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Ground-state diffuse reflectance and laser-induced fluorescence techniques were tested on the evaluation of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in unextracted and unfractionated airborne particulate matter. The total particulate PAH content estimated from these methods and from gas-chromatography in air particulate samples collected in the Rio de Janeiro city and for standard reference material (SRM) 1648, were compared. Ground-state diffuse reflectance proved to be by itself a good technique for estimating total PAH content in urban particulate matter, since results directly correlate with data obtained by conventional gas-chromatographic techniques. Laser-induced fluorescence is also an efficient method for low concentration estimates. Apparent deviations of the fluorescence response do occur due to black carbon interference and have to be taken into account. These surface optical methods showed to be fast, low cost, sensitive and useful as screening techniques, allowing field measurements.

Purpose: To analyze the accuracy of defining characteristics of the NANDA International nursing diagnosis, fatigue (00093), in patients with heart failure., Methods: A cross-sectional study on the diagnostic accuracy of the defining characteristics of the nursing diagnosis. The sample consisted of 96 patients with heart failure in treatment in a public hospital. The latent class analysis method was used to test the accuracy measurements and estimate the prevalence of the diagnosis. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte., Results: The prevalence of the fatigue nursing diagnosis was 42.54%. Increased physical symptoms (0.9988) and tiredness (0.9988) were the sensitive defining characteristics. Disinterested in surroundings (0.9999) was the specific defining characteristics., Conclusions: A set of three defining characteristics of the nursing diagnosis of fatigue was accurate in patients with heart failure. Thus, this set can be used by nurses to confirm nursing diagnosis fatigue in patients with heart failure., Implications for Nursing Practice: This research contributes by providing accurate defining characteristics of fatigue in patients with heart failure. Thus, nurses should recognize the nursing diagnosis of fatigue in patients with heart failure through accurate defining characteristics and propose rapid and effective nursing interventions that have positive health results., (© 2023 NANDA International, Inc.)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, significantly increasing in the last three decades. Worldwide, seven to ten million people are affected by PD. In people living with PD, freezing of gait (FoG) significantly impacts activities of daily living, potentially leading to falls, injuries, and loss of autonomy. FoG prevalence rates vary widely, reaching at least 50% of patients with PD. Current therapeutic options have limited effectiveness, and their complement with innovative technology-based solutions in the real world is demanded to enhance daily functioning for people living with PD. This article provides a narrative review of current technological developments for people living with PD and, derived from that evidence, presents a perspective on integrating wearable technology and IoT to support telemonitoring and self-management of people living with PD in their daily living environment. Complementing current therapeutic options with technology-based solutions in PD patients' real-world environment is crucial to enhancing the quality of life of people living with PD. In that way, wearable technology and IoT might constitute resources of excellence in seamless monitoring and self-management in people's home environments., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Bernardes, Ventura, Neves, Fernandes and Sousa.)

Objectives: To understand healthcare professionals' experiences and perceptions of nurses' potential or ideal roles in pharmaceutical care (PC)., Design: Qualitative study conducted through semi-structured in-depth interviews., Setting: Between December 2018 and October 2019, interviews were conducted with healthcare professionals of 14 European countries in four healthcare settings: hospitals, community care, mental health and long-term residential care., Participants: In each country, pharmacists, physicians and nurses in each of the four settings were interviewed. Participants were selected on the basis that they were key informants with broad knowledge and experience of PC., Data Collection and Analysis: All interviews were conducted face to face. Each country conducted an initial thematic analysis. Consensus was reached through a face-to-face discussion of all 14 national leads., Results: 340 interviews were completed. Several tasks were described within four potential nursing responsibilities, that came up as the analysis themes, being: 1) monitoring therapeutic/adverse effects of medicines, 2) monitoring medicines adherence, 3) decision making on medicines, including prescribing 4) providing patient education/information. Nurses' autonomy varied across Europe, from none to limited to a few tasks and emergencies to a broad range of tasks and responsibilities. Intended level of autonomy depended on medicine types and level of education. Some changes are needed before nursing roles can be optimised and implemented in practice. Lack of time, shortage of nurses, absence of legal frameworks and limited education and knowledge are main threats to European nurses actualising their ideal role in PC., Conclusions: European nurses have an active role in PC. Respondents reported positive impacts on care quality and patient outcomes when nurses assumed PC responsibilities. Healthcare professionals expect nurses to report observations and assessments. This key patient information should be shared and addressed by the interprofessional team. The study evidences the need of a unique and consensus-based PC framework across Europe., Competing Interests: The study “Perspectives of nurses’ roles in interprofessional pharmaceutical care across 14 European countries: a qualitative study in pharmacists, physicians and nurses” was supported by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union [grant number 2018-1-BE02-KA203-046861] and MDMJ accountants, Belgium (https://www.mdmj.be). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Within this Competing Interests Statement, we explicitly elaborate on MDMJ accountants as a commercial co-funder of this study. This organisation is an accountancy service in Belgium that financially supported the Belgian authors. No competing interests interfered with, or could reasonably be perceived as interfering with, the full and objective presentation of this research. Next to the financial support, no professional or personal competing interests can be declared about this commercial funder. The financial support consisted of a gift of 27000€, to be used as co-funding of the Belgian research team, next to the funding of the Erasmus+ programme of the European Union. No other statements relating to employment, consultancy, patents, products in development or marketed products can be declared. The Belgian authors confirm that the financial support of MDMJ accountants does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a serious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The primary manifestation is respiratory insufficiency that can also be related to diffuse pulmonary microthrombosis in people with COVID-19. This disease also causes thromboembolic events, such as pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, arterial thrombosis, catheter thrombosis, and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Recent studies have indicated a worse prognosis for people with COVID-19 who developed thromboembolism. Anticoagulants are medications used in the prevention and treatment of venous or arterial thromboembolic events. Several drugs are used in the prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolic events, such as heparinoids (heparins or pentasaccharides), vitamin K antagonists and direct anticoagulants. Besides their anticoagulant properties, heparinoids have an additional anti-inflammatory potential, that may affect the clinical evolution of people with COVID-19. Some practical guidelines address the use of anticoagulants for thromboprophylaxis in people with COVID-19, however, the benefit of anticoagulants for people with COVID-19 is still under debate., Objectives: To assess the effects of prophylactic anticoagulants versus active comparator, placebo or no intervention, on mortality and the need for respiratory support in people hospitalised with COVID-19., Search Methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS and IBECS databases, the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register and medRxiv preprint database from their inception to 20 June 2020. We also checked reference lists of any relevant systematic reviews identified and contacted specialists in the field for additional references to trials., Selection Criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs, cluster-RCTs and cohort studies that compared prophylactic anticoagulants (heparin, vitamin K antagonists, direct anticoagulants, and pentasaccharides) versus active comparator, placebo or no intervention for the management of people hospitalised with COVID-19. We excluded studies without a comparator group. Primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and need for additional respiratory support. Secondary outcomes were mortality related to COVID-19, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, major bleeding, adverse events, length of hospital stay and quality of life., Data Collection and Analysis: We used standard Cochrane methodological procedures. We used ROBINS-I to assess risk of bias for non-randomised studies (NRS) and GRADE to assess the certainty of evidence. We reported results narratively., Main Results: We identified no RCTs or quasi-RCTs that met the inclusion criteria. We included seven retrospective NRS (5929 participants), three of which were available as preprints. Studies were conducted in China, Italy, Spain and the USA. All of the studies included people hospitalised with COVID-19, in either intensive care units, hospital wards or emergency departments. The mean age of participants (reported in 6 studies) ranged from 59 to 72 years. Only three included studies reported the follow-up period, which varied from 8 to 35 days. The studies did not report on most of our outcomes of interest: need for additional respiratory support, mortality related to COVID-19, DVT, pulmonary embolism, adverse events, and quality of life. Anticoagulants (all types) versus no treatment (6 retrospective NRS, 5685 participants) One study reported a reduction in all-cause mortality (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.26 to 0.66; 2075 participants). One study reported a reduction in mortality only in a subgroup of 395 people who required mechanical ventilation (hazard ratio (HR) 0.86, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.89). Three studies reported no differences in mortality (adjusted OR 1.64, 95% CI 0.92 to 2.92; 449 participants; unadjusted OR 1.66, 95% CI 0.76 to 3.64; 154 participants and adjusted risk ratio (RR) 1.15, 95% CI 0.29 to 2.57; 192 participants). One study reported zero events in both intervention groups (42 participants). The overall risk of bias for all-cause mortality was critical and the certainty of the evidence was very low. One NRS reported bleeding events in 3% of the intervention group and 1.9% of the control group (OR 1.62, 95% CI 0.96 to 2.71; 2773 participants; low-certainty evidence). Therapeutic-dose anticoagulants versus prophylactic-dose anticoagulants (1 retrospective NRS, 244 participants) The study reported a reduction in all-cause mortality (adjusted HR 0.21, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.46) and a lower absolute rate of death in the therapeutic group (34.2% versus 53%). The overall risk of bias for all-cause mortality was serious and the certainty of the evidence was low. The study also reported bleeding events in 31.7% of the intervention group and 20.5% of the control group (OR 1.8, 95% CI 0.96 to 3.37; low-certainty evidence). Ongoing studies We found 22 ongoing studies in hospital settings (20 RCTs, 14,730 participants; 2 NRS, 997 participants) in 10 different countries (Australia (1), Brazil (1), Canada (2), China (3), France (2), Germany (1), Italy (4), Switzerland (1), UK (1) and USA (6)). Twelve ongoing studies plan to report mortality and six plan to report additional respiratory support. Thirteen studies are expected to be completed in December 2020 (6959 participants), eight in July 2021 (8512 participants), and one in December 2021 (256 participants). Four of the studies plan to include 1000 participants or more., Authors' Conclusions: There is currently insufficient evidence to determine the risks and benefits of prophylactic anticoagulants for people hospitalised with COVID-19. Since there are 22 ongoing studies that plan to evaluate more than 15,000 participants in this setting, we will add more robust evidence to this review in future updates., (Copyright © 2020 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Objectives: Safe pharmaceutical care (PC) requires an interprofessional team approach, involving physicians, nurses and pharmacists. Nurses' roles however, are not always explicit and clear, complicating interprofessional collaboration. The aim of this study is to describe nurses' practice and interprofessional collaboration in PC, from the viewpoint of nurses, physicians and pharmacists., Design: A cross-sectional survey., Setting: The study was conducted in 17 European countries, each with their own health systems., Participants: Pharmacists, physicians and nurses with an active role in PC were surveyed., Main Outcome Measures: Nurses' involvement in PC, experiences of interprofessional collaboration and communication and views on nurses' competences., Results: A total of 4888 nurses, 974 physicians and 857 pharmacists from 17 European countries responded. Providing patient education and information (PEI), monitoring medicines adherence (MMA), monitoring adverse/therapeutic effects (ME) and prescribing medicines were considered integral to nursing practice by 78%, 73%, 69% and 15% of nurses, respectively. Most respondents were convinced that quality of PC would be improved by increasing nurses' involvement in ME (95%), MMA (95%), PEI (91%) and prescribing (53%). Mean scores for the reported quality of collaboration between nurses and physicians, collaboration between nurses and pharmacists and interprofessional communication were respectively <7/10, ≤4/10, <6/10 for all four aspects of PC., Conclusions: ME, MMA, PEI and prescribing are part of nurses' activities, and most healthcare professionals felt their involvement should be extended. Collaboration between nurses and physicians on PC is limited and between nurses and pharmacists even more., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objectives: The identification of predictors of supragingival biofilm accumulation may improve the results of therapeutic strategies for dental caries and periodontal diseases in general clinical practice. This study aimed to determine predictors of changes in visible plaque (VP) and gingival bleeding (GB) during integrated dental care., Materials and Methods: A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted by a census of patients receiving integrated dental care in a general clinical practice ambulatory at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). The sample comprised 91 charts of patients attended over a 6-months period. Gender, age, patient's main complaint, oral hygiene pattern, and clinical data were recorded from charts for the last two dental visits in the ambulatory. Changes in VP and GB were modeled by multiple linear regression and beta coefficients (b) were reported., Results: The mean follow-up time was 13 months. Significant reductions in VP (32.8 ± 27.9 to 17.4 ± 19.4%; p < 0.001) and GB (27.1 ± 23.8 to 18.5 ± 17.3%; p < 0.001) were observed. Higher plaque reductions were predicted by higher baseline VP levels (p = 0.02), shorter time (< 12 months) elapsed between VP recordings (b = 14.1%, p = 0.02), interproximal cleansing (b = 11.9%, p = 0.03), lower number of sessions for oral hygiene instruction (b = 13.7%, p = 0.02), and presence of pockets ≥ 6 mm (b = - 12.4%, p = 0.02). GB was predicted by time of follow-up > 12 months and baseline VP., Conclusions: Plaque and gingivitis improved in patients under integrated dental care. Factors related to motivation, oral hygiene practices, and baseline periodontal status might be used as predictors of VP and GB changes., Clinical Relevance: Visible plaque and gingivitis reduced in a sample of patients treated under integrated dental care. Some predictors may determine for which patients the treatment may be maximize and those who will need greater efforts to achieve the therapeutic goal for oral hygiene.

