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La castaña está profundamente arraigada en la economía portuguesa, en la gastronomía y en el patrimonio cultural. Por estas razones, este trabajo pretende comprender el comportamiento de los consumidores portugueses de castañas, sus preferencias, usos, hábitos de compra y percepciones sobre los beneficios del consumo de castañas. Para eso, se realizó un estudio transversal basado en una muestra de 320 individuos. Los consumidores encuestados compran un promedio de 6,5 kg/año. La mayoría compra castañas frescas y lo hace ocasionalmente, principalmente en supermercados e hipermercados, ferias o directamente al productor. Los consumidores prefieren comprar la castaña sin embalaje y los atributos más valorados son la percepción de la calidad, el tamaño y el precio. El distrito de residencia y los ingresos mensuales del hogar resultaron ser factores diferenciadores de la frecuencia de consumo de castañas. De hecho, se consumen castañas con mayor frecuencia en Oporto y otros distritos portugueses no productores de castañas, y en hogares con ingresos mensuales entre los 580 y 1740 euros y con más de 3480 euros. El tamaño, el estado de conservación de la cáscara, el origen y la percepción de calidad de los consumidores son factores determinantes de la compra de castañas frescas. Estos hallazgos revelan que, a fin de mejorar los datos de consumo de castaña, es necesario comunicar mejor las cualidades nutricionales y los posibles efectos beneficiosos para la salud del consumo de castañas e invertir en I+D de nuevos productos alimenticios, terapéuticos y cosméticos hechos con castañas. Chestnut is deeply rooted in the Portuguese economy, gastronomy and cultural heritage. For this reasons, this paper aims to understand the behavior of Portuguese chestnut consumers, their preferences, uses, buying habits and perceptions about the benefits of consuming chestnuts. For this, a cross-sectional study was carried out based on a sample of 320 individuals. The surveyed consumers buy, on average, 6.5 kg/year. Most consumers buy fresh chestnuts and do so occasionally, mainly in supermarkets and hypermarkets, fairs or directly from the producer. The consumers prefer to buy the chestnut without packaging and the most valued attributes are quality perceived by the consumer, size and price. The district of residence and the monthly household income revealed to be differentiating factors of the frequency of chestnut consumption. In fact, chestnuts are consumed more frequently in Oporto and other Portuguese non-producer districts of chestnut and in households with an income from 580 to 1740 euros and more than 3480 euros. The size, the shell conservation state, the origin and the quality perceived by consumers revealed to be determinant factors of the purchase of fresh chestnuts. These findings point out the need to better communicate the nutritional qualities and possible beneficial health effects of chestnut consumption and to invest in R&D of new chestnut-based food, therapeutic and cosmetic products. Chestnut is deeply rooted in the Portuguese economy, gastronomy and cultural heritage. For this reason, this paper aims to understand the behavior of Portuguese chestnut consumers, their preferences, uses, buying habits and perceptions about the benefits of consuming chestnuts. A cross‑sectional study was carried out based on a sample of 320 individuals. The participants buy, on average, 6.5 kg/year. Most consumers buy fresh chestnuts and do so occasionally, mainly in supermarkets and hypermarkets, fairs or directly from the producer. They prefer to buy the chestnut without packaging and the most valued attributes are quality perceived by the consumer, size and price. The district of residence and the monthly household income revealed to be differentiating factors of the frequency of chestnut consumption. In fact, chestnuts are consumed more frequently in Oporto and other Portuguese non-producer districts of chestnut and in households with an income from 580 € to 1740 € and more than 3480 €. The size, the shell conservation state, the origin and the quality perceived by consumers revealed to be determinant factors of the purchase of fresh chestnuts. These findings point out the need to better communicate the nutritional qualities and possible beneficial health effects of chestnut consumption and to invest in R&D of new chestnut-based food, therapeutic and cosmetic products. Los autores agradecen a Fundación para la Ciencia y Tecnología (FCT, Portugal) y a FEDER, en el ámbito del programa PT2020, por el apoyo financiero al CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Human resources are essential to respond to changes that occur inside and outside organizations. Literature states that when employees are satisfied, they feel more involved and committed to the organization and, as such, they often express their intention to remain in the organization. In this context, this research aimed to consolidate the existing research in the field of organizational commitment in higher education. Methodologically, this research was based, in a first stage, on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses) statement and, in a second stage, on the bibliometric analysis. For this, the search was developed, in November 2021, in the Scopus database being selected 71 publications based on the combination of the terms "higher", "education", "institutions", "organizational", "commitment" and "satisfaction”. Then, this search was limited to the “Social Sciences” area (38 publications). Finally, abstracts and, when necessary, the entire text was selected in order to verify the relevance of publications for this research, considering the following criteria: study location, type of study, objectives, sample size and contributions, totalling 35 articles. The elaboration of the bibliometric analysis was done using the VOSviewer software, version 1.6.17 and the binary counting