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Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most threatening soil and water contaminants in agricultural settings. In previous studies, we observed that Cd affects the metabolism and physiology of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants even after short-term exposure. The objective of this research was to use cross-genotype grafting to distinguish between root- and shoot-mediated responses of tomato genotypes with contrasting Cd tolerance at the early stages of Cd exposure. This study provides the first report of organ-specific contributions in two tomato genotypes with contrasting Cd tolerance: Solanum lycopersicum cv. Calabash Rouge and Solanum lycopersicum cv. Pusa Ruby (which have been classified and further characterized as sensitive (S) and tolerant (T) to Cd, respectively). Scion S was grafted onto rootstock S (S/S) and rootstock T (S/T), and scion T was grafted onto rootstock T (T/T) and rootstock S (T/S). A 35 μM cadmium chloride (CdCl

Tomato is one of the most important crops worldwide. Bacterial wilt (BW), caused by Ralstonia spp., is a major disease for tomato production around the world, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Currently in Brazil, only commercial hybrids are available as resistant rootstocks for use in infested areas, and we lack information regarding resistance to aggressive strains. Thus, the aims of this work were to estimate combining abilities of five tomato inbred lines and hybrids and to identify resistant genotypes for using as rootstocks resistant to Ralstonia solanacearum biovar 2, phylotype II, one of the most aggressive strains in Brazil. Combining abilities for BW resistance were assessed through full diallel crossings among five tomato inbred lines without reciprocals. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in a complete randomized blocks design, using 15 genotypes (hybrids and parents). Additive genetic effects showed to be the most important for controlling bacterial wilt. The inbred line Hawaii 7996 exhibited the highest general combining ability among the five parents assessed. The hybrid Hawaii 7996 × Rodade was the best crossing in terms of resistance and specific combining ability, which was greater than those of all other hybrids. Although Hawaii 7996 remains as a major source for BW resistance, further researches are needed to better understand the resistance dynamics, seeking to develop hybrids with transgressive segregations and more stable resistance against aggressive strains and thrive under environmental conditions highly favorable to bacterial wilt infection.

Resumo O presente trabalho oferece respostas possíveis para a pergunta “o que é um precedente para o Supremo Tribunal Federal?”. Para além dos debates teóricos a respeito das razões que sustentam a vinculação da solução de casos atuais a casos precedentes, o artigo apresenta sete diferentes possibilidades de resposta para a questão posta, todas elas consideradas, em alguma medida, problemáticas para o estabelecimento de uma prática adequada de precedentes na corte. Abstract This paper aims to propose possible answers to the question “What is a precedent for the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court?”. Beyond theoretical debates regarding the reasons that support the binding of the solutions of current cases to previous cases (precedents), the text presents seven different possibilities for answering that question. All of which might be considered, to some extent, problematic for establishing an adequate implementation of precedents in court.

A first insight into the effects of cadmium exposure on the phosphoproteome of tomato plants by performing a comparative analysis of tomato genotypes with contrasting cadmium tolerance.

Este artigo identifica e examina alguns problemas de uma aplicação inconsistente (talvez estratégica) do texto constitucional como mecanismo de justificação de decisões entre constitucionalistas brasileiros e na prática decisória do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Após diferenciar versões caricatas de formalismo de versões efetivamente defendidas por autores que se declaram formalistas, este trabalho explora uma possível defesa estratégica do textualismo por autores do constitucionalismo brasileiro da efetividade e apresenta exemplos de aplicação oscilante do texto constitucional em casos envolvendo a delimitação de poderes do Supremo e a concretização de direitos fundamentais por seus ministros.

Strains of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are commonly commercialized as bioinoculants for insect pest control, but their benefits go beyond their insecticidal property: they can act as plant growth-promoters. Auxins play a major role in the plant growth promotion. However, the mechanism of auxin production by the Bacilli group, and more specifically by Bt strains, is unclear. In previous work, the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) B. thuringiensis strain RZ2MS9 increased the corn roots. This drew our attention to the strain's auxin production trait, earlier detected in vitro. Here, we demonstrate that in its genome, RZ2MS9 harbours the complete set of genes required in two pathways that are used for Indole acetic acid (IAA) production. We also detected that the strain produces almost five times more IAA during the stationary phase. The bacterial application increased the shoot dry weight of the Micro-Tom (MT) tomato by 24%. The application also modified MT root architecture, with an increase of 26% in the average lateral root length and inhibition of the axial root. At the cellular level, RZ2MS9-treated MT plants presented elongated root cortical cells with intensified mitotic activity. Altogether, these are the best characterized auxin-associated phenotypes. Besides that, no growth alteration was detected in the auxin-insensitive diageotropic (dgt) plants either with or without the RZ2MS9 inoculation. Our results suggest that auxins play an important role in the ability of B. thuringiensis RZ2MS9 to promote MT growth and provide a better understanding of the auxin production mechanism by a Bt strain.

