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A taxonomic revision and nomenclatural update for Paspalum L., group Caespitosa are presented. The group Caespitosa consists of perennial species, usually rhizomatous, with culms simple, erect, inflorescences terminal, pauci-racemose, and spikelets mostly ellipsoid to ovoid or obovoid. It is distributed from the southern United States to northeastern Argentina, with several taxa concentrated in the Caribbean Islands. We recognize 13 species and three varieties (i.e., Paspalum acutifolium León, P. albidulum Henrard, P. bakeri Hack., P. blodgettii Chapm., P. caespitosum Flüggé, P. chacoense Parodi, P. divergens Döll, P. galapageium Chase var. galapageium, P. galapageium var. minoratum Chase, P. galapageium var. redundans (Chase) Delfini & Zuloaga, P. indecorum Mez, P. laxum Lam., P. ligulare Nees, P. molle Poir., and P. redondense Swallen), and designate lectotypes for three names. We propose a new synonym for P. ligulare and a new variety for P. galapageium, and provide updates on inferential lectotypifications (for seven names) and on inferential neotypification (for P. caespitosum var. longifolium). We then comment on four situations of uncertainty, and present new geographic analyses of the species. Illustrations, a key for the species, and additional comments on morphology of the group Caespitosa are also included.

Considering the progress of the Flora Vascular de la República Argentina project, we introduce the first interactive, multi-access key to the angiosperm families of the Argentinian Flora. The key is an open resource, built under Lucid ™ software, and available through the Flora Argentina site (https://clave.floraargentina.edu.ar/), with an on-line form for the user’s suggestions. We explain the advantages of multi-access keys versus dichotomous keys, briefly describe how the key was built, and how Lucid tools can be applied (Spanish version) for a better use of the key.

The Andean region is one of the most biodiverse areas, displaying high levels of endemism and spatial turnover of species. Tribe Eudemeae includes nine genera and 40 species distributed from the northern Andes in Colombia to the southernmost portion of the Andes in Argentina and Chile. Here, we generated a species-level phylogenetic tree to study their climatic niche evolution. We first analysed phylogenetic structure and evolutionary shifts among the main climatic spaces using model-based estimates. Second, we estimated climatic niches for each species and compared them in a phylogenetic context. In Eudemeae, three main groups of climatic spaces were found, mainly related to the northern and central Andes, the north-central portion of the southern Andes and the central-southern portion of the southern Andes. Results suggest that initial colonization of new climatic spaces in the evolution of the tribe appears to be promoted through shifts in adaptive regimes, whereas subsequent diversification of genera occurred predominantly under the same climatic regimes. This trade-off between niche conservatism and divergence appears to have modulated their diversification across the Andes and contributed to their current geographical distribution.

Resumen Biganzoli, F.; M. Oyarzabal, S. Teillier & F. O. Zuloaga. 2022. Fitogeografía de la provincia Altoandina del Cono Sur de Sudamérica. Darwiniana, nueva serie 10(2): 537-574. La flora de las áreas de alta montaña es de las más desconocidas y amenazadas por el cambio climático. Además, la fitogeografía de las montañas es compleja por la escasez de relevamientos, lo que ha generado una delimitación actual poco detallada. En este trabajo describimos la flora de las montañas del Cono Sur de Sudamérica. Específicamente, proponemos una clasificación detallada de la provincia Altoandina con base en la distribución geográfica de taxa exclusivos de esta provincia, caracterizamos las subdivisiones a nivel regional y elaboramos un mapa de los distritos identificados. Registramos 883 taxa exclusivamente altoandinos, de los cuales 220 son endémicos de Argentina, 151 de Chile y 512 compartidos entre Argentina y Chile o con otros países andinos, principalmente con Bolivia. Las familias con más taxa son las Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae y Violaceae. Los géneros con más taxa son Senecio, Viola y Nototriche. Mediante un análisis de redes, confirmamos y mapeamos la subdivisión de la provincia en tres distritos: Quechua, Cuyano-Pikumche y Nothoandino. Este trabajo contribuye al conocimiento de la fitogeografía de la provincia Altoandina y a su conservación. Abstract Biganzoli, F.; M. Oyarzabal, S. Teillier & F. O. Zuloaga. 2022. Phytogeography of Altoandina province of the Southern Cone of South America. Darwiniana, nueva serie 10(2): 537-574. The flora of high mountain areas is one of the least known and one of the most threatened by climate change. In addition, the phytogeographic delimitation of the mountains is difficult and not accurate enough. In this work we describe the flora of the Altoandina province in the Southern Cone of South America based on the geographical distribution of taxa exclusive to this province, we characterize the subdivisions at a regional level and generate a map of the identified districts. The results show that 883 taxa are exclusive of this province, of which 151 are only present in Chile, 220 in Argentina, and 512 are shared by both countries or are also present in Bolivia or other Andean countries. Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, and Violaceae are the richest families in the province, while Senecio, Viola and Nototriche are the richest genera. Through a network-based analysis, we confirm the presence of three Districts in the Altoandina province: Quechua, Cuyano-Pikumche, and Nothoandino. This work aims to contribute to the knowledge on geographical patterns of the High Andean flora and its conservation.