Objectives: To evaluate the predictive power of risk factors for pressure ulcers in adult intensive care patients., Method: A retrospective case-control study was performed utilising a heterogeneous sample group allocated into a case group with pressure ulcers (n=90) and a control group without pressure ulcers (n=90). The analysis explored the predictive power of risk factors for pressure ulcers using a hierarchical logistic regression model., Results: The risk factors that predicted pressure ulcers were friction (OR=5.97), previous history of pressure ulcers (OR=5.43), prolonged intensive care unit stay (OR=3.92), dehydration (OR=3.18), elevated skin temperature by 1-2°C (OR=3.12) and treatment of other comorbidities (OR=2.79)., Conclusion: Adult intensive care patients have an increased risk of developing a pressure ulcer. These risk factors are regarded as strong predictors for pressure ulceration. This study advances nursing knowledge in that it investigates additional risk factors for the development of pressure ulcers and it identifies a set of factors that best predict their occurrence, which may contribute to the nurses' diagnostic reasoning in the intensive care unit., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In recent years, different chlorhexidine formulations have been tested, including an alcohol-free alternative, but the effect of this solution on early biofilm formation is not clear. A crossover, randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of two chlorhexidine solutions against supra- and subgingival biofilm formation (NCT#02656251). Thirty-five participants were randomized and asked to rinse twice daily with 15 ml of an alcohol-containing 0.12% chlorhexidine solution, an alcohol-free 0.12% chlorhexidine solution, or placebo. The study was conducted in three experimental periods of 4 days each, with a 10-day washout between the periods. All the experimental periods followed the same protocol, except that the solutions were switched. Biofilm distribution was evaluated every 24 hours by the Plaque-Free Zone Index, during 96 hours. Adverse events were self-reported and sensory evaluation was performed using a hedonic scale. Compared to the placebo, the chlorhexidine solutions resulted in a significantly higher number of surfaces free of plaque over 96 hours (p < 0.01), and were able to prevent subgingival biofilm formation (p < 0.01). The alcohol-free chlorhexidine solution was associated with a lower incidence of adverse events, compared with alcohol-containing chlorhexidine (p < 0.05); it also received better sensory evaluation and acceptance by trial participants, compared with the alcohol-containing chlorhexidine (p = 0.007), and had a similar inhibitory effect on the formation of supra- and subgingival biofilms.

Eighty-nine patients with clinical suspicion of leishmaniasis were referred for differential diagnosis. Sporothrix schenckii sensu lato was isolated in Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle + Schneider media in 98% of 64 patients with final diagnosis of sporotrichosis. This medium may be suitable for diagnosis of sporotrichosis in areas where cutaneous leishmaniasis is also endemic., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective:: To analyse the defining characteristics and related factors in the nursing diagnosis Excess fluid volume and its relationship to sociodemographic and clinical variables in haemodialysis patients., Method:: Cross-sectional study, conducted using a form and physical examination, with a sample of 100 patients, between December 2012 and April 2013 at a university hospital and a dialysis clinic., Results:: It was found 10 significant statistical associations between the defining characteristics/ related factors of Excess fluid volume and the sociodemographic and clinical variables., Conclusion:: The defining characteristics and related factors of Excess fluid volume could be influenced by sociodemographic and clinical variables in haemodialysis clientele.

Introduction:: Intralesional treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis has been applied for over 30 years at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, with good therapeutic results and without relevant systemic toxicity., Methods: Meglumine antimoniate was injected subcutaneously, using a long medium-caliber needle (for example, 30mm × 0.8mm); patients received 1-3 injections, with 15-day intervals., Results: The technique is described in detail sufficient to enable replication., Conclusions:: The treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with intralesional meglumine antimoniate is a simple, effective, and safe technique, which may be used in basic healthcare settings.

American tegumentary leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania. Pentavalent antimonials are the first choice drugs for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), although doses are controversial. In a clinical trial for CL we investigated the occurrence of pancreatic toxicity with different schedules of treatment with meglumine antimoniate (MA). Seventy-two patients were allocated in two different therapeutic groups: 20 or 5 mg of pentavalent antimony (Sb5+)/kg/day for 20 or 30 days, respectively. Looking for adverse effects, patients were asked about abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting or anorexia in each medical visit. We performed physical examinations and collected blood to evaluate serum amylase and lipase in the pre-treatment period, and every 10 days during treatment and one month post-treatment. Hyperlipasemia occurred in 54.8% and hyperamylasemia in 19.4% patients. Patients treated with MA 20 mg Sb5+ presented a higher risk of hyperlipasemia (p = 0.023). Besides, higher MA doses were associated with a 2.05 higher risk ratio (p = 0.003) of developing more serious (moderate to severe) hyperlipasemia. The attributable fraction was 51% in this group. Thirty-six patients presented abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting or anorexia but only 47.2% of those had hyperlipasemia and/ or hyperamylasemia. These findings suggest the importance of the search for less toxic therapeutic regimens for the treatment of CL., Competing Interests: The authors declare they have no competing interests.

Unlabelled: Theme: Ethical issues - dignity and humanity., Introduction: The child with special health care needs in a rehabilitation center for their vulnerable condition requires a clinical practice centered on ethics and humanization., Objectives: To know the parents' and nurses opinions on humanized care in a paediatric rehabilitation unit and to identify needs and strategies that promote the humanization of care in a paediatric rehabilitation unit., Methods: Qualitative, descriptive, exploratory study, using interviews with nurses and questionnaires to parents of hospitalized children., Results: This study enhances the importance that nurses should have in human relationships, with special attention to each child and their parents, but also to the structural and functioning conditions of the unit., Discussion: The results are in agreement with the literature, highlighting the particular aspects of children with special needs and their parents., Conclusion: The results contribute to more humanized care and could be a basis for a Charter of Humanization.

Objective to analyze the association between socioeconomic and clinical factors and indicators of the tissue integrity outcome in nursing among patients with venous ulcers. Methods a cross-sectional study at a university hospital in Natal, RN, Brazil, from February to June 2012, with 50 individuals. To analyze the variables, we used the Spearman correlation test and the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests at a level of 5%. Results there was a correlation of low intensity between age and the indicators hydration and skin peeling, and family income and necrosis. There was also an association between gender and the indicators temperature, amount of body hair and exudation. Conclusion the associated variables provide important information for the treatment of patients with venous ulcers, and can help reduce ulcer time and the consequent discomfort, limitations and costs. This information should be considered when providing care for patients with a nursing diagnosis of impaired skin integrity and/or impaired tissue integrity.

Accidental corrosive ingestion is not rare in pediatric patients in developing countries. We report a case of gastric outlet obstruction after the accidental ingestion of an acidic substance by a child who was successfully treated with endoscopic balloon dilatation.

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of the defining characteristics of the excess fluid volume nursing diagnosis of NANDA International, in patients undergoing hemodialysis., Method: This was a study of diagnostic accuracy, with a cross-sectional design, performed in two stages. The first, involving 100 patients from a dialysis clinic and a university hospital in northeastern Brazil, investigated the presence and absence of the defining characteristics of excess fluid volume. In the second step, these characteristics were evaluated by diagnostic nurses, who judged the presence or absence of the diagnosis. To analyze the measures of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated. Approval was given by the Research Ethics Committee under authorization No. 148.428., Results: The most sensitive indicator was edema and most specific were pulmonary congestion, adventitious breath sounds and restlessness., Conclusion: The more accurate defining characteristics, considered valid for the diagnostic inference of excess fluid volume in patients undergoing hemodialysis were edema, pulmonary congestion, adventitious breath sounds and restlessness. Thus, in the presence of these, the nurse may safely assume the presence of the diagnosis studied.

American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, and transmitted by sandflies. In the state of Rio de Janeiro, almost all of the cases of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) are caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, while cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. The resurgence of autochthonous VL cases in Rio de Janeiro is related to the geographic expansion of the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis and its ability to adapt to urban areas. We report the first case of leishmaniasis with exclusively cutaneous manifestations caused by L. (L.) infantum chagasi in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro. An eighty-one-year-old woman presented three pleomorphic skin lesions that were not associated with systemic symptoms or visceromegalies. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis identified L. (L.) infantum chagasi, but direct smear and PCR of bone narrow were negative for Leishmania sp. (suggesting exclusively cutaneous involvement). We discuss the different dermatological presentations of viscerotropic leishmaniasis of the New and Old World, and the clinical and epidemiological importance of the case. Etiologic diagnosis of ATL based upon exclusive clinical criteria may lead to incorrect conclusions. We should be aware of the constant changes in epidemiological patterns related to leishmaniases.

Background: Several factors can interfere with the full physical and emotional growth of adolescents, among them chronic diseases. The aim was to determine the nutritional status of adolescents and to associate it with puberty, pancreatic sufficiency, lung function and age range of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) diagnosis., Methods: An observational, cross-sectional, retrospective and analytical study was conducted using the data of medical records., Setting: Reference center in the northeastern region of the state of São Paulo - Brazil., Patients: All adolescents with CF attended in 2010 were included. Some variables included: pancreatic sufficiency (steatocrit >2 %), pancreatic enzymes replacement (yes/no), pubertal status-Tanner criteria (prepubertal: M1/G1, pubertal: M2/G2 to M4/G4, postpubertal: M5/G5), age at CF diagnosis (<2 and ≥2 years of age), Lung function, measured as a predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1). Main outcome measures Nutritional indicators: body mass index for age (BMI/A) and height for age (H/A) with z-score calculated with Anthro Plus software. Cut-off reference points: ≥ z-score -3 and < z-score -2 (thinness); z-score -2 and ≤ z-score-z +1 (normal weight); >z-score +1 (overweight or obesity), and z-score <-2 (low or very low H/A). The groups were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis test. Level of significance: p<0.05., Results: Thirty adolescents. Median (min;max) age: 14.4 (10.1;19.8) years. BMI/A and H/A z-score, respectively: early diagnosis of CF (-0.8; -1.1) or late diagnosis of CF (-0.5;-0.8); with pancreatic insufficiency (-0.7; -0.8) or without pancreatic insufficiency (-0.8; -0.5) and prepubertal (-0.8; -0.7) pubertal (-0.2; -1.5) or postpubertal (-0.7; -0.5). No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed. Patients with and without pancreatic insufficiency, presented H/A borderline z-score (p=0.05). Association between H/A and FEV1 was borderline (p=0.05)., Conclusions: Adolescents presented adequate nutritional status, although with slightly lower values than those of developed countries. FEV1 lower levels occurred more frequently in adolescents with low H/A.

Objective: To report a case of a preterm infant with complex meconium ileus at birth and cystic fibrosis., Case Description: A male infant was born by vaginal delivery at 33 weeks and 5 days of gestational age with respiratory distress and severe abdominal distension. The exploratory laparotomy in the first day of life identified meconium ileus and secondary peritonitis. Ileal resection and ileostomy were performed, followed by reconstruction of the bowel transit at 20 days of life. At 11 days of life, the first immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) was 154 ng/mL (reference value=70), and oral pancreatic enzymes replacement therapy was started. After 23 days, the second IRT was 172 ng/mL (reference value=70). At 35 days of age he was discharged with referrals to primary care and to a special clinic for CF for the determination of sweat chloride. He was received in the outpatient clinic for neonatal screening for CF at 65 days of life presenting malnutrition and respiratory distress. The sweat chloride test was performed, with a positive result (126mEq/L)., Comments: This case illustrates the rapid evolution of CF in a premature patient with complex Meconium ileus as the first clinical manifestation., (Copyright © 2015 Associação de Pediatria de São Paulo. Publicado por Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.)

Background: Several studies have reported that severe reflux esophagitis is rare in infants despite the well known high occurrence of regurgitation in early infancy. There is evidence of the importance of saliva for the pre-epithelial protection of the esophageal mucosa., Results: A longitudinal study conducted on healthy infants indicated that the stimulated capacity of saliva secretion (saliva output per kg of body weight) was significantly higher during their first year of age compared to older children and adults. In addition, this secretion pattern was also observed in low weight newborns during the first weeks of life and persisted in infants with severe protein-calorie malnutrition (marasmus)., Conclusion: The greater ability to secrete saliva is an important physiological condition that may protect the infant from acid/pepsin aggression to the esophagus during early stages of development.

Gingival recession is characterized by the apical migration of the gingival margin, exposing the root surface. Studies have demonstrated several etiological factors for gingival recession such as periodontitis, traumatic toothbrushing, use of oral piercing, and past orthodontic therapy, among others. It might not be possible to identify and quantify the influence of each factor, and gingival recession at some sites may be the result of the combination of these factors. Gingival recession affects individuals at all ages, with prevalence increasing as time passes. The aim of this study was to observe whether there is correlation between gingival thickness and gingival recession. Fifty-five subjects of both genders aged 18-35 years participated in the study. The volunteers were under treatment at the School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Buccal gingival thickness was measured on incisors, canines and bicuspids, under anesthesia, following inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical analysis was performed with STATA version 10.1. The results had a Pearson Correlation Coefficient of -0.216. Linear regression had a statistically significant pvalue of 0.025. It may be concluded that there is weak negative correlation between gingival thickness and gingival recession.

Objectives: to identify adaptation problems under Roy's Model in patients undergoing hemodialysis and to correlate them with the socioeconomic and clinical aspects., Method: a transversal study, undertaken using a questionnaire. The sample was made up of 178 individuals. The Chi-squared and Mann-Whitney U tests were undertaken., Results: the adaptation problems and the socioeconomic and clinical aspects which presented statistical associations were: Hyperkalemia and age; Edema and income; Impairment of a primary sense: touch and income; Role failure and age; Sexual dysfunction and marital status and sex; Impairment of a primary sense: vision and years of education; Intolerance to activity and years of education; Chronic pain and sex and years of education; Impaired skin integrity and age: Hypocalcemia and access; Potential for injury and age and years of education; Nutrition below the organism's requirements and age; Impairment of a primary sense: hearing and sex and kinetic evaluation of urea; Mobility in gait and/or coordination restricted, and months of hemodialysis; and, Loss of ability for self-care, and months of hemodialysis and months of illness., Conclusion: adaptation problems in the clientele undergoing hemodialysis can be influenced by socioeconomic/clinical data. These findings contribute to the development of the profession, fostering the nurse's reflection regarding the care.

We report 2 cases of patients with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) associated with cutaneous disseminated sporotrichosis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. The patients received specific treatment for sporotrichosis. However, after 4 and 5 weeks from the beginning of antiretroviral therapy, both patients experienced clinical exacerbation of skin lesions despite increased T CD4+ cells (T cells cluster of differentiation 4 positive) count and decreased viral load. Despite this exacerbation, subsequent mycological examination after systemic corticosteroid administration did not reveal fungal growth. Accordingly, they were diagnosed with IRIS. However, the sudden withdrawal of the corticosteroids resulted in the recurrence of IRIS symptoms. No serious adverse effects could be attributed to prednisone. We recommend corticosteroid treatment for mild-to-moderate cases of IRIS in sporotrichosis and HIV coinfection with close follow-up.

A case-control study was conducted to examine the association among the Montenegro skin test (MST), age of skin lesion and therapeutic response in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) treated at Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. For each treatment failure (case), two controls showing skin lesion healing following treatment, paired by sex and age, were randomly selected. All patients were treated with 5 mg Sb(5+)/kg/day of intramuscular meglumine antimoniate (Sb(5+)) for 30 successive days. Patients with CL were approximately five times more likely to fail when lesions were less than two months old at the first appointment. Patients with treatment failure showed less intense MST reactions than patients progressing to clinical cure. For each 10 mm of increase in MST response, there was a 26% reduction in the chance of treatment failure. An early treatment - defined as a treatment applied for skin lesions, which starts when they are less than two months old at the first appointment -, as well as a poor cellular immune response, reflected by lower reactivity in MST, were associated with treatment failure in cutaneous leishmaniasis.

The favorable outcome of the treatment of a disease is influenced by the adherence to therapy. Our objective was to assess factors associated with adherence to treatment of patients included in a clinical trial of equivalence between the standard and alternative treatment schemes with meglumine antimoniate (MA) in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Between 2008 and 2011, 57 patients with CL were interviewed using a questionnaire to collect socioeconomic data. The following methods were used for adherence monitoring: counting of vial surplus, monitoring card, Morisky test and modified Morisky test (without the question regarding the schedule); we observed 82.1% (vial return), 86.0% (monitoring card), 66.7% (Morisky test) and 86.0% (modified Morisky test) adherence. There was a strong correlation between the method of vial counting and the monitoring card and modified Morisky test. A significant association was observed between greater adherence to treatment and low dose of MA, as well as with a lower number of people sleeping in the same room. We recommend the use of the modified Morisky test to assess adherence to treatment of CL with MA, because it is a simple method and with a good performance, when compared to other methods.

Introduction: Nine cases of visceral leishmaniasis occurred recently in Barra Mansa, State of Rio de Janeiro, with a high mortality rate., Methods: We reviewed the medical records of the patients., Results: Eight were male; 7 were adults. Patients who died progressed to death quickly and presented with aggravating factors: systemic steroid therapy before diagnosis, bleeding, severe liver involvement, infection, and/or refusal to receive transfusion., Conclusions: We warn clinicians to be aware of the emergence of visceral leishmaniasis in new areas and to keep in mind the possibility of atypical clinical pictures and aggravating factors, so timely diagnosis can be made and prompt and adequate treatment can be initiated.

We report a case of a 42 year-old female, who came to a leishmaniasis reference center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, presenting a cutaneous leishmaniasis lesion in the right forearm. Treatment with low-dose intramuscular meglumine antimoniate (MA) (5 mg Sb5+/kg/day) was initiated, with improvement after 28 days, although with the development of generalized eczema. After 87 days, the lesion worsened. Patient refused treatment with amphotericin B. MA was then infiltrated in the lesion, in two sessions, resulting in local eczema, with bullae formation; however, twenty days after, both the ulcer and eczema receded. Intralesional administration of MA should be used carefully when previous cutaneous hypersensitivity is detected.

Objective: To identify the prevalence of nursing diagnosis of fluid volume excess and their defining characteristics in hemodialysis patients and the association between them., Method: Cross-sectional study conducted in two steps. We interviewed 100 patients between the months of December 2012 and April 2013 in a teaching hospital and one hemodialysis clinic. The inference was performed by diagnostician nurses between July and September 2013., Results: The diagnostic studied was identified in 82% of patients. The characteristics that were statistically associated: bounding pulses, pulmonary congestion, jugular vein distention, edema, change in electrolytes, weight gain, intake greater than output and abnormal breath sounds. Among these, edema and weight gain had the highest chances for the development of this diagnostic., Conclusion: The analyzed diagnostic is prevalent in this population and eight characteristics presented significant association.

Cross-sectional study aimed to identify the components of a Roy's adaptation model in patients undergoing hemodialysis at a dialysis center. 178 patients participated in a dialysis center in the Brazil Northeast region. Data collection occurred from October/2011 to February/2012 through the use of interviews and physical examinations. The components identified were: adaptive problems, behaviors and stimuli. The main adaptive problems were: intracellular fluid retention, hyperkalemia, hypothermia, edema, intolerance for performing daily activities. The behaviors were: anuria, hydroelectrolyte imbalance, gain of weight in a short period of time, elevated serum potassium concentrations, body temperature below 36 degrees C, fluid retention, fatigue, difficulty performing activities of daily living. The stimuli were: renal injury, cardiopulmonary bypass, hemodialysis, failure to observe fluid intake restriction, electrolyte disorder, cold environment, adverse effects related to treatment. We conclude that the identification of these components, classified as physiological mode, contribute to the planning of specific nursing interventions focused on the adaptation of the clientele.

