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The professional identity of scientists has historically been cultivated to value research over teaching, which can undermine initiatives that aim to reform science education. Course-Based Research Experiences (CRE) and the inclusive Research and Education Communities (iREC) are two successful and impactful reform efforts that integrate research and teaching. The aim of this study is to explicate the professional identity of instructors who implement a CRE within an established iREC and to explore how this identity contributes to the success of these programs. 97 CRE instructors from the Science Education Alliance (SEA) iREC participated in a 2-year, multi-stage, qualitative research project that involved weekly reflective journaling, autoethnographic description, small group evaluation and writing, and large-scale community checking. The resulting description of professional identity consisted of shared values (inclusivity, student success, community membership, ownership/agency, science, overcoming failure, and persistence), specified roles (mentor, advocate, scientist, educator, motivator, collaborator, community builder, learner, evaluator and project manager) and a stated sense of self (dedicated, resilient, pride in students, multiskilled, valued, community member, responsible and overworked). Analysis of individual reflective diary entries revealed how a professional identity underpinned and facilitated the ways in which faculty addressed challenges that arose and worked toward the success of every student. It is the self-concept of the professional identity of the instructor in the context of the CRE classroom that directed the extended commitment and effort that these instructors evidently put into their work with students, which facilitated student engagement, student persistence, and their collective scientific output. The study concludes that a professional identity of STEM faculty in the context of a CRE and iREC combines being a researcher and educator, and that this integrated identity is central for current initiatives aimed at transforming undergraduate STEM education.

Over the last two decades, there have been numerous initiatives to improve undergraduate student outcomes in STEM. One model for scalable reform is the inclusive Research Education Community (iREC). In an iREC, STEM faculty from colleges and universities across the nation are supported to adopt and sustainably implement course-based research – a form of science pedagogy that enhances student learning and persistence in science. In this study, we used pathway modeling to develop a qualitative description that explicates the HHMI Science Education Alliance (SEA) iREC as a model for facilitating the successful adoption and continued advancement of new curricular content and pedagogy. In particular, outcomes that faculty realize through their participation in the SEA iREC were identified, organized by time, and functionally linked. The resulting pathway model was then revised and refined based on several rounds of feedback from over 100 faculty members in the SEA iREC who participated in the study. Our results show that in an iREC, STEM faculty organized as a long-standing community of practice leverage one another, outside expertise, and data to adopt, implement, and iteratively advance their pedagogy. The opportunity to collaborate in this manner and, additionally, to be recognized for pedagogical contributions sustainably engages STEM faculty in the advancement of their pedagogy. Here, we present a detailed pathway model of SEA that, together with underpinning features of an iREC identified in this study, offers a framework to facilitate transformations in undergraduate science education.

Glaucony occurrences have been reported both from exposed transgressive and overlying highstand system tracts. However, its occurrences within highstand deposits are often invoked as the result of underlying condensed section reworking. Detailed textural, mineralogical and geochemical reports of glaucony grains in highstand deposits remain elusive. The northern Gulf of Cadiz shelf (SW Iberia) offers a unique opportunity to investigate late Holocene glaucony authigenesis in a well-documented time-stratigraphic context, where transgressive deposits are locally exposed on the seafloor and are laterally draped by highstand muddy deposits. In this study, glaucony grains extracted from a core retrieved from a highstand muddy depocenter off the Guadiana River were investigated by means of digital microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron microscopic methods (FESEM-EDX and TEM-HRTEM). To better constrain the glaucony origin (autochthonous vs. allochthonous) in highstand muddy deposits, glaucony grains from surficial samples—taken from exposed transgressive deposits—were also investigated. Glauconitization in the studied core can be largely attributed to the replacement of faecal pellets from c. ~4.2–1.0 cal. ka BP. Both XRD and TEM-HRTEM analyses indicate that glaucony consists mainly of an R1, with a minor presence of R0, smectite-rich (nontronite) glauconite-smectite mixed-layer silicate, made up of 35–75% glauconitic layers and 65–25% of interstratified smectite layers. At the mineral lattice level, minor individual 7Å layers (berthierine) were also identified by HRTEM. Shallow radial cracks at the pellet surface, along with globular and vermiform-like biomorphic to low packing density lamellar-flaky nanostructures, mineralogical properties, and K-poor content (average 0.4 atoms p.f.u.) indicate a scarcely mature glauconitization process, attesting to formation of the grains in situ (autochthonous). Glaucony grains from exposed transgressive deposits, i.e., in the tests of calcareous benthic foraminifera, do not share a genetic relationship with the grains investigated in the highstand deposits, thus supporting the autochthonous origin of glaucony within the highstand deposits. Our combined dataset provides evidence of a multiphase history for autochthonous glaucony formation in the Guadiana shelf, as its genesis is traced to both transgressive and highstand conditions. While eustatic sea-level changes favoured glaucony formation under transgressive conditions, factors such as protracted low sediment supply and the establishment of a strong nutrient-rich upwelling system in the study area promoted glaucony development during late Holocene highstand conditions.