Chromosome numbers and ploidy levels of 24 accessions of 17 species of tribe Panicoideae from Argentina, Cuba, and Brazil are given. Most of the studied species are endemics. The studied taxa are: Axonopus aureus P. Beauv., Dichanthelium aequivaginatum (Swallen) Zuloaga, D. stipiflorum (Renvoize) Zuloaga, D. surrectum (Chase ex Zuloaga & Morrone) Zuloaga, Homolepis isocalycia (G. Mey.) Chase, Paspalum arenarium Schrad., P. blodgettii Chapm., P. capillifolium Nash, P. coryphaeum Trin., P. distortum Chase, P. durifolium Mez, P. lindenianum A. Rich., P. oligostachyum Salzm. ex Steud., P. pumilum Nees, P. scutatum Nees ex Trin., P. strigosum Döll ex Chase, and Plagiantha tenella Renvoize; of these, the chromosome numbers of D. aequivaginatum, D. stipiflorum, D. surrectum (n = 9), Homolepis isocalycia (n = 20), Paspalum capillifolium, P. distortum, P. lindenianum, P. oligostachyum, and P. strigosum (n = 10) are presented for the first time. A new diploid cytotype (n = 10) for Paspalum blodgettii was found.

Analyzing the roles of ecology and geography on speciation and lineage diversification can shed light on the processes that generate and maintain biodiversity. Additionally, lineages rapidly diversifying across unstable habitats provide substantial challenges for resolving evolutionary histories and delimiting species. Physaria is represented in South American by six species distributed from southern Bolivia to northern central Argentina and growing in highlands of the southern-central Andes, but also along the hills and lowlands of central-eastern Argentina. This biogeographical variability, not common among other South American crucifers (Brassicaceae), prompted us to conduct different climatic niche and geographical range comparisons to study the potential roles of ecology and geography through the diversification of the group. However, the remarkable similarity between these species, coupled with the continuous variability of the diagnostic morphological characters, blurs the species boundaries. Therefore, in order to identify independent evolving lineages, we first employed species delimitation methods together with the general lineage concept of species, and used molecular sequences from nuclear ribosomal and chloroplast loci. Secondly, and in the light of the lineages obtained, we explored the roles of geography and ecology on the diversification of South American Physaria and tested for presence of phylogenetic niche-conservatism or niche-divergence patterns, as well as potential ecological speciation. Lineages identified by these delimitation methods were highly congruent with described species; nevertheless, some morphospecies were included under the same independent evolutionary lineage. Our results suggest that the climatic niche divergence along the heterogeneous landscape apparently was a major factor promoting diversification of the South American Physaria. Divergence was registered mainly on the temperature dimension, which promoted shifts between cold-temperate habitats associated with the highlands of the central-southern Andes and warm lowlands from central-eastern Argentina, i.e., the Monte and Dry Chaco ecoregions. In addition, some degree of niche divergence along the precipitation gradient was also secondarily recovered. Allopatry and dispersal capabilities also seem to be associated with the diversification of the group, presumably through the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene, and promoted by glacial cycles and climatic oscillations during the Quaternary. Results of these analyses are also discussed in a general context, which will contribute to the understanding of the evolutionary and ecological patterns of South American Brassicaceae.

Global warming, coupled with habitat destruction and human activity, are accelerating the rates of species extinction worldwide. Species-extinction risk assessment using the IUCN Red List categories, together with the study of the spatial patterns of biodiversity, are fundamental approaches for identifying conservation priorities and targeting government decisions to mitigate impacts on biodiversity. Here, we analyzed the geographic distribution of Argentinean species of Brassicaceae using species point distributional data. In this way, we classified species following the IUCN threat categories at a regional level, and analyzed patterns of richness, endemism, and threat on the different ecoregions and biomes of the country. In addition, we also explored differences in elevation, annual mean temperature, annual precipitation, and aridity between endemic vs. non-endemic and threatened vs. non-threatened species. The results showed that of the 162 Argentinean taxa, 58 species were here categorized as threatened (VU, EN, or CR) (36%). However, when only endemics are considered, more than half of these (33 spp, 57%) are threatened. Although species inhabit all environments and biogeographic regions of the country, arid to semi-arid areas, which are associated to the Andes and the Patagonian Steppe, contained most of the species. Specifically, the Central Andean Puna and the Patagonian Steppe ecoregions included the greatest number of species, endemics, and threatened species. Furthermore, different hotspots of richness, endemism, and threat were detected along Andean regions and the Patagonian steppe, and endemics were characterized by inhabiting on average drier areas than non-endemic native species. An up-to-date species list, including conservation status, distribution maps for all species, hotspots of richness, endemism, and threat, are also provided. This work seeks to contribute to the knowledge on geographical patterns of the Argentinean flora and its conservation, complementing the information published in the Flora of Argentina.p { margin-bottom: 0.25cm; direction: ltr; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background: transparent }p.western { font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif; font-size: 12pt; so-language: en-US }p.cjk { font-family: "Noto Serif CJK SC"; font-size: 12pt; so-language: zh-CN }p.ctl { font-family: "Lohit Devanagari"; font-size: 12pt; so-language: hi-IN }a:visited { color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline }a:link { color: #000080; text-decoration: underline } El calentamiento global junto con la destrucción de hábitats y la actividad humana están acelerando las tasas de extinción de especies en todo el mundo. La evaluación del riesgo de extinción de especies utilizando las categorías de la Lista Roja de la UICN, junto con el estudio de los patrones espaciales de la diversidad biológica, son enfoques fundamentales para determinar las prioridades de conservación y orientar las decisiones gubernamentales para mitigar los impactos en la diversidad biológica. En este trabajo analizamos la distribución geográfica de las especies argentinas pertenecientes a la familia Brassicaceae utilizando datos precisos sobre la distribución de las especies. De esta forma, determinamos su clasificación en las categorías de amenaza de la UICN a nivel regional, y analizamos los patrones de riqueza, endemismo y amenaza en las diferentes ecorregiones y biomas del país. Además, exploramos las diferencias en elevación, temperatura media anual, precipitación anual y aridez entre especies endémicas vs. no endémicas y amenazadas vs. no amenazadas. Los resultados muestran que de los 162 taxones argentinos, 58 especies fueron categorizadas aquí como amenazadas (VU, EN, o CR) (36%). Sin embargo, cuando se consideran sólo los endemismos, más de la mitad de las especies endémicas (33 spp, 57%) están amenazadas. Aunque las especies habitan en todos los ambientes y regiones biogeográficas del país, las zonas áridas y semiáridas asociadas a los Andes y la Estepa Patagónica contuvieron la mayoría de las especies. En particular, las ecorregiones de la Puna Central Andina y la Estepa Patagónica incluyeron el mayor número de especies, especies endémicas y especies amenazadas. A lo largo de las regiones andinas y de la estepa patagónica se detectaron diferentes zonas de elevada riqueza, endemismo y amenaza; las especies endémicas se caracterizaron por habitar zonas en promedio más secas que las especies nativas no endémicas. También se proporciona una lista actualizada de las especies con el estado de conservación, mapas de distribución de todas las especies y puntos de elevada riqueza, endemismo y amenaza. Este trabajo tiene por objeto contribuir al conocimiento de los patrones geográficos de la flora Argentina y a su conservación, complementando la información publicada en la Flora de la Argentina. Fil: Salariato, Diego Leonel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina

Generic boundaries of the South American species Panicum longipedicellatum Swallen are explored and compared with allied genera of the tribe Paniceae. On the basis of morphological, anatomical, and molecular characters a new genus, Cnidochloa Zuloaga, is proposed. The phylogenetic position of the new genus within the Paniceae is evaluated.

Cremolobus is a genus of seven species distributed along the Andes from northern Argentina and Chile northward into Colombia, and it inhabits a variety of different environments from humid habitats...

© The Willi Hennig Society 2010. Abstract The tribe Stipeae, with nearly 550 species, includes 28 core genera, of which 13 occur in America: Achnatherum, Aciachne, Amelichloa, Anatherostipa, Hesperostipa, Jarava, Nassella, Ortachne, Oryzopsis, Pappostipa, Piptatherum, Piptochaetium and Ptilagrostis. Based on 37 species representing 14 Stipeae genera, and using four chloroplast markers and morphological characters, we provide a phylogenetic hypothesis of the New World Stipeae, with our focus on Amelichloa and Aciachne. Parsimony analyses included two approaches: (i) a multiple-sequence alignment where gaps were treated as missing or coded, (ii) using direct sequences by direct optimization as implemented by the program POY v.4.0.2870. Analyses under direct optimization were conducted using the molecular data sets independently and combined, and with morphological data. Different cost regimes were explored and the one producing the highest congruence between partitions was chosen. Among the genera considered, only Piptochaetium, Austrostipa, and Hesperostipa were resolved as monophyletic, while Achnatherum, Amelichloa s.l., Anatherostipa, Jarava and Nassella were polyphyletic, and Aciachne was polyphyletic or paraphyletic. As a result, Amelichloa can be restricted to a monophyletic group if including A. brachychaeta, A. ambigua, A. clandestina and A. caudata, or it should be considered within Nassella. The phylogenetic position of species of Aciachne suggests inbreeding and outbreeding events with species of Anatherostipa, Ortachne and Hesperostipa.

Fil: Aagesen, Lone. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Botanica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botanica Darwinion; Argentina

Agenium is a taxonomically complicated and poorly known grass genus, comprising four species from South America. In this paper, lectotypes are designated for the names of all accepted species of Agenium (A. goyazense, A. leptocladum, A. majus, and A. villosum), and images of the chosen lectotypes are presented.

Petroravenia was until recently considered as a genus of three species (P. eseptata, P. friesii, and P. werdermannii) distributed along the Central Andes of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. This genus was included in the tribe Thelypodieae and was morphologically characterized by being tiny rhizomatous perennial herbs with rosulate leaves, dendritic trichomes, capsular silicles, and incumbent cotyledons. However, the phylogeny of Petroravenia, and its tribal placement, was never analyzed using molecular data. The lack of such studies, as well as the paucity of herbarium collections, suggesting that Petroravenia species are vulnerable and/or endangered, prompted us to address the molecular phylogeny of this genus. For this purpose, we generated comprehensive molecular phylogenies using nuclear (ITS) and plastid (trnL‐F and trnH‐psbA) data, and conducted morphological comparisons between these species and their closest related taxa. Results from the phylogenetic analyses showed that Petroravenia represents a polyphyletic group, with P. eseptata included in tribe Halimolobeae, and P. friesii and P. werdermannii placed within tribe Eudemeae and related to the genus Alshehbazia. Based on the results obtained from morphological and molecular data, we decided herein to retain the original circumscription of Petroravenia as monospecific within the tribe Halimolobeae and to transfer P. friesii and P. werdermannii to the genus Alshehbazia within the tribe Eudemeae. Systematic implications of these results are also discussed. Fil: Salariato, Diego Leonel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados Unidos

Otachyriinae Butzin, one of the three subtribes within the Paspaleae tribe of grasses, includes seven genera and approximately 35 species. Interestingly, this subtribe comprises species with C3, C3-C4 intermediate, and C4 photosynthesis. The circumscription of Otachyriinae has changed through time, and still varies among treatments in current use. The monophyly of this subtribe has been recovered in previous studies based on plastid markers. A phylogenetic study taking into account polyploidy and a low-copy nuclear gene (LCNG) is still lacking in Paspaleae. A phylogeny including data from a LCNG is paramount to uncover reticulated evolution within the group. The purpose of the present study was to reconstruct the evolutionary history of Otachyriinae, based on both chloroplast and LCNG DNA with a focus on polyploidization. Several incongruences between gene trees allowed us to explore relationships between diploid and polyploid taxa. Our study identified several promising topics for future studies: genetic allopolyploidy and autopolyploidy was here documented using the characteristic pattern of double-labelled gene trees. The molecular evidence indicates that at least 40% of species of Otachyriinae show phylogenetic signature of polyploidy (16 taxa appear double-labelled in the nuclear gene trees); furthermore, the results support an allopolyploid origin of at least nine taxa in the subtribe: Rugoloa polygonata, a species with unknown photosynthetic pathway, the proto-kranz species Steinchisma laxum and Rugoloa hylaeica, and the C3 species Hymenachne felliana, H. grumosa, H. hemitomon, H. donacifolia, H. pernambucense, and P. grande. Also, our results confirm that the C4 genus Anthaenantia is unambiguously monophyletic and show that Anthaenantia lanata is an autopolyploid. We recognized six genera within subtribe Otachyriinae: Anthaenantia, Hymenachne, Otachyrium, Plagiantha, Rugoloa, and Steinchisma. Finally, Panicum species with historically ambiguous placements, i.e. P. condensatum, P. grande, P. harleyi, P. leptachne, P. longum, and P. stagnatile were transferred to the genus Hymenachne. Fil: Acosta, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Reinheimer, Renata. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral; Argentina

Field photographs of plant species are crucial for research and conservation, but the lack of a centralized database makes them difficult to locate. We surveyed 25 online databases of field photographs and found that they harboured only about 53% of the approximately 125,000 vascular plant species of the Americas. These results reflect the urgent need for a centralized database that can both integrate and complete the photographic record of the world’s flora. Field photographs are essential for research and conservation, but are difficult to access since there is no central database or connection between archives. The 25 leading databases hold only 53% of the plant species of the Americas, illustrating the need for increased work on collecting and standardizing this valuable data.

En este trabajo se reporta una nueva especie de Valeriana para la flora de Chile. Se trata de Valeriana corynodes, una especie considerada hasta ahora como endémica de la provincia de San Juan, Argentina. Ejemplares de esta especie se registraron en la quebrada La Brea, en la cordillera de la Región de Atacama, en la cuenca alta del río Copiapó. Se describe e ilustra la especie, se presenta un mapa con la distribución conocida y se provee una clave para diferenciar a las especies afines de Valeriana en Chile. We report here a new species of Valeriana for the Chilean flora. Valeriana corynodes, a species up to now considered endemic of Argentina, province of San Juan. The species is here cited for the region of Atacama, in quebrada La Brea in the upper river Copiapó. We provided here a description, an illustration, a geographic distribution map, and a key of related Valeriana species in Chile. Fil: Teillier, Sebastián. Universidad Central de Chile; Chile Fil: Lund, Rosemarie. Sga Consultores Ambientales; Chile Fil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina

We present an inventory of the vascular plants of the Misiones province, with a total of 3418 taxa, which accounts for more than 30% of the plants of Argentina. A total of 47 endemic taxa from Misiones province were analyzed and categorized following IUCN standards. We recognized 761 exclusive species for the province of Misiones within Argentina and species without records in recent times. Finally, a total of 16 native and introduced taxa are cited for the first time for Argentina. Fil: Zanotti, Christian Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Keller, Hector Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina

Weberbauera (Brassicaceae, tribe Thelypodieae) comprises 18 species distributed along the central Andes of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru. Of these species, W. spathulifolia has the largest geographical range in the genus, extending c. 3000 km along the Andean highlands from La Rioja Province in Argentina to Ancash Department in Peru. This species also shows the greatest morphological variation in the genus. However, whether this geographical and morphological variation represents one or more lineages remains unclear. In this study, we analyse W. spathulifolia across its entire distribution range using molecular, morphological and ecological data. Because there is no phylogenetic analysis for the genus, we generated a comprehensive molecular sampling using nuclear (ITS) and plastid (trnL-F and trnH-psbA) sequences for other Weberbauera spp. and representatives of South American Thelypodieae. Results support the presence of two different lineages within W. spathulifolia, one in the northern part of the species range and the other distributed across its southern and central range. In addition to the morphological differences and the allopatric distribution, these lineages also differ in their climatic niches. Therefore, we propose here to retain the northern lineage under W. spathulifolia and to treat the southern-central lineage under W. orophila, comb. nov. Phylogenetic placement of Weberbauera spp. among the South American Thelypodieae is also analysed and discussed. Results of this study contribute to understanding the biodiversity and evolution of the Andean Brassicaceae. Fil: Salariato, Diego Leonel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Trinidad, Huber. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; Perú Fil: Cano, Asunción. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; Perú Fil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Al Shehbaz, Ihsan. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados Unidos

En la presente contribución se brinda una versión actualizada del “Catálogo de las plantas vasculares del Cono Sur” de Sudamérica (Argentina, sur del Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay), once años después de la publicación de su versión original. Se brinda un detalle de las Lycophyta, Monilophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocoyledoneae y Dicotyledoneae) registradas para el área hasta julio de 2019. Este catálogo incluye, en la actualidad, 289 familias, 2813 géneros y 18931 especies. Este número de especies es superior en 1238 al registrado en la versión original, lo cual ilustra sobre la gran cantidad de novedades florísticas y taxonómicas registradas para el área y la importancia de matener esta información actualizada. Es digno de destacar que más del 40% de las especies presentes en el Cono Sur son endémicas de esta área. En este trabajo se aportan tablas que resumen la información florística para el Cono Sur y para cada uno de los países que lo integran, discriminando por grandes grupos taxonómicos, familias y géneros; se hacen comparaciones respecto a la versión original, se especifican las familias y géneros endémicos del área y también aquellos introducidos; finalmente se analizan las relaciones florísticas entre los países involucrados. Adicionalmente, se incluyen apéndices en formato digital, que corresponden a la nueva versión catálogo, completo y actualizado, y al resumen florístico para cada país. An update of the “Catalogue of the vascular plants of the Southern Cone” of South America (Argentina, southern Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay) is here summarized, eleven years after the publication of the original treatment. A summary of all Lycophyta, Monilophyta, Gimnospermae, and Angiospermae (Monocotyledoneae and Dictotyledoneae), updated to July 2019, is here presented. This checklist includes nowadays 289 families, 2813 genera, and 18931 species. The number of species is 1238 higher than that registered for the original version, which shows the large number of floristic and taxonomic news published for the area, and the importance of keeping this information updated. Tables sumarizing the floristic information for the Southern Cone and for each country are included, distinguishing by higher groups, families and genera; a comparison with the original version of the catalogue is conducted; endemic families and genera are specified, as well as the introduced ones; finally floristic relationships between the involved countries are evaluated. In addition, two digital appendixes are included, one with the new version of the catalogue, the other with a summary of the flora for each country. Fil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Belgrano, Manuel Joaquin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Zanotti, Christian Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; Argentina

The ongoing paradigm shift in taxonomy from individual contributions to a truly collaborative and forward-looking endeavour results in a number of challenges related to distributed data management. Examination of physical specimens remains a key task, but searching for specimen data, literature, and name information is now mostly done online. In the past, these research steps involved many physical visits to collections and libraries. Although these infrastructures were and are still freely accessible and supportive for research carried out by individuals, the amount of characters, specimens, and the complexity of current analytical approaches limit what can be achieved by individual workers. Monographing is challenged because: larger genera remain unstudied and become fragmented in regional treatments; long-term availability of detailed (unpublished) primary research data is often not addressed; cross-disciplinary interoperability and open data principles are needed; and highly specialised techniques used in phylogenetic and genomic analyses require teamwork by specialists. larger genera remain unstudied and become fragmented in regional treatments; long-term availability of detailed (unpublished) primary research data is often not addressed; cross-disciplinary interoperability and open data principles are needed; and highly specialised techniques used in phylogenetic and genomic analyses require teamwork by specialists. The process towards generating truly community-based integrative dynamic taxonomic treatments is ongoing. In botany, specialist communities and networks have formed for certain plant groups, for example in the families Solanaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Melastomataceae-Miconieae, Asteraceae-Cichorieae, and in the order Caryophyllales. Their common aim is to create sustainable information systems according to the FAIR principles, making the information Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable. At the same time, the information system is meant to support and document ongoing taxonomic research as an iterative process with tracking of changes, and backlinks to original data sources. This represents a big step forward with respect to the efficiency of the entire field of taxonomy. The Global Caryophyllales Initiative aims at creating a global synthesis of species diversity in this group (Borsch et al. 2015) encompassing about 12,500 species in more than 30 families or about 6% of flowering plants (Fig. 1). Caryophyllales include ecologically diverse, economically important, invasive, and threatened species. The Caryophyllales Network was initiated in 2011 and unites specialists from across the world (to date, 150 scientists from 37 countries). The network is recognized by the World Flora Online (WFO) Council as its Taxonomic Expert Network for Caryophyllales. Advances by the network are presented in the open-access Caryophyllales Portal (http://caryophyllales.org/), aiming to provide up-to-date phylogenetic and taxonomic information. The systematic treatment is powered by the EDIT Platform for Cybertaxonomy (https://cybertaxonomy.eu/), with the generic checklist (http://caryophyllales.org/Checklist) and some family treatments already publicly available (e.g. Cactaceae). The checklist is regularly updated in consultation with family editors. A species-level taxonomic backbone incorporating all names and pertinent nomenclatural acts and evaluations is being compiled. A compilation of the Nepenthaceae (Berendsohn et al. 2018) served as a case study for the accommodation of descriptive and other factual data, and for demonstrating the feasibility of the workflow contributing to the WFO initiative. The taxonomic treatment of Iresine (Borsch et al. 2018) is another example. These studies are fundamental in establishing a general workflow for collaborative online monographs. Several challenges remain, inter alia the genomics perspective in biodiversity informatics, proper attribution and unique identification of taxonomic concepts, review and impact assessment of individual contributions, possibilities to simultaneously display contrasting taxonomical concepts and classifications, and engaging both the wider taxonomic community and the public. The ongoing implementation shows that a dynamic online monograph requires rethinking of editorial workflows. Based on experiences with the Caryophyllales network, the taxonomic and biodiversity informatics communities are ready to meet this challenge.

Pennellia yalaensis , a new species of Brassicaceae from Jujuy Province in Argentina, is described and illustrated, and its phylogenetic relationships with nearest relatives are discussed. This novelty is morphologically related to P. boliviensis and P. brachycarpa, which also grow in the Central Andes of Argentina. However, P. yalaensis clearly differs from both species by the plant height, inflorescence type, and petal length. In addition, trichomes of the basal leaves distinguish the new species from P. boliviensis, and fruit length and number of ovules/seed from P. brachycarpa. Phylogenetic analyses, based on DNA sequences of nuclear ITS and plastid trnL-F regions, confirmed these affinities. Fil: Salariato, Diego Leonel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Al Shehbaz, Ihsan. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados Unidos

El presente trabajo presenta una actualizaci´on nomenclatural de ocho especies del g´enero Paspalum L. grupo Caespitosa. Este grupo incluye, hasta el presente, 16 especies distribuidas desde el sur de Estados Unidos de Am´erica hasta el norte de la Argentina. Las especies de Caespitosa se caracterizan por su h´abito cespitoso, cañas simples y espiguillas frecuentemente elipsoides. Fueron analizados los prot´ologos de todos los taxones estudiados, as´ı como sus respectivos ejemplares tipo depositados en 20 herbarios. Con el objetivo de poner en orden la nomenclatura de las especies del grupo Caespitosa, se han designados aqu´ı lectotipos para los nombres P. acutissimum Mez, P. blodgettii Chapm., P. caespitosum Fl¨ugg´e, P. chacoense Parodi, P. divergens D¨oll, P. simile Mez, P. stramineum Ekman, siendo uno de segundo paso (P. simpsonii Nash), y comentarios en dos lectotipificaciones previas (P. albidulum Henrard y P. portoricense Nash). A nomenclatural update for eight species of Paspalum L. group Caespitosa is here presented. This informal group presently comprises 16 species distributed from the southern United States to northern Argentina. Its species are characterized by having a caespitose habit, culms simple, and spikelets mostly ellipsoid. We analyzed the protologues of all taxa studied, as well as their respective type specimens housed in 20 herbaria. As a result, we propose lectotypes for the names P. acutissimum Mez, P. blodgettii Chapm., P. caespitosum Flüggé, P. chacoense Parodi, P. divergens Döll, P. simile Mez, P. stramineum Ekman, a second-step lectotype (P. simpsonii Nash), and two comments on previous lectotypifications (P. albidulum Henrard and P. portoricense Nash). Fil: Delfini Feliciano, Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Castro Souza, Vinicius. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina

Análisis de diversidad de la familia Poaceae en la región austral de América del Sur. La familia Poaceae es una de las mejor representadas en América del Sur austral, con un total de 206 géneros que comprenden 1523 especies distribuidas en 10 subfamilias diferentes. En este trabajo analizamos la distribución de estos grupos en Argentina, sur de Brasil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul y Santa Catarina), Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay; discutimos la riqueza de las diferentes subfamilias, tribus y géneros, su distribución, especies endémicas, la relación de especies anuales y perennes, así como el número de especies Kranz y no Kranz, su abundancia según regiones geográficas, en relación con la temperatura y las precipitaciones, géneros disyuntos, y la proporción de taxones en relación con las diferentes. Analysis of Poaceae biodiversity in austral South America. The Poaceae is one of the best represented families in austral South America with a total of 206 genera comprising 1523 species arranged in 10 different subfamilies. Here we analyzed the distribution of these taxa in Argentina, southern Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina), Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay; we discuss the species richness of the different subfamilies, tribes and genera, its distribution, endemics, annual and perennial species as well as Kranz and non Kranz taxa, its geographical distribution in relation to temperature and rainfall, disjunct genera, and proportion of taxa in relation to the different ecoregions in the area. Fil: Biganzoli, Fernando. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina

Based on recent molecular and morphological studies we present a modern worldwide phylogenetic classification of the ± 12074 grasses and place the 771 grass genera into 12 subfamilies (Anomochlooideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, Bambusoideae, Chloridoideae, Danthonioideae, Micraioideae, Oryzoideae, Panicoideae, Pharoideae, Puelioideae, and Pooideae), 6 supertribes (Andropogonodae, Arundinarodae, Bambusodae, Panicodae, Poodae, Triticodae), 51 tribes (Ampelodesmeae, Andropogoneae, Anomochloeae, Aristideae, Arundinarieae, Arundineae, Arundinelleae, Atractocarpeae, Bambuseae, Brachyelytreae, Brachypodieae, Bromeae, Brylkinieae, Centotheceae, Centropodieae, Chasmanthieae, Cynodonteae, Cyperochloeae, Danthonieae, Diarrheneae, Ehrharteae, Eragrostideae, Eriachneae, Guaduellieae, Gynerieae, Hubbardieae, Isachneae, Littledaleeae, Lygeeae, Meliceae, Micraireae, Molinieae, Nardeae, Olyreae, Oryzeae, Paniceae, Paspaleae, Phaenospermateae, Phareae, Phyllorachideae, Poeae, Steyermarkochloeae, Stipeae, Streptochaeteae, Streptogyneae, Thysanolaeneae, Triraphideae, Tristachyideae, Triticeae, Zeugiteae, and Zoysieae), and 80 subtribes (Aeluropodinae, Agrostidinae, Airinae, Ammochloinae, Andropogoninae, Anthephorinae, Anthistiriinae, Anthoxanthinae, Arthraxoninae, Arthropogoninae, Arthrostylidiinae, Arundinariinae, Aveninae, Bambusinae, Boivinellinae, Boutelouinae, Brizinae, Buergersiochloinae, Calothecinae, Cenchrinae, Chionachninae, Chusqueinae, Coicinae, Coleanthinae, Cotteinae, Cteniinae, Cynosurinae, Dactylidinae, Dichantheliinae, Dimeriinae, Duthieinae, Eleusininae, Eragrostidinae, Farragininae, Germainiinae, Gouiniinae, Guaduinae, Gymnopogoninae, Hickeliinae, Hilariinae, Holcinae, Hordeinae, Ischaeminae, Loliinae, Melinidinae, Melocanninae, Miliinae, Monanthochloinae, Muhlenbergiinae, Neurachninae, Olyrinae, Orcuttiinae, Oryzinae, Otachyriinae, Panicinae, Pappophorinae, Parapholiinae, Parianinae, Paspalinae, Perotidinae, Phalaridinae, Poinae, Racemobambosinae, Rottboelliinae, Saccharinae, Scleropogoninae, Scolochloinae, Sesleriinae, Sorghinae, Sporobolinae, Torreyochloinae, Traginae, Trichoneurinae, Triodiinae, Tripogoninae, Tripsacinae, Triticinae, Unioliinae, Zizaniinae, and Zoysiinae). In addition, we include a radial tree illustrating the hierarchical relationships among the subtribes, tribes, and subfamilies. We use the subfamilial name, Oryzoideae, over Ehrhartoideae because the latter was initially published as a misplaced rank, and we circumscribe Molinieae to include 13 Arundinoideae genera. The subtribe Calothecinae is newly described and the tribe Littledaleeae is new at that rank.

