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The aim of this research is to analyse the socio-pedagogical actions carried out in Spanish prisons. To do so, we begin by analysing the main regulations covering educational policy in prisons, share as an essential axis the orientation of the custodial sentence towards the re-education and social reintegration of the prisoners, serving as a basis for justifying social intervention. Secondly, we analysed the prison population, where we observed a prevalence of men over women, a greater presence of crimes related to material offences and an average age of the population between 35 and 45 years old. Thirdly, based on the legislative and contextualized review, we analysed the programmes that are carried out in prison, the socio-educational potentials that may arise, through their principal objectives and the target groups they are aimed at, with the purpose of detecting good socio-educational practices. We underline the social and pedagogical function of these activities, as opposed to the therapeutic vision from which they emanate, highlighting the emancipatory potential of such an approach. Finally, we conclude with the professionalizing principles that can guide good practices in socio-educational intervention in prison, both in the Spanish context and in other countries with similar characteristics.

Abstract Immune function and redox markers are used for estimating the aging rate, namely biological age (BA). However, it is unknown if this BA and its changes can be reflected in longevity. Thus, we must quantify BA in experimental animals. In peritoneal immune cells of 202 female mice (ICR/CD1) in different ages, 10 immune and 6 redox parameters were evaluated to construct two mathematical models for BA quantification in mice by multiple linear regression. Immune and redox parameters were selected as independent variables and chronological age as dependent, developing two models: the Immunity and the Redox Clocks, reaching both an adjusted R2 of 80.9% and a standard error of 6.38 and 8.57 weeks, respectively. Both models were validated in a different group of healthy mice obtaining a Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.844 and 0.800 (p

Resumen Se analiza la evolución de las condiciones socioeconómicas del conjunto de la población inmigrante y de tres colectivos con mayor representación -venezolanos, peruanos y haitianos- en comparación con la población chilena, en cuanto a ingresos económicos y situación de pobreza entre los años 2015 y 2022 a fin de observar el impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en cada grupo. Para ello, se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo e inferencial utilizando los microdatos de la encuesta CASEN de los años 2015, 2017, 2020 y 2022. Los principales resultados muestran que la población chilena y migrante fueron afectadas socioeconómicamente en forma desigual por la pandemia, y que, en el caso de venezolanos, haitianos y peruanos, ya habían sufrido una disminución de sus condiciones socioeconómicas previas a la pandemia, pero la situación empeoró con la llegada de esta y la implementación de medidas gubernamentales para combatir su expansión.

Many small Spanish municipalities (those with less than 2000 inhabitants) experienced population growth during the first decade of the 21st century due to a large influx of foreign immigrants. However, the Great Recession put an end to this trend. The first aim of this paper is to analyse the demographic impact of the new phase of economic growth – known as the “post-crisis” period (2014–2020) – on small Spanish municipalities. The second aim is to carry out an initial analysis of the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic crisis on the growth of these municipalities. The results of a nine-category typology show that during the post-crisis period, the vast majority of villages continued to depopulate, while a minority gained population or had stagnant population figures. The Covid-19 pandemic represented a turning point, with small municipalities as a whole starting to grow again. However, the population did not increase in all categories of villages or in all regions of rural Spain. The results for both periods (post-crisis and Covid-19 pandemic) highlight the growing importance of migration to demographic change in the smallest municipalities.

Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive pathogen known for its toxin production and spore formation. It is primarily responsible for most cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Bacterial persisters are a small subset of the population that exhibits transient tolerance to bactericidal substances, and they are of significant medical concern due to their association with the emergence of antibiotic resistance and difficult-to-treat chronic or recurrent infections. Vancomycin, the predominant antibiotic utilized in the management of C. difficile infection, is extensively applied in the realm of clinical practice. Previous studies have demonstrated a persister-like phenotype with treatments involving this antibiotic. However, the mechanism in C. difficile remains largely unknown, primarily due to the challenge of isolating this small population at any given time. To better characterize C. difficile persister cells, we present a study that enables the enrichment and characterization of persister cells from bacterial cultures in both the exponential and stationary phases. Moreover, we could differentiate between triggered (induced using antibiotics such as vancomycin) and spontaneous (stochastic) persister cells. Additionally, we observed the involvement of toxin-antitoxin systems and Clp proteases in persister cell formation.

The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria is a global concern, leading to a renewed reliance on older antibiotics like polymyxins as a last resort. Polymyxins, cationic cyclic peptides synthesized nonribosomally, feature a hydrophobic acyl tail and positively charged residues. Their antimicrobial mechanism involves initial interaction with Gram-negative bacterial outer-membrane components through polar and hydrophobic interactions. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), nano-sized proteoliposomes secreted from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, play a crucial role in tolerating harmful molecules, including cationic peptides such as polymyxins. Existing literature has documented environmental changes’ impact on modulating OMV properties in Salmonella Typhimurium. However, less information exists regarding OMV production and characteristics in Salmonella Typhi. A previous study in our laboratory showed that S. Typhi ΔmrcB, a mutant associated with penicillin-binding protein (PBP, a β-lactam antibiotic target), exhibited hypervesiculation. Consequently, this study investigated the potential impact of β-lactam antibiotics on promoting polymyxin tolerance via OMVs in S. Typhi. Our results demonstrated that sub-lethal doses of β-lactams increased bacterial survival against polymyxin B in S. Typhi. This phenomenon stems from β-lactam antibiotics inducing hypervesiculation of OMVs with higher affinity for polymyxin B, capturing and diminishing its biologically effective concentration. These findings suggest that β-lactam antibiotic use may inadvertently contribute to decreased polymyxin effectivity against S. Typhi or other Gram-negative bacteria, complicating the effective treatment of infections caused by these pathogens. This study emphasizes the importance of evaluating the influence of β-lactam antibiotics on the interaction between OMVs and other antimicrobial agents.

Não há educação sem valores, sendo a neutralidade no ensino uma premissa frágil de sustentar. O contexto provocado pela pandemia da covid-19 empurrou os professores para um ensino à distância em que as suas casas passaram a ser o palco da relação com os estudantes e partilhando com eles o seu ethos. Nesta perspetiva, pretendeu-se com esta pesquisa recolher informações acerca das perceções que os estudantes do 1.º ano da licenciatura em Educação Social têm do ensino à distância, especificamente no que concerne às suas variáveis de natureza ética. Nesse sentido, identificámos e analisámos as suas perceções através de um questionário aplicado a 50 estudantes de uma escola de Ensino Superior Público do Norte de Portugal. Os principais resultados da pesquisa indicam que os professores se revelam mais vulneráveis emocionalmente no ensino online do que no presencial. Apesar de tecnicamente ter havido um esforço para prosseguir com a missão ético-pedagógica, o seu “senso pedagógico” viu-se perturbado pela fusão entre o esvanecer da barreira entre o ser e estar privado e o ser e atuar em público.

