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Background: Elongating intramedullary rods have been used in the management of osteogenesis imperfecta for the past fifty years. The complication rates reported in many reviews of the available techniques have been high. This study reviews the long-term functional outcomes and complications following the use of the Sheffield system of telescopic intramedullary rods.Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with osteogenesis imperfecta who were at least eighteen years of age and who had at least thirteen years of follow-up. Complications, reoperations, and data from a disease-specific questionnaire and the Short Form-36 questionnaire were recorded.Results: Data for twenty-two patients with osteogenesis imperfecta who had been treated with Sheffield telescopic intramedullary rods were available at an average of nineteen years after the initial surgery. Reoperations involving thirty-three (50%) of the sixty-six rods were performed: ten rods (15%) were exchanged because of rod disengagement due to growth, thirteen rods (20%) were exchanged because of complications, and ten rods (15%) required further surgery other than exchange because of complications. Mobility was significantly improved at the initial postoperative visit (p = 0.0015), and this improvement was maintained into adulthood (p = 0.0077). Back pain was the most frequent symptom. Symptoms related to rod insertion across the knee and ankle were rare, but symptoms related to proximal femoral trochanteric entry were common. Physeal damage was not seen following surgery, and all rods elongated with growth. All patients were satisfied with the outcome of the surgical procedures. Short Form-36 scores for all physical domains and for social function and vitality were significantly worse than those in a normal population.Conclusions: The outcomes of this technique are satisfactory in adulthood; reoperation rates are high but are most commonly related to the patient outgrowing the rods. Concerns regarding insertion of this fixed device at the knee and ankle were unfounded, although proximal femoral fixation remains a problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study is to delineate a novel manifestation linked to the mutation of the MFRP gene: a macular neovascular membrane (MNV). The authors provide detailed insights into this rare condition, shedding light on a previously unreported observation and proposing potential pathophysiological mechanisms., Methods: A single case report from a tertiary center in Brazil was conducted for evaluation., Results: A female patient presenting with microphthalmos, retinal pigmentary alterations, and optic disc drusen, which had previously been misdiagnosed as Intracranial Idiopathic Hypertension (IIH), was diagnosed with MNV and inherited retinal dystrophy. Genetic testing confirmed the presence of an MFRP mutation, revealing novel manifestation of heterozygous gene mutations (c.498del p. Asn167Thrfs*25 and c.650G>A p. Gly217Glu)., Conclusion: MNV in the context of retinal dystrophies is a rare occurrence and has not been previously associated with an MFRP mutation. The documentation of this novel observation is crucial for enhancing our understanding of the potential disease presentations, aiding in diagnosis, elucidating the underlying pathophysiology, and guiding appropriate management strategies in such cases.

Purpose: Retrospective evaluation of bilateral same-day myringoplasty outcomes., Methods: Patients who underwent bilateral same-day myringoplasty from 2005 to 2019., Results: Thirty-eight patients underwent bilateral myringoplasty. Mean age was 44.5 years and 55.3% patients were male. Tragal perichondrium-cartilage composite graft was the most frequently used graft material (82.9%). Perforation closure was achieved in 78.9%. Postoperative Pure Tone Average and Air-Bone Gap decreased significantly (p < 0.05), except for the Air-Bone Gap of the right ear (p = 0.058). The complications were cholesteatoma (1.3%), otorrhea (6.6%) and tympanic membrane retraction (1.3%)., Conclusions: Bilateral same-day myringoplasty is a feasible procedure in selected patients. Good anatomic and functional outcomes, as well as a low rate of complications, are achieved with this procedure, improving patient comfort and allowing for a reduction in operation time and costs., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Introduction/aims: Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are susceptible to malnutrition, with appropriate management of nutritional interventions an active area of investigation. We sought to determine the impact of gastrostomy tube placement in ALS patients, exploring the correlation between forced vital capacity (FVC), malnutrition, and perioperative complications., Methods: A retrospective review was performed of clinically diagnosed ALS patients treated at two multidisciplinary clinics (University of Kansas, University of Nebraska) from January 2009 to September 2020 who were referred for gastrostomy. Data collected included demographics, disease characteristics, and key gastrostomy related dates/outcomes., Results: Two hundred thirty-nine patients were included with a median age of 65 years and median of 589 days from symptom onset to gastrostomy (interquartile range, 404-943). The population was predominantly Non-Hispanic White with bulbar-onset ALS. 30-day mortality was 4% and 30-day morbidity was 13%. Weight loss, body mass index, and predicted FVC at placement showed no increased 30-day morbidity or mortality association. Bulbar-onset ALS patients exhibited higher overall mortality postplacement than limb onset (odds ratio: 1.85, 95% confidence interval: 1.03-3.33). There was a 5% incidence of symptoms suggestive of refeeding syndrome., Discussion: Rates of major/minor complications and 30-day mortality related to gastrostomy placement in our population were similar compared with prior studies in ALS. The lack of difference in outcomes based on FVC at procedure may suggest this is not predictive of outcome, or perhaps, high-quality perioperative respiratory management. Alternative reasons may account for the increased morbidity and mortality of gastrostomy placement in the ALS population., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

A key strategy for minimizing our reliance on precious metals is to increase the fraction of surface atoms and improve the metal-support interface. In this work, we employ a solvent/ligand/counterion-free method to deposit copper in the atomic form directly onto a nanotextured surface of graphitized carbon nanofibers (GNFs). Our results demonstrate that under these conditions, copper atoms coalesce into nanoparticles securely anchored to the graphitic step edges, limiting their growth to 2-5 nm. The resultant hybrid Cu/GNF material displays high selectivity in the CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) for formate production with a faradaic efficiency of ~94% at -0.38 V vs RHE and a high turnover frequency of 2.78 × 10 6  h -1 . The Cu nanoparticles adhered to the graphitic step edges significantly enhance electron transfer to CO 2 . Long-term CO 2 RR tests coupled with atomic-scale elucidation of changes in Cu/GNF reveal nanoparticles coarsening, and a simultaneous increase in the fraction of single Cu atoms. These changes in the catalyst structure make the onset of the CO 2 reduction potential more negative, leading to less formate production at -0.38 V vs RHE, correlating with a less efficient competition of CO 2 with H 2 O for adsorption on single Cu atoms on the graphitic surfaces, revealed by density functional theory calculations., (© 2024. Crown.)

