning the type specimens of several species in this catalogue, none of the materials mentioned above is indicated as ��� paratype ���, which is in turn a modern terminology never used by Florentino Ameghino. Additionally, and in contrast to the labels, there is no handwritten information concerning the provenance and/or collector of these specimens. We also noticed that in this catalogue, MLP 12- 1854 is assigned to Protypotherium and not to P. praerutilum as it is printed on its label, and that MLP 12-2041, despite its assignation to P. praerutilum, exhibits its P4 completely molariform (e.g., protocone and hypocone equally developed), a fact that supports its exclusion from Genus Protypotherium. In addition, there is no evidence about who wrote these labels and, consequently, considered these specimens as paratypes of P. praerutilum. Due to these incongruences and to the fact that there is no original tag that could validate their status as paratypes or even confirm that these materials were collected in 1887 by C. Ameghino and later used by Florentino Ameghino to describe P. praerutilum, they are all rejected as the paratypes of the species. Chronological and geographical distribution of the type specimen. Santacrucian SALMA, Santa Cruz Province., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos, Cerde��o, Esperanza & Reguero, Marcelo A., 2018, Identification of type materials of the species of Protypotherium Ameghino, 1885 and Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Notoungulata: Interatheriidae) erected by Florentino Ameghino, pp. 473-498 in Zootaxa 4387 (3) on pages 481-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1187697, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1887 b) Enumeracion sistematica de las especies de mamiferos fosiles coleccionados por Carlos Ameghino en los terrenos eocenos de la Patagonia austral y depositados en el Museo La Plata. Boletin del Museo de La Plata, 1, 1 - 26.","Ameghino, F. (1889) Contribucion al conocimiento de los mamiferos fosiles de la Republica Argentina. Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Cordoba, 6, i - xxxii, 1 - 1027, atlas of 98 pls.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Protypotherium obstructum Ameghino 1888 Holotype. MACN-A 1677 (Fig. 2 G), lower premolar. Diagnosis (Ameghino 1888: 14). ��� Esta especie est�� representada por un solo premolar inferior, pero de una forma tan distinta de los mismos dientes de las otras especies que indica claramente no puede proceder de ninguna de las ya conocidas. Es el premolar tercero o cuarto de la mand��bula inferior, y difiere de los mismos dientes de las dem��s especies, por el surco perpendicular externo menos profundo, y por no presentar vestigios del surco interno opuesto. La cara perpendicular interna es as�� casi plana, con una muy peque��a elevaci��n perpendicular en el medio. Largo de la corona, 0.0045. Es esta la especie m��s moderna del g��nero ���. English translation. This species is represented by a single lower premolar so different from the same teeth of the other known species that clearly indicates that it does not belong to any of them. It is the third or fourth lower premolar, and differs from the same teeth of the other species by the shallower external perpendicular groove and the lack of the opposite internal groove. Thus, the internal perpendicular face is almost flat, with a very small perpendicular elevation in the middle. Length of the tooth crown, 0.0045 m. This is the most modern species of the genus. Comments. In 1889, Ameghino expanded the original diagnosis of the species by describing with more detail the lower premolar collected at Monte Hermoso (Buenos Aires Province) by his brother Carlos, which was indicated by Florentino as the only assignable material. Florentino Ameghino also illustrated this tooth (Ameghino 1889: plate 14, fig. 14), which is herein reproduced in Figure 2 H. No material is indicated as the type in Ameghino��s catalogue, but Mones (1986) recognised MACN-A 1677 as such. This specimen is a lower premolar that completely matches the original description (e.g., length equals 4.88 mm; its morphology differs from all the remaining species of the genus as the labial sulcus is extremely shallow, the lingual face is completely flat and lacks any sulcus) and posterior illustration (Ameghino 1889). Therefore, MACN-A 1677 is herein confirmed as the holotype of P. obstructum. Chronological and geographical distribution of the type specimen. Montehermosan SALMA (Ameghino 1889), Buenos Aires Province., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos, Cerde��o, Esperanza & Reguero, Marcelo A., 2018, Identification of type materials of the species of Protypotherium Ameghino, 1885 and Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Notoungulata: Interatheriidae) erected by Florentino Ameghino, pp. 473-498 in Zootaxa 4387 (3) on page 483, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1187697, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1888) Lista de las especies de mamiferos fosiles del Mioceno superior de Monte Hermoso hasta ahora conocidas. Obras Completas y Correspondencia Cientifica, 5, 481 - 496.","Ameghino, F. (1889) Contribucion al conocimiento de los mamiferos fosiles de la Republica Argentina. Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Cordoba, 6, i - xxxii, 1 - 1027, atlas of 98 pls.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Protypotherium Ameghino, 1885 Protypotherium Ameghino 1882: 39, nomen nudum. Ameghino, 1885: 81 ���83. Type species. Protypotherium antiquum Ameghino 1882: 39, nomen nudum. Ameghino, 1885: 81���83., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos, Cerde��o, Esperanza & Reguero, Marcelo A., 2018, Identification of type materials of the species of Protypotherium Ameghino, 1885 and Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Notoungulata: Interatheriidae) erected by Florentino Ameghino, pp. 473-498 in Zootaxa 4387 (3) on page 476, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1187697, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1885) Nuevos restos de mamiferos fosiles oligocenos, recogidos por el profesor Pedro Scalabrini y pertenecientes al Museo Provincial de la Ciudad del Parana. Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Cordoba, 8, 5 - 207.","Ameghino, F. (1882) Catalogo explicativo de las colecciones de Antropologia prehistorica y de paleontologia de Florentino Ameghino, Partido de Mercedes. In: Urioste, C., Ambrosetti, T., Butteler, B., de Toledo, R. A., Ruiz, F., Lainez, M., Schroder, E., Quesada, H., Duggan, M. & Araujo Munoz, R. C. (Eds.), Catalogo de la Seccion de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Republica Argentina), en la Exposicion Continental Sudamericana. Anexo A, Buenos Aires, pp. 35 - 42."]}

Protypotherium antiquum Ameghino, 1885 Lectotype (this contribution). ZMK 21/1877 (ex ZMK 208; Figs. 1 A���B), right mandibular fragment with p4���m3 series. Paralectotype (this contribution). A toothless fragmented mandible with its symphysis that has not been located. Diagnosis (Ameghino, 1885: 81���83). ���[���] El fragmento de s��nfisis de la mand��bula inferior que me sirvi�� de base para la fundaci��n del g��nero, es ancho y aplastado en sentido vertical, muy parecido a Typotherium en su parte c��ncava interna, pero m��s aplastado en su parte inferior y con una depresi��n semilunar en la parte posterior de la s��nfisis. El foramen mentale, situado en la parte sinfisaria, es un agujero el��ptico, de unos 6 mil��metros de di��metro mayor. Las dos ramas de la mand��bula est��n tan ��ntimamente unidas formando un solo hueso que en ninguna parte se ve ni el m��s m��nimo rastro de sutura. La parte anterior est�� rota, pero todav��a se distinguen en ella seis alv��olos horizontales en los que sin duda se implantaban seis incisivos. Al nivel del agujero mental, tiene la s��nfisis 20 mil��metros de ancho y 14 mil��metros de alto. La pieza del se��or Roth es un pedazo del lado derecho de la mand��bula inferior, con las cuatro ��ltimas muelas y parte del alv��olo de otro molar anterior, de modo que el n��mero de muelas era, por lo menos, de cinco en cada lado de la mand��bula inferior. Estas muelas eran sin ra��ces separadas, abiertas en la base y construidas sobre el mismo tipo general que las de Toxodon y Typotherium, con una capa de esmalte, que parece haber sido continua en algunas muelas, o a lo menos con no tantas interrupciones como en las muelas del g��nero Toxodon y todas en serie continua muy apretadas entre s��. La primera muela existente, que corresponde al cuarto y ��ltimo premolar, si la dentici��n fuera completa y normal, es m��s peque��a que las otras, dividida en dos partes desiguales, una anterior m��s grande y otra posterior bastante m��s peque��a; esta divisi��n es naturalmente producida por dos surcos perpendiculares opuestos, uno colocado sobre el lado interno y el otro sobre la esquina posteroexterna. Las dos muelas que siguen, primero y segundo verdadero molar, est��n divididas en dos partes o l��bulos m��s iguales, por dos surcos opuestos, uno interno, poco marcado y acompa��ado de una peque��a columna formada por la parte posterointerna del primer l��bulo, y el otro externo, m��s profundo y que forma en la corona un pliegue entrante parecido al que presentan las muelas de los caballos y varios otros mam��feros de ��rdenes distintos. La ��ltima muela, algo m��s grande que las dem��s, est�� dividida en tres partes o l��bulos formados por tres columnas en cada lado (externo e interno), separados por dos surcos. La corona de las muelas est�� bastante gastada y excavada en el centro, como las del g��nero Typotherium. Parece que la rama ascendente empezaba a levantarse inmediatamente detr��s de la ��ltima muela. [���]���. English translation. The fragment of mandibular symphysis used to found the genus is wide and vertically compressed, much similar to Typotherium in its internal concave face, but more compressed at its lower part and with a semilunate depression on its posterior end. The mental foramen is an elliptical opening of about 6 mm of diameter located in the symphyseal region. Both rami of the jaw are intimately fused into a single bone, without any trace of suture. The anterior part is broken, but there are six horizontal alveoli undoubtedly corresponding to six incisors. At the level of the mental foramen, the symphysis is 20 mm wide and 14 mm high. Roth���s specimen is a right mandibular ramus, with the last four cheek teeth and the broken alveolus of another anterior one, so that the number of cheek teeth was, at least, five on each side of the mandible. These teeth did not have separated roots, were open at the base and constructed on the same general way as those of Toxodon and Typotherium, with a layer of enamel that seems to have been continuous in some cheek teeth, or at least with less interruptions than in those of the genus Toxodon, and all implanted in a very tight, continuous series. The first cheek tooth, assuming a complete and normal dentition, would correspond to the fourth and last premolar; it is smaller than the molars, divided into two unequal parts, the anterior being rather larger than the posterior; this division is naturally produced by two opposite perpendicular grooves, one placed on the inner side and the other on the posteroexternal region. The first and second true molars are divided into two more equal parts or lobes by two opposite grooves, the internal is little marked and accompanied by a small column formed by the posterointernal part of the first lobe, and the external groove is deeper and forms an infolding in the crown similar to that of the cheek teeth of horses and several other mammals of different orders. The last molar, somewhat larger than the others, is divided into three parts or lobes formed by three columns at each side (external and internal), separated by two grooves. The crown of the molars is rather worn and excavated in the centre, such as those of the genus Typotherium. It seems that the ascending ramus was rising immediately behind the last molar. Comments. Ameghino (1885: 81���83) described Protypotherium antiquum based on two partial mandibular fragments. One of them is a rolled and shattered, toothless fragmented mandible with its symphysis, which Ameghino (1885: 83) recognised to have been used to name the genus and species in a faunal list of a collection catalogue in 1882. However, as already mentioned (see Historical Background), those names are nomina nuda as acknowledged by him years later (e.g., Ameghino, 1887a). The other specimen was collected in the cliffs of Paran�� River (Entre R��os Province) by Santiago Roth, probably during an excursion in 1881, and later borrowed by Ameghino for its study and the description of all the dental characteristics of the species (Ameghino 1885, 1889). It involves a right mandibular ramus with broken alveolus of p3 and complete p4���m3. As the nomenclatural act that made available the name P. antiquum took place in 1885 when Ameghino described both specimens, they are here recognised as the syntypes of the species. There are no comments on the type material of P. antiquum in Ameghino���s catalogue and neither in Mones (1986). Regarding the toothless symphysis, it should be housed at the MLP, because this institution bought Ameghino���s collection in 1886, unless Ameghino had deviated the specimen to his posterior personal collection; in such a case, it should be in MACN-A. However, this syntype could not be located in any of these institutions or in ZMK and, unfortunately, it has not been identified in any of the available photographs taken from AMNH, FM and YPM. Nevertheless, we cannot reject the hypothesis that it could be located in another foreigner institution (see Vizca��no et al. 2013); further searching will corroborate or refute this. In the case of Roth���s specimen, it was further described by Ameghino (1887a, 1889) and even illustrated in his Atlas (Ameghino 1889, plate 15: fig.1); this illustration is herein reproduced in Figures 1 C���D. Roth kept this specimen until he sold it to Dr. V. Lausen, a wealthy Danish citizen settled in Buenos Aires, who sent it to the Zoological Museum, Quaternary Zoology Collections-V, Lausen Collection, University of Copenhagen in Denmark, being housed there since the 25th of November of 1887 (B. E. Kramer, pers. comm. to M. Fern��ndez; M. Reguero���s pers. obs.). This specimen has a label handwritten by Roth with the following information: ��� Protypotherium antiquum Amegh. Delta-Egnen, Entre R��os. Original Roth (37.), Laussen. 25.11.87. 208*���. Original Roth (37.) refers to the number in Roth���s catalogue, and 208 refers to an older catalogue number of Museum of Zoology in Copenhagen (ZMK 208). However, nowadays this material is catalogued as ZMK 21/1887 (Figs. 1 A���B). Two casts of ZMK 21/1877 were fortunately kept in MLP and MACN-A: MLP 97-XI-20-1, a complete cast, and MACN-A 1288 (Figs. 1 E���F), a cast of the tooth row. Before this contribution, there were two mentions regarding the type specimen of P. antiquum, with different interpretations: Schmidt (2013) considered the missing toothless symphysis to be the holotype, whereas Luna (2015) stated the partial mandible ZMK 21/1887 as such. Although Ameghino (1885) recognised that the missing toothless symphysis was the object that he used to name P. antiquum in 1882 (nomen nudum), it is true that the taxonomic conception of P. antiquum as well as all of its diagnostic dental features (e.g., p4���m3 rootless, with two continuous and opposite, labial and lingual sulci that separates well-delimited trigonid and talonid; tooth row in a very tight continuous series; p4 smaller than m1���3, with the trigonid longer and wider than the talonid; m1���2 larger than premolars, with talonid longer than trigonid, and labial sulcus deeper than the lingual one; m3 larger than the other cheek teeth, with its talonid with two, labial and lingual, distal grooves that delimit a third lobe) were established based on ZMK 21/1887. At the same time, these characteristics were used later by Ameghino to include and contrast the remaining species within the Genus Protypotherium. Therefore, we designate ZMK 21/1887 as the lectotype of P. antiquum and, consequently, the remaining syntype becomes the paralectotype (ICZN 2000: Art. 73.2.2). Chronological and geographical distribution of the type specimen. Huayquerian SALMA, Entre R��os Province., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos, Cerde��o, Esperanza & Reguero, Marcelo A., 2018, Identification of type materials of the species of Protypotherium Ameghino, 1885 and Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Notoungulata: Interatheriidae) erected by Florentino Ameghino, pp. 473-498 in Zootaxa 4387 (3) on pages 476-480, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1187697, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1885) Nuevos restos de mamiferos fosiles oligocenos, recogidos por el profesor Pedro Scalabrini y pertenecientes al Museo Provincial de la Ciudad del Parana. Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Cordoba, 8, 5 - 207.","Ameghino, F. (1887 a) Observaciones generales sobre el orden de mamiferos extinguidos sub-americanos llamados Toxodontes (Toxodontia) y sinopsis de los generos y especies hasta ahora conocidos. Anales del Museo de La Plata, 1 (1), 1 - 66.","Ameghino, F. (1889) Contribucion al conocimiento de los mamiferos fosiles de la Republica Argentina. Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Cordoba, 6, i - xxxii, 1 - 1027, atlas of 98 pls.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625.","Vizcaino, S. F., Bargo, M. S. & Fernicola, J. C. (2013) Expediciones paleontologicas durante los Siglos XIX y XX a la Formacion Santa Cruz (Mioceno Inferior, Patagonia) y destino de los fosiles. Actas del 3 er Congreso Argentino de Historia de la Geologia, Salta, 2013, 1 - 15.","Schmidt, G. I. (2013) Litopterna y Notoungulata (Mammalia) de la Formacion Ituzaingo (Mioceno Tardio-Plioceno) de la Provincia de Entre Rios: sistematica, bioestratigrafia y paleobiogeografia. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, 336 pp.","Luna, D. A. (2015) Miocene ungulates from Laguna del Laja, Chile, and an assessment of the Laguna del Laja fauna. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara, 287 pp."]}