BackgroundLoneliness and social isolation can have severe effects on human health and well-being. Partial solutions to combat these circumstances in demographically aging societies have been sought from the field of information and communication technology (ICT). ObjectiveThis systematic literature review investigates the research conducted on older adults’ loneliness and social isolation, and physical ICTs, namely robots, wearables, and smart homes, in the era of ambient assisted living (AAL). The aim is to gain insight into how technology can help overcome loneliness and social isolation other than by fostering social communication with people and what the main open-ended challenges according to the reviewed studies are. MethodsThe data were collected from 7 bibliographic databases. A preliminary search resulted in 1271 entries that were screened based on predefined inclusion criteria. The characteristics of the selected studies were coded, and the results were summarized to answer our research questions. ResultsThe final data set consisted of 23 empirical studies. We found out that ICT solutions such as smart homes can help detect and predict loneliness and social isolation, and technologies such as robotic pets and some other social robots can help alleviate loneliness to some extent. The main open-ended challenges across studies relate to the need for more robust study samples and study designs. Further, the reviewed studies report technology- and topic-specific open-ended challenges. ConclusionsTechnology can help assess older adults’ loneliness and social isolation, and alleviate loneliness without direct interaction with other people. The results are highly relevant in the COVID-19 era, where various social restrictions have been introduced all over the world, and the amount of research literature in this regard has increased recently.

In the western part of the Sierra de los Filabres area, there are fine-grained metamorphic rock bands, showing a field aspect simitar to slates, as previously described in the geological literature of the studied region. They are variable in thickness, from millimeters to tens of meters and appear intercalated in the schist succession. The geochemical resemblance between both types of rocks (major, minor and trace elements), determined by a statistical approach and the comparison of depositional condition indices, points to a similar sedimentary origin of the protolith but different clay content. Mineral facies and illite “crystallinity” indices in the so-called slates indicate that they followed the same metamorphic path and reached the same metamorphic grade than schists. According to compositional zoning detected in micas and garnets present in both lithologies and the P-T conditions deduced from garnets, the mineral nucleation and growth episode of the main mineral paragenesis in these fine-grained schists was more remarkable during the high-pressure event, with a no significant effect of the latter low-pressure–high-temperature episode. In contrast, the coarse-grained schists developed higher size minerals during the low-pressure–high-temperature episode. A differential mylonitization process during the metamorphism is proposed to justify the discrepant field appearance and the contrasting response of both types of metapelitic rocks to the latter metamorphic event.

Este artículo analiza el desempeño del gobierno de Enrique Peña Nieto en materia de combate a la corrupción. Me enfoco en entender los orígenes del Sistema Nacional Anticorrupción (sna), cómo está formado, y en identificar los retos y posibilidades de éxito de cara al futuro. Con base en la revisión de la evidencia reunida, propongo que, en materia de anticorrupción, el desempeño del gobierno de Peña Nieto fue reactivo, incompleto y limitado. Los esfuerzos respondieron principalmente a la necesidad de aplacar el descontento social, mientras que los recursos se mantuvieron precarios y nunca se formuló una política anticorrupción eficaz. Más aún, no hubo voluntad política para consolidar y mejorar la estrategia en ciernes, ni una coalición que asegurara su continuidad. Estos defectos explican por qué el sna no ha podido consolidarse, hasta ahora, como una estrategia anticorrupción de largo plazo.

