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Introducción: La muerte es parte de los tabúes sociales existentes y puede fomentar actitudes que distan de su abordaje explícito en relación con los cuidados. Objetivo: Analizar las actitudes ante la muerte en profesionales de enfermería de acuerdo con las publicaciones científicas en el contexto latinoamericano en el período 2018 a 2022. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión de literatura integrativa de las publicaciones científicas latinoamericanas respecto de las actitudes ante la muerte en el contexto de la enfermería, empleando los siguientes términos estandarizados: actitud, muerte, enfermería y cuidados de enfermería. Se incluyeron 8 artículos publicados en el período definido, en idioma español y portugués, en los que se abordó explícitamente la temática de la revisión. La información de los artículos fue analizada tomando como referencia los conceptos de la teoría de las transiciones. Resultados: Se encontraron diseños tanto cuantitativos (50 %) como cualitativos (50 %), elaborados en su totalidad en el ámbito hospitalario. Los principales resultados dan cuenta del predominio de la indiferencia ante la muerte en el contexto de los cuidados. En relación con la teoría de las transiciones, la mayoría de los artículos abordan las condiciones en que estas se dan, además de los conceptos de terapéutica de enfermería y patrones de respuesta. Conclusiones: La producción de investigaciones sobre la actitud ante la muerte en profesionales de enfermería es escasa en Latinoamérica. Las experiencias de pérdidas cercanas, la capacitación y el soporte institucional son la base para contribuir a una mejor actitud hacia la muerte.

La iniciativa ciudadana europea (art. 11.4 TUE) es un mecanismo de participación que surgió con el objetivo de revitalizar la vida democrática de la Unión y facilitar la intervención de la sociedad civil organizada en los asuntos europeos. Sin embargo, tras su primera regulación en 2011, tan sólo siete iniciativas -de un total de 119 presentadas- han resultado atendidas por la Comisión hasta la actualidad, fracasando la mayoría de ellas por falta de apoyo. La Unión se propuso mejorar la operatividad del mecanismo a través del Reglamento 2019/788, introduciendo mejoras en el sistema de recogida de apoyos, la difusión de las iniciativas, habilitando la firma electrónica e introduciendo una leve minoración en el número y la representatividad de los apoyos requeridos. Sin embargo, el carácter sui generis y no vinculante de la ICE no siempre favorece que los colectivos la perciban como un instrumento útil para la demanda de intereses, problemas a los que se suman otros ya conocidos como la particular legitimidad de la Unión y un diseño institucional complejo. Es preciso analizar las principales novedades del Reglamento y comprobar a través de los datos si verdaderamente estamos ante un mecanismo efectivo de gobierno abierto.

Background and Aim: Bovine mastitis is one of the most costly and prevalent diseases in dairy herds, which can be prevented and controlled through proper milking practices, diagnosis, and elimination of chronic animals, among others. Contagious pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and environmental pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. can affect cows and milk for human consumption, generating a public health risk. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of herds with somatic cell count (SCC) ≥200,000 cells/mL, S. aureus, E. coli, and Klebsiella spp., in bulk tank milk (BTM) and its associated risk factors in Colombian dairy cow herds. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional probabilistic study was carried out in 150 dairy herds located in the north of the Antioquia province. A single visit per herd was conducted, during which three BTM samples were aseptically collected. General data and milking practices were collected through an epidemiological survey applied in each herd. Results: The prevalence of S. aureus, E. coli, and Klebsiella spp. were 14% (21/150), 2% (3/150), and 8% (12/150), respectively. Moreover, 95% of the herds presented an SCC of ≥200,000 cells/mL. Practices such as in-paddock milking, change of milker during the last month, use of disposable gloves, and hand disinfection were associated with increased prevalence of S. aureus, whereas proper dipping was a protective factor. Proper washing and disinfection of the milking machine, use of chlorinated disinfectants for hand hygiene, and use of disposable gloves decreased the prevalence of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Bulk tank SCC increased in herds with 30–60 milking cows, herds with >60 milking cows, and herds with a change of milker during the last month. Hand disinfection and dipping decreased the SCC. Conclusion: Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Klebsiella spp. were prevalent in BTM from dairy cow herds. The risk of S. aureus isolation was higher in herds with an in-paddock milking system. The risk of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolation were higher in herds with >60 milking cows, with a change of milker during the last month. Processes such as avoiding changing the milker and greater control in medium and large herds could improve the SCC in BTM.