The fighting bull is characterised by its natural aggressiveness, but the physiological mechanisms that underlie its aggressive behaviour are poorly studied. This study determines the hormonal component of aggressiveness in fighting bulls by analysing their behaviour during a fight and correlating it to their serotonin, dopamine and testosterone levels. We also determine whether aggressive behaviour can be estimated in calves. Using 195 animals, samples were obtained when the animals were calves and after 5 years. Aggressiveness scores were obtained by an observational method during bullfights, and serotonin, dopamine and testosterone levels were determined in all animals using validated enzyme immunoassay kits. The results revealed a strong correlation of serotonin and dopamine levels with aggressiveness scores in bulls during fights, but no correlation was found with respect to testosterone. These correlations led to established cut-off point and linear regression curves to obtain expected aggressiveness scores for calves at shoeing. There were no significant differences between the expected scores obtained in calves and the observed scores in bulls. Therefore, this study demonstrates that hormone determination in calves may be a great indicator of combativeness in bulls and can reliably be used in the selection of fighting bulls.

ABSTRACT: Objectives: Clostridioides difficile is a nosocomial pathogen that is associated with the use of antibiotics. One of the most worrying aspects of C. difficile infection is its ability to resist antimicrobial therapies, owing to spore formation. In several bacterial pathogens, proteases of the Clp family participate in phenotypes associated with persistence and virulence. This suggests that these proteins could be involved in virulence-related traits. In this study, we analysed the role of ClpC chaperone-protease of C. difficile in virulence-related traits by comparing the phenotypes of wild-type and mutant strains lacking the clpC gene (ΔclpC). Methods: We performed biofilm, motility, spore formation, and cytotoxicity assays. Results: Our results show significant differences between the wild-type and ΔclpC strains in all analysed parameters. Conclusions: Based on these findings, we conclude that clpC plays a role in the virulence properties of C. difficile.

Bacterial proteases participate in the proteolytic elimination of misfolded or aggregated proteins, carried out by members of the AAA+ protein superfamily such as Hsp100/Clp, Lon, and FtsH. It is estimated that the Clp and Lon families perform around 80% of cellular proteolysis in bacteria. These functions are regulated, in part, through the spatial and/or temporal use of adapter proteins, which participate in the recognition and delivery of specific substrate proteins to proteases. The proteolysis plays an important role in maintaining and controlling the quality of the proteins, avoiding the accumulation and aggregation of unfolded or truncated proteins. However, this is not their only function, since they play an important role in the formation of virulent phenotypes and in the response to different types of stress faced when entering the host or that occur in the environment. This review summarizes the structural and functional aspects of the Clp proteases and their role in Gram-positive microorganisms.

Autoimmune hepatitis is an immune-mediated inflammatory condition of the liver of undetermined cause that affects both sexes, all ages, races, and ethnicities. Its clinical presentation can be very broad, from having an asymptomatic and silent course to presenting as acute hepatitis, cirrhosis, and acute liver failure potentially requiring liver transplantation. The diagnosis is based on histological abnormalities (interface hepatitis), characteristic clinical and laboratory findings (increased aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and serum IgG concentration), and the presence of one or more characteristic autoantibodies. The large heterogeneity of these clinical, biochemical, and histological findings can sometimes make a timely and proper diagnosis a difficult task. Treatment seeks to achieve remission of the disease and prevent further progression of liver disease. First-line therapy includes high-dose corticosteroids, which are later tapered to decrease side effects, and azathioprine. In the presence of azathioprine intolerance or a poor response to the standard of care, second-line therapy needs to be considered, including mycophenolate mofetil. AIH remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, and a further understanding of the pathophysiological pathways of the disease and the implementation of randomized controlled trials are needed.

We study the light and heavy quark mass dependence of the low-lying charmed mesons in the framework of one-loop HHχPT. The low energy constants are determined by analyzing the available lattice data from different LQCD simulations. Model selection tools are implemented to determine the relevant parameters as required by data with a higher precision. Discretization and other effects due to the charm quark mass setting are discussed.

Abstract Increased brain iron content has been consistently reported in sporadic Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients, and an increase in cytosolic free iron is known to cause oxidative stress and cell death. However, whether iron also accumulates in susceptible brain areas in humans or in mouse models of familial PD remains unknown. In addition, whilst the lysosome functions as a critical intracellular iron storage organelle, little is known about the mechanisms underlying lysosomal iron release and how this process is influenced by lysosome biogenesis and/or lysosomal exocytosis. Here, we report an increase in brain iron content also in PD patients due to the common G2019S-LRRK2 mutation as compared to healthy age-matched controls, whilst differences in iron content are not observed in G2019S-LRRK2 knockin as compared to control mice. Chemically triggering iron overload in cultured cells causes cytotoxicity via the endolysosomal release of iron which is mediated by TRPML1. TFEB expression reverts the iron overload-associated cytotoxicity by causing lysosomal exocytosis, which is dependent on a TRPML1-mediated increase in cytosolic calcium levels. Therefore, approaches aimed at increasing TFEB levels, or pharmacological TRPML1 activation in conjunction with iron chelation may prove beneficial against cell death associated with iron overload conditions such as those associated with PD.

Los humedales son ecosistemas valiosos a nivel mundial, principalmente por la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos. En el Perú estos ecosistemas cuentan con una normativa que ha venido funcionando los últimos 60 años, pero hasta la fecha no se ha hecho una evaluación crítica de la misma. El presente trabajo compila y analiza la normativa relacionada a los humedales peruanos, evaluando sus sanciones y su coherencia con los sistemas legales de protección de estas áreas. Como resultado, se encontraron 44 documentos repartidos en leyes (13), decretos (11), resoluciones (8), estrategias (6), reglamentos (3), protocolo (1), declaración (1) y la constitución. El 85% de los documentos (37) no presentan sanción; siete tuvieron una sanción; estos últimos, sancionan la contaminación (4 documentos), la sobreexplotación del recurso (3), la mala gestión (3), la acumulación de escombros (1), la presencia de desagües (1), así como impactos que se utilizan para evaluar el estado de conservación en áreas protegidas como contaminación (7), sobre uso de recursos (4), desplazamiento de especies nativas por introducción de especies exóticas (3) y la pérdida de hábitat (2). Se discute la evolución temporal de los documentos, las sanciones que brindan y se reconoce la necesidad de fortalecer los aspectos reglamentarios y plantear estrategias de forma conjunta con las autoridades encargadas y la población.