Background: Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is a rare, neurodegenerative disorder that manifests with progressive loss of ambulation and refractory dystonia, especially in the early-onset classic form. This leads to osteopenia and stress on long bones, which pose an increased risk of atraumatic femur fractures. The purpose of this study is to describe the unique challenges in managing femur fractures in PKAN and the effect of disease manifestations on surgical outcomes., Methods: A retrospective case review was conducted on 5 patients (ages 10 to 20 y) with PKAN with a femur fracture requiring surgical intervention. Data regarding initial presentation, surgical treatment, complications, and outcomes were obtained., Results: All patients were non-ambulatory, with 4 of 5 patients sustaining an atraumatic femur fracture in the setting of dystonia episode. One patient had an additional contralateral acetabular fracture. Postoperatively, 4 of the 5 patients sustained orthopaedic complications requiring surgical revision, with 3 of these secondary to dystonia. Overall, 4 required prolonged hospitalization in the setting of refractory dystonia., Conclusion: Femur fractures in PKAN present distinct challenges for successful outcomes. A rigid intramedullary rod with proximal and distal interlocking screws is most protective against surgical complications associated with refractory dystonia occurring during the postoperative period. Multidisciplinary planning for postoperative care is essential and may include aggressive sedation and pain management to decrease the risk of subsequent injuries or complications., Level of Evidence: Level IV., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The Trichophyton rubrum complex comprises the majority of dermatophyte fungi (DM) responsible for chronic cases of onychomycosis, which is treated with oral or topical antifungals. However, owing to antifungal resistance, alternative therapies, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), are needed. This study investigated the frequency of the T. rubrum species complex in onychomycosis cases in the northwestern region of Paraná state, Brazil, and evaluated the efficacy of (PDT) using P123-encapsulated hypericin (Hyp-P123) on clinical isolates of T. rubrum in the planktonic cell and biofilm forms., Material and Methods: The frequency of the T. rubrum complex in onychomycosis cases from 2017 to 2021 was evaluated through a data survey of records from the Laboratory of Medical Mycology (LEPAC) of the State University of Maringa (UEM). To determine the effect of PDT-Hyp-P123 on planktonic cells of T. rubrum isolates, 1 × 10 5 conidia/mL were treated with ten different concentrations of Hyp-P123 and then irradiated with 37.8 J/cm 2 . Antibiofilm activity of PDT-Hyp-P123 was tested against T. rubrum biofilm in the adhesion phase (3 h), evaluated 72 h after irradiation (37.8 J/cm 2 ), and the mature biofilm (72 h), evaluated immediately after irradiation. In this context, three different parameters were evaluated: cell viability, metabolic activity and total biomass., Results: The T. rubrum species complex was the most frequently isolated DM in onychomycosis cases (approximately 80 %). A significant reduction in fungal growth was observed for 75 % of the clinical isolates tested with a concentration from 0.19 μmol/L Hyp-P123, and 56.25 % had complete inhibition of fungal growth (fungicidal action); while all isolates were azole-resistant. The biofilm of T. rubrum isolates (TR0022 and TR0870) was inactivated in both the adhesion phase and the mature biofilm., Conclusion: PDT-Hyp-P123 had antifungal and antibiofilm activity on T. rubrum, which is an important dermatophyte responsible for onychomycosis cases., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare there is no conflict of interests., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The production of atomically dispersed metal catalysts remains a significant challenge in the field of heterogeneous catalysis due to coexistence with continuously packed sites such as nanoclusters and nanoparticles. This work presents a comprehensive guidance on how to increase the degree of atomization through a selection of appropriate experimental conditions and supports. It is based on a rigorous macro-kinetic theory that captures relevant competing processes of nucleation and formation of single atoms stabilized by point defects. The effects of metal-support interactions and deposition parameters on the resulting single atom to nanocluster ratio as well as the role of metal centers formed on point defects in the kinetics of nucleation have been established, thus paving the way to guided synthesis of single atom catalysts. The predictions are supported by experimental results on sputter deposition of Pt on exfoliated hexagonal boron nitride, as imaged by aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy.

Introduction/aims: Muscle cramps are a common and often disabling symptom in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a devastating and incurable neurodegenerative disorder. To date, there are no medications specifically approved for the treatment of muscle cramps. Ameliorating muscle cramps in ALS may improve and sustain quality of life. A widely prescribed traditional Japanese (Kampo) medicine against muscle cramps, shakuyakukanzoto (TJ-68), has been studied in advanced liver disease, spinal stenosis, kidney failure, and diabetic neuropathy. The Japanese ALS Management Guideline mentions TJ-68 for difficult muscle cramps in ALS. Therefore, the rationale of our trial is to investigate the safety and effectiveness of TJ-68 in treating painful and disabling muscle cramps in people with ALS outside of Japan. Accordingly, we are conducting a randomized clinical trial to test the safety and efficacy of TJ-68 in participants with ALS reporting frequent muscle cramps using an innovative, personalized N-of-1 design. If successful, TJ-68 may be used for muscle cramps in a broader population of people with ALS., Methods: This is a two-site, double-blind, randomized personalized N-of-1 early clinical trial with TJ-68. At least 22 participants with ALS and daily muscle cramps will receive drug or placebo for 2 weeks (one treatment period) followed by a 1-week washout in a four-period cross-over design. While the primary objective is to evaluate the safety of TJ-68, the study has 85% power to detect a one-point shift on the Visual Analog Scale for Muscle Cramps Affecting Overall Daily Activity of the Columbia Muscle Cramp Scale (MCS). Secondary outcomes include the full MCS score, a Cramp Diary, Clinical Global Impression of Changes, Goal Attainment Scale, quality of life scale and ALS functional rating scale-revised (ALSFRS-R)., Discussion: The study is underway. A personalized N-of-1 trial design is an efficient approach to testing medications that alleviate muscle cramps in rare disorders. If TJ-68 proves safe and efficacious then it may be used to treat cramps in ALS, and help to improve and sustain quality of life., Trial Registration: This clinical trial has been registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04998305), 8/9/2021., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Temporal identity factors are sufficient to reprogram developmental competence of neural progenitors and shift cell fate output, but whether they can also reprogram the identity of terminally differentiated cells is unknown. To address this question, we designed a conditional gene expression system that allows rapid screening of potential reprogramming factors in mouse retinal glial cells combined with genetic lineage tracing. Using this assay, we found that coexpression of the early temporal identity transcription factors Ikzf1 and Ikzf4 is sufficient to directly convert Müller glial (MG) cells into cells that translocate to the outer nuclear layer (ONL), where photoreceptor cells normally reside. We name these "induced ONL (iONL)" cells. Using genetic lineage tracing, histological, immunohistochemical, and single-cell transcriptome and multiome analyses, we show that expression of Ikzf1/4 in MG in vivo, without retinal injury, mostly generates iONL cells that share molecular characteristics with bipolar cells, although a fraction of them stain for Rxrg, a cone photoreceptor marker. Furthermore, we show that coexpression of Ikzf1 and Ikzf4 can reprogram mouse embryonic fibroblasts to induced neurons in culture by rapidly remodeling chromatin and activating a neuronal gene expression program. This work uncovers general neuronal reprogramming properties for temporal identity factors in terminally differentiated cells.