Objetivo. Evaluar la resistencia adquirida a colistina mediada por el gen mcr-1 en aislados de E. coli y Salmonella spp., de muestras de materia fecal de porcinos con destino a consumo humano en planta de beneficio animal de Medellín, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, tomando 190 muestras de materia fecal de porcinos durante marzo del 2020. Para la tamización de enterobacterias resistentes a colistina se utilizó agar cromogénico y MacConkey suplementado con sulfato de colistina (2 mg/l). Los aislados fueron analizados mediante PCR para identificar el gen mcr-1, identificación bacteriana y perfil de susceptibilidad antibiótica a los aislados positivos al gen mcr-1 por el sistema automatizado Microscan®. La información fue registrada y analizada mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados. La frecuencia de porcinos con aislados resistentes a colistina en la tamización fue del 70.52% (134/190). El 15.78% (30/190) portadores del gen mcr-1 de los cuales el 1.05% (2/190) pertenecieron a la especie Salmonella enterica y el 4.21% (8/190) E. coli. Se identificó en los aislados positivos al gen mcr-1 la capacidad de resistir la acción de múltiples antibióticos (10/10), y una E. coli con la habilidad de producir betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE). La mayoría de los cerdos con enterobacterias portadoras del gen mcr-1 provenían de granjas del departamento de Antioquia, y todos en etapa de levante y ceba. Conclusiones. Este estudio evidencia la circulación del gen mcr-1 en cerdos al sacrificio, representando un riesgo potencial para la salud pública por su posible entrada a la cadena alimentaria.

BACKGROUND: Beef slaughterhouses must use a carcass decontamination procedure to control pathogens and thus prevent foodborne diseases transmitted by meat. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to characterize beef carcass decontamination procedures at slaughterhouses located in the province of Antioquia (Colombia). All the slaughterhouses were open, registered, and approved by Invima (Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia de Medicamentos y Alimentos in Spanish) at the time of the study. METHODS: This descriptive study collected information from 23 beef slaughterhouses between July 2019 and April 2021 through documentary reviews and visits to slaughterhouses, using forms and questionnaires. RESULTS: The study allowed the characterization of the procedures used to decontaminate beef carcasses, showing that the chemical disinfection of the carcasses is used to control microorganisms in at least 73.9% of the slaughterhouses analyzed. According to secondary sources, it was found that most of the slaughterhouses are small (slaughter volume

Introduction: Social stigmas in people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) have been part of their history and can still be identified in today's care environments. Objective: To analyze the social stigmas in relation to the care of people living with HIV by those who provide the anti Sars-CoV-2 vaccination service. Materials and methods: A descriptive quantitative research were developed that included a census sample of 126 people. The scale of social stigma in the care of people with HIV/AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) was applied. The information was analyzed through SPSS version 25. Results: Most of the participants reported not knowing people with HIV, but they have been treated as users (54%) and considered that they are discriminated (88.1%). Although a low level of stigma was evidenced (71.4%), these are present in 85.7%. Having had contact as a user with people with HIV was associated with the level of stigma (p=0.008). Conclusions: It is necessary to promote training in which the complexity of the phenomenon is addressed and aspects such as social stigmas are identified, incorporating the biopsychosocial paradigm together with a gender perspective in favor of the comprehensive provision of care.

Introduction: Anisakiasis is a human parasitic disease caused by the consumption of raw fish or shellfish containing larvae of the Anisakidae family. It is currently considered an emerging disease of public health interest. Objective: To identify the presence of larvae of the Anisakidae family in samples of frozen raw fish fillets intended for human consumption in markets in Medellín and its metropolitan area in Antioquia, Colombia. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out, in which larvae of the Anisakidae family were detected and identified in frozen raw fish fillets from three representative markets in Medellín and its metropolitan area. A total of 384 ready for consumption fillets were analyzed (197 sawfish, 137 salmon, 37 tuna, and 13 hake), using the pressing and ultraviolet light method. Taxonomic keys were used to identify the collected parasites and to establish its genus. Conventional PCR and Sanger sequencing was performed to determine the species. Results: Four larvae were found in 4 of the 384 (1.04%) fillets (CI95% 1.04 ± 1.01%). The species of fish in which the larvae were found was sawfish (Scomberomorus spp.) and the genus and species of the larvae was established as Anisakis pegreffii. Conclusions: According to the study, the presence of Anisakis parasites in frozen raw fish fillets in the influence area is evident.