Protypotherium australe (Ameghino, 1887a) Holotype. Left maxilla with P3–M3; original piece has not been found, but there are two casts in the MACN: MACN-A 1338 (Fig. 1 G) and MACN-A 1345–46. Diagnosis (Ameghino 1887a: 63). “ Talla comparable a la del Dolichotis patachonica. Corona de los molares superiores fuertemente excavada. Paladar poco profundo y relativamente plano. Lóbulo anterior de los verdaderos molares superiores un poco más ancho que el posterior. […] De este animal sólo se conoce el maxilar superior izquierdo, con las cinco últimas muelas más o menos rotas, excepto las dos últimas, que están enteras. Ha sido encontrado, como el precedente, por F. P. Moreno, durante su viaje de 1876–1877 ”. English translation. Size similar to that of Dolichotis patachonica. Crown of upper cheek teeth strongly excavated. Palate shallow and relatively flat. Anterior lobe of upper molars slightly wider than the posterior one. [...] This animal is only known from the left upper jaw, with the last five cheek teeth more or less broken, except for the last two that are complete. It has been found, like the precedent, by F. P. Moreno, during his 1876 – 1877 exploration. Comments. In the original diagnosis, Ameghino (1887a) highlighted that the maxilla collected by Moreno was the only known material of P. australe. Shortly after, Ameghino (1887b) completed the former diagnosis by giving the dimensions of a mandibular fragment with at least p1–m3. Once again, Ameghino (1889, plate 14: figs. 9–11, 14–18) expanded the original description of the species and illustrated three isolated upper teeth (I1, P2 and M1; figs. 9–11), three isolated lower teeth (p3, p4 and m1; figs. 14–16), a right maxillary fragment with P4–M3 (fig. 17), and a left mandibular ramus with its teeth (fig. 18). It is worth to mention that he recognised that by 1889 this species was known only by fragmentary materials and that there was no complete upper or lower series available. None of these illustrated specimens is the left maxilla used in the original description as they involve isolated teeth, a mandibular fragment and a right maxilla, which leads us to conclude that the holotype was not illustrated. According to Ameghino’s catalogue, MACN-A 3882, an incomplete skull with almost complete dentition (alveoli of both I1 and left I2–3, and complete right I2 –M3 and left C–M3), and MACN-A 3884, a mandibular symphysis and its right mandibular ramus, are the type specimens. In contrast, Mones (1986) did not indicate any type specimen, and just mentioned “ MLP (-)”, meaning that it was supposed to be housed at the MLP but that it could also be lost. MACN-A 3882 is discarded as the holotype because it does not correspond to the fragmented left maxilla initially described by Ameghino (1887a). In turn, MACN-A 3884 is the mandibular fragment described shortly after (Ameghino 1887b), but it is not part of the type material as this is only composed of one specimen as highlighted by Ameghino (1887a), which is the maxillary fragment that constitutes the holotype. In contrast, there are two identical casts in the Ameghino Collection, MACN-A 1338 and MACN-A 1345–46, which match the original diagnosis as they are the casts of a left maxilla with broken P3, labially incomplete P4–M1 and complete M2–3, strongly excavated tooth row, and M1–3 with anterior lobe slightly wider than the posterior lobe. In addition, Ameghino wrote “Moreno” next to the description of MACN-A 1338 in his catalogue, and “tipo de Toxodontophanus Mo. ” next to MACN-A 1345–46, a fact that reinforces the inference that they correspond to the maxilla collected by Moreno and, therefore, both are recognised as casts of the holotype. Unfortunately, the original piece has not been located, as no specimen in the studied collections—by direct observations (e.g., MACN, MLP and ZMK) and/or by means of photographs (e.g., AMNH, FM and YPM)— matches the original description of P. australe and the casts MACN-A 1338 and MACN-A 1345–46. Chronological and geographical distribution of the type specimen. Santacrucian SALMA, Santa Cruz Province., Published as part of Fernández, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos, Cerdeño, Esperanza & Reguero, Marcelo A., 2018, Identification of type materials of the species of Protypotherium Ameghino, 1885 and Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Notoungulata: Interatheriidae) erected by Florentino Ameghino, pp. 473-498 in Zootaxa 4387 (3) on pages 480-481, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1187697, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1887 a) Observaciones generales sobre el orden de mamiferos extinguidos sub-americanos llamados Toxodontes (Toxodontia) y sinopsis de los generos y especies hasta ahora conocidos. Anales del Museo de La Plata, 1 (1), 1 - 66.","Ameghino, F. (1887 b) Enumeracion sistematica de las especies de mamiferos fosiles coleccionados por Carlos Ameghino en los terrenos eocenos de la Patagonia austral y depositados en el Museo La Plata. Boletin del Museo de La Plata, 1, 1 - 26.","Ameghino, F. (1889) Contribucion al conocimiento de los mamiferos fosiles de la Republica Argentina. Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Cordoba, 6, i - xxxii, 1 - 1027, atlas of 98 pls.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Patriarchus distortus Ameghino, 1891 Holotype. MACN-A 9634 (Figs. 3 J���K), incomplete skull, MACN-A 9635, incomplete coxal (lost), MACN-A 9636 (Fig. 3 L), proximal epiphysis of right femur, MACN-A 9637 and MACN-A 9638, proximal epiphyses of right tibia and fibula articulated to each other and with the distal epiphysis of right femur (Figs. 3 M), all specimens of the same individual. Diagnosis (Ameghino 1891: 293). ��� De tama��o casi igual a la precedente [Patriarchus furculosus], de la cual se distingue por los frontales que no env��an prolongamiento internasal hacia adelante. Longitud del cr��neo, 102 mil��metros. Longitud de la serie dentaria superior, 57 mil��metros. Ancho interorbital de los frontales, 32 mil��metros. Longitud de los nasales sobre la l��nea media, 29 mil��metros ���. English translation. Size almost equal to the previous one [Patriarchus furculosus], from which it is distinguished by the frontals that do not exhibit an anterior projection between nasals. Length of the skull, 102 millimetres. Length of upper tooth row, 57 millimetres. Interorbital width of the frontals, 32 millimetres. Length of the nasals on the midline, 29 millimetres. Comments. Ameghino (1891) did not add any illustration to his description. No specimen is indicated as the type material in Ameghino���s catalogue or in Mones (1896). Among the specimens within the Ameghino Collection, MACN-A 9622 (incomplete skull), MACN-A 9639 (incomplete palate) and MACN-A 9640 (mandibular fragment) are discarded as type specimens because, on the one hand, MACN-A 9640 is a partial mandible and, on the other hand, MACN-A 9622 and MACN-A 9639 are incomplete cranial elements from which only a few measurements can be taken, all of which, in turn, do not match the original measurements provided by Ameghino (1891). In contrast, the skull MACN-A 9634 (Figs. 3 J���K) shows the morphology originally described for the fronto-nasal suture, without an internasal frontal projection, and the measurements available to be taken (skull length = 102.1 mm; length of the upper tooth row = 56.5 mm; length of the nasals on the midline = 28.9 mm) are coincident with those indicated by Ameghino (1891). This material is accompanied by some postcranial elements (MACN-A 9635 to MACN-A 9638) that would belong to the same individual according to the catalogue. Therefore, MACN-A 9634 to MACN-A 9638 constitute the holotype of Pa. distortus. Chronological and geographical distribution of the type specimen. Santacrucian SALMA, Santa Cruz Province., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos, Cerde��o, Esperanza & Reguero, Marcelo A., 2018, Identification of type materials of the species of Protypotherium Ameghino, 1885 and Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Notoungulata: Interatheriidae) erected by Florentino Ameghino, pp. 473-498 in Zootaxa 4387 (3) on pages 490-491, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1187697, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1891) Nuevos restos de mamiferos fosiles descubiertos por Carlos Ameghino en el Eoceno inferior de la Patagonia austral. Especies nuevas, adiciones y correcciones. Revista Argentina de Historia Natural, 1 (5), 289 - 328."]}

Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 Type species. Patriarchus palmidens Ameghino, 1889: 481., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos, Cerde��o, Esperanza & Reguero, Marcelo A., 2018, Identification of type materials of the species of Protypotherium Ameghino, 1885 and Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Notoungulata: Interatheriidae) erected by Florentino Ameghino, pp. 473-498 in Zootaxa 4387 (3) on page 487, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1187697, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1889) Contribucion al conocimiento de los mamiferos fosiles de la Republica Argentina. Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Cordoba, 6, i - xxxii, 1 - 1027, atlas of 98 pls."]}