Aim: Motorised intramedullary lengthening nails are considered more expensive than external fixators for limb lengthening. This research aims to compare the cost of femoral lengthening in children using the PRECICE magnetic lengthening nail with external fixation., Methods: Retrospective analysis of 50 children who underwent femoral lengthening. One group included patients who were treated with PRECICE lengthening nails, the other group included patients who had lengthening with external fixation. Each group included 25 patients aged between 11 and 17 years. The patients in both groups were matched for age. Cost analysis was performed following micro-costing and analysis of the used resources during the different phases of the treatments., Results: Each group's mean patient age was 14.7 years. Lengthening nails were associated with longer operative times compared with external fixators, both for implantation and removal surgery ( p -values of 0.007 and < 0.0001, respectively). Length of stay following the implantation surgery, frequency of radiographs and frequency of outpatient department appointments were all lower with lengthening nails. The overall cost of lengthening nails was £1393 more than external fixators, however, this difference was not statistically significant ( p -value = 0.088)., Conclusion: The difference in the mean costs between femoral lengthening with lengthening nails versus external fixators was not statistically significant. Further research to review the effectiveness of the devices and the quality of life during the lengthening process is crucial for robust health economic evaluation., How to Cite This Article: Hafez M, Nicolaou N, Offiah A, et al. How Much Does Paediatric Femoral Lengthening Cost? A Cost Comparison between Magnetic Lengthening Nails and External Fixators. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr 2023;18(1):16-20., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: Dr James Alfred Fernandes is associated as the Associate Editor of this journal and this manuscript was subjected to this journal's standard review procedures, with this peer review handled independently of this editorial board member and his research group., (Copyright © 2023; The Author(s).)

Introduction: The management of tibial hemimelia can be complex and involve either amputation or reconstruction. The decision made carries significant implications on patients and their families. This is a case series in the management of Type IV tibial hemimelia with a description of a novel surgical technique in the reconstructive arm of the pathway., Materials and Methods: The study included four patients with bilateral tibial hemimelia have an amputation in one limb and reconstructive surgery on the other. The reconstruction involved a supratalar double osteotomy of the tibia and fibula, followed by a staged hindfoot osteotomy using a circular ring fixator. Functional outcomes are reported using the Special Interest Group in Amputee Medicine (SIGAM) and the short form 12 (SF-12) methods., Results: The mean age of patients in our cohort is 14 years (3-27 years) with mean age of surgery at 3 years. One case had an amputation following initial reconstructive surgery due to psychological distress and regressive behaviour. SIGAM functional outcome scores of F were recorded in three of four cases, with one patient performing at level B. On the reconstructive side, two of three patients reported a mean physical short form 12 (SF-12) score of 56.7 and a mental SF-12 score of 55.7. One patient reported a physical SF-12 score of 28.5 and a mental SF-12 score of 30.3., Discussion and Conclusion: A reconstructive option provides a satisfactory functional outcome, comparable to the population mean, in the majority of patients in our cohort., Clinical Significance: A staged supratalar double osteotomy followed later by a hindfoot osteotomy is effective in centralising the ankle and creates a plantigrade weight-bearing platform for ambulation in patients with Type IV tibial hemimelia., How to Cite This Article: Tang CH, Addar A, Fernandes JA. Amputation vs Reconstruction in Type IV Tibial Hemimelia: Functional Outcomes and Description of a Novel Surgical Technique. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr 2023;18(1):32-36., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: Dr James Alfred Fernandes is associated as the Associate Editor of this journal and this manuscript was subjected to this journal's standard review procedures, with this peer review handled independently of this editorial board member and his research group., (Copyright © 2023; The Author(s).)

Background: Achondroplasia is the most common skeletal dysplasia. A significant complication is foramen magnum stenosis. When severe, compression of the spinal cord may result in sleep apnea, sudden respiratory arrest and death. To avoid complications, surgical decompression of the craniocervical junction is offered in at-risk cases. However, practice varies among centres. To standardize magnetic resonance (MR) reporting, the achondroplasia foramen magnum score was recently developed. The reliability of the score has not been assessed., Objective: To assess the interobserver reliability of the achondroplasia foramen magnum score., Materials and Methods: Base of skull imaging of children with achondroplasia under the care of Sheffield Children's Hospital was retrospectively and independently reviewed by four observers using the achondroplasia foramen magnum score. Two-way random-effects intraclass coefficient (ICC) was used to assess inter- and intra-observer reliability., Results: Forty-nine eligible cases and five controls were included. Of these, 10 were scored normal, 17 had a median score of 1 (mild narrowing), 11 had a median score of 2 (effacement of cerebral spinal fluid), 10 had a score of 3 (compression of cord) and 6 had a median score of 4 (cord myelopathic change). Interobserver ICC was 0.72 (95% confidence interval = 0.62-0.81). Intra-observer ICC ranged from 0.60 to 0.86. Reasons for reader disagreement included flow void artefact, subtle T2 cord signal and myelopathic T2 cord change disproportionate to canal narrowing., Conclusion: The achondroplasia foramen magnum score has good interobserver reliability. Imaging features leading to interobserver disagreement have been identified. Further research is required to prospectively validate the score against clinical outcomes., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: Distraction osteogenesis is a very demanding process. For decades, external fixation was the only reliable option for gradual deformity correction. Recently, intramedullary magnetic nails have gained popularity. This research aimed to assess the quality of life in children during gradual deformity correction using intramedullary lengthening nails compared to external fixation., Method: Prospective analysis included children who had gradual lower limb deformity correction between 2017 and 2019. Group A included children who had magnetic lengthening nails; patients in group B had external fixation devices. Child health utility 9D (CHU- 9D) and EuroQol 5D youth (EQ- 5D-Y) were used to measure the quality of life at fixed points during the distraction osteogenesis process. The results were used to calculate the utility at each milestone and the overall quality of life adjusted years (QALYs)., Results: Thirty-four children were recruited, group A had 16 patients, whilst group B had 18 patients. The average ages were 16.0 years and 14.7 years for groups A and B, respectively. Group A patients reported significantly better utility compared to group B. This was observed during all stages of treatment (P = 0.00016). QALYs were better for group A (0.44) compared to group B (0.34) (P < 0.0001)., Conclusion: The quality of life was generally better in group A compared to group B. In most patients, the health utility progressively improved throughout treatment. In the same way, QALYs were better with the lengthening nails compared to external fixators. The magnetic lengthening devices (PRECICE nails) which were used in this research were recently relabelled to restrict their applications in children; this study was conducted before these restrictions., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Sporotrichosis is a worldwide zoonosis, prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in human and feline cases reported in Brazil. Despite this, the antifungal treatment for sporotrichosis is still limited, and thus, research into new therapeutic modalities must be encouraged. Recently, photodynamic therapy has been introduced as a treatment for sporotrichosis. This work presents an overview of both in vitro and in vivo studies that have used photodynamic therapy in the context of photoinactivation of Sporothrix species. Until now, as far as the authors are aware, this is the first scope review specifically on photodynamic therapy for the treatment of sporotrichosis. A systematic electronic search was conducted in two databases: Web of Science and PubMed. Seven original articles published from 2010 to July 2021 were selected, six of which met the proposed inclusion and exclusion criteria and were considered in this scoping review. Concerning the photoinactivation of Sporothrix spp. the results have been promising as studies, in both animals and humans, have reported significant clinical and mycological effects. The most used photosensitizers were methylene blue and its derivatives, and aminolevulinic acid and its methyl derivative, methyl aminolevulinic acid. In conclusion, photodynamic therapy has great potential in treatment of sporotrichosis, as its fungicidal effect both in vitro and in vivo has clearly been demonstrated. Photodynamic therapy could be used in conjunction with classic antifungal agents to optimize treatment outcomes., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Femoral lengthening can be achieved using external fixators or intramedullary lengthening nails. The purpose of this research was to compare the outcome of femoral lengthening in children using PRECICE magnetic lengthening nails with lengthening external fixators., Methods: Retrospective analysis of 50 children who had femoral lengthening. Group A included patients who had lengthening with external fixation, patients in Group B had lengthening with PRECICE intramedullary lengthening nails. Each group included 25 patients. The sample strictly included children aged between 11 and 17 years. Patients in each group were matched according to age and indication for lengthening whether congenital or acquired conditions. The outcomes focused on the ability to achieve target length, healing index, residual malalignment, length of hospitalization following the osteotomy surgery, and encountered complications., Results: Mean patient age was 14.7 years for each group. The length gain was 42±12 mm for Group A and 41.6±8 mm for Group B (P=0.84). Lengthening nails achieved the target length more accurately compared with external fixation (P=0.017). The healing index was significantly higher in group A with 53.2±19 days/cm compared with 40.2±14 days/cm in group B (P=0.03). Group A had significantly higher complications than group B (P<0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference in the final coronal malalignment between the 2 groups (P=0.2). The mean length of stay was 9.2±5.8 days for group A and 4.2±3.3 days for group B (P=0.0005)., Conclusion: Magnetic lengthening nails are clinically effective for femoral lengthening in the pediatric population. Compared with external fixation, healing index and complications were more favorable with PRECICE nails. Further research is required to study the cost-effectiveness of this technique., Level of Evidence: Level IV-case series., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