The present study aimed to investigate the Cd-induced transgenerational effects on plants. Grafted tomato plants, which exhibited the same cultivar as scion and distinct cultivars with contrasting Cd-tolerance as rootstocks, were grown in soil without and with artificial addition of Cd (less than 2.0, and 6.9 mg kg-1 of Cd, respectively) in a pot experiment carried out in a greenhouse. Their fruits were harvested to extract seeds (i.e., the progenies), which were sown over either Cd-free (control) or Cd-containing germitest paper (germination testing paper with 0 and 35 μM of CdCl2, respectively) and grown in a growth chamber. The immediate progeny of all grafting combinations from stressed plants presented an elevated germinability, despite high internal Cd concentration. When sown in Cd-containing germitest paper, the immediate progeny of plants grown in soil with no Cd addition was generally able to maintain or even increase the content of carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b (up to 93.3, 62.8 and 76.1%, respectively), indicating a Cd-induced hormetic effect on photosynthetic pigments. Two of the grafting combinations from stressed plants yielded seeds that generated seedlings with enhanced dry mass when they were sown in Cd-free media (~41%), suggesting a Cd-induced transgenerational enhancement of biomass production. Because only one tomato cultivar was used as scion, data indicated that type and degree of Cd-induced transgenerational effects depend strongly on signals generated and/or processed in roots of the parental plants. When sown in Cd-contaminated germitest paper, the immediate progeny of Cd-treated plants presented major reductions in the leaf area (35-69%) and content of photosynthetic pigments (57-93%) in comparison to the progeny from control plants. However, one of the grafting combinations exhibited satisfactory performance after "double" exposure to Cd, showing 91% of the biomass that was produced in the seedlings of control seeds from control plants. Further investigation indicated that adjustments in the chlorophyll fluorescence behavior might counterbalance losses in leaf pigments and area. Taken together, our data provide new insights on the origin, outcomes and mode of action of the Cd-induced transgenerational effects.

The objective of the present study was to assess the response of tomato cultivars with different fruit colors to exposure to increasing Cd levels in the substrate by measuring the impacts of Cd on the oxidative stress indicators and physicochemical features of fruits, as well as plant development and yield components. A completely randomized experiment in a 3 × 3 factorial design [tomato cultivar (which produces purple, red, or white fruits) vs Cd level in the substrate (0, 3.6, or 12 mg kg−1)] was performed. The cultivation of plants in substrate containing 3.6 mg kg−1 Cd did not affect yield, but fruits exhibited nonpermissive Cd concentrations in both peel and mesocarp across all cultivars. By contrast, yield was decreased in plants with red and white fruits after their cultivation in substrate containing 12 mg kg−1 Cd, while the productivity of plants with purple fruits was maintained under such conditions. The hydrogen peroxide content in the fruit mesocarp depended only on cultivar. However, an increased lipid peroxidation level was detected in the mesocarp of purple fruits at the highest Cd concentration. No parameters of fruit quality [i.e., diameter, length, °Brix, pH, titratable acidity, color (L*, a*, and b*), and concentrations of lycopene and β-carotene in mesocarp] were affected by long-term exposure to Cd at 12 mg kg−1. In conclusion, the results of this study suggested that the potential Cd side effects on diverse tomato quality features can be buffered at the fruit level because these features were maintained at the usual values despite high Cd concentrations in tomato peel and pulp. Moreover, these buffering mechanisms are independent of lycopene and β-carotene concentrations in fruit peel, since the three tomato cultivars that were evaluated in the present study (white fruits, possessing no or negligible concentrations of these carotenoids, and red and purple tomato, possessing high lycopene and β-carotene concentrations) were able to sustain several fruit quality parameters after long-term exposure to high Cd concentrations in the substrate.