This research aims to identify the ethical issues perceived by intensive care nurses in their everyday practice. It also aims to understand why these situations were considered an ethical issue and what interventions/strategies have been or are expected to be developed so as to minimize them. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview with 15 nurses working at polyvalent intensive care units in 4 Portuguese hospitals, who were selected by the homogenization of multiple samples. The qualitative content analysis identified end-of-life decisions, privacy, interaction, team work, and health-care access as emerging ethical issues. Personal, team, and institutional aspects emerge as reasons behind the experience of these issues. Personal and team resources are used in and for solving these issues. Moral development and training are the most significant strategies.

We evaluated the effectiveness and safety of intralesional meglumine antimoniate (MA) in 24 not submitted to previous treatment patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and with contraindication to systemic therapy. Each treatment consisted of one to four intralesional applications of MA at 15-day intervals. Patients' age ranged from 3 to 90 years; fourteen were females. Intralesional treatment in the absence of any relevant toxicity was successful in 20 (83.3%) patients. Three patients required additional treatment with amphotericin B and one required systemic MA. None of the patients developed mucosal lesions when followed up to 60 months. Intralesional MA is an effective and less toxic alternative treatment of patients with CL and contraindication to systemic therapy.

American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is an infectious disease that presents a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations making parasitological tests important for its diagnosis. Direct examination, although considered of low sensitivity is still employed mainly in areas with poor laboratory infrastructure. The aim of this study was to standardize the method of collecting and reading the scraping procedure and to then compare sensitivity of this procedure on two sites of the lesion (outer edge-OE and inner edge-IE) and of the imprint against the reference method (isolation in culture) in a group of 110 patients treated at a Referral Center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ATL diagnosis was confirmed in 40 patients (36.4%), 39 cases were caused by L. braziliensis and 1 by L. amazonensis. Imprint was positive in 28 patients and scraping in OE in 17 and in IE in 25 patients, resulting in sensitivity of 70%, 42.5%, and 62.5% respectively. When the three direct examinations were combined, sensitivity value attained 77.5%. Aspects related to ease and quality of the collected material, pain intensity and frequency of bleeding in the scraping procedure were also broached and discussed in this study. The parameters of accuracy presented indicate that the direct methods can be safely used in ATL diagnosis, principally in IE scraping, as it is easy to produce and the examination is not costly, which allows the procedure to be repeated at different moments which, in turn, increases the possibility of finding the parasite. Despite that the direct methods are technically widespread, they are not standardized and the parameters of accuracy are unknown. If we consider the high incidence of leishmaniasis in low-income areas, the implantation of standardized and selective methods would provide advances in the diagnosis of leishmaniasis.

Acroangiodermatitis, often known as pseudo-Kaposi sarcoma, is an uncommon angioproliferative entity related to chronic venous insufficiency, arteriovenous fistulae, paralysed limbs, amputation stumps, vascular syndromes and conditions associated with thrombosis. It presents most frequently as purple macules, papules or plaques in the dorsal aspects of the feet, especially the toes, and the malleoli. We report a case of acroangiodermatitis in the plantar aspect of the foot, misdiagnosed for two years, in which haematoxylin-eosin hystopathological stain and immunolabeling with CD34 histochemistry examination were decisive for diagnosis. Patient had chronic venous insufficiency. The lesion responded well to the treatment with a combination of leg elevation and compression.

We report a 2-year-old child with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction, hepatoportal sclerosis and pulmonary thromboembolism whose sole hypercoagulability factor was the presence of anti-phospholipid antibodies.

This study assesses the efficiency of the galactosemia add-on test in neonatal screening performed on regular Guthrie card blood spots. Based on estimated average incidence of galactosemia (1:19,984 newborns) in São Paulo State, Brazil, the study develops a cost-benefit analysis model, using a B/C ratio and a 9.25% annual interest rate in order to decapitalize the results. Sensitivity analysis is also performed, varying (as a function of the interest or discount rate) from 0 and 20% and according to the 95% confidence interval (1:7,494-1:59,953 newborns). The results show that the savings obtained by improved health of galactosemic patients detected early by add-on neonatal screening is superior to the costs (B/C=1.33), characterizing galactosemia add-on testing in neonatal screening as an efficient policy. The lower the prevailing interest rate in the economy, the more efficient the neonatal screening policy.

This is a case report of a Brazilian soldier with cutaneous leishmaniasis. The lesion relapsed following two systemic treatments with meglumine antimoniate. The patient was treated with amphotericin B, which was interrupted due to poor tolerance. Following isolation of Leishmania sp., six intralesional infiltrations of meglumine antimoniate resulted in no response. Leishmania sp promastigotes were again isolated. The patient was submitted to intramuscular 4 mg/kg pentamidine. Parasites from the first and second biopsies were identified as Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis; those isolated from the first biopsy were more sensitive to meglumine antimoniate in vitro than those isolated from the second biopsy. No relapse was observed.

