Search

The analysis of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and of bulk ground samples by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) was investigated as an alternative to individual kernel testing for assessing the presence of local cultivars in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varietal blends. The recent Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) of ‘Pan Galego’ (Galician bread) requires that the flour comprise a minimum 25% local wheat cultivars. As a test for compliance with this minimum level, wheat flours were prepared by mixing commercial flours with 0%, 5%, 20%, 25% and 30% ‘Caaveiro’ and 100% ‘Caaveiro’ and 100% commercial flours were used as controls. A second analysis was performed with a second set of wheat flours with 5% and 25% ‘Caaveiro’. These were mixed with two different commercial flours to assess the potential ability of five SSRs to identify the percentage of ‘Caaveiro’, constituting the first reference of the use of SSRs in the traceability of specific autochthonous cultivars in flour blends. ddPCR using the QX200 system platform was used to the targeted proportions across the simulated range with two out of five SSRs, indicating that they can be used in the traceability of ‘Caaveiro’ in mixed flours and breads SI

Tourism in the wine region of Central Serbia has been gaining more and more affirmation in recent years. This wine destination offers to tourists a rich wine culture and recreation. Also, as a special supplement to wine tourism, ecotourism is especially promoted, in combination with quality wines with geographical origin. The basic analysis of this study is to identify potential locations for ecotourism activities in the wine region of Central Serbia based on physical-geographical elements (topography, altitude, slope, land use / coverage, diversity, distance from rivers) and socio-economic data (proximity to tourist attractions, distance from major roads and places). The integration of the Geographic Information System (GIS) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) greatly facilitates the decision-making process in the assessment of ecotourism activities. As a result of this paper, a map of benefits for the development of ecotourism potentials was highlighted. Very high potential is shown by forest areas that can play a key role in tourism but are not fully used. This analysis helps in two ways: the promotion of ecotourism and viticultural destinations. In particular, in the assessment and implementation for local communities to identify tourism as an opportunity for economic development.

Relay-assisted wireless communications, where both the relay and the final destiny employ diversity-combining techniques, represent a compelling strategy for improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for mobile terminals, mainly at millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency bands. In this sense, this work considers a wireless network that employs a dual-hop decode-and-forward (DF) relaying protocol, in which the receivers at the relay and at the base station (BS) use an antenna array. Moreover, it is considered that the received signals are combined at reception using equal-gain-combining (EGC). Recent works have enthusiastically employed the Weibull distribution so as to emulate the small-scale fading behavior in mmWave frequencies, which also motivates its use in the present work. For this scenario, exact and asymptotic expressions for the system’s outage probability (OP) and average bit error probability (ABEP) are derived in closed form. Useful insights are gained from these expressions. More precisely, they illustrate how the system and fading parameters affect the performance of the DF-EGC system. Monte Carlo simulations corroborate the accuracy and validity of the derived expressions. Furthermore, the mean achievable rate of the considered system is also evaluated via simulations. Useful insights regarding the system performance are obtained from these numerical results.

Crop rotation represents a potentially sustainable strategy to address environmental problems of intensive agricultural practices, such as soil degradation, biodiversity reduction, and greenhouse gas emissions. This manuscript assesses the environmental and economic implications of introducing lupin cultivation into winter wheat-based rotation systems under an organic regime in Galicia, Spain. Life Cycle Assessment methodology was used to determine the environmental impacts of three rotation systems over a six-year period: lupin → wheat → rapeseed (OA1), lupin → potato → wheat (OA2), and lupin → wheat → rapeseed ‖ maize (OA3). For a robust assessment, three functional units were applied: land management (ha), economic indicator (gross margin in euros) and protein content (1 kg of protein-corrected grain). Moreover, the environmental profiles were compared with rotation systems without lupin crop in a conventional regime. In terms of Global Warming, impacts of about 2214, 3119 and 766 kg CO2eq·ha−1 were obtained for OA1, OA2 and OA3, respectively. Moreover, OA1 is the best rotation in terms of land and protein. Meanwhile, OA2 rotation is the best choice in the economic function, as it obtained the highest level of gross margin (5708 €·ha−1). Furthermore, with the exception of acidification, organic systems are less impactful than conventional systems. Ammonia emissions from the use of manure are the reason for these higher impacts. Organic rotations OA1 and OA2 have about 6 % or 15 % less gross margin than their conventional counterparts, respectively, however, an increase of 28 % was obtained for rotation OA3. This study helps decision-makers to implement environmentally and economically viable strategies This research has been supported by the project Enhancing diversity in Mediterranean cereal farming systems (CerealMed) funded by PRIMA Programme and FEDER/Ministry of Science and Innovation–Spanish National Research Agency (PCI2020-111978) and by FEDER 2019/058A project in collaboration with Panaderia da Cunha. R.R.L., S.G.G. and M.T.M. belong to the Galician Competitive Research Groups (GRC)_ED431C-2021/37, co-funded by Xunta de Galicia and FEDER (EU) SI