As an inevitable process, the number of older adults is increasing in many countries worldwide. Two of the main problems that society is being confronted with more and more, in this respect, are the inter-related aspects of feelings of loneliness and social isolation among older adults. In particular, the ongoing COVID-19 crisis and its associated restrictions have exacerbated the loneliness and social-isolation problems. This paper is first and foremost a comprehensive survey of loneliness monitoring and management solutions, from the multidisciplinary perspective of technology, gerontology, socio-psychology, and urban built environment. In addition, our paper also investigates machine learning-based technological solutions with wearable-sensor data, suitable to measure, monitor, manage, and/or diminish the levels of loneliness and social isolation, when one also considers the constraints and characteristics coming from social science, gerontology, and architecture/urban built environments points of view. Compared to the existing state of the art, our work is unique from the cross-disciplinary point of view, because our authors’ team combines the expertise from four distinct domains, i.e., gerontology, social psychology, architecture, and wireless technology in addressing the two inter-related problems of loneliness and social isolation in older adults. This work combines a cross-disciplinary survey of the literature in the four aforementioned domains with a proposed wearable-based technological solution, introduced first as a generic framework and, then, exemplified through a simple proof of concept with dummy data. As the main findings, we provide a comprehensive view on challenges and solutions in utilizing various technologies, particularly those carried by users, also known as wearables, to measure, manage, and/or diminish the social isolation and the perceived loneliness among older adults. In addition, we also summarize the identified solutions which can be used for measuring and monitoring various loneliness- and social isolation-related metrics, and we present and validate, through a simple proof-of-concept mechanism, an approach based on machine learning for predicting and estimating loneliness levels. Open research issues in this field are also discussed.

In this investigation, we showed that high salinity promoted by hydrothermal inputs, reducing conditions of sediments with high content in organic matter, and the occurrence of an appropriate clay mineral precursor provide a suitable framework for low-temperature illitization processes. We studied the sedimentary illitization process that occurs in carbonaceous sediments from a lake with saline waters (Sochagota Lake, Colombia) located at a tropical latitude. Water isotopic composition suggests that high salinity was produced by hydrothermal contribution. Materials accumulated in the Sochagota Lake’s southern entrance are organic matter-poor sediments that contain detrital kaolinite and quartz. On the other hand, materials formed at the central segment and near the lake exit (north portion) are enriched in organic matter and characterized by the crystallization of Fe-sulfides. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) data allowed for the identification of illite and illite-dioctahedral vermiculite mixed layers (I-DV), which are absent in the southern sediments. High humidity and temperate climate caused the formation of small-sized metastable intermediates of I-DV particles by the weathering of the source rocks in the Sochagota Lake Basin. These particles were deposited in the low-energy lake environments (middle and north part). The interaction of these sediments enriched in organic matter with the saline waters of the lake enriched in hydrothermal K caused a reducing environment that favored Fe mobilization processes and its incorporation to I-DV mixed layers that acted as mineral precursor for fast low temperature illitization, revealing that in geothermal areas clays in lakes favor a hydrothermal K uptake.

Rocks affected by pressure–temperature conditions in the transitional field between diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism make up large domains of the Earth’s upper continental and oceanic crust [...]

Clay dehydration at great depth generates fluids and overpressures in organic-rich sediments that can release isotopically light boron from mature organic matter, producing 10B-rich fluids. The B can be incorporated into the tetrahedral sites of authigenic illite during the illitization of smectite. Therefore, the crystal-chemical and geochemical characterization of illite, smectite or interlayered illite–smectite clay minerals can be an indicator of depth (temperature) and reactions with the basin fluids. The aim of this study was to determine the detailed clay mineralogy, B-content and isotopic composition in illite–smectite rich samples of mud volcanoes from the Gulf of Cádiz, in order to evaluate interactions of hydrocarbon-rich fluids with clays. Molecular modeling of the illite structure was performed, using electron density functional theory (DFT) methods to examine the phenomenon of B incorporation into illite at the atomic level. We found that it is energetically preferable for B to reside in the tetrahedral sites replacing Si atoms than in the interlayer of expandable clays. The B abundances in this study are high and consistent with previous results of B data on interstitial fluids, suggesting that hydrocarbon-related fluids approaching temperatures of methane generation (150 °C) are the likely source of B-rich illite in the studied samples.