The checklist of the vascular plants of the Southern Cone presents updated information of 19,787 taxa and 44,943 synonyms, distributed in 2,679 genera and 318 families. This checklist was prepared, and its permanently updated, using the database "Documenta Florae Australis", with the contribution of numerous researchers and institutions, and constitutes the bases for the Flora of Argentina, currently under preparation. Here we evaluate the current knowledge of vascular plants in the Southern Cone and provide a summary of the ongoing Flora of Argentina, and the significance of these projects for the World Flora on line and to the botanical studies in the region. A listagem das plantas vasculares do Cone Sul apresenta 19.787 táxons com 44.943 sinônimos, distribuídos em 2.679 gêneros e 318 famílias. Preparada e continuamene atualizada utilizando o banco de dados "Documenta florae Australis", com a contribuição de vários pesquisadores e instituições, esta lista constitui a base para a Flora da Argentina, atualmente em preparação. Aqui avaliamos o conhecimento atual das plantas vasculares no Cone Sul e fornecemos um resumo sobre o andamento da Flora da Argentina, além da importância destes projetos para a Flora do Mundo Online e para os estudos botânicos na região. Fil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Belgrano, Manuel Joaquin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina

Ramella, L. & F.O. Zuloaga (2017). Typification of Aporosella hassleriana Chodat (Phyllanthaceae) of the flora of Paraguay. Candollea 72: 351–352. In Spanish, English and Spanish abstracts. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15553/c2017v722a16 The lectotype specimen of Aporosella hassleriana Chodat (Phyllanthaceae) is designated from the Hassler's collections kept at G.

The cataloging of the vascular plants of the Americas has a centuries-long history, but it is only in recent decades that an overview of the entire flora has become possible. We present an integrated assessment of all known native species of vascular plants in the Americas. Twelve regional and national checklists, prepared over the past 25 years and including two large ongoing flora projects, were merged into a single list. Our publicly searchable checklist includes 124,993 species, 6227 genera, and 355 families, which correspond to 33% of the 383,671 vascular plant species known worldwide. In the past 25 years, the rate at which new species descriptions are added has averaged 744 annually for the Americas, and we can expect the total to reach about 150,000. Fil: Ulloa Ulloa, Carmen. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados Unidos Fil: Acevedo Rodríguez, Pedro. Smithsonian Institution; Estados Unidos Fil: Beck, Stephan G.. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia; Bolivia Fil: Belgrano, Manuel Joaquin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Bernal, Rodrigo. Jardín Botánico del Quindío; Colombia Fil: Berry, Paul E.. University Michigan Ann Arbor; Estados Unidos Fil: Brako, Lois. University of Michigan; Estados Unidos Fil: Celis, Marcela. Universidad del Norte, Colombia; . Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Colombia Fil: Davidse, Gerrit. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados Unidos Fil: Forzza, Rafaela C.. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico Do Rio de Janerio; Brasil Fil: Robbert Gradstein, S.. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Francia Fil: Hokche, Omaira. Universidad Central de Venezuela; Venezuela Fil: León, Blanca. University of Texas at Austin; Estados Unidos. Museo de Historia Natural Lima; Fil: León-Yánez, Susana. Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador; Ecuador Fil: Magill, Robert E.. Missouri Botanical Garden; Fil: Neill, David A.. Universidad Estatal Amazónica; Ecuador Fil: Nee, Michael. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados Unidos Fil: Raven, Peter H.. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados Unidos Fil: Stimmel, Heather. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados Unidos Fil: Strong, Mark T.. Smithsonian Institution; Estados Unidos Fil: Villaseñor, José L.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Zarucchi, James L.. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados Unidos Fil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Jørgensen, Peter M.. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados Unidos

The study of how climatic niches change over evolutionary time has recently attracted the interest of many researchers. Different methodologies have been employed principally to analyze the temporal dynamics of the niche and specially to test for the presence of phylogenetic niche conservatism. Menonvillea, a genus of Brassicaceae including 24 species, is distributed primarily along the Andes of Argentina and Chile, with some taxa growing in southern Patagonia and others in the Atacama Desert and the Chilean Matorral. The genus is highly diversified morphologically but also presents a remarkably wide ecological range, growing from the high Andean elevations, to the dry coastal deserts in Chile, or the Patagonia Steppe in Argentina. In this study, we used molecular phylogenies together with climatic data to study climatic niche evolution in the genus. The results show that the main climatic niche shifts in Menonvillea occurred between the sections Cuneata-Scapigera and sect. Menonvillea throughout the Mid-Late Miocene, and associated with the two main geographical distribution centers of the genus: the highlands of the central-southern Andes and the Atacama Desert-Chilean Matorral, respectively. Climatic niches in these lineages were mainly differentiated by the aridity and potential evapotranspiration, the minimum temperatures of the coldest month, and the temperature annual range and seasonality. Niche evolution in Menonvillea deviated from a Brownian motion process, with most of the climatic dimension best-fitting to an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model of multiple adaptive peaks. Our results also indicated that higher aridity levels and lower annual temperature ranges were associated with the evolution of the annual habit, as exemplified by the distribution of sect. Menonvillea. Finally, the results suggested that climatic niche evolution in Menonvillea exhibited some degree of phylogenetic niche conservatism, fundamentally within the two main lineages (sect. Menonvillea and sects. Cuneata-Scapigera). Fil: Salariato, Diego Leonel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina

The genus Louisiella (Poaceae, Paniceae) is reviewed. This African monotypic genus was originally circumscribed on the basis of morphological characters. Recent phylogenetic studies have shown its affinity with an American species of Panicum, P. elephantipes. Molecular, morphological, and anatomical characters of Louisiella fluitans and P. elephantipes were analyzed. Both species share vegetative and reproductive characters, including habit, ligules, blades, inflorescence, and spikelet features, such as a reduced lower glume, lanceolate upper glume and lower lemma both longer than the upper anthecium, lower palea reduced or absent, and lower flower absent, upper anthecium indurate, and a caryopsis with a linear hilum. Anatomically, both taxa are Kranz of the PS-subtype, with specialized chloroplasts on the outer parenchymatous sheath. The molecular phylogenetic analysis also corroborates the relationship between these species, with a 100% bootstrap support. As a result, we conclude that P. elephantipes has to be transferred to Louisiella, making that genus amphitropical in distribution. Affinities of Louisiella with other genera of Paniceae are also discussed. Finally, two lectotypes are designated for Panicum fistulosum and Digitaria megapotamica. Fil: Scataglini, María Amalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Lizarazu, Mabel Angela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina

Fil: Cialdella, Ana Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Botanica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botanica Darwinion; Argentina

Species of Paspalum group Gardneriana are revised as a whole for the first time. Seven species are treated in this work, being the group characterized by including annual or perennial species, with spikelets usually obovoid, upper glume absent or reduced, and upper anthecium indurate and strongly papillose, with verrucose papillae all over its surface. A key to the species is provided, together with a discussion of previous infrageneric classifications and relationships of Gardneriana; morphological descriptions, and illustrations of all species are also presented. The following species are included in Paspalum group Gardneriana: Paspalum burchellii, P. delicatum, P. gardnerianum, P. nudatum, P. pictum, P. reduncum, and P. subsesquiglume. Also, lectotypes are designated for P. burchellii, P. connectens, P. reduncum, and P. subsesquiglume; P. gemmosum is defined as a new synonym of P. subsesquiglume.

The subtribe Otachyriinae was established, within tribe Paniceae, by Butzin in 1970, originally including 18 genera. Recent phylogenetic studies, based on molecular data, indicated that Otachyriinae belongs to tribe Paspaleae and is represented by the genera Anthaenantia, Hymenachne, Dallwatsonia, Otachyrium, species of Panicum sect. Laxa, Plagiantha, and Steinchisma. These taxa show a peculiar diversity in photosynthetic types, including C4 species, C3–C4 intermediates and C3 species. The internal evolutionary relationships among members of Otachyriinae have not yet been explored in detail. With the aim of providing new evidence to understand phylogenetic relationships of taxa included in Otachyriinae, 21 new sequences of the ndhF gene from 34 species were generated and analyzed using Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony (MP). The evolution of photosynthetic pathway was studied employing MP, Markov chain Monte Carlo, and maximum likelihood methods. Our results confirm that subtribe Otachyriinae is monophyletic. Within the subtribe, Anthaenanthia is a monophyletic C4 genus and is sister to the remaining species included in this treatment. Hymenachne and Panicum sect. Laxa, in its traditional concept, are polyphyletic; Dallwatsonia, P. auritum, and P. hemitomon are treated within Hymenachne, while three species of Panicum sect. Laxa are considered a new genus in the subtribe. The genus Otachyrium is paraphyletic, while all species of Steinchisma are recovered as a monophyletic group with high support. Finally, our data suggest that C4 and C3–C4 photosynthesis evolved just once each during the speciation of the subtribe from a C3 ancestor. Fil: Acosta, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Scataglini, María Amalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Reinheimer, Renata. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina

Monophyly and phylogeny of Menonvillea were studied using molecular phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal (ITS) and chloroplast (trnL-F) DNA sequences. The phylogenies obtained were contrasted with the morphology of the genus. Menonvillea, excluding M. rollinsii, is monophyletic, and this species is sister to Cremolobus. Molecular and morphological data support the segregation of M. rollinsii into the new genus Aimara. Within the Menonvillea clade, three strongly supported and morphologically well-defined lineages were obtained. The geographical distribution of Aimara and the Menonvillea lineages are discussed. Fil: Salariato, Diego Leonel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados Unidos