Crop diversification, as a sustainable land management practice, is a potential strategy to face soil degradation, climate change and food security, being the incorporation of legumes in cereal rotation systems, a strategy that improves soil nutrient levels. In a context of sustainable agriculture, this manuscript aims to evaluate the effect of lupin cultivation from an environmental and economic perspective in Galician winter wheat-based rotation systems. The life cycle analysis (LCA) methodology was applied for three rotation systems over a six-year period: lupin + wheat + oilseed rape (RA1), lupin + potato + wheat (RA2), and lupin + wheat + oilseed rape + maize (RA3). The general approach of this study was to collect primary data associated with the rotation crops to quantify their environmental impacts and economic benefits and to identify their advantages or disadvantages. Comparing and contrasting the environmental profiles based on three functional units: hectare land (ha), financial indicator (gross margin, €) and yield production (kg of wheat grain) allows a robust evaluation of each crop rotation system. Relating to rotations without lupin, the results indicate that for the impact categories evaluated, the introduction of lupin proved to be favourable with notable reductions of 64% and 30% in the environmental categories of Global Warming and Marine Eutrophication, respectively. Moreover, favourable economic consequences were evident in rotations RA1 and RA2 with a 19% and 51% increase in financial indicators, respectively, but with a marginal reduction of 2% in gross margin in RA3. This study motivates stakeholders to understand the environmental impacts of diversification strategies in agricultural systems and serves as a baseline to address the assessment of the social aspects of these systems for a complete sustainability perspective.

Dark tourism is an important part of tourism at some destinations; however, little is known about the factors that influence the overall dark tourism experience. This research aims to contribute to this existing knowledge gap by improving our understanding of the nature of the dark tourism experience and its formation process. Through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 15 tourists in the war zones of Iran, participants were asked to talk about their memorable experiences and why the experience was special to them. Using a grounded theory approach, a theoretical model of memorable dark tourism experiences (MDTEs) was developed and four key factors influencing dark tourism experiences at a destination were identified: learning from dark experiences, spiritual experiences, involvement in activities and emotional experiences. The findings of this study contribute to ongoing efforts in tourism studies to understand the nature of memorable tourism experiences in general and in the context of dark tourism experiences in particular. The theoretical and practical importance of the research results is discussed and various approaches are proposed for future research.

This paper aims to analyze the process of tourism governance based on innovation in the use of ICT as a factor in the development of a smart tourism destination, and its relationship with public-private networks. The empirical analysis refers to the case study of the city of Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Therefore, the following methods were used: literature review, documentary analysis, in-depth and semi-structured interviews with tourism agents of the destination, and content analysis. The Atlas TI 8 software was used for data processing, which enabled a more detailed analysis in the understanding of the object of study of the research, through networks and conceptual maps in the cross-referencing of information. The results show that public-private relationships based on trust, joint decision-making, informal structures, strategic consensus, and the use of ICTs, seem to have a positive impact on the level of development and innovation in the smart tourism destination.