Bone mass loss is a major complication of chronic cholestatic liver disease (CCD). However, the long-term impact of CCD on bone mass acquisition is unknown. We longitudinally assessed bone mineral density (BMD) and factors involved in bone remodeling in 9 children and adolescents with CCD Child-Pugh A (5 boys/4 girls) and in 13 controls (6 boys/7 girls). The groups were evaluated twice, at baseline (T0) and after 3 years (T1), when osteocalcin, deoxypyridinoline, 25-hydroxyvitamin-D, parathyroid hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and BMD (L1-L4, proximal femur and total body) were determined. Serum levels of receptor activator for nuclear factor kB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin were measured only at T1. Lumbar spine BMD was reanalyzed twice: after adjustment for bone age and to compensate for the height factor. Volumetric density was also estimated mathematically in L2-L4. The BMD of L1-L4 was lower in the CCD group (Z-score at T0: control = -1.2 ± 0.8 vs CCD = -2.2 ± 1.4, P < 0.05; T1: control = -0.7 ± 0.8 vs CCD = -2.1 ± 1.1, P < 0.05). Osteocalcin and deoxypyridinoline were similar for the two groups. The CCD group presented lower IGF-I (Z-score at T1: control = 1.4 ± 2.8 vs CCD = -1.5 ± 1.0, P < 0.05) and RANKL (control = 0.465 ± 0.275 vs CCD = 0.195 ± 0.250 pM, P < 0.05) than control. Children with compensated CCD Child-Pugh A showed early impairment of bone acquisition, with the impact being more severe in an initial phase and then tapering in a slowly progressive way. Reduction in endocrine IGF-I has a crucial role in this process.

Objective: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a chronic multisystemic hereditary disease for which a multidisciplinary approach must be taken. The objective of this study was to show the evolution of a group of patients with CF after the implementation of multidisciplinary treatment., Methods: A retrospective study involving 19 patients (6-29 years of age) under clinical follow-up treatment at the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas, located in the city of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. The patients were divided into two groups: 6-12 (6-12 years of age) and 13+ (> 12 years of age). We collected data regarding body mass index (BMI), Z score, Shwachman score (SS), number of exacerbations/year, chronic colonization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and spirometric measurements (FVC, FEV1, FEV1%, and FEF25-75%). Data were collected at two different time points (before and after the implementation of the multidisciplinary treatment) and were analyzed with the Wilcoxon signed rank test., Results: The median age at the onset of symptoms was 10 months. In the 6-12 group, only BMI and FVC increased significantly. Although the other spirometric values increased, the differences were not significant. In the 13+ group, there were no significant differences between the two time points. There was a borderline significant decrease in SS and less than significant decreases in the spirometric measurements. However, the number of patients with alterations in volumes and flows decreased in both groups., Conclusions: Although our patient sample was small, the lack of changes in the spirometric parameters might reflect clinical and functional stability. In all of the patients evaluated, clinical, functional, and nutritional parameters remained stable throughout the study period. The implementation of a multidisciplinary approach might have contributed to this result.

Objective: A recent consensus report could not find specific reports of the effect of nifedipine on the destruction of the periodontal tissues. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of nifedipine on gingival enlargement and periodontal breakdown using a ligature-induced periodontitis in rats., Materials and Methods: Fifty, male, 60 days old, Wistar rats, were divided into six groups. Cotton sutures were placed around the upper second molars. Two groups of 10 rats each did not receive ligatures and were treated daily with either saline solution or nifedipine 50mg/kg/day. Two groups of 10 rats received ligatures and were also treated daily with saline solution or nifedipine 50mg/kg/day. Two additional groups (nifedipine 10 and 100mg/kg/day) were included to explore a possible dose-response relationship. Animals were euthanatised at 30 days. Internal and oral epithelium, total and inflamed connective tissue, gingival thickness and height, and bone loss were assessed histologically., Results: Nifedipine alone was not sufficient to promote gingival enlargement or periodontal destruction in the absence of the ligature. Compared to animals with ligatures only, the group that received ligatures and nifedipine 50mg/kg/day showed significant higher estimates for total and inflamed connective tissue, gingival thickness and height. No significant differences were observed for bone loss between these experimental groups. The other dosages of nifedipine did not provide additional information., Conclusion: Nifedipine itself did not lead to gingival enlargement in rats. In the presence of biofilm accumulation, nifedipine yielded greater gingival enlargement and periodontal inflammation, but it did not increase periodontal destruction., (2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The concentration of arsenic in the hair of the individuals living in Santana city was measured. 121 donors in urban and the periphery area were studied. The periphery of the city shows the highest levels of arsenic (5.94 +/- 6.54 mg kg(-1) - mean; 0.27-23.85 mg kg(-1)). 47.83% in the urban area showed arsenic concentrations of less than 1.00 mg kg(-1), while in the periphery only 11.22% had results below this value. The results showing the influence of residence location. The Principal Component Analysis showed that the variable residence location were responsible for the correct formation of the periphery group.

Objectives: To study the incidence of galactosaemia in the state of São Paulo and the benefit/cost (B/C) ratio of the introduction of neonatal screening for galactosaemia, comparing it with a selective approach., Methods: An enzymatic-colorimetric assay was used for the screening of total galactose (TG) in a sample of 10% of the births in São Paulo in one year and positive cases were confirmed by the activity of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT). Detected and referred cases were genotyped using enzyme restriction studies for Q188R, N314D and S135L mutations of the GALT gene. The economic analysis was determined by calculating the B/C ratio and by analysis of sensitivity as a function of the incidence of the disease detected and the variation of the interest rate in the economy., Results: 59 953 newborns were screened for TG, with 3 cases of galactosaemia being identified (0.26% false positives), corresponding to a frequency of 1:19 984 liveborns (95% confidence interval: 1:7494 to 1:59 953). One classical case and one Duarte 2 variant referred to as a selective approach were confirmed. With an incidence of 1:19 984, the B/C ratio was 1.04 for the 11.75% interest rate in effect in Brazil, with values already decapitalized. With a maximum possible incidence of 1:7494, the B/C ratio was 2.79., Discussion: There is an economic advantage in introducing neonatal screening for galactosaemia in the national neonatal screening programme. This advantage could increase with a reduction of the current interest rates in the economy.