La iniciativa legislativa popular (ILP) en España ha mantenido una eficacia muy limitada con tan sólo cuatro proposiciones adoptadas como ley en el Congreso de los Diputados. Cuarenta años después de la aprobación de la LO 3/1984 de ILP, es preciso analizar las causas que cercenan su empleo, ya que el 37% de las iniciativas resultan inadmitidas y otro 37% caduca sin reunir las firmas requeridas. La Constitución Española estipula (art. 87.3) un margen formal y material muy estrecho para el instrumento, con un requisito de firmas que dificulta el acceso de las propuestas y una exclusión de las materias propias de ley orgánica especialmente lesiva, como se comprobará. Auspiciado por la crisis económica y de confianza, desde el año 2011 se ha producido cierto repunte en la utilización del mecanismo que es preciso analizar, pues parece desmontarse parcialmente la idea extendida sobre el carácter anodino e ineficaz de la figura. Recibido: 07.02.2023 Aceptado: 13.06.2023

Background: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis (PTB), an incurable enterocolitis, affecting domestic and wild ruminants. Economic losses, impacts on animal health and welfare, and public health concerns, justify its herd-level control. Aim: To systematically collect information to answer: What are the control and eradication strategies of PTB in dairy cattle worldwide? Methods: The search procedure was carried out on October 2nd, 2019 and updated on August 3rd, 2021, using OVID®, SciELO, and Redalyc databases, and the registers from the International Colloquium on Paratuberculosis (1991-2018). The inclusion criteria considered articles published in English, Portuguese, and Spanish and in peer-reviewed journals. The exclusion criteria included irrelevant topics, species other-than bovines, and not original articles. Definitive studies were obtained through consensus of the authors on eligibility and quality. Data extraction was performed, considering bibliographic information, control and outcome strategies, follow-up time, and results. Results: Twenty-six relevant studies were found, reporting the use of three grouped control strategies: hygiene and management strategy (HMS), test-and-cull strategy (TCS), and vaccination strategy (VS). The HMS was the most common one (20/26), followed by TCS (17/26) and VS (7/26). Combined control strategies such as TCS-HMS (12/26), TCS-VS (1/26), and HMS-VS (1/26) were also described, and the consideration of the three control strategies (TCS-HMS-VS) was reported in two articles. The HMS included practices such as neonates/juvenile livestock hygiene, biosecurity, prevention of infection introduction into the herd, and environmental management. Within HMS, the most frequent practices were to remove calves from their dams as soon as possible after birth and to keep the minimal exposure of calves and heifers to adult cattle. As limitations, within the HMS it is considered that some strategies cannot be included due to lack of compliance, or the application of the same strategy among one study and another may have a different degree of interpretation; publication bias was not controlled since the results of the control programs in endemic countries may be not available. Conclusion: The main PTB control strategies in dairy cattle worldwide are HMS, TCS, and VS. The use of one or several combined strategies has been found to succeed in controlling the disease at herd-level.

La atención a la diversidad es fundamental en la conformación y consolidación de un proceso educativo equitativo y de calidad. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre educación inclusiva y convivencia escolar, a partir de los aportes de cada proceso al desarrollo sostenible. Esta unidad constituye la base de la formación de modos de actuación que fomenten una actitud positiva hacia la diversidad de los educandos que favorezca la atención de todos en el contexto educativo. El análisis realizado es resultado del uso de métodos como el analítico sintético e inductivo-deductivo.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) según muestras ambientales y explorar los factores de riesgo a nivel de hato asociados a la infección por MAP en hatos lecheros bajo sistemas de sala de ordeño mecánico y basados en pastoreo de prados. Los hatos de estudio (n= 94) se ubicaron en 60 distritos de cinco municipios de la región Norte de la Provincia de Antioquia, Colombia. Los hatos fueron visitados una vez en 2016 para recolectar dos muestras ambientales compuestas y completar un cuestionario de evaluación de riesgos. La identificación de MAP se llevó a cabo utilizando un método de PCR cuantitativo en tiempo real basado en la secuencia IS900. Un hato se consideró como MAP-positivo si una o ambas muestras ambientales resultaron positivas mediante la técnica molecular. La información sobre los factores de riesgo se analizó utilizando un modelo de regresión logística multivariable. La prevalencia aparente a nivel de hato encontrada fue de 14.9 % (14/94; IC 95 %: 7.7-22.1), oscilando entre 0 y 33.3 % a nivel municipal. Los hatos en los que predominaban razas distintas a la Holstein pura (estas son, Jersey, cruzas de Jersey) tenían más probabilidades de estar positivamente infectados con MAP-qPCR que aquellos en los que predominaba el ganado Holstein puro (OR= 3.7; IC 95 %: 1.1-15.2). El presente estudio reporta la prevalencia de MAP en hatos lecheros de la Provincia de Antioquia (Colombia), y la asociación entre la positividad ambiental de MAP con la raza predominante en el hato.