A method of pore fabrication in the walls of carbon nanotubes has been developed, leading to porous nanotubes that have been filled with catalysts and utilized in liquid- and gas-phase reactions. Chromium oxide nanoparticles have been utilized as highly effective etchants of carbon nanotube sidewalls. Tuning the thermal profile and loading of this nanoscale oxidant, both of which influence the localized oxidation of the carbon, have allowed the controlled formation of defects and holes with openings of 40-60 nm, penetrating through several layers of the graphitic carbon nanotube sidewall, resulting in templated nanopore propagation. The porous carbon nanotubes have been demonstrated as catalytic nanoreactors, effectively stabilizing catalytic nanoparticles against agglomeration and modulating the reaction environment around active centers. CO 2 sorption on ruthenium nanoparticles (RuNPs) inside nanoreactors led to distinctive surface-bound intermediates (such as carbonate species), compared to RuNPs on amorphous carbon. Introducing pores in nanoreactors modulates the strength of absorption of these intermediates, as they bond more strongly on RuNPs in porous nanoreactors as compared to the nanoreactors without pores. In the liquid-phase hydrosilylation of phenylacetylene, the confinement of Rh 4 (CO) 12 catalyst centers within the porous nanoreactors changes the distribution of the products relative to those observed in the absence of the additional pores. These changes have been attributed to the enhanced local concentration of phenylacetylene and the environment in which the catalytic centers reside within the porous carbon host., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2022 American Chemical Society.)

Background: Femoral lengthening is a procedure of great importance in the treatment of congenital and acquired limb deficiencies. Technological advances have led to the latest designs of fully implantable motorized intramedullary lengthening nails. The use of these nails has increased over the last few years., Aim: To review and critically appraise the literature comparing the outcome of femoral lengthening in children using intramedullary motorized lengthening nails to external fixation., Methods: Electronic databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane) were systematically searched in November 2019 for studies comparing the outcome of femoral lengthening in children using magnetic lengthening nails and external fixation. The outcomes included amount of gained length, healing index, complications and patient reported outcomes., Results: Of the 452 identified studies, only two (retrospective and non-randomized) met the inclusion criteria. A total of 91 femora were included. In both studies, the age of patients treated with nails ranged from 15 to 21 years compared to 9 to 15 years for patients in the external fixation group. Both devices achieved the target length. Prevalence of adverse events was less in the nail (60%-73%) than in the external fixation (81%-100%) group. None of the studies presented patient reported outcomes., Conclusion: The clinical effectiveness of motorized nails is equivalent or superior to external fixation for femoral lengthening in young patients. The available literature is limited and does not provide evidence on patient quality of life or cost effectiveness of the interventions., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors have no conflicts of interest., (©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Marine spatial planning that addresses ocean climate-driven change ('climate-smart MSP') is a global aspiration to support economic growth, food security and ecosystem sustainability. Ocean climate change ('CC') modelling may become a key decision-support tool for MSP, but traditional modelling analysis and communication challenges prevent their broad uptake. We employed MSP-specific ocean climate modelling analyses to inform a real-life MSP process; addressing how nature conservation and fisheries could be adapted to CC. We found that the currently planned distribution of these activities may become unsustainable during the policy's implementation due to CC, leading to a shortfall in its sustainability and blue growth targets. Significant, climate-driven ecosystem-level shifts in ocean components underpinning designated sites and fishing activity were estimated, reflecting different magnitudes of shifts in benthic versus pelagic, and inshore versus offshore habitats. Supporting adaptation, we then identified: CC refugia (areas where the ecosystem remains within the boundaries of its present state); CC hotspots (where climate drives the ecosystem towards a new state, inconsistent with each sectors' present use distribution); and for the first time, identified bright spots (areas where oceanographic processes drive range expansion opportunities that may support sustainable growth in the medium term). We thus create the means to: identify where sector-relevant ecosystem change is attributable to CC; incorporate resilient delivery of conservation and sustainable ecosystem management aims into MSP; and to harness opportunities for blue growth where they exist. Capturing CC bright spots alongside refugia within protected areas may present important opportunities to meet sustainability targets while helping support the fishing sector in a changing climate. By capitalizing on the natural distribution of climate resilience within ocean ecosystems, such climate-adaptive spatial management strategies could be seen as nature-based solutions to limit the impact of CC on ocean ecosystems and dependent blue economy sectors, paving the way for climate-smart MSP., (© 2021 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: To evaluate the tooth enamel surface morphology after the action of 35% hydrogen peroxide with and without LED activation., Material and Methods: 70 bovine incisors with an enamel surface of 4x4x3 mm were used, prepared for reading superficial microhardness and roughness. Specimens were randomly distributed and divided into 7 experimental groups (n = 10); G1 = artificial saliva; G2 = 35% HP - 2 sessions (3x15´); G3 = Phosphoric Acid + 35% HP - 3 sessions (3x15´); G4 = 35% HP - 2 sessions (3x15´) + blue LED; G5 = 35% HP - 2 sessions (3x15´) + green LED; G6 = 35% HP - 2 sessions (3x20´) + violet LED; G7 = Violet LED - 2 sessions (3x20´). The results were analyzed by the Anova, Wilcoxon, Dunnett and Tukey tests (α = 0.05)., Results: The G4 group showed a greater change in microhardness. Regarding roughness, the biggest mean difference between groups occurred in G2, G5 and G7. Optical microscopy showed a smooth enamel surface in groups G2, G5 and G7., Conclusions: Changes in the enamel surface were observed in relation to microhardness, but without significant changes in roughness, where the LED (green and violet) resulted in a smooth surface. Key words: Tooth whitening, superficial morphology, light, photoradiatio., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright: © 2021 Medicina Oral S.L.)