La presente investigación documental de carácter cualitativo, tiene por objetivo establecer los discursos legales y penales que dotan de sentido al trabajo de los reos en las cinco principales formas de reclusión evidenciadas en chile entre 1830 y 2000, para lo cual, se procedió a la revisión de leyes, normativa, escritos e investigaciones relacionadas con cada forma de reclusión. La tarea de análisis se realizó por medio de una malla temática y la tradición hermenéutica para ordenar la información (triangulación). Los resultados evidencian que el trabajo se concibe como un castigo adicional o complementario a la sanción, discurso que sólo cambia tras la instalación de la penitenciaría el año 1843, donde la actividad laboral del reo deja de beneficiar a otros centrándose en adelante en el propio recluso. Este cambio sin embrago, no alienta el trabajo en los presidiarios debido a la imagen de abuso y sometimiento que estos le asignan a su ejecución, y al nacimiento de una subcultura penitenciaria que estructurará una masculinidad y un deber-ser delictual temerario y contumaz (conclusión).

Background: Selenium is an essential trace element with an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity that has been associated in experimental studies with beneficial effects on appetite control, the regulation of the gut microbiota, and control of the anabolic–catabolic balance. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between circulating selenium concentrations and the risk of developing undernutrition in older adults. Methods: This was a cohort study with 1398 well-nourished community-dwelling individuals aged ≥ 65 years residing in Spain in 2017, who were followed for a mean of 2.3 years. Whole blood selenium was measured at baseline using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Undernutrition was assessed at baseline and at follow-up, and defined as having at least one of the three GLIM phenotypic criteria (involuntary weight loss, a low body mass index, and a reduced muscle mass) and at least one of the two etiologic criteria (reduced food consumption or nutrient assimilation and inflammation/disease burden). Results: During the follow-up, 142 participants (11%) developed moderate undernutrition and 113 (8.8%) severe undernutrition. The standardized relative risks of moderate and severe undernutrition at the 75th percentile of Se levels versus the 25th were 0.90 and 0.70, respectively. In dose–response analyses, the risk of severe undernutrition decreased linearly with increasing selenium concentrations. This association was independent of protein intake or diet quality and was stronger among participants with a diagnosis of a musculoskeletal disorder. Conclusions: The results suggest that an adequate dietary selenium status is needed to prevent undernutrition in older adults. Also, this may open the door for clinical trials with selenium supplementation, at doses considered as safe, to prevent undernutrition.

Para la población inmigrante, el subarriendo de habitaciones es una forma común de acceso a una vivienda. En el contexto de la coyuntura de la covid-19, se examina el impacto del confinamiento domiciliario obligatorio decretado al inicio de la pandemia en la población inmigrada residente en habitaciones realquiladas en el Área Metropolitana de Barcelona. Se analizan 27 entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a dicho colectivo. Los resultados muestran la agudización de problemáticas preexistentes: problemas de convivencia, condiciones de vivienda deficientes, sobreocupación o precios excesivos, así como la aparición de nuevas dificultades a raíz de la convivencia constante y forzada, al no poder hacer uso del espacio público y al cierre de instituciones, afectando la salud física y psicológica de este colectivo. Se demuestra que el subarriendo, que acoge gran parte de la población residencialmente excluida, no garantiza una vivienda digna, adecuada y segura para enfrentar un confinamiento domiciliario.

The increase in successful adaptations of serial crystallography at synchrotron radiation sources continues. To date, the number of serial synchrotron crystallography (SSX) experiments has grown exponentially, with over 40 experiments reported so far. In this work, we report the first SSX experiments with viscous jets conducted at ALBA beamline BL13-XALOC. Small crystals (15–30 µm) of five soluble proteins (lysozyme, proteinase K, phycocyanin, insulin and α-spectrin-SH3 domain) were suspended in lipidic cubic phase (LCP) and delivered to the X-ray beam with a high-viscosity injector developed at Arizona State University. Complete data sets were collected from all proteins and their high-resolution structures determined. The high quality of the diffraction data collected from all five samples, and the lack of specific radiation damage in the structures obtained in this study, confirm that the current capabilities at the beamline enables atomic resolution determination of protein structures from microcrystals as small as 15 µm using viscous jets at room temperature. Thus, BL13-XALOC can provide a feasible alternative to X-ray free-electron lasers when determining snapshots of macromolecular structures.

Bacterial conjugation is an important route for horizontal gene transfer. The initial step in this process involves a macromolecular protein-DNA complex called the relaxosome, which in plasmids consists of the origin of transfer (oriT) and several proteins that prepare the transfer. The relaxosome protein named relaxase introduces a nick in one of the strands of the oriT to initiate the process. Additional relaxosome proteins can exist. Recently, several relaxosome proteins encoded on the Bacillus subtilis plasmid pLS20 were identified, including the relaxase, named RelpLS20, and two auxiliary DNA-binding factors, named Aux1pLS20 and Aux2pLS20. Here, we extend this characterization in order to define their function. We present the low-resolution SAXS envelope of the Aux1pLS20 and the atomic X-ray structure of the C-terminal domain of Aux2pLS20. We also study the interactions between the auxiliary proteins and the full-length RelpLS20, as well as its separate domains. The results show that the quaternary structure of the auxiliary protein Aux1pLS20 involves a tetramer, as previously determined. The crystal structure of the C-terminal domain of Aux2pLS20 shows that it forms a tetramer and suggests that it is an analog of TraMpF of plasmid F. This is the first evidence of the existence of a TraMpF analog in gram positive conjugative systems, although, unlike other TraMpF analogs, Aux2pLS20 does not interact with the relaxase. Aux1pLS20 interacts with the C-terminal domain, but not the N-terminal domain, of the relaxase RelpLS20. Thus, the pLS20 relaxosome exhibits some unique features despite the apparent similarity to some well-studied G- conjugation systems.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently occurring malignancy and the second cancer-specific cause of mortality in women in developed countries. Over 70% of the total number of BCs are hormone receptor-positive (HR+), and elevated levels of circulating estrogen (E) in the blood have been shown to be a major risk factor for the development of HR+ BC. This is attributable to estrogen’s contribution to increased cancer cell proliferation, stimulation of angiogenesis and metastasis, and resistance to therapy. The E metabolism–gut microbiome axis is functional, with subjacent individual variations in the levels of E. It is conceivable that the estrobolome (bacterial genes whose products metabolize E) may contribute to the risk of malignant neoplasms of hormonal origin, including BC, and may serve as a potential biomarker and target. It has been suggested that β-glucuronidase (GUS) enzymes of the intestinal microbiome participate in the strobolome. In addition, it has been proposed that bacterial GUS enzymes from the gastrointestinal tract participate in hormone BC. In this review, we discuss the latest knowledge about the role of the GUS enzyme in the pathogenesis of BC, focusing on (i) the microbiome and E metabolism; (ii) diet, estrobolome, and BC development; (iii) other activities of the bacterial GUS; and (iv) the new molecular targets for BC therapeutic application.

