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The aim of the present work was to study the bioactivity of lemon, orange, and grapefruit peel essential oils (EOs) obtained from Argentinian plantations on different agronomically important insect and fungal species. The chemical profile of EOs was determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS); the insecticidal activity was studied through contact and fumigant assays; the antifungal activity was evaluated with fumigant tests. Orange EO was the most effective against Rhyzopertha dominica, Oryzaephilus spp. and Sitophilus granarius in fumigation tests (LC50= 89.39, 94.50, and 163.64 µL/L air, respectively); while the insecticidal effect of EOs was species-dependent in contact toxicity assays. Regarding antifungal activity, Rhizoctonia solanii was more susceptible than Sclerotium rolfsii to the tested EOs, with lemon from Industry 1 and orange being the most toxic EOs (MIC=10.77 µL/plate and 11.02 µL/plate, respectively). Conversely, S. rolfsii was strongly inhibited by lemon EO from Industry 2 (MIC= 52.40 µL/plate). Besides limonene, other compounds that could be responsible for these bioactivities were: linalool, carvone, α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, α-terpineol, terpinen-4-ol, limonene oxide, β-phellandrene, γ-terpinene, sabinene, neral, neryl acetate, β-caryophyllene and p-cymene. Citrus peel EOs can be used against different pests, contributing to the valorization of citrus residues.

Silo-bags are hermetic storage systems that inhibit fungal growth because of their atmosphere with low humidity, as well as low pH and O

Our aim was to perform a qualitative review and a meta-analysis with 57 scientific articles (108 assays) published from 1 January 2000 to 31 June 2021 dealing with fumigant toxicity of essential oils (EOs) against Sitophilus zeamais. The studies were obtained from four electronic databases: Web of Science, SCOPUS, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The survey comprised 107 plant species belonging to 26 different families. Lethal concentration values (LC50) of EOs were included in a random-effect model, and two subgroups were defined: “until 24 h” and “more than 24 h”. The EOs more frequently evaluated were those belonging to Lamiaceae (20.18%), Asteraceae (17.43%), Apiaceae (9.17%), and Rutaceae (6.42%). The global mean value was 21.37 (CI95 16.84–27.12), while the summary mean values of the subgroups were 41.45 (CI95 31.10–55.26) for “until 24 h” and 8.45 (CI95 5.72–12.48) for “more than 24 h”. Most species belonging to Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, and Schisandraceae reported the highest insecticidal effects with mean values that ranged from 1.31 to 27.39 for “until 24 h” and from 0.57 to 5.31 for “more than 24 h”. Additionally, the toxicity of the most effective EOs was discussed by addressing their chemical composition and their major pure compounds chemical features.

Sitophilus zeamais attacks stored corn kernels and is traditionally controlled using synthetic pesticides. However, the frequent use of these toxic compounds leads to environmental and health damage and to the development of resistant insect populations. Essential oils (EOs) represent an alternative to conventional pesticides for pest control. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the combination of EOs with chlorpyrifos against S. zeamais in order to reduce the effective applied dose of the synthetic insecticide. The most active EOs against S. zeamais were Rosmarinus officinalis, Pimenta racemosa var. ozua and Citrus sinensis. Moreover, all the binary mixtures (1:1 volume EO:volume EO) of these EOs (P. racemosa-R. officinalis, P. racemosa-C. sinensis and R. officinalis-C. sinensis) showed a higher fumigant activity and repellency than the individual EOs, with the combinatory index (CI) values of these binary mixtures indicating synergism for fumigant activity. The P. racemosa-C. sinensis-chlorpyrifos (16:1 volume of binary mixtures of EOs:volume of chlorpyrifos) combination had a lower LC95 value compared to the respective binary mixtures of EOs, revealing a synergistic effect. In addition, this combination did not produce phytotoxicity on maize grains. The binary mixture P. racemosa-C. sinensis in combination with chlorpyrifos synergized the effect of the synthetic pesticide without affecting germination of the maize grains. In addition, the use of this mixture (P. racemosa-C. sinensis-chlorpyrifos) decreased the net quantity of the synthetic insecticide, thus making it an interesting alternative for the control of the maize weevil S. zeamais. Fil: Brito, Vanessa Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Achimón, Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Pizzolitto, Romina Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Ramírez Sánchez, Agripina. Instituto de Innovación En Biotecnología E Industria; República Dominicana Fil: Gómez Torres, Elisa A.. Instituto de Innovación En Biotecnología E Industria; República Dominicana Fil: Zygadlo, Julio Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Zunino, María Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different carbon sources on the hydrocarbon-like volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of