method. The minimum number of occurrences was set at five. Three thematic approaches that were related to each other were identified. The first included the terms “addition”, “communication”, “element”, “higher education sector”, “mediating role”, “model”, “organizational performance”, “problem” and “TQM” (Total Quality Management). This approach analyses the association between TQM and organizational performance, having as mediator elements of human orientation, namely, satisfaction with communication, commitment and organizational loyalty. The second approach included the terms “academic staff”, “consequence”, “effect”, “higher education institutions”, “impact”, “implications”, “influence”, “organizational culture”. In general, it analyses the influence, effects, consequences, impact and implications of organizational culture on organizational commitment and faculty satisfaction in higher education institutions. Finally, the third approach relates organizational commitment and job satisfaction with the turnover intention (leaving the organization) of higher education employees, namely, from universities and higher education schools. This approach included the terms, “job satisfaction”, “organizational commitment”, “university”, “college”, “faculty member”, “intention”, “turnover intention” and “college”. Organizational commitment and employee satisfaction in knowledge organizations, as well as trust in top management, are able to anticipate the intention to remain or leave the workplace. The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support by national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Nowadays, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are fundamental in all areas of study of the higher education system, playing a central role in learning and teaching. The proper use of ICT, in conjunction with modern teaching practices, can increase the efficiency of teaching and learning processes in higher education. Higher education acts on three dimensions, namely, the integration and use of new educational technologies in higher education; European convergence and the application of ICT; and innovation and education necessary to bridge the gap between higher education institutions and teachers, both socially and professionally. The main objective of this study was to investigate the current status about digital competence of higher education teachers. This short review was based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement. From the definition of the objectives, the Scopus database was screened. The searches were performed in November 2021, using the combination of the keywords “ICT”, “skills”, “digital”, “literacy”, “education”, “higher” and “teachers”, as well as their synonyms. Initially, 37 publications were identified. At this stage, the following screening criterion was considered: sample constituted by higher education teachers (public and private). To identify publications that included only higher education teachers, abstracts and, when necessary, the entire text were selected. Afterwards, 26 studies were removed, leading to 11 eligible publications. The results indicate that, although digital competences are part of the current professional profile of higher education teachers and the transition to digital education is an inevitable trend in modern education, higher education institutions must continue to support teachers so that they can develop their skills. This way, online teaching and other forms of teaching and learning that have emerged from the digital age can be used to explore the opportunities presented by technology in order to improve the quality of teaching and learning. Given the almost universal use of e-learning in higher education, the literature highlights the importance of digital skills for higher education teachers who can act as teachers of the future, better preparing students for the labour market and creating a new generation that can participate effectively in online communities and other e-governance devices that promote democracy, equity and social justice. This literature review will serve as the basis for the preparation of an empirical research involving teachers from five higher education schools from Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, a higher education institution located in the inland North of Portugal (Agriculture, Education, Technology and Management, Administration and Tourism, and Health). With the development of this future research, which will aim to analyse the level of digital skills, attitudes, the difficulty of using technological tools in an educational context, it is intended to collect information that can be used to define strategies to improve digital skills among teachers from higher education. The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support by national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Sharing economy describes a recent phenomenon in which ordinary consumers start to act as salespeople, providing services previously owned exclusively by professional sellers. It is considered a person-to-person activity of obtaining, giving, or sharing access to goods and services, strengthen by the use of online platforms/services. This system allows, on the one hand, to reduce the waste associated with lack of use. In addition to enabling the increase of products’ use durability by ensuring that they are used to their full potential. Through the fast pace of people's lives, the sharing economy has flourished unprecedentedly and plays a significant role in the business market. In this context, this paper aimed to identify the motivations of Portuguese higher education students for the practice of sharing economy, and to verify if gender is a differentiator factor as for the use of shared services. To achieve these objectives, a quantitative and analytical research was developed. To collect the data a questionnaire, created on Google Forms, was applied