IMPORTANCE:. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, thousands of temporary ICUs have been established worldwide. The outcomes and management of mechanically ventilated patients in these areas remain unknown. OBJECTIVES:. To investigate mortality and management of mechanically ventilated patients in temporary ICUs. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:. Observational cohort study in a single-institution academic center. We included all adult patients with severe COVID-19 hospitalized in temporary and conventional ICUs for invasive mechanical ventilation due to acute respiratory distress syndrome from March 23, 2020, to April 5, 2021. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:. To determine if management in temporary ICUs increased 30-day in-hospital mortality compared with conventional ICUs. Ventilator-free days, ICU-free days (both at 28 d), hospital length of stay, and ICU readmission were also assessed. RESULTS:. We included 776 patients (326 conventional and 450 temporary ICUs). Thirty-day in-hospital unadjusted mortality (28.8% conventional vs 36.0% temporary, log-rank test p = 0.023) was higher in temporary ICUs. After controlling for potential confounders, hospitalization in temporary ICUs was an independent risk factor associated with mortality (hazard ratio, 1.4; CI, 1.06–1.83; p = 0.016).There were no differences in ICU-free days at 28 days (6; IQR, 0–16 vs 2; IQR, 0–15; p = 0.5) or ventilator-free days at 28 days (8; IQR, 0–16 vs 5; IQR, 0–15; p = 0.6). We observed higher reintubation (18% vs 12%; p = 0.029) and readmission (5% vs 1.6%; p = 0.004) rates in conventional ICUs despite higher use of postextubation noninvasive mechanical ventilation (13% vs 8%; p = 0.025). Use of lung-protective ventilation (87% vs 85%; p = 0.5), prone positioning (76% vs 79%; p = 0.4), neuromuscular blockade (96% vs 98%; p = 0.4), and COVID-19 pharmacologic treatment was similar. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:. We observed a higher 30-day in-hospital mortality in temporary ICUs. Although both areas had high adherence to evidence-based management, hospitalization in temporary ICUs was an independent risk factor associated with mortality.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los hábitos de los estudiantes universitarios durante el confinamiento que se produjo entre marzo y mayo de 2020 en relación al bienestar y el uso del tiempo libre. Para ello se han entrevistado a 911 de 43 universidades españolas entre mayo y junio del mismo año. El sentimiento vital tira a la baja. La tristeza y la ansiedad parece haber hecho más mella en las mujeres. Aquellos que se han pasado el confinamiento en las grandes ciudades confiesan un mayor sentimiento de soledad. El consumo de alcohol más popular no parece haberse disparado durante la cuarentena –menos de un 10% la habría consumido casi a diario o a diario-. Tampoco el tabaco –el 82,2% no fuma- o el cannabis –el 92,3% afirma no haberlo probado durante este periodo-. El 69,7% ha leído un solo libro o ninguno. Como media, han visto 13,4 horas de series o películas a la carta, frente a 5 horas de informativos. De los datos se podría deducir cierta asociación, en la línea de otros estudios, entre el mayor consumo de alcohol y el mayor visionado de series. Quienes prefieren el género de “animación” parecen temer menos al virus que los que prefieren los documentales.

El Camp de Tarragona, como ámbito de estudio, es una zona poco explorada desde el punto de vista de los procesos de suburbanización. La complejidad es elevada al contar con dos ciudades, Reus y Tarragona, que jerarquizan el territorio, así como unas áreas residenciales periféricas que no solo son parte de su expansión urbana, sino que además son destinos turísticos y de segundas residencias. Utilizando datos de la estadística de variaciones residenciales (EVR), la presente aportación pretende analizar las dinámicas de movilidad residencial del área urbana conformada alrededor de las ciudades de Tarragona y Reus. Para ello, se han analizado la intensidad y la dirección de los principales flujos residenciales en el interior de El Camp de Tarragona, con especial atención a los que tienen origen y destino en ambas ciudades. Los resultados muestran cómo la crisis de 2008 ralentiza el proceso de desconcentración urbana que había caracterizado el territorio durante la década de los 2000 (aunque el cambio de tendencia ya empezaba a detectarse unos años antes), mientras que la poscrisis vuelve a reactivarlo. Los resultados confirman también que se trata de una única área urbana de carácter binuclear (conurbación Tarragona-Reus), y no de dos áreas diferenciadas.

Abstract Background The pathophysiological etiologies related with the development of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) remain controversial. Different authors have studied neurotoxins such as mercury (Hg) and their relationship with ADS. The objective of this study was to assess the levels of Hg in hair in a group of ASD children (chronic exposure) and in urinary excretion (acute exposure), in comparison to a healthy group. Methods A case-control study was conducted in Spanish children. We compared 54 ASD children (aged 2–6) with no other associated pathology to a normally-developing control group (54 subjects). Results There were no differences in urine (p:0.631) and hair (p:1.000) samples percentages below the limits of detection between the control and the ASD groups, and also between patients in the regression ASD subgroup (AMR) (p:0.08) and the non-regression ASD subgroup (ANMR) (p:0.705). When the analysis was adjusted for age and sex, the differences between Hg levels maintained not significant. There were no correlations between Hg concentrations in the ASD group as a whole (p: 0.739), or when they were subdivided into ASD-AMR (p: 0.739) and ASD-ANMR (p: 0.363). Conclusions The present study shows no evidence in our geographical area to support an association between mercury neurotoxicity and the etiopathogenesis of ASD.