Objectives: Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a heterogeneous condition mainly characterised by bone fragility; extra-skeletal features in OI include blue sclerae, dentinogenesis imperfecta, skin laxity and joint hyper-extensibility. Most patients with OI are thought to have a low bone mass but contrary to expectations there are certain forms of OI with high bone mass which this study explores in further detail., Method: A cohort of n = 6 individuals with pathogenic variants in BMP1 and the C-propeptide cleavage variants in COL1A1 were included in this study. Detailed clinical and radiological phenotyping was done and correlated with genotype to identify patterns of clinical presentation and fracture history in this cohort of patients. This data was compared to previously reported literature in this group., Results: 2 patients with BMP1 and 4 patients with pathogenic variants in C-propeptide region in COL1A1 were deep-phenotyped as part of this study and 1 patient with C-propeptide variant in COL1A1 , showed low bone mineral density. In those with an elevated bone mineral density, this became even more apparent on bisphosphonate therapy. Patients in this cohort had variable clinical presentation ranging from antenatal presentation to more of an insidious course resulting in later confirmation of genetic diagnosis up to 19 years of age., Conclusions: Patients with pathogenic variants in the C-propeptide region of COL1A1/A2 and BMP1 appear to have a high bone mass phenotype with increased sensitivity to bisphosphonate therapy. It is important to closely monitor patients with these genotypes to assess their response to therapy and tailor their treatment regime accordingly., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financialinterestsor personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2021 Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: Telescopic rods in the management of osteogenesis imperfecta fail frequently. This could be attributed to technical errors, rod design, and rod structure. We aimed to analyze the mechanical properties and tribology of explanted male and female components to identify effects of in vivo telescoping that may relate to observed patterns of successful telescoping or failure., Methods: Recruitment took place at 3 of the 4 English centers for osteogenesis imperfecta. Twenty-five rods explanted for growth or failure during revision to a new rod were analyzed in terms of clinical indication and prerevision imaging to identify if there was a technical mode of failure. Laboratory analysis was performed using optical and scanning electrical microscopy, radiograph diffraction analysis, hardness test, bending test, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy., Results: All implants tested were of high-grade stainless steel. Female components had inferior strength [mean Vickers hardness property (HV0.3) at 0.3 to 313 kg] in comparison to male components (HV0.3 406) due to different techniques of manufacture. Female rods also had a higher wear coefficient (7.89×10-12 m3/N/m3) than the male rods (6.46×10-12 m3/N/m3). Abrasive wear, shear deformation, scratches, and wear debris were identified in all rods. Male and female components displayed corrosion contributing to adhesive wear. Intraoperatively cut rods, particularly the female components, had irregular ends leading to more wear., Conclusions: Current manufacturing techniques result in inferior material strength in female components compared with males, which combined with wear patterns is likely to lead to implant failure. Intraoperative cutting of rods may increase risk of failure due to wear. Considering techniques to improve strength as well as design in new implants may lead to better outcomes., Levels of Evidence: Level IV-cross-sectional study., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

A greener technology aiming at a smarter industrial waste treatment is proposed to produce chloride iron-zinc-aluminum layered double hydroxides (LDHs). Waste Pickling Acid (WPA) and sodium aluminate (NaAlO 2 ) from secondary sources were meticulously mixed under mild experimental conditions using a sodium hydroxide solution as a pH-regulator. A set of characterization techniques (XRD, SEM, TGA, FTIR, AAS and adsorption-desorption of N 2 ) indicated the formation of highly-dispersed nanoflake crystallites with textural characteristics and thermal stability similar to syntheses with high-quality chemicals. An interesting discussion on chemical composition and M 2+ /M 3+ molar ratio is presented. Although the co-precipitation synthesis was conducted without control of environmental CO 2 , complete intercalation of the chloride anion was achieved, making these particles more favorable for further anion exchange applications. The experimental variables temperature of reaction and WPA/NaAlO 2 volume ratio showed the strongest influence on the LDHs crystallinity and porosity. LDHs architected with iron and zinc have the potential to be applied in systems for removing sulfur gases for cleaner energy production, e.g. in the refining process of biogas to produce biomethane., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

An organic-inorganic hybrid species based on the Wells-Dawson polyoxotungstate [P 2 W 18 O 62 ] 6- and novel fluorescent benzothiadiazole-imidazolium cations, [BTD-4,7-ImH] 2+ , has been synthesized. X-ray crystallographic analysis shows that the inorganic and organic components form a hydrogen-bonded superstructure and that the cations are revealed to be non-equivalent with varying degrees of rotation between the BTD and imidazolium rings due to competition between weak intra- and intermolecular interactions. The UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra indicate that the hybrid has a band gap of 3.13 eV, while the solid-state fluorescence properties of the cation are quenched in the hybrid material, suggesting the existence of electron transfer between the inorganic and organic components. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies of the polyoxometalate (POM) and BTD-4,7-ImH precursors, estimated through UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry, indicate that electron transfer from the BTD cations to the POM may occur in the excited state., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Kibler, Souza, Fernandes, Lewis, Argent, Dupont and Newton.)

Introduction: Fibrous dysplasia (FD) of bone can be present with pain, deformity and pathological fractures. Management is both medical and surgical. Little literature exists on the surgical management of both monostotic and polyostotic FD. We present our experience of limb reconstruction surgery in this pathological group of bone disease., Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort of children who underwent limb reconstruction surgery at a single high-volume paediatric centre was identified from a prospective database. Case notes and radiographs were reviewed. Surgical techniques, outcomes and difficulties were explored., Results: Twenty-one patients were identified aged between 7 and 13 at presentation to the limb reconstruction unit. Eleven were female, nine had McCune-Albright syndrome, seven had polyostotic FD and five had monostotic. Proximal femoral varus procurvatum deformity was the most common site requiring surgical intervention. The distal femur, tibia, humerus and forearm were also treated.Methods include deformity correction with intramedullary fixation including endo-exo-endo techniques, elastic nailing, guided growth, circular fixator technique and fixator-assisted plating. Correction of deformity and leg length discrepancies was common.The osteotomies went on to heal with no nonunions or delayed healing. We encountered secondary deformity at distal end of nails as the children grew as expected. These were managed with revision nailing techniques and in some cases external fixation. There was one implant failure, which did not require revision surgery., Conclusion: The surgical management of pathological bone disease is challenging. Corrective osteotomies with intramedullary fixation can be very successful if appropriate limb reconstruction principles are adhered to. Deformity correction, guided growth and lengthening can all be successfully achieved in bone affected by FD. Polyostotic FD can be present with secondary deformities, and these can be difficult to manage., How to Cite This Article: Hampton MJ, Weston-Simmons S, Giles SN, et al. Deformity Correction, Surgical Stabilisation and Limb Length Equalisation in Patients with Fibrous Dysplasia: A 20-year Experience . Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr 2021;16(1):41-45., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2021; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.)