We report the first results of a combined focused ion beam and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (FIB/HRTEM) investigation of zoned laurite (RuS2)-erlichmanite (OS2) in mantle-hosted chromitites. These platinum-group minerals form isolated inclusions (2) lacking defects in the crystal lattice, whereas the Os-richer rim consists of homogenous laurite matrix hosting fringes (10–20 nm thickness) of almost pure erlichmanite (OsS2). Core-to-rim microscale zoning in laurite reflects a nonequilibrium during laurite crystal growth, which hampered the intra-crystalline diffusion of Os. The origin of zoning in laurite is related to the formation of the chromitites in the Earth’s upper mantle but fast cooling of the chromite-laurite magmatic system associated to fast exhumation of the rocks would prevent the effective dissolution of Os in the laurite even at high temperatures (~1200 °C), allowing the formation/preservation of nanoscale domains of erlichmanite in laurite. Our observation highlights for the first time the importance of nanoscale studies for a better understanding of the genesis of platinum-group minerals in magmatic ore-forming systems.

Two stratigraphic sections of carbonate sediments with significant thickness differences and without appreciable tectonic deformation were studied near the trough and on a threshold zone at the Álava Trough. Such characteristics make them appropriate to analyze the influence of a slow progression of the diagenesis over the original clay suite. X Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Analytical Electron Microscopy (AEM) techniques were applied in natural and alkylammonium-treated samples. Diagenesis slightly modified the clay mineralogy, the disappearance of smectite, and the variation in the content and ordering of the I/S mixed layer, with burial being the most noteworthy process. The total charge in the 2:1 expandable layers of smectite and I/S shows a slight increase, preferentially located on tetrahedral sheets, with depth. The data suggest a moderate diagenesis grade for the studied materials. The combination of techniques allowed identification of several types of detrital micaceous phases, as well-crystallized K-rich micas, Na-K micas, mica-chlorite stacks, and illites, with an expandable behaviour after the alkylammonium treatment. The total charge of illites did not change with diagenesis, suggesting their detrital origin. This research shows that the detrital assemblage masks the diagenetic evolution in the basin, which indicates the importance of the combination of different techniques to infer correctly the diagenetic grade in a sedimentary basin.

RESUMEN El artículo pretende definir un conjunto de estrategias de generación del espacio doméstico colectivo actual, a través del análisis de algunos mecanismos basados en la sistematización de los procesos de proyecto. Para ello se establece una confrontación entre tres investigaciones contemporáneas de hábitat colectivo –Gifu, Plus, Elemental– y sendos ejemplos extraídos de algunos manuales de vivienda colectiva del siglo XX –Klein, Alexander, Habraken–. Las teorías de estos tres autores se basan en una taxonomía espacial doméstica desde tres conceptos de partida –forma, límites, tiempo– que permiten establecer un sistema de parámetros ajeno a un contexto específico –sistema de vacíos, sistema de umbrales, sistema de soportes–. Los ejemplos de vivienda colectiva estudiados redefinen en términos actuales algunas de las ideas planteadas por las teorías de referencia, apuntando una suerte de categorización genérica de especies de espacios de habitación.SUMMARY The article attempts to define a set of strategies of generation for the current collective domestic space, through the analysis of certain mechanisms based on the systematization of the project processes. To this end a confrontation is established between three contemporary research works on the collective habitat: Gifu, Plus and Elemental, and individual examples extracted from some collective housing manuals of the XX century: Klein, Alexander and Habraken. The theories of these three authors are based on a domestic spatial taxonomy from three baseline concepts: form, boundaries and time, which allow the establishment of a system of parameters external to a specific context: system of spaces, system of thresholds and system of supports. The studied examples of collective housing redefine, in current terms, some of the ideas proposed by the benchmark theories, pointing to a kind of generic categorization of types of living space.

Este artículo data de marzo de 2009, el poeta ecuatoriano Nieto Cadena hace una peculiar exploración y reflexión crítica de la novela de su contemporáneo Jorge Velasco Mackenzie, Tatuaje de náufragos, publicada en 2008. El texto, a más de destacar los logros de la novela de Velasco, deviene en un testimonio de primera mano de quien fue parte del mítico grupo Sicoseo, referente cultural en el Guayaquil de la década de los 70. A más de desmitificar algunas aseveraciones (y tergiversaciones) que se han hecho en torno a los autores que fueron parte de esta generación, Nieto Cadena también comenta lo que significó el café Montreal en la cotidianeidad de esos autores y qué relación tuvo con el grupo Sicoseo, del que él fue una de las cabezas visibles hasta antes de su peregrinaje a México, en donde desarrolló una intensa actividad literaria.