Fusarium verticillioides is a prolific producer of useful secondary metabolites such as naphthoquinone pigments, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes, as well as the harmful mycotoxins fumonisins. A strategy to increase their production includes creating a proper nutritional environment that enables the fungus to produce the compounds of interest. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of different carbon sources (glucose, fructose, xylose, sucrose, and lactose) on secondary metabolites biosynthesis in F. verticillioides submerged cultures. The production of volatile terpenes was evaluated through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The quantification and identification of pigments was conducted using a UV/VIS spectrophotometer and NMR spectrometer, respectively. The quantification of fumonisin B1 and fumonisin B2 was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Our results showed that the biosynthesis of naphthoquinone pigments, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes was highest in cultures with fructose (13.00 ± 0.71 mmol/g), lactose [564.52 × 10−11 ± 11.50 × 10−11 μg/g dry weight (DW)], and xylose (54.41 × 10−11 ± 1.55 × 10−11 μg/g DW), respectively, with fumonisin being absent or present in trace amounts in the presence of these carbon sources. The highest biosynthesis of fumonisins occurred in sucrose-containing medium (fumonisin B1: 7.85 × 103 ± 0.25 × 103 μg/g DW and fumonisin B2: 0.38 × 103 ± 0.03 × 103 μg/g DW). These results are encouraging since we were able to enhance the production of useful fungal metabolites without co-production with harmful mycotoxins by controlling the carbon source provided in the culture medium.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the chemical composition of Curcuma longa, Pimenta dioica, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils (EOs) and their antifungal and anti-conidiogenic activity against Fusarium verticillioides. The chemical profile of the EOs was determined by GC/MS. The antifungal and anti-conidiogenic activities were evaluated by the agar dilution method. The tested concentrations were 1000 ppm, 500 ppm, 250 ppm and 125 ppm. S. aromaticum EO exhibited the highest antifungal effect, followed by P. dioica and to a lesser extent C. longa. The major compounds of these EOs were eugenol (88.70% in S. aromaticum and 16.70% in P. dioica), methyl eugenol (53.09% in P. dioica), and α-turmerone (44.70%), β-turmerone (20.67%), and Ar-turmerone (17.27%) in C. longa. Rosmarinus officinalis poorly inhibited fungal growth; however, it was the only EO that inhibited conidial production, with its major components being 1,8-cineole (53.48%), α-pinene (15.65%), and (−)-camphor (9.57%). Our results showed that some compounds are capable of decreasing mycelial growth without affecting sporulation, and vice versa. However, not all the compounds of an EO are responsible for its bioactivity. In the present work, we were able to identify different major compounds or mixtures of major compounds that were responsible for antifungal and anti-conidiogenic effects. Further experiments combining these pure components are necessary in order to achieve a highly bioactive natural formulation against the phytopathogenic fungus F. verticillioides. Fil: Achimón, Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba; Argentina Fil: Brito, Vanessa Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Pizzolitto, Romina Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Ramirez Sanchez, Agripina. Instituto de Innovación en Biotecnología e Industria; República Dominicana Fil: Gómez, Elisa A.. Instituto de Innovación en Biotecnología e Industria; República Dominicana Fil: Zygadlo, Julio Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina

Currently, insect pest control is carried out through the application of synthetic insecticides which have been related to harmful effects on both human and environmental health, as well as to the development of resistant pest populations. In this context, the development of newand natural insecticides is necessary. Agricultural and forestry waste or by‐products are very low‐cost substrates that can be converted by microorganisms into useful value‐added bioactive products through fermentation processes. In this review we discuss recent discoveries of compounds obtained from fermented substrates along with their insecticidal, antifeedant, and repellent activities. Fermentation products obtained from agricultural and forestry waste are described indetail. The fermentation of the pure secondary metabolite such as terpenes and phenols is also included. Fil: Omarini, Alejandra Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa; Argentina Fil: Achimón, Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Brito, Vanessa Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Zygadlo, Julio Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina

Fusarium verticillioides is the principal fungal pathogen affecting corn maize both in the field and/or during grain storage. The efficiency of essential oils (EOs) as antifungals has been well established against many phytopathogenic fungi, so the aim of this QSAR study was to design a mathematical model using arbitrary descriptors based on EO components to predict antifungal activity. The EOs that reported the highest activity were Origanum spp. The results obtained in the QSAR analysis revealed a statistically significant model (P

Maize kernel deterioration caused by the action of insects has led to an urgent need to develop new control methods against the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, one of the major pests found in silo bags during the storage of maize. Here, we evaluated the insecticidal efficiency of plasticized and unplasticized cotton matrices (deliveries), loaded with R-(+)-pulegone, (−)-carvone, 2-decanone and trans-2-hexenol against S. zeamais. R-(+)- pulegone was the only compound that produced weevil mortality. Plasticized delivery loaded with R-(+)-pulegone achieved a 90% mortality on the 12th day, with mortality values recorded of above 96% over the course of 30 days. R-(+)-pulegone from plasticized delivery was released more slowly compared to unplasticized delivery. Moreover, delivery loaded with R-(+)-pulegone did not show phytotoxicity in maize kernels. Hence, due to its effectiveness against the weevil and the lack of phytotoxic activity against maize kernels, plasticized delivery loaded with R-(+)-pulegone represents a promising material for S. zeamais control. However, large-scale studies are needed in order to evaluate its potential use in grain storage systems. Fil: Peschiutta, María Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Brito, Vanessa Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Achimón, Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Zunino, María Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Usseglio, Virginia Lara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Zygadlo, Julio Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina

At physiological maturity (PM), the maize grain shows a metabolic and gene transcriptional basal rate which is mainly related to the primary metabolism and cellular respiration, among other pathways. It is well known that adult plants are capable of responding to volatile organic compounds, but little evidence of this has been observed in seeds. The investigation of the induction in seeds of the oxylipin metabolism, a defense system, might reveal good agronomic implications, as the oxylipins play a primordial role in the constitutive and inducible chemical defenses. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the response of maize grains at PM with respect to the oxylipin pathways, at the genetic, enzymatic and metabolic levels. We exposed grains to volatiles emitted by Fusarium verticillioides, a common fungal of maize, and to pure volatiles typical of the fungi, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanol. The results obtained showed that the volatiles emitted by these fungi are capable of increasing the expression of genes of the oxylipin pathways (ZmLOX12, ZmAOS2 and ZmHPL genes) and the specific enzymatic activity of lipoxygenases (EULOX), compared with the non-exposed grains. The 1-octen-3-ol compound, but not 3-octanol, was also able to stimulate EULOX. However, the profile of the volatile metabolites emitted by the induced grains did not correspond to that observed at the genetic and enzymatic levels. Future studies to measure different metabolites will be conducted in order to obtain a better understanding of induction. Taken together, the results found indicated that maize embryos at PM are capable of responding to the presence of volatile fungal compounds by increasing their basal oxylipin metabolism. This could lead to agronomic advances, such as the priming of seeds to improve performance against pathogens during germination. However, future studies also need to be conducted to evaluate this hypothesis.

Geologic events promoting the aridization of southern South America contributed to lineage divergences and species differentiation through geographic (allopatric divergence) and biotic and abiotic factors (ecological divergence). For the genus Anarthrophyllum, which is distributed in arid and semi-arid regions of Patagonia, we assessed how these factors affected species diversification and reconstructed its possible biogeographic history in South American arid environments. Sequences were obtained from two molecular markers: the ITS nuclear region and the trnS-trnG plastid region. Using Parsimony, Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference individual gene trees were reconstructed, and a species tree was obtained using multi-species coalescent analysis. Divergence times among species were estimated using secondary calibrations. Flexible Bayesian models and stochastic character mapping were used to elucidate ancestral geographic distributions and the evolution of the floral and vegetative phenotypes in the genus. Gene trees and species tree analyses strongly support Anarthrophyllum as monophyletic; all analyses consistently retrieved three well-supported main clades: High Andean Clade, Patagonian Clade 1, and Patagonian Clade 2. Main diversification events occurred concomitant with the Andean uplift and steppe aridization; the Andean mountain range possibly acted as a species barrier for the High Andean Clade. Vegetative traits showed adaptations to harsh climates in some clades, while pollinator-related floral features were associated with independent diversification in bee- and bird-pollinated clades within both Patagonian Clades. In conclusion, evolutionary and biogeographic history of Anarthrophyllum resulted from the action of ecological, historical, and geographic factors that acted either alternatively or simultaneously. Fil: Achimón, Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Johnson, Leigh. University Brigham Young; Estados Unidos Fil: Cocucci, Andrea Aristides. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Sersic, Alicia Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Argentina Fil: Baranzelli, Matias Cristian. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina

Fusarium verticillioidesis a fungal pathogen of maize and a prolific producer of fumonisin B1(FB1), which has encouraged the search of analytical methods for FB1 detection during grain storage.Secondary metabolites(FB1 and sesquiterpenes) are synthetized from precursors derived from primary metabolism, which is strongly affected by carbon sources. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effect of different carbohydrates on vegetative growth, conidiation and secondary metabolism in F. verticillioides. We observed lower values of lag period in cultures with amylopectin, amylose and starch (0.06 ± 0.01, 0.18 ± 0.01 and 0.26 ± 0.00 day,respectively), along with elongated hyphae. Besides, amylose and maltose stimulated fungal growth(5.50 ± 0.01 and 5.23 ± 0.01 mm/day, respectively) and conidiation (13.75×105± 0.58×105 and 13.49×105± 0.38×105conidia/ml).Furthermore,maximum production of FB1 was achieved with glucose(4.4×103±0.18×103μg/g DW), while sesquiterpene production was higher with amylopectin(158.5×10−12± 8.80×10−12μg/g DW), highlighting the complex mechanisms that regulate fungal secondary metabolism. Finally, we proposed a sesquiterpene profile that couldbe used as a volatile biomarker of FB1 contamination in stored maize kernels. Fil: Achimón, Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Dambolena, José Sebastián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Zygadlo, Julio Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Pizzolitto, Romina Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina