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Introduction: Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) is one of the main causes of death worldwide. Most of the intrinsic causes of OHCA tend to be of cardiac origin, however, non-cardiac etiologies such as acute aortic dissection (AAD) may be more common than previously thought. The aim of this focused review is to summarize current knowledge on the association between OHCA and AAD. Methods: A systematic review was previously performed on the incidence of AAD in the context of OHCA. For this publication, the selected references were reviewed to address three pre-determined questions: 1) How prevalent is Acute Aortic Dissection in Patients presenting with Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest? 2) What clinical signs are associated with OHCA due to Acute Aortic Dissection? 3) How can we treat these patients and what is their prognosis? Results: AAD may cause OHCA due to several reasons, such as retrograde involvement of the coronary arteries, aortic valve insufficiency, pericardium tamponade, aortic rupture, massive stroke, visceral malperfusion or hypertensive induced heart failure, for example. Since both the treatment and diagnosis of acute aortic dissections have improved, a growing number of OHCA due to AAD patients have been diagnosed and managed, however, the epidemiology and outcomes of these patients are still not fully understood.

Introduction: Vascular graft infections are a rare and severe complication of open aortic surgery. As such, strategies to improve diagnosis and management are paramount. Nevertheless, there is little evidence regarding the factors associated with a higher susceptibility of infection. Moreover, there is little consensus on the best diagnostic workup and most adequate approaches to control and mitigate this surgical complication. We aim to summarize the latest evidence on aortic graft infection through a narrative review. Methods: We conducted a literature search in a medical database (PubMed) and included studies on vascular graft infection and aortic repair. Results: So far, patient-related comorbidities (such as diabetes, smoking, advanced age and chronic kidney disease), as well as procedure-related factors (location and type of graft, postoperative hyperglycemia, bacteremia, emergency setting), have been reported. Unlike extracavitary infections, aortic graft infections may present with subtle or no clinical manifestations. Aortoenteric fistulas are the exception to the rule, carrying a significantly higher mortality rate. All patients should be thoroughly tested with full blood counts, blood cultures and extensive imaging studies. Adequate antibiotic therapy is one of the pillars of treatment and should not be delayed. The selection of the antimicrobial regimen should be personalized and made in a multidisciplinary team. Surgical strategies are of paramount importance in controlling infection. These can be divided into graft-sparing techniques and graft explantation. The choice of the appropriate approach depends on the surgeon’s experience, the extent of disease and the patient’s general status and comorbidities. Conclusion: Aortic graft infections are a rare and severe complication of vascular surgery. A swift diagnosis and management are paramount. Despite significant efforts on how to treat the infection with more adequate antibiotic and surgical therapies, effective preventive measures and a clear definition of predisposing factors remain the main areas for future studies.

Introduction: Occlusive disease of the visceral vessels, when complicated, may lead to a high mortality rate. Current data regarding the co-prevalence of atherosclerotic disease of the lower limbs and visceral vessels is scarce. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of splanchnic and renal visceral occlusive disease in patients admitted for chronic lower limb ischemia (CLLI). Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed including 100 aleatory patients admitted for CLLI between 2015 and 2020, without previous or current history of mesenteric ischemia, and who were submitted to an abdominal computer tomography angiography (CTA) as part of the pre-operative work-up. The presence of splanchnic (celiac artery, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries) and renal atheromatous disease was defined as mild (30-50% stenosis), moderate (50-70%) and severe (>70% or occlusion), measured by CTA. Outcomes analyzed included prevalence of splanchnic and renal visceral occlusive disease, evaluation of predictive factors for visceral occlusive disease and its relationship with the pattern of lower limb atherosclerotic disease. Results: Mean age was 68.5 years old (SD: 9.7) and 77% were men. Admission diagnosis was incapacitating claudication (Rutherford stage 3) in 19%, and chronic lower limb threating ischemia (CLTI) in 81% (21% with stage 4 Rutherford and 60% with stage 5/6). Seventy-five percent presented aorto-iliac disease (AOID) and 97% presented infra-inguinal disease. Overall prevalence of visceral disease (mild, moderate or severe) was 65%. Severe disease was seen in at least one vessel in 60%. 34% of patients presented severe disease in only one visceral artery, 26% presented in ≥2 visceral vessels and 22% presented severe disease in all three splanchnic arteries. Regarding renal disease, 33% presented severe disease in at least one renal artery and 20% presented with bilateral disease. CLTI was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of severe stenosis in ≥2 splanchnic vessels, p=0.004. After logistic regression, we observed as predictive factor associated with severe disease in ≥2 splanchnic vessels the age, with an OR of 2.01 for every 10-year difference, p= 0.039; and AOID, OR: 14.6 (p=0.011). When analyzed the presence of at least one severe splanchnic vessel stenosis, AOID (OR 5.4, p=0.008) and coronary disease (OR:3.9, p=0.035) were predictive factors. Regarding renal disease, and association was found with age (OR of 3.90 for every 10-year difference, p