Introduction: Our aim in this study was to identify the prevalence and clinical characteristics of LRP4/agrin-antibody-positive double-seronegative myasthenia gravis (DNMG)., Methods: DNMG patients at 16 sites in the United States were tested for LRP4 and agrin antibodies, and the clinical data were collected., Results: Of 181 DNMG patients, 27 (14.9%) were positive for either low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4) or agrin antibodies. Twenty-three DNMG patients (12.7%) were positive for both antibodies. More antibody-positive patients presented with generalized symptoms (69%) compared with antibody-negative patients (43%) (P ≤ .02). Antibody-positive patients' maximum classification on the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) scale was significantly higher than that for antibody-negative patients (P ≤ .005). Seventy percent of antibody-positive patients were classified as MGFA class III, IV, or V compared with 39% of antibody-negative patients. Most LRP4- and agrin-antibody-positive patients (24 of 27, 89%) developed generalized myathenia gravis (MG), but with standard MG treatment 81.5% (22 of 27) improved to MGFA class I or II during a mean follow-up of 11 years., Discussion: Antibody-positive patients had more severe clinical disease than antibody-negative patients. Most DNMG patients responded to standard therapy regardless of antibody status., (© 2020 The Authors. Muscle & Nerve published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

The study covers two important deltaic systems of the north-east coast of India, viz. the Bengal and Mahanadi delta that support about 1.25 million people. The changes in potential marine fish production and socio-economic conditions were modelled for these two deltas under long-term changes in environmental conditions (sea surface temperature and primary production) to the end of the 21st century. Our results show that an increased temperature (by 4 °C) has a negative impact on fisheries productivity, which was projected to decrease by 5%. At the species level, Bombay duck, Indian mackerel and threadfin bream showed an increasing trend in the biomass of potential catches under the sustainable fishing scenario. However, under the business as usual and overfishing scenarios, our results suggest reduced catch for both states. On the other hand, mackerel tuna, Indian oil sardine, and hilsa fisheries showed a projected reduction in potential catch also for the sustainable fishing scenario. The socio-economic models projected an increase of up to 0.67% (involving 0.8 billion USD) in consumption by 2050 even under the best management scenario. The GDP per capita was projected to face a loss of 1.7 billion USD by 2050. The loss of low-cost fisheries would negatively impact the poorer coastal population since they strongly depend upon these fisheries as a source of protein. Nevertheless, adaptation strategies tend to have a negative correlation with poverty and food insecurity which needs to be addressed separately to make the sector-specific efforts effective. This work can be considered as the baseline model for future researchers and the policymakers to explore potential sustainable management options for the studied regions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Large-scale and long-term changes in fish abundance and distribution in response to climate change have been simulated using both statistical and process-based models. However, national and regional fisheries management requires also shorter term projections on smaller spatial scales, and these need to be validated against fisheries data. A 26-year time series of fish surveys with high spatial resolution in the North-East Atlantic provides a unique opportunity to assess the ability of models to correctly simulate the changes in fish distribution and abundance that occurred in response to climate variability and change. We use a dynamic bioclimate envelope model forced by physical-biogeochemical output from eight ocean models to simulate changes in fish abundance and distribution at scales down to a spatial resolution of 0.5°. When comparing with these simulations with annual fish survey data, we found the largest differences at the 0.5° scale. Differences between fishery model runs driven by different biogeochemical models decrease dramatically when results are aggregated to larger scales (e.g. the whole North Sea), to total catches rather than individual species or when the ensemble mean instead of individual simulations are used. Recent improvements in the fidelity of biogeochemical models translate into lower error rates in the fisheries simulations. However, predictions based on different biogeochemical models are often more similar to each other than they are to the survey data, except for some pelagic species. We conclude that model results can be used to guide fisheries management at larger spatial scales, but more caution is needed at smaller scales., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Aim and Objective: Ilizarov hip reconstruction (IHR) is a traditional method of salvaging chronic adolescent problem hips but faces practical problems from external fixators leading to reduced compliance. We present the same reconstruction utilising only internal devices with a modification in technique and aim to review early results., Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated eight patients between 2014 and 2017 with chronic painful hips treated by a two-stage reconstruction; stage 1 included femoral head resection and pelvic support osteotomy using double plating, while stage 2 comprised distal femoral osteotomy avoiding varus followed by insertion of retrograde magnetic nail for postoperative lengthening. Patients continued physiotherapy postoperatively while protecting from early weight-bearing., Results: At mean follow-up of 19 months (range 6-36), all osteotomies healed with bone healing index of 47 days/cm (range 30-72). Pain improved from 8.3 (range 7-9) to 2 (range 0-6), while limb length discrepancy got corrected from 4.3 cm (range 3-5) to 1.4 cm (range 0-2.5) at final follow-up. Trendelenburg sign was eliminated in three and delayed in five. No examples of infection or permanent knee stiffness were noted. One patient had plates breakage due to mechanical fall and one had 35 mm of lateral mechanical axis deviation requiring corrective osteotomy., Conclusion: Pelvic support hip reconstruction with exclusive internal devices is a technique in evolution with encouraging early results. It avoids common complications of external fixators and facilitates quick rehabilitation of joints. Refraining from distal varus can effectively eliminate Trendelenburg gait, albeit with some degree of lateral mechanical axis deviation. Unlike external fixation where there is a possibility of gradual correction, this staged procedure of internal fixation is technically demanding with a learning curve., Clinical Significance: Pelvic support hip reconstruction performed by internal implants is a viable alternative to IHR with potential benefits., How to Cite This Article: Metikala S, Kurian BT, Madan SS, et al. Pelvic Support Hip Reconstruction with Internal Devices: An Alternative to Ilizarov Hip Reconstruction. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr 2020;15(2):91-97., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2020; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.)

