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Trauma is one of the leading causes of death in Brazil. We report on 28 cases of traumatic intracerebral hematomas operated on via a minimally invasive approach. A simplified method of localization and right placement of the burr hole is described in details, as well as the technique used in all cases. Every patient was submitted to pre- and postoperative CT scan (computerized tomography) and had the volume of the hematoma measured before the surgical procedure to compare the efficacy of the treatment. No patient needed a second operation, even though in some cases there were residual hematomas. We believe that this approach can be done with safety and replace a standard craniotomy in selected cases.

We report the case of a 73-year-old female who presented facial numbness and pain in the first division of the trigeminal nerve, ptosis, diplopia and visual loss on the right side for the previous four months. The neurological, radiological and histological examination demonstrated a rare case of invasive fungal aspergillosis of the central nervous system, causing orbital apex syndrome, later transformed in temporal brain abscess. She died ten months later due to respiratory and renal failure in spite of specific antimycotic therapy.

Objective: Clinical and surgical outcome of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to ruptured aneurysm were assessed in comparison to pre-operative data and risk factors such as previous medical history, clinical presenting condition, CT findings and site of bleeding., Methods: We evaluated 100 consecutive patients with aneurysmal SAH. Gender, color, history of hypertension, smoking habit, site and size of aneurysm, admittance and before surgery Hunt Hess scale, need for cerebro-spinal fluid shunt, presence of complications during the surgical procedure, Glasgow Outcome Scale, presence of vasospasm and of rebleeding were assessed and these data matched to outcome. For statistical analysis, we applied the chi-squared test or Fisher's test using the pondered kappa coefficient. Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparison of continue variables. Tendency of proportion was analyzed through Cochran-Armitage test. Significance level adopted was 5%., Results: Patients studied were mainly white, female, without previous history of hypertension and non-smokers. Upon hospital admittance, grade 2 of Hunt-Hess scale was most frequently observed (34%), while grade 3 of Fisher scale was the most prevalent. Single aneurysms were most frequent at anterior circulation, between 12 and 24 mm. The most frequent Glasgow Outcome Scale observed was 5 (60%). Hunt Hess upon the moment of surgery and presence of complications during surgical procedure showed positive correlation with clinical outcome (p=0.00002 and p=0.001, respectively). Other variables were not significantly correlated to prognosis. Tendency of proportion was observed between Hunt-Hess scale and Fisher scale., Conclusion: Among variables such as epidemiological data, previous medical history and presenting conditions of patients with ruptured aneurysms, the Hunt-Hess scale upon the moment of surgery and the presence of surgical adversities are statistically related to degree of disability.

Administration of fractionated doses of irradiation is part of the adjutant therapy for CNS tumours such as craniopharyngiomas and pituitary adenomas. It can maximise cure rates or expand symptom-free period. Among the adverse effects of radiotherapy, the induction of a new tumour within the irradiated field has been frequently described. The precise clinical features that correlate irradiation and oncogenesis are not completely defined, but some authors have suggested that tumors are radiation induced when they are histologically different from the treated ones, arise in greater frequency in irradiated patients than among normal population and tend to occur in younger people with an unusual aggressiveness. In this article, we report a case of a papillary astrocytoma arising in a rather unusual latency period following radiotherapy for craniopharyngioma.

Trauma to the soft palate is a uncommon event during childhood. Stroke following intraoral trauma is also rare, but has been well documented by the current literature as a potentially serious complication. In this article, we report 2 cases of posttraumatic internal carotid artery thrombosis depicted by imaging studies. We discuss pathogenesis, and the literature is reviewed., (Copyright 2000 S. Karger AG, Basel)

Stroke following intraoral trauma is a rare complication of a common childhood injury. In the literature these complications have been well documented, however this condition is still infrequent. In order to alert the physicians about this possible injury we report our experience with one case. Computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging evidenced complete occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Pathogenesis of this oral trauma is discussed.

We report four cases of surgically treated intracranial arachnoid cysts, one with cyst-peritoneal shunt and three with craniotomy and arachnoid membrane resection. Their classification and etiopathogeny are discussed, and especially the different methods of treatment comparing the drastic complications (adversities) with the favorable solutions in severe clinical cases (plasticity) treated at our institution.

The recent use of neuroendoscopy combined to microsurgery allows new surgical approaches. We report our early experience with a supraorbital microcraniotomy. This technique is suitable for small lesions situated in the region of the anterior fossa, suprasellar cisterns, and Sylvian cistern. A 50-mm incision in the eyebrow and a supraorbital minicraniotomy are performed. We report on six patients with different lesions and good cosmetic results. We conclude that this approach is safe and useful in selected cases.

The authors report a case of a hemorrhage of the brainstem after craniotomy for resection of a huge arachnoid cyst of the sylvian fissure on the left hemisphere. The previous simptomatology included clinical signs of increased intracranial pressure, and the computerized tomography showed midline shift. Some factors may contribute to brain hemorrhage post-operatively: cerebral edema, ipsilateral changes in the venous reflux and blood perfusion, although the physiopathology remains obscure. A more careful approach is suggested in such cases with intracranial hypertension.

The authors report the case of a 50-day-old baby who was brought to the Pediatric Emergency Room of the "Hospital de Clinicas da UNICAMP" with seizures. At the examination she presented without external signs of trauma, hypoactive and with generalized seizures. Numerous hemorrhages were found in the ocular fundi. CT scan showed interhemisferic hemorrhage and brain swelling. The child was admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, kept under controlled ventilation and hydantal. Although these measures, she died three days later. Since the beginning there was suspicion of child abuse. One day after the admission the father told that he had shaken the baby because she was crying too much. The present paper discuss social and epidemiological aspects, and about the difficulties in the diagnosis of this syndrome that sometimes may be fatal, as in this case.

Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism can result from different abnormalities in the central nervous system. The clinical picture depends upon the time of onset the deficiency, the magnitude of the gonadotropins deficiency and whether there are other pituitary hormone deficiencies as well. We report on a 18-year-old boy, who was investigated because of pubertal and growth delay. He also had learning disabilities. On physical examination he exhibited mild eunuchoid aspect, 162 cm height (z score = 2.17), pubertal development on stage G II, P II, and 4 cm3 testis. Laboratory investigation revealed pre-pubertal levels of testosterone and normal results of the combined test of anterior pituitary function, except for in GnRH acute and prolonged test. Brain CT showed an arachnoid cyst on left middle fossa with expansion to suprasellar cisterna. He was diagnosed as having hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism secondary to compression by the cyst, and a cyst-peritoneal derivation was performed. After surgery there was no improvement of the pubertal state and bilateral anosmia was discovered, so Kallmann's syndrome was then diagnosed and was confirmed by MRI, even though the hormonal results are not totally matched with the referred syndrome. We did not find in the literature any description of the association between Kallmann's syndrome and arachnoid cyst and we believe that in this case the results of the hormonal measurement may be due to such association that provoked an additional hypophysis dysfunction.