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Global material resources are quickly being drained by the demands of global economic development. Simultaneously, the environmental impacts of the massive amounts of waste generated globally every year are also growing exponentially. As such, the implementation of waste recycling through its utilization as a component of a construction material, particularly one with a global demand as high as concrete, is a strategy which acts in both planes: material efficiency and waste generation. This paper details the results of a systematic review performed on the scientific literature that concerns the possibility of incorporating recycled wastes as aggregates in structural ordinary Portland cement concretes. The available literature suggests that a reduced number of wastes of recycled origin may, albeit in low quantities, be used in structural OPC concretes. Furthermore, the presence of substances such as glass wastes or alkali-rich cement fragments in recycled aggregates elevates the potential for expansions originated by the occurrence, in these concretes, of the well known phenomenon known as alkali-silica reaction. Moreover, the variety, quantity and the limits to the utilization of these wastes as aggregates in structural concretes all suggest that a massification of the utilization of recycled aggregates in OPC concretes will not take place. The investigation also found that, in light of the evidence showing that the performance of alkali-activated binder concretes is less impacted by the shortcomings of recycled aggregates, recycled wastes may be better suited for reutilization as aggregates in these concrete compositions., FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, under the project SFRH/BD/111813/2015

This paper presents an experimental study on the properties and on the durability of concrete containing ceramic wastes. Several concrete mixes possessing a target mean compressive strength of 30 MPa were prepared with 20% cement replacement by ceramic powder (W/B = 0.6). A concrete mix with ceramic sand and granite aggregates were also prepared as well as a concrete mix with natural sand and coarse ceramic aggregates (W/B = 0.5). The mechanical and durability performance of ceramic waste based concrete are assessed by means of mechanical tests, water performance, permeability, chloride diffusion and also accelerated aging tests. Results show that concrete with partial cement replacement by ceramic powder although it has minor strength loss possess increase durability performance. Results also shows that concrete mixtures with ceramic aggregates perform better than the control concrete mixtures concerning compressive strength, capillarity water absorption, oxygen permeability and chloride diffusion. The replacement of cement and aggregates in concrete by ceramic wastes will have major environmental benefits.

This paper presents an experimental study on the two-way concrete slabs with steel-free reinforcements. These include basalt fiber textile, macro polypropylene (PP) fiber and a combination of both. The plain concrete (PC) slab and steel reinforced concrete (RC) slab are studied as references. Furthermore, a comparative analysis on load bearing capacity, toughness and failure pattern of the slabs is performed. The test results indicate that the incorporation of basalt fiber textile and macro PP fibers can significantly improve load bearing capacity and toughness, and there is a positive synergetic effect between basalt fiber textile and macro PP fiber in the hybrid system. Similar to PC slab, the concrete slab reinforced with only 1-layer basalt fiber textile (BTRC1) demonstrates clearly brittle behavior. The addition of macro PP fibers may enhance the load bearing capacity in the post-peak region and convert the brittle failure pattern into a ductile one. In addition, BTRC1 slab with 8 kg/m3 macro PP fibers shows higher flexural capacity than those of RC slab with a steel ratio of 0.31%, and this implies that the combination of basalt fiber textile and macro PP fiber can be used to replace the steel mesh as a new type of durable reinforcement in structural members., National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51578109)

This chapter starts by reviewing worrying warming patterns that have been recently worsen by positive feedback vicious cycles. They suggest that global warming will be faster than projected in the recent IPCC special report. The deep adaptation agenda is mentioned on it. Some studies concerning the social impacts of heatwaves, considered to be the most important and dangerous hazard related to the current climate emergency, combined with the UHI are reviewed. An outline of the book is also included., (undefined)