Strains of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are commonly commercialized as bioinoculants for insect pest control, but their benefits go beyond their insecticidal property: they can act as plant growth-promoters. Auxins play a major role in the plant growth promotion. However, the mechanism of auxin production by the Bacilli group, and more specifically by Bt strains, is unclear. In previous work, the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) B. thuringiensis strain RZ2MS9 increased the corn roots. This drew our attention to the strain's auxin production trait, earlier detected in vitro. Here, we demonstrate that in its genome, RZ2MS9 harbours the complete set of genes required in two pathways that are used for Indole acetic acid (IAA) production. We also detected that the strain produces almost five times more IAA during the stationary phase. The bacterial application increased the shoot dry weight of the Micro-Tom (MT) tomato by 24%. The application also modified MT root architecture, with an increase of 26% in the average lateral root length and inhibition of the axial root. At the cellular level, RZ2MS9-treated MT plants presented elongated root cortical cells with intensified mitotic activity. Altogether, these are the best characterized auxin-associated phenotypes. Besides that, no growth alteration was detected in the auxin-insensitive diageotropic (dgt) plants either with or without the RZ2MS9 inoculation. Our results suggest that auxins play an important role in the ability of B. thuringiensis RZ2MS9 to promote MT growth and provide a better understanding of the auxin production mechanism by a Bt strain.

In general, the effects of Cadmium (Cd) on crop quality are evaluated solely by Cd accumulation in the edible plant parts; thus, the potential effects on several nutritional features are not often taken into account. This study evaluated Cd effects on the enzymatic activities of lysine (Lys) metabolism, storage protein and amino acid profile in maize. Stress parameters were also assessed. In vegetative organs, Cd was accumulated in the following decreasing order: roots > stems > leaves. Cadmium accumulation in grains decreased at grain maturity (from 0.25 to 0.07 µg g−1 DW). In leaves, neither hydrogen peroxide content nor superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxide and guaiacol peroxidase activities did not change in Cd-treated plants compared to control plants. Lipid peroxidation was not detected in immature grains and leaves of plants under Cd exposure, indicating that Cd accumulation mainly in the roots is a mechanism to avoid oxidative stress in aboveground parts of the plant. However, Lys metabolism in immature grains was modified, showing increases in the specific activities of aspartate kinase (AK) and dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) after Cd exposure. AK sensitivity to Lys feedback inhibition increased, but decreased in DHDPS in Cd-treated plants, suggesting differential regulation for these enzymes. In mature grains, the Lys content did not change, while the proline content increased by 54 % in Cd-treated plants. This is the first report on Cd effects on amino acid profile, storage protein contents and enzymes from Lys metabolism in grains of a cereal plant species.

Disponível também na revista Direitos Fundamentais e Justiça: DFJ, Belo Horizonte, v. 9, n. 33, p. 123-165, out./dez. 2015. Submitted by rafaelrn@stj.jus.br (rafaelrn@stj.jus.br) on 2020-09-23T21:46:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 seis_objecoes_direito_leal.pdf: 459697 bytes, checksum: c778fa20ae62b901ff5a3386a95bbf72 (MD5) license.txt: 1239 bytes, checksum: c9b4c351324448672315a00808efb725 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by betanial@stj.jus.br (betanial@stj.jus.br) on 2020-09-24T00:26:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1239 bytes, checksum: c9b4c351324448672315a00808efb725 (MD5) seis_objecoes_direito_leal.pdf: 459697 bytes, checksum: c778fa20ae62b901ff5a3386a95bbf72 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-09-24T00:26:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1239 bytes, checksum: c9b4c351324448672315a00808efb725 (MD5) seis_objecoes_direito_leal.pdf: 459697 bytes, checksum: c778fa20ae62b901ff5a3386a95bbf72 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

This work aimed to develop a reliable and fast approach to estimate the plant tolerance degree to heavy metal (HM) phytotoxicity. Two independent experiments were carried out using tomato accessions, with contrasting morphological features, that were grown in a hydroponic solution containing different CdCl2 concentrations for 7 days. Plant dry weight and chlorophyll content (SPAD units) were evaluated, and tolerance degree to Cd toxicity was estimated according to the tolerance index (TI), which is a new mathematical formula based on plant biomass proposed in this study. Although with different magnitudes, tomato exhibited reductions in their dry weight concurrently with the increasing CdCl2 concentration. By contrast, chlorophyll content presented no standard response, decreasing and even increasing according to CdCl2 concentrations, indicating that only under certain conditions (particularly, at CdCl2 50 μM), this parameter can be used to estimate plant tolerance to Cd toxicity. TI was efficiently able to segregate tomato cultivars with similar performance (based on the total dry weight of plants), and such segregation was optimized when the hydroponic solution contained from 25 to 50 μM CdCl2. Within this range, data pointed at 35 μM CdCl2 as the best concentration to be employed in studies related to the tomato tolerance/sensitivity to Cd toxicity. In conclusion, TI proved to be a reliable estimator of tolerance degree to Cd exposure in genetically distinct tomato accessions. Moreover, TI can be used for this same purpose in plants under other HM-induced stresses.