Protypotherium lineare Ameghino, 1894a Holotype. MACN-A 4038 (Fig. 2 S), right mandibular fragment with alveolus of p1, and p2���m1, and MACN-A 4039 (Fig. 2 T), left mandibular fragment with p3���m2 series, both specimens of the same individual. Diagnosis (Ameghino 1894a: 13���14). ��� Cette esp��ce, par la taille se rapproche du P. australe, mais s'en distingue facilement par les deux derni��res pr��molaires inf��rieures qui, au lieu d'��tre implant��es obliquement comme dans les autres esp��ces, sont plac��es avec leur grand axe dans la m��me direction de la s��rie dentaire. A cons��quence de cette disposition, le sillon vertical, au lieu d'��tre plac�� en arri��re il est en dehors; ce sillon est tr��s profond, et le lobule post��rieur externe de chaque pr��molaire est bien d��velopp��, formant une colonne ��troite mais ��lev��e. Longueur des sept molaires inf��rieures 38 mm. Hauteur de la mandibule: en dessous de la 2 p. 13 mm.; en dessous de la partie ant��rieure de l�� 3 m. 20 mm ���. English translation. This species is close in size to Protypotherium australe, but it is easily distinguished from it by the last two lower premolars that, instead of being obliquely implanted as in the other species, are placed with their major axis in the same direction of the tooth row. Due to this position, the vertical groove is placed outside instead of backwards; this groove is very deep, and the posterior lobe of each premolar is externally well developed, forming a narrow and high column. Length of the seven lower teeth: 38 mm. Height of the mandible: below p2, 13 mm; below the anterior region of m3, 20 mm. Comments. Ameghino (1894a) did not add any illustration to the description of P. lineare. In the Ameghino Collection, this species is represented by eight materials. According to Ameghino���s catalogue and to Mones (1986), two mandibular fragments, MACN-A 4038 and MACN-A 4039, are the type material of the species; following Ameghino���s catalogue, both belong to the same individual. Due to the presence of recent breaks, it is inferred that m3 got lost. Nevertheless, the measurements available to be taken (height of the mandibular ramus below p2 = 13.7 mm; below the mesial region the alveolus of left m3 = 19.8 mm) match those provided by Ameghino (1894a). Regarding the remaining six specimens assigned to P. lineare, five of them are too incomplete mandibular fragments, smaller than MACN-A 4038 and MACN-A 4039, and those with their p2 and/or m3 do not match the original measurements regarding the height of the mandible; then, they are all discarded as type specimens. The sixth specimen, MACN-A 4040 (partial right mandible with c, alveoli of p1���3 and complete p4���m3), is closer in size to the original mandibular fragment, but it is still smaller (height of the mandibular ramus below p2 = 12.48 mm; below m3 = 17.36 mm), and lacks its p3 (the alveolus is filled with sediment), which also allows discarding it as the type specimen because Ameghino specifically described p3���4. Consequently, the individual MACN-A 4038 plus MACN-A 4039 is confirmed as the holotype of P. lineare. Chronological and geographical distribution of the type specimen. Santacrucian SALMA, Santa Cruz Province., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos, Cerde��o, Esperanza & Reguero, Marcelo A., 2018, Identification of type materials of the species of Protypotherium Ameghino, 1885 and Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Notoungulata: Interatheriidae) erected by Florentino Ameghino, pp. 473-498 in Zootaxa 4387 (3) on pages 486-487, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1187697, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1894 a) Enumeration synoptique des especes de mammiferes fossiles des formations eocenes de Patagonie. Coni e hijos, Buenos Aires, 196 pp.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Patriarchus rectus Ameghino, 1891 Holotype. MACN-A 4005 (Fig. 3 N), right maxilla with alveolus of C and series P1���M3; MACN-A 4006 (Fig. 3 O), left maxillary fragment with series M1���3; and MACN-A 4007 (Fig. 3 P), mandibular fragment with incomplete symphysis, broken alveoli of left and right i1-2 and complete left series i3 ���m3, all of them of the same individual. Diagnosis (Ameghino 1891: 293). ��� De tama��o una mitad menor que las especies precedentes [Patriarchus furculosus y Patriarchus distortus] y de series dentarias superiores casi rectas, P3 a M2 mucho m��s prolongados en el lado interno. Incisivos intermedios inferiores m��s aplastados de arriba abajo. Longitud de la serie dentaria inferior, 43 mil��metros. Ancho interorbitario de los frontales, 24 mil��metros ���. English translation. One half smaller than the preceding species [Patriarchus furculosus and Patriarchus distortus], with upper tooth rows almost straight, P3 to M2 much longer on the internal side. Lower median incisors more flattened. Length of the lower tooth row, 43 mm. Interorbital width of the frontals, 24 mm. Comments. Ameghino (1891) erected this species but did not illustrate any specimens of it. According to Ameghino���s catalogue and to Mones (1986), the maxillary fragments MACN-A 4005 and MACN-A 4006, and the fragmented mandible MACN-A 4007, all of the same individual, are the type materials of this species. These specimens match the original diagnosis as they are smaller (length of P1���M3 = 30.5 mm; length of P2���M3 = 27.5 mm; length of p2���m3 = 29.23 mm) than the type material of Pa. furculosus (length of P2���M3 = 36.5 mm; length of p2���m3 = 41.05 mm) and Pa. distortus (length of P1���M3 = 37.3 mm), and the incomplete palate (MACN-A 4005 plus MACN-A 4006) exhibits almost straight upper tooth rows. It is noteworthy that there is no evidence of the frontals in MACN-A 4005 and MACN-A 4006, so it was not possible to measure the interorbital width of these elements. Additionally, the length occupied by the left lower tooth row (~ 41 mm) of MACN-A 4007 differs from the value provided by Ameghino (1891), but this is due to the breakage of the mandibular incisor area. Nevertheless, MACN-A 4005 to MACN-A 4007 are confirmed as the holotype of Pa. rectus. Chronological and geographical distribution of the type specimen. Santacrucian SALMA, Santa Cruz Province., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos, Cerde��o, Esperanza & Reguero, Marcelo A., 2018, Identification of type materials of the species of Protypotherium Ameghino, 1885 and Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Notoungulata: Interatheriidae) erected by Florentino Ameghino, pp. 473-498 in Zootaxa 4387 (3) on page 491, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1187697, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1891) Nuevos restos de mamiferos fosiles descubiertos por Carlos Ameghino en el Eoceno inferior de la Patagonia austral. Especies nuevas, adiciones y correcciones. Revista Argentina de Historia Natural, 1 (5), 289 - 328.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Protypotherium compressidens Ameghino, 1891 Holotype. MACN-A 4029 (Fig. 2 Q), left maxillary fragment with P3���M3, and MACN-A 4030 (Fig. 2 R), left mandibular fragment with p4 (talonid)���m3, of the same individual. Diagnosis (Ameghino 1891: 292). ��� Tama��o casi igual a Protypotherium australe, pero con las muelas comprimidas lateralmente y mucho m��s angostas. Verdaderos molares superiores de cara externa suavemente ondulada. Longitud del p. 3 al m. 3 , 28 mil��metros. Ancho m��ximo de los verdaderos molares superiores, 3 mil��metros ���. English translation. Almost equal size to Protypotherium australe, but with laterally compressed and much narrower teeth. Upper molars with slightly undulated external face. Length from P3 to M3, 28 millimetres. Maximum width of true upper molars, 3 millimetres. Comments. Ameghino (1891) did not add any illustration to his description. According to Ameghino���s catalogue and to Mones (1986), MACN-A 4029 and MACN-A 4030, fragmented maxilla and mandible, respectively, are the type specimens of the species; following Ameghino���s catalogue, both belong to the same individual, a fact that was corroborated by us since they articulate. These specimens are the only available materials assigned to P. compressidens, and both match the original diagnosis (Ameghino 1891) because the upper and lower teeth are strongly labio-lingually compressed. Besides, the length of P3���M3 of MACN-A 4029 is 28.6 mm, and the maximum width of the upper molars (M1 being the widest) is 3.4 mm, which are similar values to those provided by Ameghino (1891). Therefore, we confirm that the individual MACN-A 4029 plus MACN-A 4030 constitute the holotype of P. compressidens. Chronological and geographical distribution of the type specimen. Santacrucian SALMA, Santa Cruz Province., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos, Cerde��o, Esperanza & Reguero, Marcelo A., 2018, Identification of type materials of the species of Protypotherium Ameghino, 1885 and Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Notoungulata: Interatheriidae) erected by Florentino Ameghino, pp. 473-498 in Zootaxa 4387 (3) on page 486, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1187697, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1891) Nuevos restos de mamiferos fosiles descubiertos por Carlos Ameghino en el Eoceno inferior de la Patagonia austral. Especies nuevas, adiciones y correcciones. Revista Argentina de Historia Natural, 1 (5), 289 - 328.