Resumo Introdução: As próteses ramificadas off-the-shelf, como a Cook t-Branch®, surgiram como uma alternativa de rápido acesso no tratamento de aneurismas tóraco-abdominais (ATA). Objetivo/Técnica: Na nossa instituição a utilização da endoprótese Cook T-Branch® tem sido efetuada em casos urgentes e em alguns casos eletivos com anatomia favorável e em que é desaconselhável esperar pela confeção de um custom-made device (CMD). A experiência acumulada justifica o propósito deste artigo de revisão que pretende descrever a forma de implantação, algumas técnicas adjuvantes e algumas tips and tricks que poderão facilitar a curva de aprendizagem em centros com menor contacto com esta plataforma. Conclusão: A utilização de próteses ramificadas off-the-shelf, como a Cook T-Branch®, é uma alternativa segura e viável para o tratamento de ATA cuja principal vantagem é a rápida acessibilidade. Conforme avançamos na curva de aprendizagem e novas técnicas adjuvantes são adquiridas, a sua aplicabilidade aumentada de forma significativa, tanto no contexto urgente como eletivo.

Primary aortoesophgeal fistulas (AEF) are a rare but life-threatening condition because of substantial hemorrhage, requiring fast treatment to ensure patient survival. We report a case of a 69-year-old male with diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus who suffered an episode of hematemesis and hemorrhagic shock. Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy revealed an ulcerated lesion with pulsatile hemorrhage. CT-scan confirmed the diagnosis of AEF. A stent-graft was placed in the descending aorta to control bleeding, and 2 days later an esophageal stent was deployed to reduce risk of aortic graft infection. The patient was discharged 13 days after admission and had no other episode of GI bleeding in a 6-month follow-up period. TEVAR may be used as a palliative or bridge treatment of AEF. As fistulas aorto-esofágicas (FAE) primárias são raras mas com elevada mortalidadeaorto-esofágica; devido à hemorragia digestiva substancial, necessitando intervenção rápida para garantir aAorta; sobrevivência do doente. Os autores apresentam um caso dum homem de 69 anos com carcinomaEndoprótese aórtica; esofágico que teve episódio de hematemeses e choque hemorrágico. A endoscopia digestiva altaStent esofágico; mostrou lesão ulcerada com hemorragia pulsátil, a angioTC confirmou o diagnóstico de FAE. FoiHemorragia digestiva colocada endoprótese na aorta descendente para controlo da hemorragia; dois dias depoisalta foi colocado stent esofágico para reduzir risco de infecção da endoprótese. O doente teve alta ao décimo terceiro dia, e não foi reportada hemorragia digestiva nos seis meses de seguimento. Este caso mostra como o TEVAR pode ser usado como tratamento paliativo ou temporário duma FAE.

A cirurgia endovascular tem atualmente um papel preponderante no tratamento de doentes com isquemia crítica (IC) por doença do sector tíbio-peroneal, reduzindo substancialmente o número de procedimentos de revascularização aberta. No entanto, quando não é possível a abordagem endovascular ou na sua falência e existindo um padrão apropriado, podemos considerar a cirurgia de bypass distal ou ultradistal como uma alternativa válida na salvação do membro em doentes selecionados? Apresentam-se neste artigo os casos de 2 doentes com isquemia crítica em que, pela ineûcácia ou falência do tratamento endovascular inicial, foi efetuada uma cirurgia de revascularização ultradistal com salvação do membro. Endovascular interventions currently play a major role in the treatment of critical limb ischemia due to atherosclerotic disease of the infrapopliteal arteries. They are responsible for reducing the numbers of open surgical revascularization procedures. However, the question remains whether a surgical bypass to the pedal arteries should be considered as a valid option to avoid amputation, when an endovascular option is not feasible or has resulted in failure. We present two cases of critical limb ischemia, in which a first attempt at revascularization by an endovascular procedure was unsuccessful. In both cases ultradistal bypasses to the pedal arteries resulted in limb salvage.