This study analyzes the role of residents in urban tourist destinations affected by the increase in tourist flows, which have generated various problems such as tourism, gentrification and the emergence of tourism as a threat to residents. The role of residents in tourist destinations has not been analyzed regularly during the development process of destinations. We study two cases of historic centers in European cities, with the aim of comparing tourism problems, which are common to most European urban destinations. This study was conducted by administering surveys amongst residents of these historic centers (378 in M&aacute, laga, Spain, and 380 in Gdansk, Poland). These cities show a similar demographic size and urban characteristics. This is the first comparative research on tourism-phobia and gentrification in destinations, a field of analysis that is still not studied much. We develop specific scales to measure gentrification and tourism-phobia, moreover, we study the impact of some tourist problems that affect residents (noise, dirt, occupation of public spaces, etc.), and we show the spatial distribution of tourism-phobia. The same analysis instruments are used for both cities. The results of this study show that the tourism-phobia situation is different in the analyzed destinations. It is more intense in the case of M&aacute, laga than in Gdansk. The two historic centers are especially affected by the processes of increased tourist flows and the growth of new forms of tourist accommodation. The research results show that the residents&rsquo, annoyance caused by tourism gentrification is more intense than tourism-phobia. Both case studies highlight the residents&rsquo, complaints regarding the inadequate management of problems by public stakeholders and control measures.

This study aims to reflect the strong dynamism of the audiovisual world and film tourism. For this purpose, a comparative analysis is carried out between 2014 and 2020, the latter date being affected by the pandemic caused by Covid-19. This study is based on 888 surveys between the mentioned two years, distributed mainly among respondents from Europe and the United States. The results of the research indicate that there are no changes concerning the knowledge of the film tourism term, but differences are observed in the study period regarding the activities linked to this type of tourism, as well as to motivations and travel intentions driven by films or series. Lastly, changes in the popularity or knowledge of film destinations were observed during the study period. The findings of this research are particularly useful for destination managers.

This research examines the relationship between residents of a mature tourist destination and tourism. To do this, the place attachment and rootedness shown by the residents towards the place where they live are assessed, as are their attitudes and level of satisfaction towards tourism. To carry out the research, 770 surveys were completed in the city of Benalm&aacute, dena (Costa del Sol, Spain). Unlike other previous studies on place attachment, the level of place attachment and rootedness are assessed separately, using a specific indicator for rootedness. The results show that place attachment and rootedness behave differently in relation to the attitude towards tourism. Another significant result is that residents&rsquo, attitudes towards tourism in this destination are positive, being more favourable among native residents. Finally, residents show a clear level of place attachment and satisfaction with tourism development, which seems to be related to remarkable social resilience. Despite the strong vulnerability of the mass tourism model, Benalm&aacute, dena displays significant resilience due to its social structure.

The research objective is to analyse the destination image and corporate image of Spain among the Korean university population. We study the moderating effect of the motivation between two potentia...

The objective of this research is to propose a theoretical model based on studies on residents&rsquo, quality of life in smart tourism destinations. Smart tourism destinations are territories based on information and communication technologies (ICT), which improve travelers&rsquo, tourist experiences as well as affect the quality of life of residents. To know the context of the relationships between tourism and quality of life, main studies and theories regarding these two phenomena are analyzed. Likewise, the relationship between smart places and quality of life is also studied. Therefore, a theoretical model on residents&rsquo, quality of life in smart tourism destinations is proposed based on a systematized analysis of the literature. From the theoretical model, it is perceived that residents&rsquo, overall life satisfaction results from the relationship between perceived tourism impacts and satisfaction with specific life factors, and they are measured by qualitative indicators. Also, it is identified that the quality of life of residents is clearly influenced by the impacts of tourism and ICTs. In addition, it is understood that the residents&rsquo, overall life satisfaction corroborates for the further development of the smart tourism destination. Finally, we understand that the knowledge of residents&rsquo, perception and satisfaction of their quality of life contribute to formulation and implementation of urban and tourism development policies in smart tourism destinations.

This study investigates whether local residents&rsquo, sociodemographics and community attachment can influence their perceptions toward the impact of tourism (economic, environmental, and sociocultural effects) and, further, whether these perceptions influence their satisfaction with local tourism management. The perceptions of 467 residents were surveyed from six communities in the region of Petra, Jordan. The results of a regression analysis indicate that the respondents&rsquo, sociodemographics and community attachment influence their perceptions of the impacts of tourism. Gender and distance from tourist sites are found to be very important factors that influence local residents&rsquo, perceptions. In addition, the perceived economic impact is the most important aspect for these respondents, and perceived negative impacts do not significantly influence their satisfaction. Suggestions for future studies in the region and possible implications are discussed.