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Protypotherium attenuatum Ameghino, 1887b Syntypes. MACN-A 524 (Fig. 2 A), left maxilla with P2���M3, and MACN-A 628 (Figs. 2 B���C), right fragmented mandible with alveoli of i1���3 and the c (broken)���m1 series. Diagnosis (Ameghino 1887b: 15). ��� Tama��o considerablemente menor que el de la especie precedente [Protypotherium praerutilum]. Series dentarias superiores, m��s arqueadas. Ultima muela inferior sin vestigios del l��bulo tercero sobre el lado externo. Longitud de las cinco ��ltimas muelas inferiores, 21 mil��metros. Alto de la rama horizontal, debajo del m. 1 , 13 mm ���. English translation. Considerably smaller in size than the preceding species [Protypotherium praerutilum]. Upper tooth row more arched. Last lower molar without external traces of the third lobe. Length of the last five lower cheek teeth, 21 millimetres. Height of the horizontal ramus below m1, 13 mm. Comments. In 1889, Ameghino expanded the original description of the species by adding more details on the characteristics of upper and lower dentition, and illustrated a fragmented mandible and a maxillary fragment (Ameghino 1889, plate 14: figs. 20���21) herein reproduced in Figures 2 D���F. The mandibular fragment (Ameghino 1889, plate 14: fig. 20) matches the measurements (length of p3���m3 = 22 mm; height mandibular ramus below m1 = 12 mm) originally given by Ameghino (1887b), so this type specimen was in fact illustrated. According to Ameghino���s catalogue, MACN-A 524, a maxilla with P2���M3, is the type specimen. Despite this, Mones (1986) indicated as type ��� MLP (-)���, which means that the type could be housed at the MLP, but that it could also be lost. MACN-A 524 (Fig. 2 A) matches the original description (Ameghino 1887b) as it is smaller (length of P2���M3 = 23.53 mm) than the holotype of P. praerutilum (length of left P2���M3 = 29.83 mm), and its cheek teeth are arranged in a more arched position. In addition, it is coincident with figure 21 of the Atlas (Ameghino 1889), except for the loss of its P1 and the fact that the illustration presents a shorter M1 and a central fossette on P2, but these differences could be associated to some mistakes made by the illustrator given that the remaining features as well as the specimen dimensions and pattern of breakage are the same. In turn, the mandibular fragment MACN-A 628 is broken at the level of m1 and has lost the remaining molars of the series, which should be present according to Ameghino���s (1887b) description, reason why we could not measure p3���m3 length and the height of the mandibular ramus; nevertheless, MACN-A 628 matches the figure 20 of the Atlas (Ameghino 1889: plate 14). Given that MACN-A 524 is a left maxilla and MACN-A 628 is a right partial mandible, it was not possible to evaluate if both articulate with each other. Ameghino did not indicate that they belonged to the same individual (as he used to do when this was the case) and we consider them as representing two different individuals. Therefore, MACN-A 628 and MACN-A 524 are considered the syntypes of P. attenuatum. On the other hand, there are nine very fragmented mandibular specimens in the MLP (MLP 12-1822, right m3, MLP 12-1823, left m1���2 and broken m3, MLP 12-1830, left m3 with broken talonid, MLP 12-1841, left m2���3, MLP 12-1842, left incomplete p3���m1, MLP 12-1843, right m2���3, MLP 12-1844, right alveolus of p4 and m1, MLP 12-1850, right alveolus of m1 and m2, and MLP 12-1851, left m3) labelled as paratypes of P. attenuatum. However, as it happened with P. praerutilum, we noticed the lack of correspondence between these labels and the Old Collections catalogue, where none of these specimens is highlighted as ��� paratype ��� of P. attenuatum, and no indication regarding their provenance and/or collector is provided. Besides, there is no original tag or indication that could confirm their status as paratypes or that they were collected in 1887 by C. Ameghino, or that Ameghino had these specimens with him when describing P. attenuatum. Therefore, they are rejected as paratypes of the species. Chronological and geographical distribution of the type specimen. Santacrucian SALMA, Santa Cruz Province., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos, Cerde��o, Esperanza & Reguero, Marcelo A., 2018, Identification of type materials of the species of Protypotherium Ameghino, 1885 and Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Notoungulata: Interatheriidae) erected by Florentino Ameghino, pp. 473-498 in Zootaxa 4387 (3) on pages 482-483, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1187697, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1887 b) Enumeracion sistematica de las especies de mamiferos fosiles coleccionados por Carlos Ameghino en los terrenos eocenos de la Patagonia austral y depositados en el Museo La Plata. Boletin del Museo de La Plata, 1, 1 - 26.","Ameghino, F. (1889) Contribucion al conocimiento de los mamiferos fosiles de la Republica Argentina. Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Cordoba, 6, i - xxxii, 1 - 1027, atlas of 98 pls.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Patriarchus furculosus Ameghino, 1891 Syntypes. MACN-A 3970 (Fig. 3 G), left fragmented maxilla with P2���M3, MACN-A 3971, fragments of the right maxilla, MACN-A 3972 (Fig. 3 H), right mandibular fragment with p2���m3, MACN-A 3973, distal region of the humerus, MACN-A 3974, calcaneus, and MACN-A 3975���76, broken vertebrae, all from the same individual; and MACN-A 3977 (Fig. 3 I), incomplete skull. Diagnosis (Ameghino 1891: 292���293). ��� Es la especie de mayor tama��o. El p2 es mucho m��s prolongado en el lado interno; los frontales se prolongan adelante entre los nasales por un trecho considerable en forma de cu��a sobre la l��nea media. Las ondulaciones externas de los verdaderos molares inferiores son apenas acentuadas. Longitud del espacio ocupado por la dentadura inferior, 57 mil��metros. Di��metro interorbitario de los frontales, 33 mil��metros. Longitud de los nasales sobre la l��nea media, 28 mil��metros ���. English translation. It is the largest species. The p2 is much longer on the internal side. Frontals extend forward between the nasals in a long, wedge-shaped median projection. The external undulations of the lower molars are barely pronounced. Length occupied by the lower teeth, 57 millimetres. Interorbital diameter of the frontals, 33 millimetres. Length of the nasals on midline, 28 millimetres. Comments. Ameghino (1891) founded this taxon without illustrating it. According to Ameghino���s catalogue, MACN-A 3970 to MACN-A 3976 are the type specimens of the species and belong to the same individual. Despite this, Mones (1986) indicated ���MACN?���, which means doubt or lack of information about the type that could be housed at the MACN. The fragmented specimens MACN-A 3970 and MACN-A 3972 match the original description (Ameghino 1891), because they exhibit a larger size (length of P2���M3 = 36.5 mm; length of p2���m3 = 41.05 mm) than the remaining specimens, p2 is lingually longer, and m1���3 are slightly labially undulated. However, they are not complete enough to show the described features of the cranial roof, and the breakage on this area does not seem to be recent. On the other hand, MACN-A 3977 is an incomplete skull of another individual, whose fronto-nasal suture shows the described wedge-shaped median projection, and the only measurement available to be taken (length of the nasal on midline = 28 mm) also matches the original description. Therefore, MACN-A 3970 to MACN-A 3976 and MACN-A 3977, which correspond to two different individuals, are considered the syntypes of Pa. furculosus. Chronological and geographical distribution of the type specimen. Santacrucian SALMA, Santa Cruz Province., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos, Cerde��o, Esperanza & Reguero, Marcelo A., 2018, Identification of type materials of the species of Protypotherium Ameghino, 1885 and Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Notoungulata: Interatheriidae) erected by Florentino Ameghino, pp. 473-498 in Zootaxa 4387 (3) on page 490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1187697, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1891) Nuevos restos de mamiferos fosiles descubiertos por Carlos Ameghino en el Eoceno inferior de la Patagonia austral. Especies nuevas, adiciones y correcciones. Revista Argentina de Historia Natural, 1 (5), 289 - 328.