Afforestation of marginal land has been recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as a means of enhancing the capacity of soil to act as a carbon (C) sink. However, the success of this practice is variable and depends on many factors, including the type of land management used. In this study, we quantified and compared the C stocks in two highly productive agricultural soils afforested with poplar 10 years before the study and in adjacent soils still used for agricultural purposes. One of the agricultural soils was sown with grass and maize in a crop rotation system and the other was alternately sown with maize (6 months) and left fallow (6 months). In all soils, we estimated the C pools associated with the live biomass (including the C extracted by harvesting in the cropped soils in the 10 years since afforestation), dead biomass, amount of fertiliser added (quantifying all inputs of C added as fertiliser in the cropped soils since the start of afforestation) and the soil organic matter (0–100 cm), to enable estimation of the total C stocks in the ecosystem. Afforestation had different effects on the various C pools. Thus, although afforestation enhanced the C sink capacity of the ecosystem when carried out on agricultural land, the degree to which this occurred varied according to previous land use. The increase in C stocks that occurred from afforestation was lower in the plots employing maize-grass rotation, compared to those with maize-fallow rotation. The ecosystem C balance was quite similar in both afforested plots (247.4 and 233.0 Mg C ha−1), while it was quite different in the cultivated plots (182.3 Mg C ha−1 in Laraño; 73.9 Mg C ha−1 in A Barca). Although at both sites the C balance was higher in the afforested plot than in the cultivated plot, the differences were much smaller in Laraño (65.1 Mg C ha−1 higher in the forested plot than in the cultivated plot) than in A Barca (159.1 Mg C ha−1 higher in the forested plot than in the cultivated plot). Our results from highly productive agricultural land are similar to previous findings on marginal land.

Background: Selenium is an essential trace mineral with potential interest for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention owing to its antioxidant properties. Epidemiological data on selenium status and CVD remain inconsistent. The objective of this study was to ascertain whether low serum selenium (SSe) concentrations are related to an increased risk of a first CVD event in a population at high cardiovascular risk. Methods: We undertook a case-control study nested within the “PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea” (PREDIMED) trial. A total of 207 participants diagnosed with CVD (myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death) during the follow-up period (2003–2010) were matched by sex, age, and intervention group to 436 controls by incidence density sampling. Median time between serum sample collection and subsequent CVD event occurrence was 0.94 years. SSe levels were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis. Covariates were assessed through validated questionnaires, in-person interviews, and medical record reviews. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs). Results: Among women, the mean SSe concentration was lower in cases than in controls (98.5 μg/L vs. 103.8 μg/L; p = 0.016). In controls, SSe levels were directly associated with percentage of total energy intake from proteins and fish intake (p for linear trend < 0.001 and 0.049, respectively), whereas SSe concentrations were inversely associated with age, body mass index, and percentage of total energy intake from carbohydrates (p for linear trend < 0.001, 0.008 and 0.016 respectively). In the total group, we observed an inverse dose–response gradient between SSe levels and risk of CVD in the fully-adjusted model (highest vs. lowest quartile: OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.27–0.81; ptrend = 0.003). Conclusions: Among elderly individuals at high cardiovascular risk, high SSe concentrations within population reference values are associated with lower first CVD incidence.

The appearance of multi-resistant strains has contributed to reintroducing polymyxin as the last-line therapy. Although polymyxin resistance is based on bacterial envelope changes, other resistance mechanisms are being reported. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanosized proteoliposomes secreted from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. In some bacteria, OMVs have shown to provide resistance to diverse antimicrobial agents either by sequestering and/or expelling the harmful agent from the bacterial envelope. Nevertheless, the participation of OMVs in polymyxin resistance has not yet been explored in S. Typhi, and neither OMVs derived from hypervesiculating mutants. In this work, we explored whether OMVs produced by the hypervesiculating strains Salmonella Typhi ΔrfaE (LPS synthesis), ΔtolR (bacterial envelope) and ΔdegS (misfolded proteins and σE activation) exhibit protective properties against polymyxin B. We found that the OMVs extracted from S. Typhi ΔtolR and ΔdegS protect S. Typhi WT from polymyxin B in a concentration-depending manner. By contrast, the protective effect exerted by OMVs from S. Typhi WT and S. Typhi ΔrfaE is much lower. This effect is achieved by the sequestration of polymyxin B, as assessed by the more positive Zeta potential of OMVs with polymyxin B and the diminished antibiotic’s availability when coincubated with OMVs. We also found that S. Typhi ΔtolR exhibited an increased MIC of polymyxin B. Finally, we determined that S. Typhi ΔtolR and S. Typhi ΔdegS, at a lesser level, can functionally and transiently transfer the OMV-mediated polymyxin B resistance to susceptible bacteria in cocultures. This work shows that mutants in genes related to OMVs biogenesis can release vesicles with improved abilities to protect bacteria against membrane-active agents. Since mutations affecting OMV biogenesis can involve the bacterial envelope, mutants with increased resistance to membrane-acting agents that, in turn, produce protective OMVs with a high vesiculation rate (e.g., S. Typhi ΔtolR) can arise. Such mutants can functionally transfer the resistance to surrounding bacteria via OMVs, diminishing the effective concentration of the antimicrobial agent and potentially favoring the selection of spontaneous resistant strains in the environment. This phenomenon might be considered the source for the emergence of polymyxin resistance in an entire bacterial community.

El artículo analiza las pautas residenciales y migratorias de la población de origen latinoamericano durante el período 2000-2017 en las áreas urbanas funcionales de Barcelona y Madrid, divididas en coronas de municipios en función de la distancia a la ciudad central. Utilizando datos del Padrón continuo y de la Estadística de variaciones residenciales (INE), la investigación estudia cómo responden estos fenómenos a las variaciones del ciclo económico, por eso se divide el período en tres fases desiguales: expansión económica (2000-2008), crisis (2009-2014) y poscrisis (2015-2017). Los resultados muestran que la tendencia hacia la suburbanización de esta población en ambas áreas urbanas durante la fase de crecimiento económico se frenó con la crisis, pero que se ha reactivado durante la poscrisis; y que, sin embargo, hay un aumento de su concentración en ambas ciudades centrales en los últimos años, debido a la reactivación de la inmigración latinoamericana.

Since 2001, international immigration has progressively increased in Chile, and since 2010 the country of origin of immigrants has diversified. There has mainly been an increase in the number of people migrating from South and Central America, and from Colombia, Haiti, and Venezuela particularly. Using 2015 Socioeconomic Characterization (CASEN) survey micro data, this paper analyzes the demographic, socioeconomic and labor conditions of the population of these three countries in comparison to the Chilean and total immigrant populations. Results show that immigrant populations are extremely diverse, and that some foreign populations in Chile are under a great risk of social exclusion.

El presente trabajo pretende analizar las circunstancias que rodean la dualidad contradictoria presente en la función social de los centros penitenciarios –castigo y rehabilitación–, teniendo en cuenta dos elementos: los debates adyacentes sobre inseguridad y los discursos presentes en la opinión pública, las organizaciones políticas y los intelectuales. Tendencias como la virtualización de la delincuencia, el cambio de énfasis del aspecto físico al aspecto simbólico de la violencia y la vulnerabilidad de las clases medias, eventualmente electorados de corte populista, no permiten pronosticar un decrecimiento de las poblaciones carcelarias en América Latina o una mejora de sus condiciones de vida, pese a los esfuerzos de algunos sistemas judiciales y penales, así como organizaciones interestatales y no gubernamentales. Abstract The article analyzes the circumstances surrounding the contradictory duality present in the social function of the penitentiary centers (punishment and rehabilitation) taking into account two elements: the adjacent debates about insecurity, and the discourses instigated by public opinion, political organizations and intellectuals. Trends such as the virtualization of delinquency, the change of emphasis from the physical aspect to the symbolic aspect of violence, the vulnerability of the middle classes (eventually populist electorates) do not allow us to predict a decrease in prison populations in Latin America or an improvement of their living conditions, despite the efforts of some judicial and criminal systems, as well as inter-state and non-governmental organizations.

Abstract Background Early microbial colonization is a relevant aspect in human health. Altered microbial colonization patterns have been linked to an increased risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Advances in understanding host-microbe interactions highlight the pivotal role of maternal microbiota on infant health programming. This birth cohort is aimed to characterize the maternal microbes transferred to neonates during the first 1000 days of life, as well as to identify the potential host and environmental factors, such as gestational age, mode of delivery, maternal/infant diet, and exposure to antibiotics, which affect early microbial colonization. Methods MAMI is a prospective mother-infant birth cohort in the Spanish-Mediterranean area. Mothers were enrolled at the end of pregnancy and families were follow-up during the first years of life. Maternal-infant biological samples were collected at several time points from birth to 24 months of life. Clinical and anthropometric characteristics and dietary information is available. Specific qPCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing as well as short chain fatty acid (SCFAs) profile would be obtained. Multivariable models will be used to identy associations between microbiota and clinical and anthropometric data controlling for confounders. MAMI would contribute to a better understanding of the interaction between diet, microbiota and host response in early life health programming, enabling new applications in the field of personalized nutrition and medicine. Trial registration The study is registered on the ClinicalTrial.gov platform NCT03552939. (June 12, 2018).

Presentación. Gil Araque, Fernando. Revista Ricercare. No. 9, Julio-Diciembre de 2018. pp.2-8. Universidad EAFIT, Revista del Departamento de música, Grupo de investigación en Estudios musicales. ISSN 2346-4879. eISSN 2346-4747

Spanish functional urban areas have grown rapidly demographically over the last decades. However, age differences within them, between inner cities, with an older population, and their suburban peripheries, with a younger one, have increased. Nevertheless, this urban segregation pattern by age shows variations in different large Spanish urban areas. Our initial hypothesis is that age segregation is greater in large urban agglomerations, and less relevant in smaller urban areas, where age groups are spatially more mixed. The objective of this paper –using official population data on January 1, 2016, at the census tract level– is to analyze this ‘Geography of urban aging and rejuvenation’ and verify if the spatial patterns found are common to the five largest Spanish metropolitan areas : Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, and Bilbao. The results show that urban segregation by age does not depend as much on the size of the urban area as on its monocentric nature –percentage of the FUA’s population living in its main city– and above all, on the intensity of suburbanisation.

The aim of this article is to analyze some of the reasons for the current discrediting of pedagogical knowledge. First, some national and international examples of the cultural circumstances for the rejection of Pedagogy as an academic discipline and pedagogues as valid professionals are established. Secondly, a review of the main positions at stake on anti-pedagogism is presented. Thirdly, some of the reasons that may explain the current anti-pedagogim are analyzed. These reasons are based on possible mistakes or excesses of a certain kind of Pedagogy. There are political reasons; Pedagogy has allowed an excessive ideological polarization between traditional schools and progressive or new schools. There are gnoseological reasons as well; Pedagogy has separated way too much the educational perspective and the learning from the cultural content in the curriculum areas. And, finally, there are normative reasons too; Pedagogy has focused excessively on identifying education with life and subjective experiences.

Presentación

This essay aims to explain the analysis of Viriato´s figure from an archaeological perspective in the site of Celtic´s Beturia, where the Lusitanian leader takes its economic and military activities will be discussed. To sum up, it will be analyzed Viriato´s figure from the point of view of authors Greco-Romans, whose sources hadn’t published in the middle of the second century B.C. Those sources, treated later, interpret lacking historical and legendary data about the Lusitanian leader.

Melatonin improves metabolic alterations associated with obesity and its diabetes (diabesity). We intend to determine whether this improvement is exerted by changing Zn and/or Cu tissue levels in liver, muscle, pancreas, and brain, and in internal (perirenal, perigonadal, and omentum) and subcutaneous lumbar white adipose tissues (IWAT and SWAT, respectively). Male Zücker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and lean littermates (ZL) were orally supplemented either with melatonin (10 mg/kg body weight/day) or vehicle for 6 weeks. Zn and Cu concentrations were not significantly influenced by diabesity in the analyzed tissues (p > 0.05), with the exception of Zn in liver. In skeletal muscle Zn and Cu, and in perirenal WAT, only Zn levels increased significantly with melatonin supplementation in ZDF rats (p < 0.05). This cytoplasmic Zn enhancement would be probably associated with the upregulation of several Zn influx membrane transporters (Zips) and could explain the amelioration in the glycaemia and insulinaemia by upregulating the Akt and downregulating the inhibitor PTP1B, in obese and diabetic conditions. Enhanced Zn and Cu levels in muscle cells could be related to the reported antioxidant melatonin activity exerted by increasing the Zn, Cu-SOD, and extracellular Cu-SOD activity. In conclusion, melatonin, by increasing the muscle levels of Zn and Cu, joined with our previously reported findings improves glycaemia, insulinaemia, and oxidative stress in this diabesity animal model.

