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Abstract Background The rate of torque development (RTD) has been associated with sports performance and can be improved during the biological maturation process of young soccer players. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of maturity status on the knee extensors’ RTD of soccer players after appropriate normalization. Methods Twenty-seven young male soccer players aged 13–18 years old were allocated into two groups: pubescent (PUB, n = 11) and postpubescent (POSP, n = 16). RTD was obtained by performing a maximum voluntary isometric contraction at six different knee joint angles (30º, 45º, 60º, 75º, 90º, and 105º). Anthropometric (height and body mass) and muscle architecture variables (muscle thickness, muscle volume, fascicle length, pennation angle, and cross-section area) were evaluated as body size descriptors and used to identify the best way for appropriate normalization of RTD data. Results Muscle architecture variables showed no correlations with RTD (p > 0.05), while body mass showed a positive correlation (0.405

The addition of manual pressure on the electrode during neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been used to reduce current intensity and perceived discomfort. In this study we aimed to test i) whether this approach affect the reliability of commonly made torque output measurements and ii) whether subcutaneous-fat thickness influence the efficacy of this approach in reducing current intensity and perceived discomfort. Twenty-one men (24 ± 3.1 years) performed knee extension maximal voluntary isometric contractions with and without manual pressure on the NMES femoral nerve electrode (superimposed and resting doublets, 2 pulses at 100 Hz) during two separate sessions. Torque output was measured in an isokinetic dynamometer and thigh subcutaneous-fat thickness assessed with ultrasonography. A scale of perceived discomfort was presented after contractions. Reductions in current intensity ( ${p} < 0.001$ ) and discomfort during superimposed doublet ( ${p}=0.002$ ) and resting doublet ( ${p}=0.002$ ) were confirmed for the condition in which pressure was applied to the electrode. Fat thickness was correlated to changes in current intensity (r = 0.63; ${p}$ = 0.002) and changes in discomfort (r = 0.45; ${p}$ = 0.04) and no differences between pressure conditions and testing sessions were observed for torque output ( ${p}$ > 0.05; ICC 0.95). Adding manual pressure during NMES on femoral nerve reduces discomfort and the maximal NMES intensity required to reach maximum torque without affecting torque output magnitude and reliability. Greater reduction in intensity and discomfort were observed in participants with higher subcutaneous-fat thickness levels after adding pressure on the electrode.

In combat sports, strikes or counter-strikes response time (RT) can be related to performance and sporting success. Moreover, training sessions are usually highly fatiguing, which is expected to impair basic skills, such as RT. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of fatigue on punch and kick RTs of karate practitioners. Twelve individuals of both sexes from different levels (three yellow belts, three red belts, two orange belts, two green belts, one brown belt, and one black belt) were selected. Participants were aged 22 ± 3 years old, with a stature of 169.1 ± 6.5 cm, and a body mass of 65.5 ± 10 kg. Six visits were held with each participant. On the first 2 days, the RT of punches and kicks was measured by a validated smartphone app (TReaction). For the subsequent visits, a randomized incremental test for the upper or lower body was adopted as motor fatigue protocol, immediately followed by punches and kicks RT tests, also in random order. For induction of lower and upper body-specific muscle fatigue, the ITStriker app was used, which operates by emitting sound signals transmitted by a smartphone. One-way repeated measures ANOVA was performed, and significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Regarding the mean punches RT, significant effects between situations for the upper (F(2,22) = 11.5; ω2 = 0.23; p < 0.001) and lower body (F(2,22) = 14.2; ω2 = 0.18; p < 0.001) fatigue protocols were found. The negative effect of the lower body fatigue protocol in punches RT was evident regardless of the order of the tests (punch RT first: Δ = 10.5%; t = 4.4; p < 0.001; d = 1.0; kick RT first: Δ = 11.4%; t = 4.8; p < 0.001; d = 1.1). Regarding mean kicks RT, significant effects were found between situations for the lower (F(2,22) = 16.6; ω2 = 0.27; p < 0.001) but not for the upper (F(2,22) = 2.3; ω2 = 0.02; p = 0.12) body fatigue protocols. Kick RTs were negatively affected by the lower body fatigue protocol regardless of the RT order applied (punch RT first: Δ = 7.5%; t = 3.0; p = 0.01; d = 0.8; kick RT first: Δ = 14.3%; t = 5.7; p < 0.001; d = 1.5). Upper body fatigue does not impair punch or kick RTs. Thus, it is concluded that the specificity of fatigue protocols and striking order should be considered while performing RT demanding techniques in karate practice. Specifically, lower body motor fatigue may impair both kicks and punches RT, which highlights the role of lower limbs in punches performance. Otherwise, upper body motor fatigue seems to induce impairments that are limited to the specific motor actions of this body segment.