An alkali-activated binary mortar (AABM) was studied as a possible alternative to traditional surface protection systems (coatings) or repair materials. A natural volcanic pozzolan (70%) and a granulated blast furnace slag (30%) were employed as precursors. According to standard specifications (EN 1504-3) and the properties of AABM the material was classified as a class R2-repair mortar., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This study investigates the feasibility of introducing machine learning algorithms to predict the diffusion resistance to chloride penetration of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). A total of 226 samples collated from published literature were used to train and test the developed machine learning framework, which integrated four standalone models and two ensemble models. The hyperparameters involved were fine-tuned by grid search and 10-fold cross-validation. Results showed that all the models had good performance in predicting the chloride penetration resistance of RAC and among them, the gradient boosting model outperformed the others. The water content was identified as the most critical factor affecting the chloride ion permeability of RAC based on the standardized regression coefficient analysis. The model’s interpretability was greatly improved through a two-way partial dependence analysis. Finally, based on the proposed machine learning models, a performance-based mixture design method and a service life prediction approach for RAC were developed, thereby offering novel and robust design tools for achieving more durable and resilient development goals in procuring sustainable concrete., This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52108123), Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2020A1515110101), and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Civil Engineering Technology (2021B1212040003).

Geopolymeric binders are especially indicated when reusing a wide diversity of wastes. This is an important feature, especially in the European context, in which a circular economy and future zero waste is targeted. Still, the cost of these materials, due to the use of high purity activators, prevents their commercialization as they are simply not competitive enough. The reduction of the amount of activators could be a cost-efficient solution if the associated decrease of the mechanical properties turned not to be excessive. This means that it is important to investigate the manner in which these additives can be used on their composition in order to compensate that mechanical reduction. This paper discloses results concerning the mix design of fly ash based geopolymeric mixtures using metakaolin, Portland cement (OPC) and calcium hydroxide as additives. Their influence on the mechanical properties, microstructure and cost-efficiency was studied. The results showed that the use of Portland cement as an additive leads to lower compressive strength. Results also show that geopolymers with different additives have different optimum Na2SiO3/NaOH ratios., Funding: This study was funded by Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) in the frame of project IF/00706/2014-UM.2.15., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Carbon dioxide sequestration is crucial so targets for limiting global warming can be achieved. This paper discloses results of an investigation concerning the performance of fly ash/waste glass alkaline-based mortars with recycled aggregates reinforced by hemp fibres exposed to accelerated carbon dioxide curing. Compressive strength, carbon footprint and cost were studied on it. The results show that hemp fibres lead to a reduction on mechanical properties but not as high as reported by others. A high correlation was found between compressive and flexural strength The results also show that accelerated curing provides a high carbon sequestration. Furthermore, the use of at least 8% hemp fibres leads to carbon negative emissions -19,7 kgCO2eq/m3 for fly ash/waste glass alkaline-based mortars with recycled aggregates based composites., The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) in the frame of project IF/00706/2014-UM.2.15., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

"Published Online: November 23, 2017", Drying shrinkage performance is a very important factor for reinforced concrete composites because a high shrinkage performance is associated with a high cracking tendency, which leads to future durability problems. Geopolymeric mortars show much higher drying shrinkage than Portland cement-based composites because they use a low amount of structural water and thus have a higher pore content than ordinary Portland cement composites. Therefore, the use of fibres is especially interesting to counteract the drying shrinkage tendency of geopolymeric mortars. This paper provides results on the restrained and unrestrained shrinkage performance of fly ash-based geopolymeric mortars reinforced with short polymer hybrid fibres (SPHF). The results show that SPHF reduces the shrinkage cracking tendency. A content of SPHF as low as 0·08% was able to reduce the average crack width by four times when compared with non-reinforced mortars. Increasing the content of SPHF from 0·08 to 0·8% reduces the time of appearance of the first crack by 25 h and reduces the average crack width by two times., This study was funded by Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) in the frame of project IF/00706/2014- UM.2·15., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Some authors reported that Alkali-activated Cement Based Binder (AACB) mortars can have much higher drying shrinkage than Portland cement based composites. Its worth remember that shrinkage performance is a very important property for reinforced concrete composites just because a high shrinkage performance is associated to cracking tendency that leads to future durability problems. Usually shrinkage is assessed under unrestrained conditions. However, the use of a restrained ellipse ring test is especially interesting for materials that will be used in restrained conditions like repair mortars. This paper provides results on restrained and unrestrained shrinkage performance of fly ash AACB mortars. The restrained shrinkage was assessed with an elliptical ring that provides a faster and more reliable assessment of the cracking potential than circular rings. The results show that the mixtures with lower sodium silicate content are associated to a lower unrestrained shrinkage. Mixtures with lower sodium silicate content showed reduced average crack width under restrained conditions. The results also show that the reduction of sodium silicate content delays the appearance of cracks and is also associated to lower crack width. The use of AACB mortars in restrained conditions requires the use of a reduced sodium silicate content or else the use of fibres to prevent crack appearance., Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT): IF/00706/2014-UM.2.15, info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