through social networks and e-mail from March to June, 2021. IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0 software was used for data analysis that involved the use of descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test at the significance level of 5%. A total of 489 valid answers were obtained. The students were aged between 18 and 59 years old, with an average age of 21.9 (SD = 3.3), and the majority were female (57.9%). The results showed that most of the respondents are familiar with the term of sharing economy (59%) and that regularly, in the last week or month, they have recycled (79%), reused (76%), and repaired (64%) goods. Most of the individuals have already used sharing services, namely, "online buying and selling service of new and used products", for example, the OLX website (66%), and "ride-hailing service", for example, Uber's services (56%). Factors such as trust, usefulness, quality of service, environmental impact, minimization of costs, internet capacity, and familiarity with this type of service, lead consumers to shared economy practices. On the other hand, it was later confirmed that the three main consumers’ motivations, which determined the choice of a sharing business, were the creation of employment, the positive environmental impact, and the possibility of reusing already existing resources. Finally, concerning the use of sharing services, it was concluded that gender is a differentiator factor in what concerns to the bicycle-sharing service (p-value = 0.031). In fact, it was male students (23%) who used this service in greater proportion compared to female students (15%). For the success of the sharing economy, it is important that consumers have confidence in the platforms used in the dissemination of products and services, and that these are of quality, otherwise consumers will no longer purchase them. The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support by national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Worker absences are costly and disruptive for Public Administration, and the trend has steadily increased over the years (Hassan, Wright & Yukl, 2014). In Portugal, the absenteeism is also increasing in public administration. For this reason, the Portuguese government recommends to public services managers the use all legal instruments that allow addressing the different needs of their workers, namely work provision regimes and working hours. So, given the scarcity of studies developed on absenteeism and satisfaction with work in local municipalities, this research aimed to analyze the association between absenteeism and the level of satisfaction with work and to verify if the satisfaction with work varies according to the municipalities size. To achieve these objectives a cross-sectional and quantitate study was carried out based on a sample of 245 workers from 6 Portuguese municipalities located in the Bragança district. To collect the data, a questionnaire was applied from April 2018 to July 2019. Data analysis involved the use of the IBM SPSS Statistics software. On average, the number of absences from work was 15.4 days at the medium-sized municipality and 13.2 days at the small-sized municipalities. It was verified a high level of satisfaction with work among municipalities workers. However, the municipality size revealed not to be a differentiator factor of the absenteeism and satisfaction with work. The main reason associated with the absence was the need to support the family, natural illness, prolonged illness, demotivation and/or dissatisfaction with work, among others. Also, no correlation was found between the satisfaction with work and absenteeism. The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support by national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Well-being, involvement, commitment or happiness of workers are themes that have produced a growing interest in research in the field of management (Kolodinsky, Ritchie & Kuna, 2018; Lee, Park & Baker, 2018). So, this study was carried out in order to verify findings in the literature such as: the happiness at work enables the attainment of personal and professional goals and contributes to organizational success (Veld & Alfes, 2017); self-employment is highly valued due to the self-determination and autonomy it provides (Benz & Frey, 2008); self-employed individuals have higher levels of job satisfaction but self-employment does not provide a greater satisfaction with life because these workers work more hours and their leisure time is relatively shorter (Zwan, Hessels & Rietveld, 2018). To achieve this objective, a search was carried out on two databases, namely Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) in May 2020, based on the terms "Entrepreneurship", "Happiness" and "Work". In Scopus database, 14 publications were counted and in WoS database, 25 publications were found, of which 6 were duplicated in both databases. A bibliometric analysis was developed using the VOSviewer software version 1.6.15 and the co-occurrence technique of “full-counting” terms was used in order to build a map that shows the association between the different terms and their grouping into clusters of thematic areas based on 33 publications. Two clusters of terms have been identified. The first cluster relates happiness with being an entrepreneur, employee and independent professionally. And, the second cluster relates self-employment with satisfaction with life. The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support by national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Currently, digital skills are considered a decisive requirement for personal fulfillment and development, active citizenship, social inclusion and employment in the knowledge society. In this context, this research aimed to consolidate the existing research in the field of digital literacy among teachers. In methodological terms, this research was based, in a