The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on performance, oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics, and lower limb muscle oxygenation during three successive time-to-exhaustions (TTEs) in cyclists. This was a double-blind, randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled trial study. Sixteen cyclists (~23 years) with a cycling training volume of ~460 km/week volunteered for this study. In the first session, cyclists performed a maximal incremental test to determine maximal oxygen uptake and maximal power output (POMAX). In the following sessions, cyclists performed three consecutive TTEs at POMAX. Before each test, PBMT (135 J/thigh) or a placebo (PLA) was applied to both thighs. VO2 amplitude, O2 deficit, time delay, oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb), deoxyhemoglobin (HHb), and total hemoglobin (tHb) were measured during tests on the right vastus lateralis. The PBMT applied before three successive TTE increased performance of the first and second TTE (~10–12%) tests, speed of VO2 and HHb kinetics during the first test, and increased peripheral muscle oxygenation (increase in HHb and tHb) in the first and second exhaustion tests. However, the PBMT effects were attenuated in the third TTE, as performance and all the other outcomes were similar to the ones from the PLA intervention. In summary, PBMT application increased the first and second successive TTEs, speed of VO2, and muscle oxygenation.

The aim of this study was to determine if quadriceps morphology [muscle volume (MV); cross-sectional area (CSA)], vastus lateralis (VL) muscle architecture, and muscle quality [echo intensity (ECHO)] can explain differences in knee extensor maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), crank torque (CT) and time-to-exhaustion (TTE) in trained cyclists. Twenty male competitive cyclists performed a maximal incremental ramp to determine their maximal power output (POMAX). Muscle morphology (MV; CSA), muscle architecture of VL and muscle quality (ECHO) of both quadriceps muscles were assessed. Subsequently, cyclists performed three MVICs of both knee extensor muscles and finally performed a TTE test at POMAX with CT measurement during TTE. Stepwise multiple regression results revealed right quadriceps MV determined right MVIC (31%) and CT (33%). Left MV determined CT (24%); and left VL fascicle length (VL-FL) determined MVIC (64%). However, quadriceps morphological variables do not explain differences in TTE. No significant differences were observed between left and right quadriceps muscle morphology (p > 0.05). The findings emphasize that quadriceps MV is an important determinant of knee extensor MVIC and CT but does not explain differences in TTE at POMAX. Furthermore, quadriceps morphological variables were similar between the left and right quadriceps in competitive cyclists.

This study aimed to verify the effect of a pace training session at an intensity corresponding to the kick frequency at the anaerobic threshold (KFAT) on the internal load response and motor response performance of the roundhouse kick. Twelve black belt taekwondo athletes underwent two evaluation sessions: (1) performed the progressive specific test for taekwondo (PSTT) to identify the heart rate deflection point (HRDP) and the KFAT; (2) performed three 2-min rounds with a 1-min interval. Heart rate (HR) throughout each round and motor response performance before and after sessions were measured. The Student's T-test or Wilcoxon test was used, and p < 0.05 was adopted. During round 1, a lower internal load was observed (167 ± 10 bpm) compared with HRDP (179 ± 8 bpm; p = 0.035). During rounds 2 (178 ± 10 bpm; p = 0.745) and 3 (179 ± 8 bpm; p = 1), no differences were observed for an internal load and HRDP. Motor response performance showed no differences. However, a potentiation in the post countermovement jump test compared with rounds 1 (p = 0.012) and 2 (p = 0.028) was observed. The internal load (HR) observed at the intensity corresponding to KFAT can be considered in the prescription of training when the aim is to control the internal load responses without inducing fatigue.

RESUMO O objetivo foi analisar o perfil das teses e seus artigos em relação às áreas de concentração do PPGEF/UFSC. Analisaram-se 103 teses e 196 artigos (2009-2019), das áreas: Biodinâmica do Desempenho Humano (BDH), Teoria e Prática Pedagógica (TPP) e Atividade Física e Saúde (AFS). Dentre as teses defendidas, predominaram as temáticas relacionadas às suas próprias áreas de concentração, pesquisas quantitativas, de campo, de levantamento e experimentais. Referente aos artigos, verificou-se maior publicação em periódicos de estrato A do WebQualis/CAPES e com fator de impacto especialmente na BDH e AFS. Conclui-se que o PPGEF/UFSC tem gerado conhecimento satisfatório e diversificado nas três áreas, com crescente defesa de teses e produção de artigos de qualidade.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of juçara juice on oxidative stress biomarkers and fatigue in a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session. Fifteen physically active men were assigned to drink 250 mL of juçara juice or water (control) 1 h before exercise. Blood samples were collected 1 h prior to exercise, immediately post exercise, and 1 h post exercise. From the relative average changes, a decrease in oxidative stress index was observed immediately post exercise (P = 0.020) and an increase in reduced glutathione 1 h post exercise (P = 0.044) in the juçara juice intake group in relation to the control. Juçara juice intake also promoted increases in plasma total phenols (P = 0.020), and uric acid (P = 0.001) over time. Moreover, individuals who consumed juçara juice presented lower fatigue compared to the control (P