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Protypotherium convexidens Ameghino, 1891 Holotype. MACN-A 4054 (Fig. 2 O), right maxilla with P3���M2 (broken). Diagnosis (Ameghino 1891: 292). ��� De tama��o un poco menor que Protypotherium australe (Moreno) Ameghino , del cual se distingue f��cilmente por sus molares superiores de cara externa ligeramente ondulada y convexa en su conjunto. Longitud del espacio ocupado por los p. 3 a m. 2 , 19 mil��metros ���. English translation. Slightly smaller than Protypotherium australe (Moreno) Ameghino, from which it is easily distinguished by the external face of upper molars softly undulated and convex as a whole. Length occupied by P3 to M2, 19 millimetres. Comments. Ameghino (1891) described this taxon without any illustration. According to Ameghino���s catalogue and to Mones (1986), the maxillary fragment MACN-A 4050 is the type of the species. However, MACN-A 4050 does not match the specimen originally described, because it is a maxillary fragment with P4���M1, with no evidence of recent breaks; in consequence, the specimen MACN-A 4050 cannot be considered as the holotype of the species. Instead, the specimen MACN-A 4054, a maxilla with P3���M1 and broken M2, matches the measurement (length of P3���M2 = 18.9 mm) and the original description provided by Ameghino (1891), because it is smaller than the holotype of P. australe (length of P3���M2 = 32 mm) and presents upper molars slightly labially undulated. Therefore, MACN-A 4054 is herein considered as the holotype of P. convexidens. Chronological and geographical distribution of the type specimen. Santacrucian SALMA, Santa Cruz Province., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos, Cerde��o, Esperanza & Reguero, Marcelo A., 2018, Identification of type materials of the species of Protypotherium Ameghino, 1885 and Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Notoungulata: Interatheriidae) erected by Florentino Ameghino, pp. 473-498 in Zootaxa 4387 (3) on page 485, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1187697, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1891) Nuevos restos de mamiferos fosiles descubiertos por Carlos Ameghino en el Eoceno inferior de la Patagonia austral. Especies nuevas, adiciones y correcciones. Revista Argentina de Historia Natural, 1 (5), 289 - 328.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Patriarchus diastematus Ameghino, 1891 Holotype. MACN-A 4044 (Fig. 3 Q), two maxillae with alveoli of left and right C���P1, right P2���M3 and left P2��� M2. Diagnosis (Ameghino 1891: 293). ��� Del mismo tama��o que la especie precedente [Patriarchus rectus], o apenas algo mayor, de la cual se distingue por el P1 peque��o, cil��ndrico y separado del que sigue por un peque��o diastema. Series dentarias superiores un poco m��s arqueadas. Longitud del P2 al M3, 29 mil��metros. Ancho del paladar entre los M3, 18 mil��metros; ancho entre los M1, 20,5 mil��metros; ancho entre los P2, 13 mil��metros ���. English translation. Same size as the preceding species [Patriarchus rectus] or slightly larger, from which it is distinguished by its small, cylindrical P1, separated from the following premolar by a small diastema. Upper tooth row a little more arched. Length from P2 to M3, 29 millimetres. Width of the palate between M3s, 18 millimetres; between M1s, 20.5 millimetres; between P2s, 13 millimetres. Comments. Ameghino (1889) described this species without providing any illustration of it. In the Ameghino Collection, Pa. diastematus is represented just by one specimen. According to Ameghino���s catalogue and to Mones (1986), maxilla MACN-A 4044 is the type material. This specimen matches the original description because it presents a slightly larger size (length of P2���M3 = 28.1 mm) to that of the holotype of Pa. rectus (length of P2���M3 = 27.5 mm) and, according to its alveolus, P1 is small and cylindrical and is separated from P2 by a small diastema (~ 1.4 mm). Besides, all the measurements (length of P2���M3 = 28.88 mm; width of the palate between both M3 = 19 mm; width of the palate between both M1 = 20.8 mm; width of the palate between both P2 = 13.7 mm) coincide with those provided by Ameghino (1891). As a result, MACN-A 4044 is confirmed as the holotype of Pa. diastematus. Chronological and geographical distribution of the type specimen. Santacrucian SALMA, Santa Cruz Province., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos, Cerde��o, Esperanza & Reguero, Marcelo A., 2018, Identification of type materials of the species of Protypotherium Ameghino, 1885 and Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Notoungulata: Interatheriidae) erected by Florentino Ameghino, pp. 473-498 in Zootaxa 4387 (3) on page 492, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1187697, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1891) Nuevos restos de mamiferos fosiles descubiertos por Carlos Ameghino en el Eoceno inferior de la Patagonia austral. Especies nuevas, adiciones y correcciones. Revista Argentina de Historia Natural, 1 (5), 289 - 328.","Ameghino, F. (1889) Contribucion al conocimiento de los mamiferos fosiles de la Republica Argentina. Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Cordoba, 6, i - xxxii, 1 - 1027, atlas of 98 pls.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Patriarchus icochiloides Ameghino, 1894a Holotype. MACN-A 4021 (Fig. 4 E), right maxillary fragment with alveolus of P1 and series P2���M3, and MACN- A 4022 (Fig. 4 F), right mandibular fragment with alveoli of p2���3 and series p4���m3, both of the same individual. Diagnosis (Ameghino 1894a: 14���15). ��� Cette esp��ce forme le passage au genre Icochilus. Les molaires et pr��molaires sont ��gales �� celles du genre Protypotherium, mais la mandibule est robuste, avec la branche horizontale massive, courte, basse en avant et tr��s haute en arri��re comme dans le genre lcochilus. Les s��ries dentaires sup��rieures sont fortement arqu��es. Longueur des sept molaires inf��rieures, 33 mm. Hauteur de la mandibule: en dessous de la 2 p. 11 mm.; en dessous de la partie ant��rieure de la 3 m. 21 mm ��� English translation. This species represents the passage to the Genus Icochilus. Molars and premolars are equal to those of the genus Protypotherium, but the mandible is robust, with short, massive horizontal ramus, anteriorly low and posteriorly very high as in the Genus Icochilus. The upper tooth row is strongly arched. Length of the seven lower cheek teeth, 33 mm. Height of the mandible: below p2, 11 mm; below the anterior region of m3, 21 mm. Comments. Ameghino (1894a) did not illustrate any specimen of this species. According to Ameghino���s catalogue, the maxillary fragment MACN-A 4021 and the mandibular fragment MACN-A 4022, both of the same individual, are the type materials of this taxon. Instead, Mones (1986) only indicated the former as the type specimen. The upper teeth series of MACN-A 4021 are strongly arched as described by Ameghino (1894a). MACN-A 4022 also matches the original diagnosis (Ameghino 1894a) because, in addition to the typical morphology of lower cheek teeth observed in other species of Protypotherium (see P. antiquum for some general characteristics), the mandible is robust with short and strong horizontal ramus that increases its height backwards, and the measurements available to be taken (length of p2���m3 = 31.2 mm; height of the mandibular ramus below p2 = 10.81 mm; height of the mandibular ramus below the mesial region of m3 = 21.6 mm) are consistent with those provided by Ameghino (1894a). Regarding the remaining eight specimens assigned to the species in Ameghino���s catalogue, all of them are mandibular fragments (e.g., MACN-A 4026, MACN-A 4027, MACN-A 4028, MACN-A 9655 and MACN-A 9656) and even the measurements that can be taken (height of the mandibular ramus below p2 = 14 mm in MACN-A 4023, height of the mandibular ramus below m3 = 17.87 mm in MACN-A 4024, 18.43 mm in MACN-A 4025 and 18.90 mm in MACN-A 4028) are not consistent with the type specimen, which leads to discard these materials as types. Consequently, the individual MACN-A 4021 plus MACN-A 4022 is confirmed as the holotype of Pa. icochiloides. Chronological and geographical distribution of the type specimen. Santacrucian SALMA, Santa Cruz Province., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos, Cerde��o, Esperanza & Reguero, Marcelo A., 2018, Identification of type materials of the species of Protypotherium Ameghino, 1885 and Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Notoungulata: Interatheriidae) erected by Florentino Ameghino, pp. 473-498 in Zootaxa 4387 (3) on pages 493-494, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1187697, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1894 a) Enumeration synoptique des especes de mammiferes fossiles des formations eocenes de Patagonie. Coni e hijos, Buenos Aires, 196 pp.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625."]}