Satisfaction and perceptions of the residents towards local management were analysed at a World Heritage site such as the region of Petra, Jordan. Contributing to the context of host-guest interaction at World Heritage sites, we investigated the satisfaction towards local management. Using the Social Exchange Theory and partial least squares-structural equation modelling, a model was built and data from 467 surveyed residents were analysed. The model that we developed in this study represents the relationships between several factors related to the region's characteristics, including involvement in tourism development, participation in local organisation, and resident contact with tourists and community attachment. It was found that these factors play a critical role in the residents' perceptions of the economic, environment and socio-cultural impact of tourism development. Our findings suggest that perceptions strongly affect the satisfaction with local management. Furthermore, this study addresses several practical implications and future studies.

Intensive agricultural farming systems have negative impacts on the ecosystem. Therefore, the use of crop rotation emerges as an opportunity to improve the environmental sustainability of agricultural systems. In the region of Galicia in north-western Spain, potato and wheat are important commodities and essential foods in the diet. Hence, it is interesting to investigate the environmental profile of these crops to improve the understanding of local agrosystems. This study evaluated three agricultural crops managed under a crop rotation system and following a conventional arable farming: the main rotation crop, which is the potato in the first year (cP), followed by a second year of commercial wheat (cW) and autochthonous Galician wheat (GcW) in the third year. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology was performed using four types of functional units: in terms of productivity (kg-1); land management (ha-1∙year-1); a financial function (euros €-1 of income from sales) and energetic value (MJ-1). The environmental indicators selected are Climate Change (CC), Particulate Matter (PM), Terrestrial Acidification (TA), Freshwater Eutrophication (FE), Marine Eutrophication (ME), Human Toxicity (HT), Land Use (LU) and Fossil Depletion (FD). The figures show that the GcW has the lowest environmental impact when the functional units refer to land management, financial function and energetic value. However, if analysed in terms of productivity, cP is presented as the best crop due to its comparatively higher yield, reaching a production ratio 10 times higher than wheat. In the specific case of wheat, compared to a previous study in the same region, the environmental impacts are lower when grown in a crop rotation system in contrast to monoculture. This article demonstrates the relevance of using LCA for diverse stakeholders (e.g., farmers, consumers and researchers) to understand the environmental impacts of regional agricultural systems. In addition, it serves as a basis for future work aimed at comparing rotational agricultural systems in this region, integrating economic and social aspects.

DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2015.11.007 This study examines the residents´ perceptions of the impact of tourism in Benalmádena, and the profiles of the residents according to socio-demographic characteristics. A questionnaire assessed how these characteristics influence the residents' perceptions towards the environment, economy, and socio-cultural aspects. The survey was administered to a stratified sample of 770 residents in Benalmádena. Results show a significant effect of socio-demographic variables on perception of tourism impact. The educational background, place of birth and how long respondents had been living in the community explain a significant amount of the variance in overall attitudes. Interaction analyses revealed that place of birth moderated the relationship between the tourism dimensions and the years of residence. For instance, the respondents with less than five years of residence showed more positive attitude towards the impact of tourism. We offer a profile of these residents according to their perceptions of the impact of tourism in their community. This research has received funding from the Spanish Government, Fundamental Research Program (R+D) (CSO2012-30840), “Geographies of crisis: analysis of urban and tourist territories of the Balearic Islands, Costa del Sol and main tourist destinations of the Caribbean and Central America”. Andalucia Tech, Universidad de Málaga, Spain.

This study aims to explore the trend towards gender equality in the tourism sector of the Petra region, Jordan. To do so, a mixed methods design including a questionnaire and in-depth interviews was employed for female residents of rural and urban areas in the region. The results show that women do not have favourable view of tourism's economic impacts and that several barriers exist to their employment in the tourism sector. The findings' implications and future studies are addressed.

This study researches both the perception of a destination and the importance of the previous visit in shaping that perception. First, the factors that influence the image (information sources and motivations) are analysed, moderated by the effect of the previous visit. Next, the gap between the projected image and the perceived image of Malaga, which is located in a tourist area specializing in “sun and beach” and trying to become a cultural destination, is studied. Data are obtained from 301 surveys administered through proportional and stratified sampling. A descriptive, inferential analysis and a structural equation model are proposed to analyse the causal relationships. The results confirm the influence of information sources and motivations on the image, as well as the importance of the previous visit. The conclusions suggest that there are significant difficulties in changing the Malaga image as a seaside destination for visitors, but not for the local community.

For millennia, bread and wheat have been one of the most important sources of nutrients in many civilizations. Today, mechanization and evolution in agriculture and food processing have intensified yields and modified the biological and nutritional aspects of multiple crops and foods. The Galician bread is a reference value of food heritage in Spain, which is made from common wheat grain and is a mixture of indigenous Galician wheat and conventional Spanish wheat. In the pursuit of product excellence, it is interesting to identify the environmental profile as support criteria in decision-making, not only to analyse product environmental sustainability, but also as a marketing element to improve consumer awareness. The paper has a twofold perspective to analyse the environmental burdens of wheat cultivation and the bread sector, using life cycle assessment approach: 1) the comparison of the different types of agricultural systems, i.e. the cultivation of Galician wheat following a strategy of monoculture and crop rotation, certified Galician seed production and its comparison with conventional wheat cultivation and 2) the environmental profile of Galician bread. The functional units chosen were 1 kg of wheat grain transported to the milling facility and 1 kg of Galician bread. The results show that wheat cultivation presents the main environmental impacts of bread production, mainly due to the use of agrochemicals and field emissions. The best cultivation scenario corresponds to a crop rotation system, since chemical fertilisation is not applied. In comparative terms with many staple foods produced in Europe, Galician bread has a low environmental impact. The overall environmental results of bread production draw attention to the dependence of bread and flour manufacturers on the agricultural sector, highlighting the need to share responsibilities across the supply chain. In addition, this study contributes to the stakeholder debate on environmental impacts related to food heritage.

Torremolinos constituye un caso destacable que resalta la estrecha vinculación que existe entre el tipo de desarrollo turístico y los patrones de localización de la industria hotelera. Este estudio muestra la evolución de un destino maduro de sol y playa, que ha creado una notable oferta hotelera a lo largo del tiempo. Para comprender la distribución temporal y espacial de la oferta hotelera, se propone un modelo de localización de la actividad hotelera. Las herramientas de análisis utilizadas han sido la recopilación de la información documental y estadística relativa a los hoteles, las ortofotografías aéreas para el estudio de los cambios de usos del suelo, el análisis estadístico para conocer el comportamiento espacial y el trabajo de campo para localizar los establecimientos hoteleros. La investigación comprueba la existencia de clusters espaciales como estrategia de implantación del sector hotelero de Torremolinos.

The very limited of political science analysis on tourism is explained by the primacy of the economic outlook that conceives tourism phenomenon as a simple consumer activity linked to private sector. However, political science is a cornerstone for understanding tourism, provides concepts and methodological tools that enhance the study of tourism. From this approach, we analyze the evolution of Argentina tourism policy taking as a reference production models economic-tourist. In this sense, we identify the main functions that takes tourism as a public issue in the country determined by the evolution of a social, economic and political context, which is structured according to existing international patterns. We point out the existence of an economic development model based on tourism.

La actividad turística es muy sensible a cualquier situación que afecte a la seguridad del turista. El terrorismo ha encontrado a través de los atentados en los espacios turísticos un gran eco en los medios de comunicación y una herramienta de presión hacia los gobiernos de los países afectados. Los medios de comunicación juegan un papel fundamental en la trasmisión de los sucesos relacionados con el terrorismo. Esta investigación estudia la afección del terrorismo en el panorama turístico de diversos países y destinos. Se realiza un análisis de la influencia que ejercen los medios de comunicación en la sociedad y los intereses relacionados con la difusión de estas noticias. Esta investigación se realiza mediante un análisis documental de noticias y fuentes estadísticas. Este estudio muestra que los medios de comunicación seleccionan las noticias relacionadas con el terrorismo por afinidad geográfica, cultural y económica, las noticias de los atentados europeos tienden a mostrar el hecho como asunto puntual y bajo control y que la mayor parte de los atentados terroristas se producen fuera del ámbito occidental. Tourism activity is highly sensitive to any situation that affects the safety of tourists. Through the attacks perpetrated in tourist destinations, terrorism has been given wide coverage in the media and has found a tool to pressure the governments of the affected countries. The media play a key role in transmitting events related to terrorism. This research studies the blight of terrorism in the tourist panorama of several countries and destinations. An analysis of the influence of the media on society and the interests related to the diffusion of this news is carried out. The research is conducted through a documentary analysis of news and statistical sources. This study shows that the media selects the news related to terrorism based on geographic, cultural and economic affinity; reports of European attacks tend to portray them as one-off occurrences that are under control and that most of the terrorist attacks occur outside the western area.