Previous evidence has shown that the consumption of fruit-derived anthocyanins may have exercise benefits. This review aimed to summarize the effects of fruit-derived anthocyanins on cycling-induced responses and cycling performance. Medline, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus online databases were searched. Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria. The fruit-derived anthocyanins used in these studies were from cherry (n = 6), blackcurrant (n = 8), pomegranate (n = 2), açai (n = 1), and juçara fruit (n = 2), and were offered in juice, pulp, powder, freeze-dried powder, and extract form. The supplementation time ranged from acute consumption to 20 days, and the amount of anthocyanins administered in the studies ranged from 18 to 552 mg/day. The studies addressed effects on oxidative stress (n = 5), inflammation (n = 4), muscle damage (n = 3), fatigue (n = 2), nitric oxide biomarkers (n = 2), vascular function (n = 2), muscle oxygenation (n = 2), performance (n = 14), substrate oxidation (n = 6), and cardiometabolic markers (n = 3). The potential ergogenic effect of anthocyanin supplementation on cycling-induced responses seems to be related to lower oxidative stress, inflammation, muscle damage, and fatigue, and increased production of nitric oxide, with subsequent improvements in vascular function and muscle oxygenation leading to improved performance. In addition, the observed increase in fat oxidation can direct nutritional strategies to change the use of substrate and improve performance.

Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o efeito agudo de um exercício de duas horas de ciclismo envolvendo sprints repetidos sobre a perda de força muscular e sobre as concentrações séricas de creatina quinase (CK) e lactato desidrogenase (LDH). A amostra foi constituída por nove ciclistas competitivos do sexo masculino (idade: 25,8 ± 3,4 anos; VO2max: 63,7 ± 6,7 ml·kg-1·min-1). Para determinar as concentrações plasmáticas de CK e LDH foram coletados 5 ml de sangue da veia cubital do braço dos sujeitos antes e imediatamente após a realização de duas horas de ciclismo envolvendo 8 sprints de 15 s de duração. Antes e após o teste de ciclismo também foram analisadas contrações isométricas voluntárias máximas. Resultados e discussão: Foram observados aumentos significativos (p

Several studies showed that respiratory exchange ratio (RER) have been used as an alternative to evaluate the aerobic capacity in a single incremental test. However, few studies have investigated trained runners. The aim of this study was to verify if the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) could be used as an alternative criterion for estimating anaerobic threshold (AT) in long-distance runners. Nineteen male long-distance runners volunteered to participate in the study. An incremental treadmill test was performed with initial speed of 10 km·h-1 with increments of 1 km·h-1 every 1 min until voluntary exhaustion. The variables measured were oxygen uptake (VO2), first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2, respectively), intensity corresponding to RER level of 1.0 (iRER1.0), peak velocity (PV), heart rate (HR), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE). One-way repeated measure analysis variance was used, following Bonferroni post hoc test. Agreement between parameters was evaluated by Pearson correlation and dispersion error. There were no significant differences between iRER1.0 and VT2 parameters. The correlations were significant between iRER1.0 and VT2 parameters for absolute and relative VO2, speed, and HR (r=0.95; r=0.60; r=0.72; r=0.81, respectively). A small mean error (-0.2 km·h-1) was observed between iRER1.0 and VT2. However, it was also observed an overestimation trend for high speeds. In conclusion, iRER1.0 can be used as an alternative method to detect AT in long distance runners. However, its use is limited in runners with high aerobic capacity.

Fatigue and muscle damage negatively affect performance in lower limb exercises involving the stretch-shortening cycle in judo athletes during competition and training sessions. Photobiomodulation therapy has emerged as an effective non-invasive strategy to attenuate fatigue and muscle damage when applied before different types of exercises. Our objective was to investigate the effects of photobiomodulation therapy on fatigue and muscle damage in judo athletes. Sixteen judo athletes participated in the study (23.1 ± 3.8 years, 77.9 ± 14.9 kg, 173.1 ± 8.9 cm, 17.5 ± 7.3 body fat%, 12.9 ± 5.0 years of practice). Each participant received, in a randomized manner, photobiomodulation in one limb and placebo in the contralateral limb on the same day. Thereafter, subjects performed a stretch-shortening cycle protocol to induce muscle fatigue and damage. Countermovement jump (impulse, peak power, peak velocity, and peak force), echo intensity (rectus femoris and vastus lateralis), and muscle soreness were assessed at different time points before, during, immediately post, and 24 and 48 h after the protocol. Muscle fatigue was detected due to reductions in countermovement jump impulse (14.7 ± 9.8 and 15.9 ± 15.5%), peak power (12.9 ± 8.5 and 11.9 ± 6.9%), peak velocity (8.6 ± 8.1 and 6.5 ± 6.0%), and peak force (7.0 ± 5.3 and 8.0 ± 6.1%) after the protocol (p < 0.001), for placebo and photobiomodulation therapy, respectively. Muscle damage was detected due to reductions in countermovement jump impulse (−6.1 ± 19.2% and −4.5 ± 9.2%, p < 0.05), increases in echo intensity (rectus femoris, 21.0 ± 11.9 and 20.8 ± 9.0%; and vastus lateralis, 22.4 ± 23.2%; and 16.7 ± 23.8%; p < 0.001), and quadriceps muscle soreness (3.6 ± 1.6 and 3.5 ± 1.7 a.u; p < 0.011), 48 h after the protocol, for placebo and photobiomodulation therapy, respectively. No differences were observed between photobiomodulation therapy and placebo at any time points for any variables (p > 0.05), indicating no positive effect favoring photobiomodulation therapy. In conclusion, our findings suggest no effect of photobiomodulation therapy applied before exercise to reduce lower limb muscle fatigue and damage during and following a stretch-shortening cycle protocol in judo athletes.

Assimetrias na pedalada quantificadas durante o ciclismo estacionário, em que a postura do ciclista e a intensidade não mudam significativamente, podem não reproduzir situações de treino e competições em que os ciclistas experimentam diferentes intensidades e optam por mudar a postura no selim para otimização da potência. Estudos prévios mostraram assimetrias no torque e potência de ciclistas. Não é claro se mudanças na posição do selim e intensidade afetam essas assimetrias. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar as assimetrias na pedalada durante o ciclismo em diferentes alturas de selim e diferentes intensidades de esforço. Doze ciclistas competitivos realizaram um teste incremental máximo, um teste de carga constante (domínio severo) e um teste de Wingate. Os testes de carga constante e Wingate foram repetidos usando três alturas de selim (referência e 2,5% abaixo ou acima da referência, que foi medida pela distância da sínfise púbica até o solo). O torque gerado no pedivela foi medido durante todo o ciclo de pedalada. Assimetrias (maior torque na perna preferida) foram encontradas em todas as alturas de selim (p

The aim of the present study was to correlate two specific kimono grip strength tests (KGST) with elbow flexors and extensors isokinetic parameters in Jiu Jitsu (JJ) athletes. Fifteen male JJ athletes, from blue to black belt, participated in the study. The two KGST were: maximum static lift (MSL), and maximum number of repetitions (MNR), both gripping a kimono wrapped around a bar. Isokinetic tests consisted of three sets of 5 s elbow flexion-extension maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) in three different elbow angles (45, 90 and 120°), and two sets of five concentric-eccentric elbow flexion-extension maximum dynamic contractions at 60°·s-1, to determine peak torque (PT). Absolute values of MSL and MNR were 41.4 ± 16.2 s and 10 ± 5 reps, respectively, and tests presented a nearly perfect correlation among them (r=0.91; p

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the anaerobic performance and muscle activation during a supramaximal cycling test at three different saddle positions. Twelve competitive cyclists completed an incremental cycling test and three 30-s Wingate tests in three different saddle heights (reference, downward, and upward), in a random order, on different days. The saddle height was individually shifted downward and upward (seeing 2.5% of the distance from the pubic symphysis to ground) from the reference position. The electromyographic signal (EMG) data was obtained from the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris (long head), and gastrocnemius lateralis in order to assess muscle activation during the entire test. The anaerobic variables and the EMG data were divided into six consecutive windows of 5-s. The EMG signals were normalized by the first 5-s window of the reference position to provide the percentage changes throughout the test. The results suggest that during a 30-s Wingate test small changes in saddle height result in greater peak power output (reference=1380±241 W; downward=1497±175 W, p=0.036; upward=1491±225 W, p=0.049) and greater activation period for vastus lateralis (reference=33.6%, downward=33.2%, upward=35.0%; p=0.001) in comparision to rectus femoris (reference=24.5%, downward=25.2%, upward=23.7%), biceps femoris (reference=20.7%, downward=20.8%, upward=19.9%), and gastrocnemius lateralis (reference=21.2%, downward=20.8%, upward=19.9%). The results suggest that small adjustments in saddle height may affect the force-length relationship of the muscles of the lower limb, and consequently their recruitment pattern and their ability to generate force.