Formic acid (FA) is a promising CO and hydrogen energy carrier, and currently its generation is mainly centered on the hydrogenation of CO 2 . However, it can also be obtained by the hydrothermal conversion of CO with H 2 O at very high pressures (>100 bar) and temperatures (>200 °C), which requires days to complete. Herein, it is demonstrated that by using a nano-Ru/Fe alloy embedded in an ionic liquid (IL)-hybrid silica in the presence of the appropriate IL in water, CO can be catalytically converted into free FA (0.73 m) under very mild reactions conditions (10 bar at 80 °C) with a turnover number of up to 1269. The catalyst was prepared by simple reduction/decomposition of Ru and Fe complexes in the IL, and it was then embedded into an IL-hybrid silica {1-n-butyl-3-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)-imidazolium cations associated with hydrophilic (acetate, SILP-OAc) and hydrophobic [bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide, SILP-NTf 2 ] anions}. The location of the alloy nanoparticles on the support is strongly related to the nature of the anion, that is, in the case of hydrophilic SILP-OAc, RuFe nanoparticles are more exposed to the support surface than in the case of the hydrophobic SILP-NTf 2 , as determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. This catalytic membrane in the presence of H 2 O/CO and an appropriate IL, namely, 1,2-dimethyl-3-n-butylimidazolium 2-methyl imidazolate (BMMIm⋅MeIm), is stable and recyclable for at least five runs, yielding a total of 4.34 m of free FA., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

The study assessed care for high-risk pregnancy, including access, functioning, and use of health services, ranging from primary healthcare (PHC) to specialized care. This was an evaluative study anchored in an analytical model that used triangulation of different information sources and comparative analysis of care for high-risk pregnancy in four Brazilian metropolises. The selected analytical categories were: access to consultations and tests, linkage between components of the healthcare networks and between users and healthcare professionals, and the care provided. Contexts of care for high-risk pregnancy were characterized by health system information indicators and a qualitative descriptive study produced by key informants, in addition to a questionnaire applied to 1,886 pregnant women seen at specialized services, having been referred by PHC. Triangulation of data obtained from secondary sources, contextualization of healthcare networks, and a survey with high-risk pregnant women allowed encompassing the complexity of the organizational arrangements in the healthcare network among the municipalities. Significant differences were identified in access, linkage, and care provided for high-risk pregnancy in the four metropolises. Campinas (São Paulo State, Brazil) was the municipality with the best performance in the indicators related to linkage and access by pregnant women to PHC. São Paulo and Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul State) showed fair performance on the set of indicators as a whole, while Fortaleza (Ceará State) revealed the need for improvement in the three categories analyzed.

Introduction: Osteochondromas are usually found in the long bones of patients with hereditary multiple exostoses (HME). The spine is reported to be involved in over 50% of cases, but few of these patients are symptomatic as the result of an existing spinal exostosis., Methods: We reviewed the current literature in order to find the right approach to patients with HME-complicated spinal exostosis and describe three paediatric patients that were diagnosed late with spinal cord compression due to cervical exostosis., Results: Our three cases were all late presentations with neurology and unfortunately had minimal improvement of neurology after the lesion was surgically removed. There is general agreement that late presentation of spinal cord injury due to osteochondromas involving the cervical spine may cause severe and irreversible neurological sequelae. Our literature review revealed that there are no clear-cut guidelines to develop more comprehensive screening measures for these patients., Conclusions: A high index of suspicion is the most important factor for correct diagnosis and appropriate management. Physicians who treat HME should bear in mind that thorough history taking and a neurological examination at follow up are essential for these patients. Clearer guidelines for the development of more comprehensive screening programmes are essential., Level of Evidence: IV., (Copyright © 2019, The author(s).)

Introduction: Achondroplasia is one of the most common osteochondrodysplasias with an incidence of 1 in 26,000 live births. Bowing of lower limbs can cause significant morbidity in this population. The use of the Ilizarov external fixator to tighten collateral ligaments of the knee in children has not been reported in the literature. We report the technique and early results of lateral collateral ligament (LCL) tightening with correction of genu varum in children with achondroplasia., Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of children with achondroplasia presenting with bowleg deformity who were treated by corrective osteotomy and LCL tightening was conducted. Between 1998 and 2003, 12 patients (24 limb segments) underwent this procedure and were included in the study. All patients had grade III LCL laxity preoperatively. Pre- and postoperative anteroposterior standing mechanical axis radiographs were evaluated. The final outcome was graded using the grading system of Paley et al., Results: All patients had bilateral corrections. The Ilizarov external fixator was used in 10 patients and the Orthofix limb reconstruction system in 2 patients. The bony realignment was achieved through monofocal or bifocal tibial osteotomies. The LCL was tightened in all limb segments using the Paley's type II strategy. The final result was graded as excellent in 20 limb segments and good in 4 limb segments. One patient developed transient common peroneal nerve palsy, four developed grade II pin site infections, and there was premature consolidation of the tibial regenerate in one patient., How to Cite This Article: Kurian BT, Belthur MV, Jones S, et al. Correction of Bowleg Deformity in Achondroplasia through Combined Bony Realignment and Lateral Collateral Ligament Tightening. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr 2019;14(3):132-138., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2019; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.)

Clean surface gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of ∼6.6 nm that were confined in ionic liquid (IL) cages of hybrid γ-alumina (γ-Al 2 O 3 ) displayed hydrogenation pathways in the reduction of trans-cinnamaldehyde distinct from those imprinted directly onto γ-Al 2 O 3 . Hydrogen activation proceeded via homolytic activation in IL-encapsulated AuNPs and via heterolytic cleavage for IL-free supported AuNPs. Higher negative apparent entropy (ΔS app ) values were obtained for the IL-confined AuNPs compared to the non-hybrid catalyst (Au/γ-Al 2 O 3 ), suggesting a decrease in the number of microstates induced by the nano-confined environment. High kinetic isotope effect (KIE) values (k H /k D = 2.5-2.9 at 273 K) and Arrhenius convex curves were observed. Furthermore, differences of 5.6 and 6.2 kJ mol -1 between the apparent activation energies of the deuteration and hydrogenation reactions (E-E) associated with pre-exponential factor ratios (A D /A H ) of 4.6 and 5.1 provided strong evidence of the possible involvement of a tunneling pathway in the case of the confined AuNPs.

While the physical dimensions of climate change are now routinely assessed through multimodel intercomparisons, projected impacts on the global ocean ecosystem generally rely on individual models with a specific set of assumptions. To address these single-model limitations, we present standardized ensemble projections from six global marine ecosystem models forced with two Earth system models and four emission scenarios with and without fishing. We derive average biomass trends and associated uncertainties across the marine food web. Without fishing, mean global animal biomass decreased by 5% (±4% SD) under low emissions and 17% (±11% SD) under high emissions by 2100, with an average 5% decline for every 1 °C of warming. Projected biomass declines were primarily driven by increasing temperature and decreasing primary production, and were more pronounced at higher trophic levels, a process known as trophic amplification. Fishing did not substantially alter the effects of climate change. Considerable regional variation featured strong biomass increases at high latitudes and decreases at middle to low latitudes, with good model agreement on the direction of change but variable magnitude. Uncertainties due to variations in marine ecosystem and Earth system models were similar. Ensemble projections performed well compared with empirical data, emphasizing the benefits of multimodel inference to project future outcomes. Our results indicate that global ocean animal biomass consistently declines with climate change, and that these impacts are amplified at higher trophic levels. Next steps for model development include dynamic scenarios of fishing, cumulative human impacts, and the effects of management measures on future ocean biomass trends., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2019 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.)