This case study chapter discloses experimental results regarding the joint effect of sodium hydroxide concentration, the use of two commercial superplasticizers (polycarboxylate and lignosulfonate), and a biopolymer on workability and compressive strength performance of alkali-activated mortars based on fly ash and waste soda lime silicate glass., (undefined)

Energy efficiency is not only the most cost-effective way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions but also a way to improve competitiveness and create employment. EU aims to achieve nearly zero-energy (public) building (NZEB) by the end of 2018 (2020 for private buildings). This very ambitious target would be more easily fulfilled if high-performance thermal materials like phase change materials-PCMs are to be used. This paper reports experimental results on the properties of fly ash-based alkali-activated binder-AACB mortars in which a minor percentage of aggregates were replaced by PCMs. These include compression strength, at normal temperature and also at high temperatures, flexural strength, density, water absorption, unrestrained shrinkage as well as cost analysis. Several AACB mixtures showed an increase in compressive strength after being exposed to high temperatures. Since PCMs are made of flammable materials and AACB mortars show a much higher stability at high temperature than Portland cement-based mortars this means that AACB mortars are more suitable for PCM incorporation. This is a very important feature because flammable insulation materials were reported to be the cause of the recent Grenfell Tower fire tragedy that made 71 victims., (undefined), info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Advances in Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling: Management, Processing and Environmental Assessment is divided over three parts. Part One focuses on the management of construction and demolition waste, including estimation of quantities and the use of BIM and GIS tools. Part Two reviews the processing of recycled aggregates, along with the performance of concrete mixtures using different types of recycled aggregates. Part Three looks at the environmental assessment of non-hazardous waste. This book will be a standard reference for civil engineers, structural engineers, architects and academic researchers working in the field of construction and demolition waste.

This chapter introduces some sustainability challenges, as well as the importance of resource efficiency and the European bioeconomy strategy. The importance of biobased materials and biotech admixtures for eco-efficient construction is summarized. The importance of changing the curriculum of civil engineering to address sustainability challenges and also enhance the collaboration between civil engineers and biotech experts is briefly discussed. Comments concerning the biobased and biotech-related publication intensity of several well-known civil engineering departments are also made. An outline of the book is also given.

The ceramic wastes can cause strong damage to the environment. In this article, the experimental study was concentrated on the pozzolanic activity of household ceramic waste and clay bricks waste. The possibility of the partial replacement of Portland cement blended with ceramic waste powder without further heating treatment in different ratios was analyzed. The ceramic waste powder was mixed in samples in various ratios. The evaluation of the ceramic waste powder was performed by grain-size analyses using Laser granulometry, XRD, XRF, Frattini test and strength activity index (SAI) method. The results indicate that the pozzolanic activity of household ceramic waste was higher than that of clay bricks waste. The 15% of HC powder addition could be a possible upper bound for an effective substitution and may also be very cost-efficient for industrial application., The authors acknowledge the National Natural Science Foundation of China: Grant 51578109, and Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (SFRH/BPD/22680/2005).

The state of the Planet is briefly reviewed through different models used in the last four decades. A Scopus survey concerning the scientific production on the field of civil engineering and the subfield of pavements is carried out. The survey proves not only that the aforementioned subfield is not receiving enough research efforts but also that the environmental issues need much more attention from the scientific community. Brief comments on the crucial importance of climate change effects for pavement materials are included. A book outline is also included.