Yersinia ruckeri causes outbreaks of enteric redmouth disease in salmon aquaculture all over the world. The transient antibiotic tolerance exhibited by bacterial persisters is commonly thought to be responsible for outbreaks; however, the molecular factors underlying this behavior have not been explored in Y. ruckeri. In this study, we investigated the participation of the RNA chaperone Hfq from Y. ruckeri in antibiotic persistence. Cultures of the hfq-knockout mutant (Δhfq) exhibited faster replication, increased ATP levels and a more reductive environment than the wild type. The growth curves of bacteria exposed to sublethal concentrations of ampicillin, oxolinic acid, ciprofloxacin and polymyxin B revealed a greater susceptibility for the Δhfq strain. The time-kill curves of bacteria treated with the antibiotics mentioned above and florfenicol, using inoculums from exponential, stationary and biofilm cultures, demonstrated that the Δhfq strain has significant defects in persister cells production. To shed more light on the role of Hfq in antibiotic persistence, we analyzed its dependence on the (p)ppGpp synthetase RelA by determining the persister cells production in the absence of the relA gene. The ΔrelA and ΔrelAΔhfq strains displayed similar defects in persister cells formation, but higher than Δhfq strain. Similarly, stationary cultures of the ΔrelA and ΔrelAΔhfq strains exhibited comparable levels of ATP but higher than that of the Δhfq strain, indicating that relA is epistatic over hfq. Taken together, our findings provide valuable information on antibiotic persistence in Y. ruckeri, shedding light on the participation of Hfq in the persistence phenomenon.

After the deep economic crisis that began in 2008, in 2014, Spain started to show signs of recovery, entering the so-called “post-crisis” period. Though it has not yet reached the entire population, economic improvement has had a positive impact on the real estate market, economic activity, and employment. Residential mobility has also increased, but flows have become more unstable and complex. The direction of these flows, the reasons for moving, and the ages and socioeconomic categories of migrants have diversified. These complex “new mobility” patterns are reconfiguring the spatial distribution of the population in Spanish urban areas. On the basis of Continuous Register (Padrón Continuo) microdata, this paper primarily aims to study population changes in the 69 Spanish functional urban areas (FUAs) defined by the National Institute of Statistics (INE)/Eurostat, focusing on their population growth or decline in their centers and peripheries during the crisis (2011–2015) and post-crisis (2015–2019) phases. Then, the paper analyzes the five major Spanish metropolises (Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, and Bilbao) in greater depth. The findings confirm the hypothesis that, during the post-crisis period, the population growth of cores and rings and thus the spatial distribution of urban inhabitants have been changing, resulting in the growing demographic heterogeneity of Spanish urban areas that are diversifying both internally and compared to each other.

Los metales pesados muchas veces se encuentran como contaminantes de las aguas. Por dicha razón en el presente estudio se llevó a cabo la determinación de metales pesados (Hg, Cd, Pb, As) en los cuerpos de agua del Área de Conservación Regional Humedales de Ventanilla mediante el método de Inducción de Plasma Acoplada (ICP). Se colectaron muestras de agua en 17 estaciones de muestreo durante tres periodos de monitoreo para el análisis de cuatro variables de la calidad fisicoquímica de los cuerpos de agua. La presencia de estos elementos en el agua es motivo de interés ambiental y para la salud de las comunidades humanas asociadas a los cuerpos de agua. Algunos metales son rápidamente atrapados por los sedimentos, por lo que su presencia en la columna de agua es indicador de contaminación reciente. Se compararon las características fisicoquímicas halladas, con los límites establecidos en la legislación peruana del 2008 y 2015. En el caso de los metales pesados, el plomo, el arsénico y el mercurio exhiben valores más altos por lo que se discuten sus fuentes de origen potencial.

Iron levels in the healthy human brain are known to be high in certain areas such as the substantia nigra (SN), and increase further with age. In addition, there is some evidence for a further increase in iron load in the SN of ParkinsonÌs disease (PD) patients as compared to controls, which correlates with motor disability. Here, we have analyzed total iron levels in cells as well as mouse and human brain samples by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Our data indicate that iron load is more pronounced in cells with dopaminergic features. Moreover, region-specific differences in iron load reflecting those in the human brain were detected in rodent brains as well. Whilst altered iron load was not observed in other regions also affected in PD patients, we report a significant increase in iron load in the SN of Lewy body disease patients as compared to AlzheimerÌs disease (AD) patients or controls, which correlates with neurodegeneration in this brain area. Keywords: Brain, Iron, AAS, ParkinsonÌs disease, Lewy body disease

Concern about environmental pollution has grown in the last few decades, amongst both specialists in the field and society at large. This concern is reflected in thenumerous studies that have been published on this topic in recent years. Soil pollution has been somewhat neglected as a topic of study, relative to air and waterpollution, which are considered harmful to human life. However, soil pollution is a particularly serious problem because of the impact on soil functioning and on theecosystem as a whole. Although natural processes such as volcanic activity and weathering of the parent material contribute to soil pollution, anthropogenicactivities represent the main cause of soil pollution. Apart from some accidental events, most pollution is generated by human activities such as industrialprocesses, transportation, construction, uncontrolled discharges, waste generation and agriculture. Agricultural land is particularly sensitive to pollution, partly because certain agricultural practices (soil preparation and tillage, soil fertilization, grazing, etc.) may affect basic soil properties, and partly because the soils usuallydisplay poor resilience. However, pollutants often reach already degraded agricultural soils and their impact will therefore be added to existing effects. Thepollutants most frequently encountered in the agricultural sector include heavy metals, petroleum derived products, persistent organic pollutants, pesticides and fertilizers. Soil enzymes such as oxidoreductases and hydrolases have been widelyused to investigate the impact of different pollutants on agricultural soils. However, the study findings are often inconclusive, because the impact of a given pollutanton the activity of different soil enzymes is influenced by various factors. In this report, we analyze the findings of different studies concerning pollution of agricultural soils.