This study aimed to analyze the anaerobic performance and muscle activation during a supramaximal cycling test at three different saddle positions. Twelve competitive cyclists completed an incremental cycling test and three 30-s Wingate tests in three different saddle heights (reference, downward, and upward), in a random order, on different days. The saddle height was individually shifted downward and upward (seeing 2.5% of the distance from the pubic symphysis to ground) from the reference position. The electromyographic signal (EMG) data was obtained from the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris (long head), and gastrocnemius lateralis in order to assess muscle activation during the entire test. The anaerobic variables and the EMG data were divided into six consecutive windows of 5-s. The EMG signals were normalized by the first 5-s window of the reference position to provide the percentage changes throughout the test. The results suggest that during a 30-s Wingate test small changes in saddle height result in greater peak power output (reference=1380±241 W; downward=1497±175 W, p=0.036; upward=1491±225 W, p=0.049) and greater activation period for vastus lateralis (reference=33.6%, downward=33.2%, upward=35.0%; p=0.001) in comparision to rectus femoris (reference=24.5%, downward=25.2%, upward=23.7%), biceps femoris (reference=20.7%, downward=20.8%, upward=19.9%), and gastrocnemius lateralis (reference=21.2%, downward=20.8%, upward=19.9%). The results suggest that small adjustments in saddle height may affect the force-length relationship of the muscles of the lower limb, and consequently their recruitment pattern and their ability to generate force.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the critical stroke rate (CSR) compared to the average stroke rate (SR) when swimming at the critical speed (CS). Ten competitive swimmers performed five 200 m trials at different velocities relative to their CS (90, 95, 100, 103 and 105%) in front crawl. The CSR was significantly higher than the SR at 90% of the CS and lower at 105% of the CS. Stroke length (SL) at 103 and 105% of the CS were lower than the SL at 90, 95, and 100% of the CS. The combination of the CS and CSR concepts can be useful for improving both aerobic capacity/power and technique. CS and CSR could be used to reduce the SR and increase the SL, when swimming at the CS pace, or to increase the swimming speed when swimming at the CSR.

The aim of this study was to compare anthropometric characteristics and aerobic and anaerobic fitness between competitive cyclists and triathletes. The sample consisted of 11cyclists and 12 triathletes with experience in competitions. The tests were performed on two different days, with an interval of 48 h between sessions. On the first day,the athletes were submitted to anthropometric assessment (body mass, height,and skinfold thickness) and a maximal incremental test to determine maximal oxygen uptake, maximum power, maximum heart rate, maximum lactate, and the first (LL1) and second lactate threshold (LL2). The Wingate test was conducted on the second day to determine peak power, average power, and fatigue index. There were significant difference (p < 0.05), with medium effect size (0.80- 1.5), in mid-thigh skinfold thickness (15.2 ± 6.3 and 10.5 ± 4.8 mm), power at LL1 (195.0 ± 30.9 and 162.7 ± 28.3 W), power at LL2 (247.6 ± 25.0 and 219.7± 37.9 W), and fatigue index (47.2 ± 13.0 and 60.1 ± 16.4%) between cyclists and triathletes, respectively. The other variables did not differ between groups. Anthropometric characteristics are similar in triathletes and cyclists. However, cyclists present higher power outputs at the lactate thresholds (LL1 and LL2) and lower fatigue indexes.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência da fadiga na técnica de pedalada durante teste de ciclismo máximo até a exaustão. Oito ciclistas treinados realizaram um teste incremental máximo e um teste de carga constante até a exaustão com 48 horas de intervalo. As forças resultante (FR) e efetiva (FE) aplicadas no pedal foram calculadas para a determinação do índice de efetividade (IE). A FE apresentou aumento entre o início e fim do teste (de 125 ± 16 para 169 ± 52 N, p=0,03), enquanto o IE e a FR não apresentaram alterações (de 0,55 ± 0,10 para 0,59 ± 0,08, p=0,14; de 230 ± 33 para 284 ± 72 N, p=0,08, respectivamente). O tornozelo apresentou aumento na amplitude de movimento (de 19º ± 4,69 para 28 ± 7,29º, pThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of fatigue on the pedaling technique during maximal cycling test until exhaustion. Eight well-trained cyclists completed an incremental test and a constant workload cycling test until exhaustion with 48 hours of rest. The resultant (FR) and effective (FE) forces were calculated to obtain the index of effectiveness (IE). FE increased from the start to the end of the test (from 125 ± 16 to 169 ± 52 N, p=0.03), whereas no differences were observed for IE and FR (from 0.55 ± 0.10 to 0.59 ± 0.08, p=0.14; from 230 ± 33 to 284 ± 72 N, p=0.08, respectively). Increases in ankle joint range of motion were observed (from 19º ± 4.69 to 28 ± 7.29º, p

Extensively unilateral recruitment for daily activities may determine performance asymmetries in favor of the preferred side eliciting functional adaptation. Our study evaluated asymmetries in elbow torque output between preferred and non-preferred limbs. Eighteen subjects performed maximal elbow flexor and extensor isometric contractions at five different elbow joint angles (0º, 30º, 60º, 90º, 120º) and five different angular velocities (60, 120, 180, 240, 300º.s-1) on an isokinetic dynamometer. Higher flexor torque in favor of preferred arm was observed at 90º of flexion (pO frequente recrutamento unilateral de membros superiores pode determinar assimetrias de desempenho em favor do lado preferido, resultando em adaptação funcional. Assimetrias no torque gerado pelos músculos do cotovelo entre o membro preferido e não-preferido foram avaliadas. Dezoito sujeitos realizaram contrações máximas de flexo-extensão do cotovelo em cinco ângulos articulares (0º, 30º, 60º, 90º, 120º) e cinco velocidades angulares (60, 120, 180, 240, 300º.s-1) em um dinamômetro isocinético. Torque flexor mais elevado em favor do lado preferido foi encontrado no ângulo de 90º (p

Lower limb muscles activation was assessed during cycling to exhaustion using frequency band analysis. Nine cyclists were evaluated in two days. On the first day, cyclists performed a maximal incremental cycling exercise to measure peak power output, which was used on the second day to define the workload for a constant load time to exhaustion cycling exercise (maximal aerobic power output from day 1). Muscle activation of vastus lateralis (VL), long head of biceps femoris (BF), lateral head of gastrocnemius (GL), and tibialis anterior (TA) from the right lower limb was recorded during the time to exhaustion cycling exercise. A series of nine band-pass Butterworth digital filters was used to analyze muscle activity amplitude for each band. The overall amplitude of activation and the high and low frequency components were defined to assess the magnitude of fatigue effects on muscle activity via effect sizes. The profile of the overall muscle activation during the test was analyzed using a second order polynomial, and the variability of the overall bands was analyzed by the coefficient of variation for each muscle in each instant of the test. Substantial reduction in the high frequency components of VL and BF activation was observed. The overall and low frequency bands presented trivial to small changes for all muscles. High relationship between the second order polynomial fitting and muscle activity was found (R2 > 0.89) for all muscles. High variability (~25%) was found for muscle activation at the four instants of the fatigue test. Changes in the spectral properties of the EMG signal were only substantial when extreme changes in fatigue state were induced.

Lower limb muscles activation was assessed during cycling to exhaustion using frequency band analysis. Nine cyclists were evaluated in two days. On the first day, cyclists performed a maximal incremental cycling exercise to measure peak power output, which was used on the second day to define the workload for a constant load time to exhaustion cycling exercise (maximal aerobic power output from day 1). Muscle activation of vastus lateralis (VL), long head of biceps femoris (BF), lateral head of gastrocnemius (GL), and tibialis anterior (TA) from the right lower limb was recorded during the time to exhaustion cycling exercise. A series of nine band-pass Butterworth digital filters was used to analyze muscle activity amplitude for each band. The overall amplitude of activation and the high and low frequency components were defined to assess the magnitude of fatigue effects on muscle activity via effect sizes. The profile of the overall muscle activation during the test was analyzed using a second order polynomial, and the variability of the overall bands was analyzed by the coefficient of variation for each muscle in each instant of the test. Substantial reduction in the high frequency components of VL and BF activation was observed. The overall and low frequency bands presented trivial to small changes for all muscles. High relationship between the second order polynomial fitting and muscle activity was found (R2 > 0.89) for all muscles. High variability (~25%) was found for muscle activation at the four instants of the fatigue test. Changes in the spectral properties of the EMG signal were only substantial when extreme changes in fatigue state were induced.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar os efeitos de diferentes percentuais da velocidade crítica (VC) na frequência cardíaca (FC), na frequência média de ciclos de braçadas (FB), na distância média que o corpo desloca a cada ciclo de braçada (DC) e no esforço percebido (EP) no nado crawl. Quinze nadadores, de ambos os sexos, realizaram cinco repetições de 200 m em diferentes percentuais da VC (90, 95, 100, 103 e 105%), em ordem aleatória. A FC, o EP e a FB apresentaram correlação significante positiva com os percentuais da VC (rho = 0,585, p0,05). Os resultados nos percentuais prescritos da VC podem ajudar técnicos a entender o impacto das respostas relacionadas à carga interna durante as sessões de

A mudança da posição do corpo sobre a bicicleta tem sido relacionada a alterações na ativação dos músculos do membro inferior. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a ativação dos músculos "Tibialis Anterior", "Gastrocnemius Medialis", "Biceps Femoris", "Rectus Femoris", "Vastus Lateralis", "Adductor Longus" e "Gluteus Maximus" nas seguintes situações: 1) posição de referência (posição preferida); 2) posição de adução (joelhos tangenciando o quadro da bicicleta); 3) posição de abdução (joelhos afastados do quadro da bicicleta). Seis atletas com experiência competitiva em ciclismo foram avaliados por meio da eletromiografia de superfície (EMG). Todos pedalaram em suas próprias bicicletas montadas em um ciclosimulador, com carga de trabalho normalizada pelo VO2 de forma que a taxa de troca respiratória se mantivesse entre 0,8 e 1,0. A ativação muscular foi analisada por meio da comparação da média do envelope RMS e do período de ativação para cada um dos músculos, nas três posições avaliadas. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para a média do envelope RMS e para o período de ativação dos músculos nas três posições avaliadas, à exceção do "Adductor Longus". Observou-se maior ativação (36 ± 6%) deste músculo na posição de adução comparado a posição de abdução (25 ± 11%) para um valor de significância de p = 0,02, sem diferenças em relação a posição de referência (27 ± 7%). Estes resultados sugerem que não ocorrem alterações substanciais na ativação dos principais músculos do membro inferior quando a posição dos joelhos no plano frontal é alterada e a carga de trabalho é mantida, à exceção do aumento da participação do "Adductor Longus".Cyclist's body position on the bike has been related to changes in muscle activation. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the activation of Tibialis Anterior, Gastrocnemius Medialis, Biceps Femoris, Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Adductor Longus e Gluteus Maximus muscles in three conditions: 1) reference position (preferred position); 2) adduction position (knees almost touching the bicycle frame); 3) abduction position (knees away from the bicycle frame). Six athletes with competitive experience in cycling were evaluated using surface electromyography. They pedalled using their own bicycles mounted on a wind-trainer, with a workload relative to the second ventilatory threshold. Muscle activation was defined by the mean value of the RMS envelope and by the activation period for the three evaluated positions. There were no significant differences in muscles' RMS or activation period between the three positions, except for the Adductor Longus muscle. In adduction position, this muscle was more activated (36 ± 6%), compared to the abduction position (25 ± 11%) for a significance level of p = 0.02, without significant differences for the reference position (27 ± 7%). These results indicate that there is no substantial difference in the activation of the most important muscles of the lower limb when the position of the knee is changed in the frontal plane for the same workload level, with the Adductor Longus as an exception.

Através de revisão sistemática, fez-se um levantamento de estudos que tratam do posicionamento corporal adequado para o ciclismo. Para isso, buscou-se por referências em língua Portuguesa e Inglesa, nas bases de dados LILACS, ScienceDirect, SciELO e MEDLINE. Os descritores utilizados para a busca dos artigos foram: posicionamento corporal + ciclismo; ajuste + bicicleta; postura + ciclismo; body positioning + cycling; bicycle fitting; cycling posture. Foram considerados artigos originais, de revisão simples, dissertações de mestrado e livros que tratassem de forma clara e objetiva o assunto, desde que publicados entre 1993 e 2009 (outubro). No total 20 estudos atenderam esses requisitos. De modo geral, estes sugerem que o conhecimento e habilidade para ajustar a bicicleta são úteis, no entanto, mesmo existindo protocolos para o ajuste adequado da bicicleta ao ciclista, os estudos denotam que a maioria dos ciclistas ainda as utiliza de forma errônea. Isso sugere a dificuldade de acesso aos estudos.By means of systematic review a surveying of English and Portuguese language studies concerning the expected body positioning for improvement of cycling. Search engines used were LILACS, ScienceDirect, SciELO and MEDLINE. The keywords used to find relevant papers were: posicionamento corporal + ciclismo; ajuste + bicicleta; postura + ciclismo; body positioning + cycling; bicycle fitting; cycling posture. Original papers, short review papers, master thesis and books published from 1993 to 2009 (October) were considered when the main subject of discussion was the topic of interest. A total of 20 studies were considered. In general, the studies suggest that is will be useful to know about the bicycle fitting. Even so protocols for body positioning evaluation are available, most of studies concluded that cyclists are not able to use this protocol correctly. It suggests the difficult to access studies.

The purpose of this study was to compare the force applied to the pedal when cycling with the knees almost touching the bicycle frame (adduction position) compared to the position usually adopted by cyclists (reference position) and a position of the knees away from the bicycle frame (abduction position). Six cyclists were evaluated. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2MAX) was defined, and then the three different knee positions on the frontal plane were assessed. Three minutes of cycling in the reference position, adduction position and abduction position were conducted, using oxygen uptake (VO2) at which the cyclists had achieved the second ventilatory threshold. An instrumented two-dimensional pedal was used to measure the forces applied to the right pedal. The average VO2 and power output did not differ between the adduction (50.4±6.9 ml.kg-1.min-1 and 263±29 W), abduction (50.8±5.9 ml.kg-1.min-1 and 250±46 W) and reference position (50.4±5.9 ml.kg-1.min-1 and 246±47 W). Pedaling cadence increased significantly during adduction (94±8 rpm) and abduction (95±5 rpm) compared to the reference position (89±8 rpm). The force results indicated no differences in the effective force or effectiveness index between the reference, adduction and abduction positions. Resultant force increased during adduction (284.5±44.5 N) compared to the reference position (246.9±39.2 N). The results indicate that the cyclists were able to generate higher resultant force during cycling with the knees close to the bicycle frame, but were unable to effectively transmit this force to the movement.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar medidas antropométricas (massa corporal, estatura e percentual de gordura) e a amplitude de movimento (ADM) de dorsiflexão e plantiflexão entre três diferentes grupos: bailarinas clássicas (n=14), jogadoras de voleibol (n=22) e mulheres fisicamente ativas (n=13). Assumiu-se que diferentes demandas funcionais deveriam produzir alterações nas medidas antropométricas e de ADM entre os três grupos. A massa corporal e a estatura foram maiores nas atletas de voleibol (66,42 ± 5,8 kg; 174,77 ± 5,6 cm), seguidas das mulheres fisicamente ativas (59,93 ± 10,3 kg; 164 ± 7,5 cm) e das bailarinas clássicas (49,25 ± 4,5 kg; 157,03 ± 3,6 cm), respectivamente (p