The world is closer to exceeding the budget (cumulative amount of anthropogenic CO2 emission compatible with a global temperature–change target) for the long-term target of the Paris Climate Agreement than previously thought. Three lines of evidence suggest that global warming will be faster than projected in the recent IPCC special report. First, greenhouse gas emissions are still rising. Second, governments are cleaning up air pollution faster than the IPCC and most models previously assumed. But aerosols, including sulfates, nitrates, and organic compounds, reflect sunlight so the aforementioned cleaning could have a warming effect by as much as 0.7°C. And in the third place, there are signs that the planet might be entering a natural warm phase because the Pacific Ocean seems to be warming up. And these three forces reinforce each other. Carbon dioxide sequestration is therefore crucial for targets for limiting global warming. Europe is now putting great efforts and funding in carbon sequestration materials and technologies. The flagship program EnCO2re currently looks to develop new technologies offering novel ways to use CO2; increase awareness for CO2 reuse; and ensure sustainability and social acceptance of materials and products by integrated socioecological research. Also carbon capture and sequestration is one of the 100 Radical Innovation Breakthroughs for the future (Europe, 2019). This chapter discloses results of an investigation concerning the performance of fly ash/waste glass alkaline–based mortars with recycled aggregates reinforced by hemp fibers. The results show that hemp fibers lead to a reduction of mechanical properties of alkali-activated materials.

Resource efficiency, as well as the importance and limitations of the Circular economy concept, are highlighted. The case of construction and demolition waste-CDW recycling is introduced. The 70% recycling rate for EU in 2020 is analyzed and a literature review on the Waste Framework Directive is carried out. Brief comments on CDW containing hazardous substances are made. A book outline is included., (undefined)

Natural fibres are a sustainable and renewable resource available almost all over the world. Being cost effective and as stronger as synthetic fibres they are of interested for the production of reinforced cementitious composites for the construction industry. That is why research on cement composites reinforced by natural fibres constitute an important trend on the sustainability context. Still some its components like hemicellulose and lignin can hinder cement hydration. Natural fibres can degrade in high alkaline environment of Portland cement composites but several authors showed that carbonation is associated to a lower alkalinity that can help preserve both the properties and durability of composites reinforced with natural fibres. This means that accelerated carbonation of composites reinforced with natural fibres has not only carbon sequestration advantages but is also especially indicated for such composites. This paper discloses results of an investigation concerning the performance of fly ash/waste glass alkaline-based mortars with recycled aggregates reinforced by hemp fibres submitted to accelerated carbonation

This paper report experimental results of several mixes regarding the joint effect of replacement percentage of fly ash by waste glass, sodium hydroxide concentration, activator/binder ratio, the use of two commercial superplasticizers and a biopolymer on the cost and global warming footprint performance of alkali-activated mortars. In the mix compositions the significant impact on the cost of mixtures is concerned to the molarity concentration of NaOH solution, while replacing fly ash by milled glass has no great impact on the total price The minimum values for the normalized cost and GWP to compressive strength were measured about 22 Euro/m3.MPa and 17 kgCO2e/m3.MPa in the mixture 80FA_10CH_10MG_4M_0.5A/B.

Carbon dioxide sequestration is crucial so targets for limiting global warming can be achieved. That is why carbon sequestration constitutes one of the Grande Challenges of Engineering. Carbon capture and storage from the stream of concentrated CO2 at fossil fuel burning sites like power plants or steel plants is more efficient than geologic storage and thus less expensive than direct air capture. As a consequence it is important to study how CO2 generated by power plants and other facilities can be sequestrated in valuable products. This paper discloses results of an investigation concerning the mechanical performance and freeze-thaw resistance of fly ash/waste glass alkaline-based mortars with two additives and recycled aggregates exposed to accelerated carbon dioxide curing. Mechanical properties as well as water absorption, elastic modulus and drying shrinkage were studied on it. The results show that the mixtures with calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide concentration of 8M leads to the highest compressive strength (10 MPa) which is high enough for the production of masonry blocks. The results on freeze-thaw resistance show that mixtures based on. OPC have lower strength loss, than mixtures that are based on calcium hydroxide., The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) in the frame of project IF/00706/2014-UM.2.15.

This chapter addresses several problems associated with waste plastic. Data on plastic production and on waste plastic is reviewed. The unrealistic expectations that have been put on the ?miracle? digesting plastic enzyme case are commented. The case of Europe, European directives and targets concerning waste plastic recycling as well as on the risk of waste smuggling is addressed. The importance of recycling waste plastics through concrete is emphasized. A book outline is included., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The goal of this investigation was evaluate the potential of an alkali-activated binary mortar (AABM), based on a natural volcanic pozzolan (70%) and granulated blast furnace slag (30%), as a repair material. This evaluation focused on its physico-mechanical characterisation (compressive, flexural and splitting tensile strengths; modulus of elasticity; capillary water absorption; and shrinkage) and the measurement of its adherence to three class of OPC concretes (substrates) using pull-off tests. A mixture of NaOH and Na2SiO3 was used as alkaline activator. The compressive and splitting tensile strength of AABM were 34.8?MPa and 2.13?MPa?at 28 days of curing, respectively. Its capillary absorption coefficient and modulus of elasticity were 0.5088?kg/m2h0.5 and 8.66?GPa respectively. The results of the pull-off test demonstrate the adherent nature of the AABM, which was promoted by the strength (quality) of the OPC substrate, with pull-off adherences of 0.75?MPa, 1.14?MPa and 1.24?MPa for class C25/30, C35/45 and C50/60, respectively. According to the results obtained and standard specifications (EN 1504-3), this material can be classified as a class R2-repair mortar., COLCIENCIAS -Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación(undefined), info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The nano-carbon black (NCB) and conductive fibers were added as multiple conductive materials to produce the electric conductive and ductile concrete. The effect of the NCB, CF and SF on the workability of fresh concrete was analyzed, the relationships between the FCR and the strain of initial geometrical neutral axis (IGNA) were established, and the self-sensing ability to the load-deflection process and cracking behavior of triphasic conductive concrete beam subjected to bending were investigated. The relationship between the fractional change in surface resistance (FCR) and the crack opening displacement (COD) of conductive concrete beams has been established. The results showed that the relationship between the FCR and the IGNA strain can be described by the First Order Exponential Decay function, and the slope of this function can reflect the sensitivity of the conductive concrete. A linearly correlation between FCR and COD was observed., (undefined), info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The extraction of the phosphate ore produces a high amount of waste causing serious environmental problems. This waste, termed as phosphate washing waste, was filtered and dried at 105 °C for 24 h to remove the water. The dried waste was milled and then sieved in a 100 ?m sieve. The resulting phosphates washing waste (PWW) particles size are below 70 ?m. The phosphate washing waste was calcined at 700 °C and 900 °C. Both calcined and uncalcined waste were investigated with X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray powder diffraction (DRX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), simultaneous differential thermal and thermogravimetric analyses (DTA-TG) and particle size analysis. This waste was activated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate in order to produce geopolymeric materials. The influence of replacing PWW by 15% of metakaolin was also study. The results show that the highest compressive strength is obtained with metakaolin. The results also showed that compressive strength decreased with the increase of NaOH concentration., Gafsa Phosphate Company “CPG Tunisia” for providing us the phosphate washing waste sample and the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for the finance of the project UID/ECI/04047/2013, info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This chapter briefly reviews important issues that justify the importance of carbon dioxide sequestration. It includes carbon dioxide emissions and projections, global warming consequences namely extreme weather events, ocean acidification, sea level rise, economic losses, the increase of vector-borne illnesses, or even the revival of long dormant deadly bacteria and viruses. Comments about the Conference of parties are made with a special attention for the China situation. Comments are also made about the shortcomings of market-based instruments to try to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. A book outline is also included., (undefined), info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

A reparação de estruturas degradadas de concreto representa uma oportunidade para a indústria da construção mas também um desafio para a comunidade científica. O desenvolvimento de novas argamassas de reparação constitui por isso uma importante área de investigação. Os geopolímeros são ligantes inovadores alternativos ao cimento Portland pelo que as argamassas à base destes materiais, geopolíméricas, apresentam algumas potencialidades no campo da reparação das estruturas de concreto. O presente artigo apresenta resultados de uma investigação sobre o desenvolvimento de argamassas geopoliméricas à base de uma argila da Tunísia sujeita a tratamento térmico. É incluída uma análise da argila e também dos produtos de hidratação da argamassa os quais apresentam fases geopoliméricas típicas. The rehabilitation of concrete structures represents an opportunity for the construction industry as well as a challenge for the scientific community. The development of new repair mortars is thus an important research area. Gopolymers are innovative binders alternative to Portland cement being that the geopolymeric mortars present some advantages concerning the repair of concrete structures. This paper presents investigations results regarding the development of gepolymeric mortars based on a calcined Tunisian clay. A characterization of the clay is included as well as of the mortars hydration products that show typical geopolymeric phases.

Mortars with incorporation of phase change materials (PCM) have the ability to regulate the temperature inside buildings, contributing to the thermal comfort and reducing the use of heating and cooling equipment. However, it is important that they present a good behavior when subjected to aggressive conditions. The main purpose of this study was the effect of high temperatures on mortars with PCM. It was observed that the exposure to high temperatures leads to a decrease in the flexural, compressive and adhesion strengths. However, the behavior of the mortar with PCM is similar to reference mortars., The authors acknowledge the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for the financial support regarding PhD scholarship SFRH/BD/95611/2013.

Buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, increasing building energy efficiency is one the most cost-effective ways to reduce emissions. The use of thermal insulation materials could constitute the most effective way of reducing heat losses in buildings by minimising heat energy needs. These materials have a thermal conductivity factor lower than 0.065 (W/m.K) while other insulation materials such as aerated concrete can go up to 0.11. Current insulation materials are associated with negative impacts in terms of toxicity. Polystyrene, for example contains anti-oxidant additives and ignition retardants. In addition, its production involves the generation of benzene and chlorofluorocarbons. Polyurethane is obtained from isocyanates, which are widely known for their tragic association with the Bhopal disaster. Besides current insulation materials releases toxic fumes when subjected to fire. This paper presents experimental results on one-part geopolymers. It also includes global warming potential assessment and cost analysis. The results show that only the use of aluminium powder allows the production mixtures with a high compressive strength however its high cost means they are commercially useless when facing the competition of commercial cellular concrete. The results also show that one-part geopolymer mixtures based on 26% Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)+58.3% Fly Ash (FA)+8% Calcined Stuff (CS) +7.7% Calcium Hydroxide (CH) and 3.5% hydrogen peroxide constitute a promising cost efficient (67 euro/m3), thermal insulation solution for floor heating systems with low global warming potential of 443 KgCO2eq/m3.

This study has investigated the joint effect of several mix parameters on the properties of foam geopolymers. The mix parameters analysed through a laboratory experiment of 54 different mortar mixes were, sodium silicate/sodium hydroxide mass ratio (2.5, 3.5, 4.5), activator/binder mass ratio (0.6, 0.8, 1.0), chemical foaming agent type (hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium perborate (NaBO3)) and foaming agent mass ratio content (1%, 2%, 3%). Properties, SEM and FTIR analysis and cost analysis are included. The results show that the sodium perborate over performs hydrogen peroxide leading to a lower overall thermal conductibility of foam geopolymers. Mixtures with a low thermal conductivity of around 0.1 W/(m·K) and a compressive strength of around 6 MPa were achieved. The cost analysis show that the foaming agents are responsible for a small percentage of foam geopolymers total cost being that the alkaline activators are responsible for more than 80%.

Nanotechnology in Eco-efficient Construction, 2nd Edition is an authoritative guide illustrating the role and use of nanotechnology in the development of eco-efficient construction materials for sustainable construction. Broken down over five parts, the introductory chapters consider nanotech applications for mortars and concrete, which have high performance and self-healing ability. Part II considers nanomodified materials for pavements, structural health monitoring, ice-phobic and corrosion-free nanocoatings, as well as fire-retardant nanocoatings for protection of structural wood. Part III encompasses applications for building energy efficiency, including multifunctional architectural glazing based on highly transparent perovskite-based photovoltaics, as well as recent developments in the field of electrochromic glazing. Photocatalytic applications are the focus of Part IV, which investigates nanoparticles for pollution control, self-cleaning, and photocatalytic water purification. Finally, Part V discusses toxicity, safety handling, and the environmental impacts of nanoparticles., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) in the frame of project IF/00706/2014-UM.2.15.