Con el fin de contribuir al entendimiento de los procesos de segregación socioespacial de las ciudades medias mexicanas, este trabajo analiza la distribución espacial de la población de Culiacán, México, empleando distintas características sociodemográficas que dan cuenta de la manera en que se vive la segregación socioespacial en el territorio, así como su evolución entre los años 2000 y 2010. Los resultados indican la existencia de rasgos segregativos que coinciden con el modelo tradicional latinoamericano, visualizados en la ubicación central de los grupos sociales más privilegiados y en la dispersión de los estratos más bajos hacia las periferias. A su vez, se presentan procesos novedosos que apuntan a un cambio desde el tradicional patrón de segregación centro-periferia hacia el nuevo modelo de la ciudad fragmentada, destacándose la apertura de alternativas residenciales para las élites fuera de los espacios centrales, aunque con desarrollos de tipo cerrado y contiguos a asentamientos de bajos ingresos.

This article is about the use of the figure of Viriathus during the Franco dictatorial period. Occurs a true transfiguration of the lusitanian chief by assimilation to the dictatorial regime. It is important to know Franco pedagogy that has largely changed the lusitanian character. Likewise be known how has been evolving the figure of Viriathus during the dictatorship, offering a different image to your understanding in the democratic reality.

This article analyzes the historiographical perspective of Viriato from the middle ages to modern times and 19th Century. During the 13th and 14th centuries it presents a brief study about Viriato’s fi gure, comparing him with Cid Campeator or Ben Hasan. During the 17th and 18th Century, important studies of Viriato’s fi gure were carried out like Florian de Ocampo, Ambrosio de Morales and others that offer innovative ideas about Viriato and his time, with the helpful support of some literary writings. To sum up, during the 19th century, European Nations were constructed and, due to it, the idea of Viriato’s Nationalism.

El objetivo del presente artículo será realizar una revisión crítica de la interpretación realizada por D. Harvey del concepto de «acumulación originaria» expuesto por K. Marx en El Capital. A través del análisis de los escritos dónde Marx aborda esta cuestión, trataremos de demostrar que la aportación principal de Harvey -reinterpretar la acumulación originaria, no como proceso fundacional de las condiciones necesarias para la producción capitalista, sino como proceso continuo y permanente utilizado para restablecer las condiciones óptimas de la acumulación de capital mediante la conquista de nuevos espacios- se sustenta en una interpretación parcial de los textos de crítica de la economía política marxianos que confunde la dimensión lógica e histórica del análisis marxiano. Así pues, argumentaremos que existe una base en los propios textos de Marx desde dónde interpretar la «acumulación originaria» como un proceso de desposesión constante en el desarrollo del modo de producción capitalista que, dependiente de la constante expansión, potencia su capacidad adaptativa mediante la conquista de aquellos factores de la economía todavía no incorporados al proceso del capital.

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nano-sized proteoliposomes discharged from the cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria. OMVs normally contain toxins, enzymes and other factors, and are used as vehicles in a process that has been considered a generalized, evolutionarily conserved delivery system among bacteria. Furthermore, OMVs can be used in biotechnological applications that require delivery of biomolecules, such as vaccines, remarking the importance of their study. Although it is known that Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the etiological agent of typhoid fever in humans, delivers toxins (e.g., HlyE) via OMVs, there are no reports identifying genetic determinants of the OMV biogenesis in this serovar. In the present work, and with the aim to identify genes participating in OMV biogenesis in S. Typhi, we screened 15,000 random insertion mutants for increased HlyE secretion. We found 9 S. Typhi genes (generically called zzz genes) determining an increased HlyE secretion that were also involved in OMV biogenesis. The genes corresponded to ompA, nlpI, and tolR (envelope stability), rfaE and waaC (LPS synthesis), yipP (envC), mrcB (synthesis and remodeling of peptidoglycan), degS (stress sensor serine endopeptidase) and hns (global transcriptional regulator). We found that S. Typhi Δzzz mutants were prone to secrete periplasmic, functional proteins with a relatively good envelope integrity. In addition, we showed that zzz genes participate in OMV biogenesis, modulating different properties such as OMV size distribution, OMV yield and OMV protein cargo.

The paper aims to analyse how the different economic phases that Spain has experienced in the first two decades of the 21st century (expansion, recession, and recovery) have influenced population stocks and migratory flows in the five largest metropolitan areas defined as Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) in Spain: Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid, Seville and Valencia. Using Padrón Continuo (municipal registers) and Estadística de Variaciones Residenciales (residential change statistics) as data sources, both native and immigrant – i.e. born abroad – stocks, and internal and international migration flows are analysed. We study differences between (a) diverse groups of foreigners (by continental origin), also comparing them to natives; and (b) different types of residential mobility by migrants’ previous place of residence: “intrametropolitan” movements (between urban cores and peripheries), migration flows between the five urban areas and the rest of Spain, and international migration. Results show that intrametropolitan migration flows between the five urban cores and their peripheries were characterised by suburbanisation during the expansion phase. These flows were particularly relevant for Spanish-born persons and, among foreign-born migrants, for people born in the Americas (mainly Latin Americans). These flows to the suburban periphery decreased during the economic crisis, and in 2013 and 2014 net intrametropolitan migration of most foreign groups was characterised by recentralisation. Spaniards’ intrametropolitan movements almost reached equilibrium during the recession years: Natives decreased their moves from cores to rings, while they were increasingly attracted to urban centres. Owing to the incipient economic recovery, suburbanisation is progressively recovering its previous strength. As for other types of residential moves, foreign-born migrants moving from abroad and the rest of Spain to the five FUAs during the economic expansion phase reversed the direction of their flows in the economic crisis years, migrating abroad or dispersing throughout Spain in search of jobs. Consequently, their stocks declined in some years. Currently, due to the incipient economic recovery, the five FUAs are attracting internal and international foreign-born immigrants once again, so their foreign-born population stocks are increasing in both cores and peripheries. Spaniards show the opposite behaviour regarding flows to and from the five areas analysed – they tended to disperse throughout the rest of Spain during the economic expansion phase. This trend continued during the crisis years, but at a slower pace, as natives became increasingly attracted to urban cores. Furthermore, this latter trend has strengthened during the post-crisis years. Finally, considering foreign-born and Spanish populations together, large urban areas are increasingly attractive. This global tendency is to the detriment of rural areas and of non-metropolitan small and medium size towns, which lose population due to negative net migration. * This article belongs to a special issue on “Internal Migration as a Driver of Regional Population Change in Europe: Updating Ravenstein”.