Background: The previous studies have investigated causes of and risk factors for falls and impairment of functional capability in older adults. However, the biomechanical factors involved in functional performance and postural control, and the contribution of hip muscles, are still unknown., Aims: The aim of the present study was to verify the association between the muscle function of hip abductors and adductors and static and dynamic balance, in a narrow base of support, in community-dwelling older adults., Methods: Eighty-one older adults, including both women and men, were evaluated. Tandem gait and single-leg stance were used to assess static and dynamic balance, and an isokinetic dynamometer was used to analyze muscle function (peak torque and rate of torque development according to body weight). Data were analyzed by a multivariate linear regression test without adjustment and with adjustment using two models: adjustment I (sex) and adjustment II (age)., Results: There was a statistically significant association between peak torque of abductor in single-leg stance and tandem gait speed. The PT of hip adductors contributed to static balance performance, in a narrow base of support from the unadjusted data and from the adjusted data by sex., Conclusion: The findings of the present study are relevant, because if deficits in balance and functionality in older adults can be linked to a decline in maximum muscle strength of hip abductors, this parameter can be treated to maintain independence in older adults for as long as possible.

Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) or river shad is an anadromous fish species widely distributed in the North Indian Ocean, mainly in the Bay of Bengal (BoB). Hilsa is the national fish of Bangladesh and it contributes 10% of the total fish production of the country, with a market value of $1.74 billion. Hilsa also holds a very important place in the economics of West Bengal of India with 12.5% of the catch and also tops the marine capture in Myanmar. During the last two decades Hilsa production from inland waters has been stable, whereas marine yields in the BoB increased substantially. In order to sustainably manage the trans-boundary stock of Hilsa, the taxonomy, distribution, habitat, migration patterns, population dynamics, fisheries and socio-economics aspects of the fishery have been reviewed here. To achieve a successful trans-boundary management for the Hilsa stock, complete ban on undersize fishing, well-targeted temporal and spatial bans, creation of protected areas in strategic points, incentive for Hilsa fishers and ecological restoration of Hilsa habitats and more work on technological development of Hilsa aquaculture are recommended., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Rasagiline is a monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor with possible neuroprotective effects in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)., Methods: We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 80 ALS participants with enrichment of the placebo group with historical controls (n = 177) at 10 centers in the United States. Participants were randomized in a 3:1 ratio to 2 mg/day rasagiline or placebo. The primary outcome was average slope of decline on the ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R). Secondary measures included slow vital capacity, survival, mitochondrial and molecular biomarkers, and adverse-event reporting., Results: There was no difference in the average 12-month ALSFRS-R slope between rasagiline and the mixed placebo and historical control cohorts. Rasagiline did not show signs of drug-target engagement in urine and blood biomarkers. Rasagiline was well tolerated with no serious adverse events., Discussion: Rasagiline did not alter disease progression compared with controls over 12 months of treatment. Muscle Nerve 59:201-207, 2019., (© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Deltas are home to a large and growing proportion of the world's population, often living in conditions of extreme poverty. Deltaic ecosystems are ecologically significant as they support high biodiversity and a variety of fisheries, however these coastal environments are extremely vulnerable to climate change. The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (Bangladesh/India), the Mahanadi (India), and the Volta (Ghana) are among the most important and populous delta regions in the world and they are all considered at risk of food insecurity and climate change. The fisheries sector is vital for populations that live in the three deltas, as a source of animal protein (in Bangladesh and Ghana around 50-60% of animal protein is supplied by fish while in India this is about 12%) through subsistence fishing, as a source of employment and for the wider economy. The aquaculture sector shows a rapid growth in Bangladesh and India while in Ghana this is just starting to expand. The main exported species differ across countries with Ghana and India dominated by marine fish species, whereas Bangladesh exports shrimps and prawns. Fisheries play a more important part in the economy of Bangladesh and Ghana than for India, both men and women work in fisheries, with a higher proportion of women in the Volta then in the Asian deltas. Economic and integrated modelling using future scenarios suggest that changes in temperature and primary production could reduce fish productivity and fisheries income especially in the Volta and Bangladesh deltas, however these losses could be mitigated by reducing overfishing and improving management. The analysis provided in this paper highlights the importance of applying plans for fisheries management at regional level. Minimizing the impacts of climate change while increasing marine ecosystems resilience must be a priority for scientists and governments before these have dramatic impacts on millions of people's lives., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aquatic ecosystems are of global importance for maintaining high levels of biodiversity and ecosystem services, and for the number of livelihoods dependent on them. In Bangladesh, coastal and delta communities rely on these systems for a livelihood, and the sustainability of the productivity is seriously threatened by both climate change and unsustainable management. These multiple drivers of change shape the livelihood dependence and adaptation responses, where a better understanding is needed to achieve sustainable management in these systems, while maintaining and improving dependent livelihoods. This need has been addressed in this study in the region of Satkhira, in the southwest coast of Bangladesh, where livelihoods are highly dependent on aquatic systems for food supply and income. Traditional wild fish harvest in the rivers and aquaculture systems, including ghers, ponds, and crab points have been changing in terms of the uses and intensity of management, and suffering from climate change impacts as well. By means of six focus groups with 50 participants total, and validated by expert consultations, we conduct an analysis to understand the main perceived impacts from climate and human activities; and the adaptation responses from the aquatic system livelihoods. We find that biodiversity has decreased drastically, while farmed species have increased and shrimp gher farming turned more intensive becoming the main source of income. All these changes have important implications for food supply in the region and environmental sustainability. Dramatic responses taken in the communities include exit the fisheries and migration, and more adaptive responses include species diversification, crab fattening and working more on the pond and gher infrastructure. This study evidences the results of the combination of multiple stressors in productive systems and the barriers to adaptation in aquatic ecosystem dependent communities., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) M(BPZNO 2 ) (M=Co, Cu, Zn; H 2 BPZNO 2 =3-nitro-4,4'-bipyrazole) were prepared through solvothermal routes and were fully investigated in the solid state. They showed good thermal stability both under a N 2 atmosphere and in air, with decomposition temperatures peaking up to 663 K for Zn(BPZNO 2 ). Their crystal structure is characterized by 3D networks with square (M=Co, Zn) or rhombic (M=Cu) channels decorated by polar NO 2 groups. As revealed by N 2 adsorption at 77 K, they are micro-mesoporous materials with BET specific surface areas ranging from 400 to 900 m 2  g -1 . Remarkably, under the mild conditions of 298 K and 1.2 bar, Zn(BPZNO 2 ) adsorbs 21.8 wt % CO 2 (4.95 mmol g -1 ). It shows a Henry CO 2 /N 2 selectivity of 15 and an ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) selectivity of 12 at p=1 bar. As a CO 2 adsorbent, this compound is the best-performing MOF to date among those bearing a nitro group as a unique chemical tag. High-resolution powder X-ray diffraction at 298 K and different CO 2 loadings revealed, for the first time in a NO 2 -functionalized MOF, the insurgence of primary host-guest interactions involving the C(3)-NO 2 moiety of the framework and the oxygen atoms of carbon dioxide, as confirmed by Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations. This interaction mode is markedly different from that observed in NH 2 -functionalized MOFs, for which the carbon atom of CO 2 is involved., (© 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)