The strong growth of mass tourism since 1950 has made this industry one of the most important in the world. Many national governments have thus implemented policies aimed at generating income from tourism. This research analyses the evolution of the Moroccan tourism policy and various development strategies carried out by the government over the last 60 years. Moroccan policy managed to position the country as the top tourist destination in Africa in 2014. This study assesses public policies to demonstrate the important role played by the state in this growth process. It analyses the main tourism plans implemented by the Moroccan government, and proposes a discussion around the current tourism development model linked to international investment. ‘National Plan of Scientific Research (R+D+i, 2015-2018), Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain’, grant number (CSO2015-64468-P) ‘Crisis and restructuring of tourist areas of the Spanish coast’.

This chapter tries to analyse the most relevant aspects of the target image and focuses on a specific case study to verify if the hypotheses that have been raised are true or not. Over the years there have been many studies that have assessed the target image and most agree that the target image is multidimensional in nature, so there are several factors to take into account when analysing it. Therefore, sources of information are essential when creating a target image. The fact of analysing the destination image can be fundamental for marketing and tourism location. Through the study of a concrete case the city of Malaga we verified that target image is formed by cognitive and affective components and that both are fundamental for its creation. At the same time, we saw that the destination image of the city of Malaga is more linked to “sun and sand” tourism than to cultural tourism, even if the latter is the image that the destination itself tries to or would like to display.

Este artículo analiza y compara la evolución de la política turística en Portugal y España. El estudio se realiza en un periodo cronológico extenso que permite en cada fase, observar las diferencias y similitudes entre ambos procesos y la intervención de los factores principales. En el primer periodo de estudio, se destaca la convergencia de diversos factores que confluyen en el inicio de la sociedad del ocio, que hasta entonces era una actividad exclusiva de la aristocracia. El segundo periodo pone de relieve el proceso coordinado que siguen las políticas turísticas y la importancia de la intervención pública. En la tercera fase se produce la eclosión del turismo de masas, especialmente en España. Y en la cuarta fase, se comparan las diversas estrategias turísticas que se han producido en los últimos años en los países ibéricos. Se concluye destacando elementos similares y diferenciadores en las respectivas políticas turísticas. ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes and compares evolution of tourism politics in Portugal and Spain. The study is made in a large chronologic period, in each phase that allows analyzing differences and similitudes between the both processes and main factors. In the first study period, it focuses in the meeting the several items that tending in the same direction: the Leisure Society. Free Time was an activity exclusive of the aristocracy until this time. Second period emphasizes coordinated process of the tourist Politics and the importance of public intervention. In the third period, it’s caused the Tourism Mass blow-up, with main force in Spain. And the end, in forth phase, is compared the different tourist strategies that iberics countries had make in the last years. It’s finished emphasizing differential and similar factors in the politics tourist of each country.

Texto resumen.

This paper reflects on the failure of Black Africa in its development process and the role played by the ethnic conflicts. They hide a series of confrontations between social, political and economic, which have a trigger ethnic, but they are a simplification of reality. The two main factors that have influenced this decision are the degradation of the economic structure and the collapse of political institutions, including the ruling elites. Este artículo realiza una reflexión sobre el fracaso del África negra en su proceso de desarrollo y el papel que juegan el mismo los conflictos étnicos. Éstos enmascaran toda una serie de enfrentamientos de tipo social, político y económico, que tienen un detonante étnico, pero que son una simplificación de la realidad. Los dos factores principales que han incidido en este fallo general son la degradación de la estructura económica y el hundimiento de las instituciones políticas, incluyendo a las élites dirigentes. [fr] Cet article s’interroge sur l’échec de l’Afrique noire dans son processus de développement et le rôle joué par les conflites ethniques. Ils masquent une série de confrontations entre les partenaires sociaux, politiques et économiques, qu ont un déclencheur ethniques, mais ils sont une simplification de la réalité. Les deux principaux facteurs qu ont influé sur cette décision sont la dégradation de la structure économique et l’effondrement des institutions politiques, y compris les élites dirigeantes.

Texto resumen.