The purpose of this study was to compare the force applied to the pedal when cycling with the knees almost touching the bicycle frame (adduction position) compared to the position usually adopted by cyclists (reference position) and a position of the knees away from the bicycle frame (abduction position). Six cyclists were evaluated. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2MAX) was defined, and then the three different knee positions on the frontal plane were assessed. Three minutes of cycling in the reference position, adduction position and abduction position were conducted, using oxygen uptake (VO2) at which the cyclists had achieved the second ventilatory threshold. An instrumented two-dimensional pedal was used to measure the forces applied to the right pedal. The average VO2 and power output did not differ between the adduction (50.4±6.9 ml.kg-1.min-1 and 263±29 W), abduction (50.8±5.9 ml.kg-1.min-1 and 250±46 W) and reference position (50.4±5.9 ml.kg-1.min-1 and 246±47 W). Pedaling cadence increased significantly during adduction (94±8 rpm) and abduction (95±5 rpm) compared to the reference position (89±8 rpm). The force results indicated no differences in the effective force or effectiveness index between the reference, adduction and abduction positions. Resultant force increased during adduction (284.5±44.5 N) compared to the reference position (246.9±39.2 N). The results indicate that the cyclists were able to generate higher resultant force during cycling with the knees close to the bicycle frame, but were unable to effectively transmit this force to the movement.

The objective of this study was to compare anthropometric variables (body weight, height, and percent body fat) and plantarflexion and dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) between three different groups of women: classical ballet dancers (n=14), volleyball players (n=22) and physically active subjects (n=13). The assumption was that different functional requirements should produce differences in the anthropometric variables and ROM between the three groups. Body weight and height were higher in volleyball players (66.42 ± 5.8 kg; 174.77 ± 5.6 cm), followed by physically active women (59.93 ±10.3 kg; 164 ± 7.5 cm) and ballet dancers (49.25 ± 4.5 kg; 157.03 ± 3.6 cm) (p

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2008v10n2p161 The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects on muscle activation pattern of different saddle positions during cycling. Three elite cyclists followed a protocol that consisted of four different saddles positions, displaced forward, backward, upward and downward with relation to the reference position used in training and competition. In all tests the saddle was displaced by 1cm. The cyclists’ bicycles were mounted on a magnetic cycle simulator. The load was normalized at the second ventilatory threshold. Muscle activation of six lower limb muscles was registered: gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis, and tibialis anterior. The results demonstrated that relatively small saddle adjustments can affect the pattern of muscle activation and probably cycling technique.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects on muscle activation pattern of different saddle positions during cycling. Three elite cyclists followed a protocol that consisted of four different saddles positions, displaced forward, backward, upward and downward with relation to the reference position used in training and competition. In all tests the saddle was displaced by 1cm. The cyclists’ bicycles were mounted on a magnetic cycle simulator. The load was normalized at the second ventilatory threshold. Muscle activation of six lower limb muscles was registered: gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis, and tibialis anterior. The results demonstrated that relatively small saddle adjustments can affect the pattern of muscle activation and probably cycling technique. Resumo ResumoO objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os efeitos de diferentes posicionamentos do selim no padrão de ativação elétrica durante a pedalada. Três ciclistas de elite foram submetidos a um protocolo que constou da avaliação de quatro diferentes posições de selim (para frente, para trás, para cima e para baixo), assumindo como posição de referência a posição usada durante os treino e competição. O deslocamento do selim foi de 1 cm para todas as posições. As bicicletas dos ciclistas foram acopladas a um ciclossimulador magnético. A carga do teste foi normalizada utilizando um critério fisiológico, garantindo assim o mesmo nível de esforço para todos os sujeitos. A atividade elétrica de seis músculos do membro inferior foi mensurada: gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis, e tibialis anterior. Os resultados demonstram que pequenos ajustes na posição do selim podem afetar os padrões de ativação elétrica e provavelmente a técnica de pedalada.

Abstract The present study aimed to compare the power, anaerobic capacity (AC) and performance in a road bicycle race among cyclists with and without risk of disordered eating behaviors (DEB). The sample was selected in a non-probabilistic way, totaling 69 male road cyclists aged between 19 and 30 years. The Wingate test was used to evaluate peak power (PP) and mean power. Time in minutes was adopted to determine performance in a 120-km road cycling race (competitive event). The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) was completed to assess DEBs. The results did not indicate a difference in PP among cyclists with and without risk of DEBs (F (2, 67)=3.92; p=0.13). Findings showed a difference in mean power among cyclists with and without risk of DEBs (F (2, 67)=36.43; p=0.01). The results revealed a difference in performance in 120-km cycling races among cyclists with and without risk of DEBs (F (2, 67)=46.03; p=0.01). It could be concluded that DEBs were associated with a lower mean power and performance in a competitive event among male road cyclists, although the same was not true for PP.