Patriarchus palmidens Ameghino, 1889 Holotype. MACN-A 9651a (Figs. 3 A���C), mandibular symphysis with right i1 ���p1 and left i1���2 and the alveolus of i3. Diagnosis (Ameghino 1889: 481). ��� Es la ��nica especie de este g��nero que conozco hasta ahora; y a juzgar por la parte anterior de la mand��bula, tuvo una talla bastante mayor que el Protypotherium antiquum. La s��nfisis es muy comprimida lateralmente y sumamente angosta adelante, como que hasta el mismo par de incisivos anteriores est��n colocados no adelante en sentido transversal, seg��n es de regla en la generalidad de los mam��feros, sino a los lados, en la misma l��nea longitudinal que todo el resto de la dentadura, lo que le da a esta regi��n un aspecto completamente particular. Cada uno de estos incisivos tiene una corona cuyo di��metro anteroposterior aumenta desde la base a la c��spide, siendo ella sumamente comprimida en sentido transversal, con la cara interna bilobada por un surco perpendicular angosto y profundo en su parte superior, pero que se pierde hacia la base del diente y con la cara externa lisa y convexa. El canino tiene absolutamente la misma forma que los incisivos. Estos cuatro dientes est��n implantados en la mand��bula inclinados oblicuamente adelante de una manera cada vez m��s acentuada a partir del canino hasta los incisivos internos, los que se dirigen hacia adelante de una manera casi horizontal. Cada uno de estos dientes tiene una corona de 0 m 0 0 4 a 0 m 0 0 45 de di��metro anteroposterior, por 0 m 0 0 1 a 0 m 0 0 15 de di��metro transverso. El p. 1 , est�� implantado verticalmente, con los dos surcos opuestos colocados en los dos ��ltimos tercios de cada cara, angostos y poco profundos. El l��bulo anterior es mucho mayor, m��s ancho y de forma el��ptica; el l��bulo posterior mucho m��s peque��o, es tambi��n m��s angosto y de forma casi circular. Este diente tiene 0 m 0 0 45 de di��metro anteroposterior por 0 m 0 0 23 de di��metro transverso. Los tres incisivos, el canino y el primer premolar ocupan juntos en l��nea recta un espacio longitudinal de 25 mil��metros. La s��nfisis tiene 10 mil��metros de largo y es profundamente excavada en su cara interna ���. English translation. This is the only species of this genus so far known. Based on the size of the anterior part of the mandible, it was considerably larger than Protypotherium antiquum. The mandibular symphysis is very laterally compressed and notably narrow anteriorly, so that the anterior incisors are not transversally positioned as generally seen in mammals, but laterally in the same longitudinal line as the remaining teeth, a fact that gives a completely particular aspect to this region. Each incisor exhibits its anteroposterior diameter increasing from the base to the tip, the latter highly compressed transversely, with its internal face bilobed by means of a narrow and deep perpendicular groove that disappears towards the base, and with its external face smooth and convex. The canine has the same morphology as the incisors. These four teeth are obliquely implanted in the jaw obliquely inclined forward, mainly the internal incisors that are nearly horizontally placed. The crown of each of these teeth has 0.004 m to 0.0045 m of anteroposterior diameter and 0.001 m to 0.0015 m of transverse diameter. The p1 is vertically implanted, with two opposite narrow and shallow grooves placed in the last two thirds of each face. The anterior lobe is much larger, wider and elliptical; the posterior lobe is much smaller, also narrow and almost circular. This tooth has 0.0045 m of anteroposterior diameter and 0.0023 m of transverse diameter. The three incisors, the canine and the first premolar occupy together, in a straight line, a length of 25 mm. The symphysis is 10 mm long and is deeply excavated internally. Comments. Ameghino (1889: 481) founded this taxon based only on a mandibular symphysis that was illustrated in his Atlas (Ameghino 1889, plate 15: figs. 2���3) and herein reproduced (Figs. 3 D���F). According to Ameghino���s catalogue, MACN-A 37 (a complete skull), MACN-A 38 (a right mandibular branch associated to MACN-A 37), and MACN-A 4045 (a right mandibular ramus) are the type specimens of this species. Instead, after Mones (1986), only MACN-A 4045 is the type material. Nevertheless, none of these specimens matches the original description or the illustrated symphysis (Ameghino 1889) and, as a result, they are discarded as the type of the species. In Ameghino���s catalogue there are 22 other specimens assigned to Pa. palmidens, nine of which are lost. Among the remaining, a symphysis located within the lot MACN-A 9651, and herein differentiated as MACN-A 9651a, matches the original description and the illustrated symphysis (Ameghino 1889). Consequently, it is recognised as the holotype of Pa. palmidens. This lot includes other five fragmented mandibles (identified by us as MACN-A 9651b to MACN-A 9651f) that belong to different individuals. These specimens are discarded as part of the type series because, on the one hand, Ameghino (1889) used an unique specimen to erect the species and, on the other hand, none of them presents anterior dentition, but cheek teeth which would have been described by Ameghino in case he had had these teeth at hand. Chronological and geographical distribution of the type specimen. ���Notohippidian��� (Ameghino 1900 ��� 1902, 1906), Santacrucian SALMA, Santa Cruz Province., Published as part of Fern��ndez, Mercedes, Fernicola, Juan Carlos, Cerde��o, Esperanza & Reguero, Marcelo A., 2018, Identification of type materials of the species of Protypotherium Ameghino, 1885 and Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Notoungulata: Interatheriidae) erected by Florentino Ameghino, pp. 473-498 in Zootaxa 4387 (3) on pages 487-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1187697, {"references":["Ameghino, F. (1889) Contribucion al conocimiento de los mamiferos fosiles de la Republica Argentina. Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Cordoba, 6, i - xxxii, 1 - 1027, atlas of 98 pls.","Mones A. (1986) Palaeovertebrata Sudamericana. Catalogo Sistematico de los Vertebrados Fosiles de America del Sur, Parte I. Preliminary List and Bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 82, 1 - 625.","Ameghino, F. (1900 - 1902) L'Age des formations sedimentaires de Patagonie. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, (50, 51 & 54), 109 - 229 (1900); 20 - 250 (1901) & 161 - 342 (1902)."]}

El esquema cronológico y biostratigráfico continental para el Cenozoico tardío de América del Sur fue establecido sobre los mamíferos fósiles de la Región Pampeana. Dicho esquema está constituido por Pisos/Edades con base en Biozonas, cuyas localidades tipo para el Mioceno tardío–Holoceno temprano se encuentran en la provincia de Buenos Aires. Para la provincia de Córdoba, los estudios geológicos y estratigráficos se intensificaron a partir de la década de 1990 y brindan un marco geológico apropiado para estudios biostrati-gráficos del Cuaternario. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar un estudio bioestratigráfico de la localidad de San Francisco, centro-este de la provincia de Córdoba, sobre la base de sus asociaciones de mamíferos y analizar las posibles correlaciones con el esquema propuesto para la Región Pampeana. Se describen dos asociaciones faunísticas correspondientes a dos niveles estratigráficos: (1) la asociación faunística del nivel estratigráfico 2 compuesta por Lomaphorus sp., Neosclerocalyptusornatus Owen, Catonyx tarijensis (Gervais y Ameghino), Scelidotheriinae indet., cf. Macrauchenia patachonica Owen, Hemiauchenia paradoxa Gervais y Ameghino, Smilodon populator Lund y Panthera onca (Lin-naeus), asignable al Ensenadense (Pleistoceno temprano–medio) de la Región Pampeana; y (2) la asociación faunística del nivel estratigráfico 3 integrada por Neosclerocalyptus paskoensis (Zurita), Equus (Amerhippus) sp., Toxodon sp., Arctotherium sp. y cf. Lagostomus Brokes, asignable al Lujanense (Pleistoceno tardío–Holoceno temprano) de la Región Pampeana. Se reportan nuevos registros para la provincia de CórdobaNeosclerocalyptus ornatus, Panthera onca y Arctotherium sp., este último representa el primer registro de la familia Ursidae. The chronological scale and continental biostratigraphy of South Amer-ica was established on the base of fossil mammals from the Pampean Region. This scheme consists of Stages/Ages based on Biozones, with the late Miocene–early Holocene type localities in the Buenos Aires province. In the Córdoba province, several geological and stratigraphical studies have been undertaken since the 1990s and have provided a regionally useful scheme for biostratigraphic studies of the Quaternary. The aim of this work is to perform a biostratigraphic study of the San Francisco locality, in the east central region of the Córdoba province through the analysis of its mammal assemblages and to analyze the correlation with the scale proposed of the Pampean Region. We describe two faunal assemblages from two stratigraphical levels: (1) the faunal assemblage from the stratigraphic level 2 consisting of Lomaphorus sp., Neosclerocalyptusornatus Owen, Catonyx tarijensis (Gervais and Ameghino), Scelidotheriinae indet., cf. Macrauchenia patachonica Owen, Hemiauchenia paradoxa Gervais and Ameghino, Smilodon populator Lund and Panthera onca (Linnaeus) and assigned to the Ensenadan (early–middle Pleistocene) of the Pampean region; and (2) the faunal assemblage from the stratigraphic level 3 consisting of Neosclerocalyp-tuspaskoensis (Zurita), Equus (Amerhippus) sp., Toxodon sp., Arctotherium sp., and cf. Lagostomus Brokes and assigned to the Lujanian (late Pleistocene–early Holocene) of the Pampean region. New records for Córdoba Province include Neosclerocalyptus ornatus, Panthera onca, and Arctotherium sp. and the latter represents the first record of the Ursidae family. Fil: Cruz, Laura Edith. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina Fil: Fernicola, Juan Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina Fil: Carignano, Claudio Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; Argentina Fil: Bargo, María Susana. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentina

En 1886, Francisco P. Moreno, Director del Museo de La Plata, y Florentino Ameghino iniciaron un conjunto de negociaciones en aras de incorporar a este último como Secretario Subdirector de dicha institución, a su hermano Carlos como Ayudante preparador de Paleontología, y adquirir, para la misma, sus colecciones paleontológicas, arqueológicas y geológicas. Esta sociedad, en la que se aunaron distintos intereses personales, transformó a Hermann Burmeister, Director del Museo Nacional, en el rival a vencer para posicionar al museo platense como el primero de América. Sin embargo, en los primeros días de 1888 Ameghino renunció a su puesto en el Museo. Esta ruptura ha sido interpretada básicamente de dos formas. Durante el siglo XX primó la idea de que las desavenencias tuvieron su origen y desenlace en el inevitable choque de fuertes personalidades atravesadas por celos profesionales que pudieron más que los acuerdos alcanzados. Recientemente, se sostuvo que el conflicto se habría desencadenado por la reducción del apoyo económico que, hasta mediados 1887, el gobierno provincial le había dado a la institución. Esto generó un cambio en los objetivos institucionales del Director, lo cual tensionó la relación de tal forma que Ameghino finalmente renunció. Sin embargo, un análisis de la relación que ambos directores tuvieron durante el corto periodo que trabajaron juntos, indica que la competencia que ambos mantenían con Burmeister y las discrepancias que surgieron por la publicación in extenso de la magnífica colección de mamíferos fósiles de 1887, obtenida por Carlos Ameghino en el río Santa Cruz, provocó la renuncia de Ameghino. In 1886 Francisco P. Moreno, Director of Museo de La Plata, and Florentino Ameghino, started negotiations in order to incorporate the latter as the Assistant Director of the Museo de La Plata and his brother Carlos as a Paleontology preparation assistant, and to purchase his paleontological, archaeological and geological collections for this institution. This partnership, which joined different personal interests, recognized Hermann Burmeister, Director of Museo Nacional, as the rival to be defeated in order to achieve the rise of Museo de La Plata to the rank of the museum in America. However, at the beginning of 1888 Ameghino resigned his position at the Museum. The disagreement between Moreno and Ameghino has been interpreted in two ways. During the 1900’s the hypothesis held was that the disagreements were due to a clash of strong personalities mixed with professional jealousy, strong enough to break the agreements reached before. Recently, it has been suggested that this conflict was triggered by the lessening of the financial support the provincial government gave the institution up to mid 1887. This led the Director to change the institutional goals and deteriorated the relationship with Ameghino to the extent that the latter resigned. Nonetheless, an analysis of their relationship during the short period they worked together shows that the rivalry both had with Burmeister and the discrepancies that emerged regarding the publication in extenso of the remarkable fossil mammal collection gathered by Carlos Ameghino in Santa Cruz River, caused Ameghino´s resignation. Fil: Fernicola, Juan Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas; Argentina

En septiembre de 1887, Carlos Ameghino, Ayudante Preparador de Paleontología del Museo de La Plata, retornaba de una fructífera expedición a las barrancas del río Santa Cruz, encomendada por el Director de dicha institución, Francisco P. Moreno. Hacia fines de ese año, Florentino Ameghino, Secretario Subdirector del Museo de La Plata, dio a conocer dichos hallazgos describiendo sucintamente 122 taxones de los cuales 110 eran nuevas especies. Al poco tiempo, Florentino era exonerado del Museo, negándosele el acceso a las colecciones. No obstante, en 1889 Ameghino amplió sus descripciones y figuró 74 de los taxones de 1887. En 1891 Florentino Ameghino explicó que sus descripciones y figuras de 1889 se basaron en apuntes y croquis realizados antes de ser exonerado. Llamativamente, muchos de los ejemplares figurados se encuentran depositados en la Colección Nacional Ameghino, alojada en el Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”. En 1980, basándose en este impensado destino de los fósiles, Larry Marshall concluyó que Florentino Ameghino se habría apropiado de una parte de la colección de 1887 y sobre ésta basó su obra de 1889. Las evidencias aquí presentadas avalan la apropiación de ejemplares propuesta por Marshall y brinda un marco de referencia para evaluar la conformación de las series tipo de las especies de 1887. Por último, revelan de que forma el contexto histórico, la competencia entre instituciones y los anhelos personales se conjugaron para romper lo que debió haber sido una asociación científica de excelencia. In September 1887, Carlos Ameghino, Assistant Preparator of Paleontology at the Museo de La Plata, returned to the museum after a successful expedition to the banks of the Santa Cruz River. He had been commissioned by the director of this institution, Francisco P. Moreno, to carry out this fieldwork. By the end of that year, Florentino Ameghino, Assistant Director of the museum, unveiled the findings. He briefly described 122 taxa, 110 of which were new species. A few months later, Florentino was dismissed from the museum and denied access to the collections. However, in 1889 Ameghino expanded his descriptions of the material from 1887 and figured 74 of the 122 species previously described. In 1891, Florentino said that the descriptions and figures he had published in 1889 were based on notes and sketches made before his dismissal. Interestingly, many of the specimens depicted in his 1889 publication are in the Ameghino Collection at the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”. Larry Marshall noticed the surprising location of these specimens, and in 1980, he concluded that Florentino Ameghino must have appropriated some specimens from the 1887 collection. The evidence presented here supports this conclusion and provides a framework for assessing the conformation of the type series for the species described in 1887. Finally, it reveals the historical context for these events: competition among institutions and personal desires interacting to break what should have been an excellent scientific alliance Fil: Fernicola, Juan Carlos. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina

En el presente trabajo se presenta un conjunto de resultados obtenidos a partir del estudio de los depósitos de cenizas volcánicas localizados en la zona norte de la República Oriental del Uruguay. Dichos depósitos, descriptos anteriormente en investigaciones tendientes a la construcción de modelos paleoecológicos y culturales evolutivos regionales, no contaban para ese entonces con cronologías radiocarbónicas de referencias confiables. Por lo tanto, determinados procesos o evidencias de amplia expresión regional, tales como el registro de erupciones volcánicas, fueron consideradas sincrónicas, a los fines de establecer correlaciones entre Formaciones litoestratigráficas de Brasil, Uruguay y Argentina. Sin embargo, a partir de la revisión bibliográfica correspondiente, la obtención de nuevos fechados radiocarbónicos y del estudio del material volcanoclástico presente en las terrazas fluviales del Río Uruguay y afluentes, se construye la primera secuencia tefrocronológica para el Holoceno del norte de Uruguay. La misma, testimonia la ocurrencia de eventos volcánicos, acaecidos en la zona andina, en diferentes momentos de la historia holocénica. Asimismo, el reconocimiento de algunas de las propiedades geoquímicas y físico texturales de los bancos de cenizas, nos permiten proponer el estudio de los depósitos volcánicos presentes en Uruguay como una herramienta metodológica más, a la hora de intentar reconstruir los escenarios ambientales que explotaron los grupos prehistóricos del área. Las virtudes que ofrecen los estudios tefrocronológicos para las ciencias estratigráficas y litoestratigráficas del Cuaternario, cuentan con un amplio reconocimiento a nivel mundial; sin embargo, las utilidades quebrindan en cuanto a la capacidad de preservación del registro paleoecológico, recientemente está siendo explotado a nivel regional. En este sentido el presente estudio correlaciona la información obtenida con los modelos de evolución climática para el Holoceno generados para el Este de Uruguay a efectos de avanzar en la reconstrucción del escenario prehistórico explotados por los grupos humanos que poblaron la región. Fil: Castiñeira La Torre, Carola. Universidad de La República (Uruguay) Fil: Fernicola, Juan Carlos. Universidad de La República (Uruguay)