O presente artigo oferece um balanço dos últimos dez anos de audiências públicas no Supremo Tribunal Federal do Brasil. Argumenta-se que, durante esse tempo, o instituto foi utilizado de maneira incoerente e inconsistente. A incoerência diz respeito especialmente à tentativa de atribuir ao instituto das audiências públicas a função de legitimidade democrática. Essa associação entre audiência pública e democracia pode ser criticada com base em razões normativas, referentes ao direito positivo, e conceituais. A inconsistência, por sua vez, está relacionada à operacionalização desparametrizada do instituto. Essa segunda conclusão será argumentada com a ajuda de um conjunto de análises majoritariamente quantitativas.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a delimitacao da bacia hidrografica do rio Doce, que se encontra nos estados de Minas Gerais e Espirito Santo, e a elaboracao do MDEHC em comparacao com o MDE da mesma area, para a delimitacao das Areas de Preservacao Permanente de topo de morro. Para a delimitacao da bacia e a elaboracao do modelo foi empregado o SIG ArcGIS e como base de dados o GDEM do ASTER e hidrografia disponibilizada pela ANA, foi empregada uma composicao colorida do satelite LandSat RGB-345, para a verificacao dos resultados e correcao das falhas detectadas durante a execucao do trabalho. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a necessidade de modelos com qualidade satisfatoria, para o correto desenvolvimento da metodologia de geracao do modelo hidrologico, visto que houve variacao na direcao de fluxo com a mudanca do MDE para o MDEHC. Tambem houve variacao nos valores de altitude, dos dois modelos, enquanto que o valor o valor maximo obtido no MDEHC foi de 2637 m contra 2868 m no MDE. Esta variacao na altitude e devida ao emprego da ferramenta para a eliminacao das depressoes espurias, demonstrando que esta deve ser empregada com cautela. A variacao no limite gerado com o MDEHC, em relacao ao limite da ANA, demonstrou a necessidade da implementacao de uma rotina computacional no SIG para a delimitacao de bacias onde o exutorio e constituido por uma regiao. Normal 0 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black; mso-ansi-language:PT-BR; mso-fareast-language:PT-BR;} A B S T R A C T This study aims at delineation of rio Doce watershed, located in states of Minas Gerais and Espirito Santo, and the preparation of the Conditioning Hydrografic Digital Elevation Model (CHDEM), for the delineation of areas of permanent preservation on top of hills. For the delineation of the watershed and the development of the model was used the software ArcGIS ® and as database the Global Digital Elevation Map (GDEM) of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer (ASTER) including the Hydrography provided by Agencia Nacional de Aguas (ANA). It was made a color composite Landsat RGB-345 satellite, for the verification of the results and correction of faults detected during the execution of the work. The results showed the need for models with satisfactory quality to correct development of the hydrological model generation methodology, as there was variation in the flow direction with the change of the DEM for CHDEM. There was also variation in altitude values ​​of the two models, while the maximum value obtained in CHDEM was 2637 m against 2868 m in DEM. This variation in altitude is due to the use of the tool to eliminate spurious depressions, demonstrating that this should be used with caution. The variation in the boundary generated using CHDEM in relation to the ANA limit, showed the necessity of implementing a Geographic Information System (GIS) computational routine for delineation the watersheds where mouth comprises a region. Keywords: Hidrologyc model, ASTER, Geoprocessing.

The potato crop is highly affected by soil-borne diseases motivating its continuous migration to non-cultivated areas. Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia spp. is one of the main diseases affecting the potato crop in Brazil, since the conventional production system, used throughout the country, promotes an ideal environment for proliferation of members of this pathogen complex. Studying alternative potato production systems aiming to improve the soil biological properties is necessary in order to avoid the continuous migration of the potato crop to new areas. The objective of this work was to evaluate different potato production systems, namely, the Paces an alternative potato production system and the organic potato production systems in contrast to the conventional production system, a soil from the Paces system sterilized through autoclaving and an undisturbed Atlantic rainforest soil regarding the soil suppressiveness to bacterial wilt caused by R. solanacearum. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replications, arranged in a 4 x 4 + 1 factorial scheme, the main factor being the production system and the secondary factor corresponding to the doses of soil contaminated with R. solanacearum added to each treatment (0, 25, 50 and 75%). The additional treatment corresponded to the soil of the conventional system with high incidence of R. solanacearum. The soil suppressiveness to bacterial wilt is a biological process inhibited by autoclaving. The Paces and the organic potato production systems have a significant potential to suppress R. solanacearum in infested soil.