first stage, on the PRISMA statement and, in a second stage, on bibliometric analysis. For this, a search was developed, in March 2021, in the Scopus database being selected 96 publications based on the combination of the terms "ICT", "skills", "digital", "literacy", "education" and "teachers". Subsequently, a chronological filter was used limiting the research period from 2010 to 2020 being counted 80 publications. Then, this research was limited to “Article” and “Review” documents subject to double blind referee (46) published in English, Spanish, Portuguese and French (44). Finally, abstracts and, when necessary, the entire text was selected, in order to verify the relevance of publications for this research, considering the following criteria: study location, type of study, objectives, sample size and contributions, totaling 27 articles. The elaboration of the bibliometric analysis was done using the VOSviewer software, version 1.6.16 and the binary counting method. The minimum number of occurrences was set at five. Three thematic approaches that were related to each other were identified. The first included the terms "Area", "Communication", "Communication technology", "Digital competences", "Information", "Level" and "Training". This approach covered all publications that used instruments to measure the level of digital skills of teachers and identified factors that are determinants of these skills, namely, the area of training, the level of education in which teachers work, teaching experience, age, gender, among others. The second approach included the terms "Attitude", "Experience", "ICT integration", "ICT skills", "Implementation", "New Technology" and "Teacher training". In general, these publications described the digital literacy practices of teachers, the difficulties of implementation, with special attention, on teachers’ knowledge and attitudes. Finally, the third approach focused essentially on the question "how to equip teachers with the knowledge and skills needed in the digital age?" This approach included all publications with the terms, "Learning", "Process", "School" and "Technology", being associated, especially to the use of technologies in the classroom as an instrument to improve digital learning, which promotes changes in digital thinking and behavior between teachers and students, despite the existing challenges and limitations, such as the inadequate installation of ICT, time restrictions, the actors’ limitation of competencies, the attitudes and motivation of teachers in the use of technologies, among others. The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support by national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Purpose: This research aimed to identify the most developed themes in the fields of Entrepreneurship, Happiness and Work. Methodology: To achieve these objectives, a search was carried out on two databases, namely Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) in May 2020, based on the terms "Entrepreneurship", "Happiness" and "Work". In Scopus database, 14 publications were counted and in WoS database, 25 publications were found, of which 6 were found simultaneously in the Scopus and WoS databases. A bibliometric analysis was developed using the VOSviewer software version 1.6.15 and the co-occurrence technique of “full-counting” terms was used in order to build a map that shows the relation between the different terms and their association in clusters of thematic areas based on 33 publications. Originality: Since the well-being, involvement, commitment or happiness of workers are themes that have produced a growing interest in research in the field of management, particularly, in the field of human resources (Kolodinsky, Ritchie & Kuna, 2017; Lee, Park & Baker, 2017) this original study was carried out in order to verify findings in the literature such as: the happiness at work enables the attainment of personal and professional goals and contributes to organizational success (Veld & Alfes, 2017); self-employment is highly valued due to the self-determination and autonomy it provides (Benz & Frey, 2008); self-employed individuals have higher levels of job satisfaction but self-employment does not provide a greater satisfaction with life because these workers work more hours and their leisure time is relatively shorter (Zwan, Hessels & Rietveld, 2018). Findings: Two clusters of terms have been identified. The first cluster relates happiness with being an entrepreneur, employer and independent professionally. And, the second cluster relates self-employment with satisfaction with life. Practical implications: This study contributes to consolidate the state of art in the fields of entrepreneurship, happiness and work/employment. Also, this study allowed taking into account quantitative studies developed in order to identify the relations between these fields.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support by national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020). REFERENCES Benz, M. & Frey, B. (2008). Being Independent is a Great Thing: Subjective Evaluations of Self‐Employment and Hierarchy, Economica, 75 (298), 362-383. Boehm, J. & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Does Happiness Promote Career Success? Journal of Career Assessment, 16, 101-116. Kolodinsky, R., Ritchie, W. & Kuna, W. (2017). Meaningful engagement: Impacts of a ‘calling’ work orientation and perceived leadership support. Journal of Management & Organization, 1–18. Lee, J., Park, S., & Baker, R. (2017). The moderating role of top management support on employees’ attitudes in response to human resource development efforts. Journal of Management & Organization, 1–19. Veld, M. & Alfes, K. (2017). HRM, climate and employee well-being: comparing an optimistic and critical perspective. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28 (16), 2299-2318. Zwan, P., Hessels, J. & Rietveld, C. A. (2018). Self-employment and satisfaction with life, work, and leisure, Journal of Economic Psychology, 64, 73-88. The authors are grateful to the Founation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support by national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO UIDB/00690/2020 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Para identificar os temas mais frequentemente desenvolvidos na área do influencer marketing desenvolveu-se uma análise quantitativa em outubro de 2019 focada em 122 publicações da base de dados Scopus. Uma análise bibliométrica foi desenvolvida usando o software VOSviewer e a técnica da co-ocorrência de termos. Foram encontrados três clusters: 1) associa o influencer marketing à estratégia usada pelas empresas para divulgar marcas e produtos por meio de publicidade a utilizadores de diferentes redes sociais, o que parece ter um impacto muito positivo no volume de vendas; 2) associa o influencer marketing a uma celebridade que usa a palavra e a criação de conteúdos para promover produtos e marcas; 3) associa o influencer marketing ao marketing social, cujo objetivo é usar uma marca para desenvolver ações benéficas e saudáveis para a sociedade e, simultaneamente, alcançar objetivos de negócios. To identify the most frequently developed themes in the field of influencer marketing, a quantitative analysis was developed in October 2019 focused on 122 publications from the Scopus database. A bibliometric analysis was developed using the VOSviewer software and the term co-occurrence technique. Three clusters were found: 1) associates influencer marketing with the strategy used by companies to advertise brands and products through advertising to users of different social networks, which seems to have a very positive impact on sales volume; 2) associates the influencer marketing with a celebrity who uses the word and the creation of content to promote products and brands; 3) associates influencer marketing with social marketing, whose objective is to use a brand to develop beneficial and healthy actions for society and, simultaneously, achieve business goals. Os autores agradecem à Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) pelo apoio financeiro co CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020) através de fundos nacionais FCT/MCTES. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Purpose: This study aimed to know the level of academic self-efficacy of higher education students and to verify the effect of academic self-efficacy on the intention to create new business. Methodology: To achieve these objectives, a quantitative and cross-sectional study was carried out based on a probabilistic sample of 1329 Portuguese students out of 6500, who attended, in academic year 2018-2019, a Portuguese higher education institution. The margin of error was 2.40%. To collect the data, a questionnaire was directly applied to the students, in the classroom in the presence of the teacher, from October 2018 to January 2019. Students’ participation was voluntary and the anonymity and data confidentiality were guaranteed to all participants. The questionnaire had three sections. The first section included sociodemographic and academic variables. The second section included the adaptation of the perceived self-efficacy scale validated for the Portuguese population, in an academic context (Cerdeira, 1995). This scale consists of ten items, the answers being coded by a Likert-type scale, which ranges from 1 (Strongly disagree) to 7 (Strongly agree). Finally, the third section comprised the Simões (2016) scale consisting of four items that aimed to evaluate the entrepreneurial intention of the students. The answers were coded using a Likert scale ranging from 1 (a little) to 7 (a lot). A linear regression model was estimated in order to verify if academic self-efficacy (X1) is a predictor of the intention to create a new business (Y). Findings: Students were aged between 17 and 47 years old and attended a degree course within four different scientific areas, existent in the institution, namely Education (62.1%), Technologies and Management (21.1%), Agriculture (5.9%) and Health (10.8%). The majority was female (54.7%) and attended a 1st cycle degree course (88.3%) in an ordinary full-time attendance mode (96.5%). The students registered a moderate level of academic self-efficacy (Mean = 4.56; SD =1.08) and a moderate entrepreneurial intention (Mean = 3.87; SD = 1.49). Academic self-efficacy presents a correlation statistically significant, positive and moderate with entrepreneurial intention (R = 0.573; p-value = 0.000). The linear regression model was statistically significant (F = 649.93; p-value = 0.000). It was found that academic self-efficacy is a predictor of entrepreneurial intention. Moreover, the value of R2adjusted showed that this predictor account for 32.9% of the intention to create a new business. Originality/value: Since self-efficacy has a significant and positive impact on entrepreneurial intention (Pihie & Bagheri, 2013) and, in an academic context, self-efficacy has a positive effect in motivation and student’s performance (Honicke & Broadbent, 2016) this original study was conducted in a higher education institution from de northeast Portugal to verify if this trend occurs is this particular institution. Practical implications: This study provides empirical evidence that academic self-efficacy has a statistically significant and positive impact on entrepreneurial intention. So, to improve the creation of new businesses by students, the institution must focus on the development of students’ academic performance. The authors are grateful to the Founation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support by national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO UIDB/00690/2020 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Economic literacy can be defined as the ability to use related knowledge and skills to manage financial sources effectively. Economic literacy is about knowing and applying the main economic theories in making rational economic decisions. Higher literacy levels on economy will lead to an increase in society´s and individuals´ economic efficiency and well-being. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of the General Principles of Economics (GPE) course on students' economic literacy and to identify subjects in which students show greater difficulty. To collect the data, a questionnaire that included socioeconomic variables and the Economic Literacy Test (ELT) developed by the National Council of Economic Education (NCEE) was applied. The ELT includes twenty questions of multiple choice. There were four choices: a correct answer, two incorrect ones and a fourth choice for the students that did not knew the answer. Basically, the ELT is about basic economic concepts and allows to evaluate the literacy of students and adults in four topics, namely consumer economics; production economics; financial economics; government's economic role and international trade. The ELT was applied to all students that were enrolled in GPE, who were present in the first class, in September 2017. At the end of the semester (January 2018), the same questionnaire was applied. GPE is a course of the Languages for International Relations degree from a public higher education institution, located in the northern of Portugal. Of the 95 students enrolled in GPE, 70 completed the questionnaire at the beginning of the semester. Of these, only 45 answered the questionnaire at the end of the semester that corresponds to a response rate of 47.4%. Data analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) 25.0. Descriptive statistics was used to characterize the sample. In order to compare the students’ knowledge level on economics, pre and post-course, the Wilcoxon test was applied. For each question (correct and incorrect answer), the McNemar test was used to compare pre and post-course samples, considering each question, in order to verify if the course was responsible for the changes that occurred between the two moments. For both statistical tests, a significance level of 5% was used. Students were, mainly, female (60%), with a mean age of 19.4 years old (SD = 1.63). Only 20.0% had previous training in economics during high school and 8.9% have already attended the GPE course in previous years without success. Most students came from rural areas (53.0%) and their parents were employed (father: 86.7%; mother: 73.3%), and the monthly income level was up to 1000 euros (59.1%). Most mothers had an educational level between 3rd cycle (33.3%) and high school (31.1%) while the fathers´ educational level ranged between 2nd and 3rd cycles with 24.4% and 33.3%, respectively. The knowledge level pre and post-course was, on average, 12.0 (SD = 2.55) and 12.9 (SD = 3.24) out of 20, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in students' level of knowledge pre and post-course (p-value = 0.091). Students proved to have a fair level of knowledge pre and post-course. At the end of the course, most students showed improvements in the literacy level on economy. However, the improvement was not statistically significant. So, in the future, in order to improve the economic literacy level, some topics must be emphasized by the teacher, namely, financial, consumer and producer economics. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Arquitetura apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre. A cidade é o local de excelência para uma experiência dinâmica, acelerada e desordenada. A sociedade que nela se insere espelha cada vez mais estas suas valências, sendo o denominador comum a transformação constante. A vivência urbana reintroduz o arquétipo nómada pelo sucessivo diminuir dos períodos de permanência num mesmo espaço, ao longo do dia, ao longo de um ano e ao longo da vida, tendo a globalização e o turismo um papel central nesta realidade. O constructo físico que suporta este estilo de vida é moldado pela Arquitectura e, para que esta possa dar resposta às necessidades actuais e futuras do habitar, deverá também incorporar um sentido de volatilidade, mudança, flexibilidade. O presente trabalho pretende alcançar uma solução para um espaço vazio, em tecido urbano consolidado, sensível às mais diversas problemáticas que lhe estão associadas, em todas as escalas. A localização privilegiada da Avenida Fontes Pereira de Melo em Lisboa e a presença de um edificado com valor patrimonial no local de intervenção são características imprescindíveis para o alcançar de uma proposta relevante para a cidade. Assim, a proposta explora as potencialidades do desenho arquitectónico para poder corresponder às necessidades do habitar contemporâneo. ABSTRACT: The city is the place of excellence for a dynamic, fast-paced and disorderly experience. Its society is increasingly mirroring these values, the common denominator being constant transformation. The urban lifestyle reintroduces the nomadic archetype by the minimization of the periods of permanence in the same space, throughout the day, throughout the year and throughout life itself, with globalization and tourism playing a particular role in this reality. The physical construct that supports this environment is shaped by Architecture and, in order for it to respond to the present and future needs of the dwelling, it must also incorporate a sense of volatility, change, flexibility. The present work intends to reach a solution for an empty space, in consolidated urban tissue, sensitive to the most diverse problems associated with it, at all scales. The privileged location of Fontes Pereira de Melo Avenue in Lisbon and the presence of a building of architectural heritage in the site are fundamental characteristics to achieve a relevant proposal for the city. Therefore, the proposal explores the potential of architectural design in order to meet the needs of the contemporary dwelling. N/A