The metamorphic P-T conditions of low-grade units from the Famatina belt, Central Andes of Argentina, were estimated through petrography, X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy. For the Middle-Upper Cambrian Negro Peinado Formation a tectono-metamorphic event associated with intense intrafoliar folding, with estimated temperatures between 290 and 400°C (KIcis: 0.16-0.27A°29, biotite blastesis and compositional homogeneity in dioctahedral micas) and intermediate pressure conditions (white mica b parameter: 9.010Á-9.035Á), was recognized. The Achavil Formation (Middle-Upper Cambrian) presents a main metamorphic event associated with temperatures between 200 and 290°C (KIcis: 0.26-0.41A°29) and intermediate- to low-pressure conditions (white mica b parameter values: 8.972Á-9.017Á). Some illitic substitution in dioctahedral micas also indicates lower metamorphic grade than the Negro Peinado Formation. For Upper Cambrian to Middle Ordovician sequences a burial metamorphic pattern, with a progressive decrease in metamorphic grade from Volcancito Formation to Cerro Morado Group (ca. 490-465 Ma; KIcis: 0.31-0.69A°29) and absence of tendency changes linked to strati-graphic discontinuities was proposed. Mica and chlorite are the main phyllosilicates in the oldest units, while Ilt/ Sme (R3) mixed-layer is almost the only one in the youngest. White mica b parameter indicates intermediate- to low-pressure conditions for all these sequences. This burial metamorphic pattern presents a marked break as the youngest Ordovician unit (La Aguadita Formation, after ca. 452 Ma) records higher metamorphic conditions (IKcis: 0.28-0.19A°29) than units from the Ordovician arc, with estimated temperatures between 270 and 330°C and intermediate-pressure conditions. Our results indicate that basin contraction and inversion processes related to the Ordovician Ocloyic Orogeny involved at least two well-discriminated and not superposed metamorphic episodes in this region.Las condiciones P-T del metamorfismo de las unidades de bajo grado del cinturón del Famatina, Andes Centrales de Argentina, fueron estimadas mediante petrografía, difracción de rayos-X y microscopía electrónica. La Formación Negro Peinado (Cámbrico Medio-Superior) fue afectada por un evento tectono-metamórfico asociado con un plegamiento intrafoliar intenso, para el cual se estimaron temperaturas entre 290 y 400°C (IKcis: 0,16-0,27 A°29, blástesis de biotita y homogeneidad composicional en micas dioctaédricas) y presiones intermedias (parámetro b de la mica blanca: 9,010 Á y 9,035 Á). La Formación Achavil (Cámbrico Medio-Superior) presenta un evento metamórfico asociado con temperaturas entre 200 y 290°C (KIcis: 0,26-0,41A°29) y condiciones de presión intermedias-bajas (parámetro b de la mica blanca: 8,972Á-9,017Á). Para las sucesiones comprendidas entre el Cámbrico Superior y el Ordovícico Medio, se identificó un patrón metamórfico de soterramiento, con una disminución progresiva en el grado metamórfico desde la Formación Volcancito hasta el Grupo Cerro Morado (ca. 490-465 Ma; IKcis: 0,31-0,69 A°29) y ausencia de cambios de tendencia ligados a las discontinuidades estratigráficas. La mica blanca y la clorita son los principales filosilicatos en las unidades más antiguas, mientras los interestratificados Ilt/Sme (R3) son casi exclusivos en las más jóvenes. El parámetro b de la mica blanca indica condiciones de presión intermedia-baja para estas unidades. Este patrón metamórfico de soterramiento presenta un marcado quiebre hacia la unidad ordovícica más joven (Formación La Aguadita, posterior a los ca. 452 Ma) con temperaturas estimadas entre 270 y 330°C (IKcis: 0,28-0,19A°29) y condiciones de presión intermedias. Nuestros resultados indican que los procesos relacionados con la contracción e inversión de la cuenca durante la orogenia Oclóyica involucran en esta región al menos dos episodios metamórficos bien diferenciados y no superpuestos.

FUNDAMEN TO: La disfunción diafragmática parece ser Un determinante mayor en la aparición de complicaciones respiratorias durante el postoperatorio (PO) de la cirugía del abdomen superior. OBJETIVOS: Evaluar mediante ecografía los cambios en los movimientos diafragmáticos provocados por la colecistectomía a cielo abierto y los efectos sobre esos cambios de la infiltración intercostal con Bupivacaína previa a la incisión.