The article aims to analyze the construction of rules, in criminal justice, concerning restorative justice in Mexico and Panama in order to identify areas of development towards an integral procedural model embracing those national rules. It takes into consideration the procedural rules concerning teenagers, the special rules concerning Alternative Dispute Resolution as well as the proceedings related to the criminal execution phase.

This article reports a study about the behavior and functions of term variation in research articles (RAs) in Geology and Psychology. The aim of the study was twofold: first, to investigate the role of intra-textual term variation as a device for the representation and transfer of specialized knowledge; second, to explore whether there are disciplinary differences and whether these differences can be chalked up to different perceptions of this phenomenon among subject field experts. Two methods of data collection were combined: corpus-based analysis of 38 RAs in Spanish; and semi-structured interviews with six experts. Results show that the incidence of term variation is higher in Psychology, although both groups manifested a positive attitude toward variation. Corpus analysis and interviews confirm that term variation is used as a cognitive device, to provide information about the concept's characteristics and relationships with other concepts; and as a communicative device to avoid repetition, to accommodate to the audience and to generalize. In sum, term variation proves to be an important device for constructing and communicating specialized knowledge for both disciplines.

La importancia de incrementar el número de viviendas sustentables, y con ello contribuir a frenar los efectos del cambio climático, responde a que 4.62% de las emisiones de CO2 provienen del sector habitacional. Las ecotecnologías para la vivienda son dispositivos con potencial para reducir emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, así como para ahorrar. Estos instrumentos están cada vez más disponibles en el mercado, sin que se utilicen de manera generalizada en las viviendas de la Ciudad de México. Este trabajo identifica las diferencias entre la población que conoce y utiliza ecotecnias en las viviendas de la capital mexicana. Por medio de encuestas y estadísticas se encontraron diferencias significativas entre cinco estratos socioterritoriales en las formas de conocimiento y uso de ecotecnologías para la vivienda.

Introducción: La atención humanizada requiere la interacción entre los conocimientos científicos y los valores, generando la necesidad de particularizar los cuidados, siendo esta una actividad esencial en enfermería. Objetivo: Analizar la percepción que tienen los usuarios hospitalizados respecto del cuidado humanizado que reciben por parte de las profesionales de enfermería. Metodología: Se desarrolló una investigación de tipo cuantitativa, descriptiva, correlacional y de corte transversal, que incluyó a los usuarios hospitalizados en los Servicios Clínicos de Medicina, Cirugía, Pensionado y representantes legales de pacientes menores de 18 años en Pediatría, de un hospital público ubicado en el sur de Chile, con una muestra de 377 participantes. Posterior a aplicación de consentimiento informado, se aplicó una caracterización sociodemográfica y el instrumento Percepción de Comportamientos de Cuidado Humanizado de Enfermería - versión 3, con adaptación transcultural para la población chilena, el cual fue complementado con otros datos pertinentes a los objetivos de la investigación. Resultados: Se encontró que las personas participantes en su mayoría reconocieron al profesional de enfermería por el uniforme, y pese a existir algunas diferencias en cada servicio, refirieron satisfacción con el cuidado recibido (84,6 %). Aspectos como la edad, el tiempo de hospitalización y el reconocimiento del personal de enfermería, evidenciaron relación estadística con la satisfacción. Conclusiones: Se requiere implementar estrategias para fortalecer la percepción del cuidado humanizado de enfermería, siendo estos aspectos una contribución para la construcción de un clima y cultura organizacional que evidencien esta perspectiva de cuidado.

As the last step of the OXPHOS system, mitochondrial ATP synthase (or complex V) is responsible for ATP production by using the generated proton gradient, but also has an impact on other important functions linked to this system. Mutations either in complex V structural subunits, especially in mtDNA-encoded ATP6 gene, or in its assembly factors, are the molecular cause of a wide variety of human diseases, most of them classified as neurodegenerative disorders. The role of ATP synthase alterations in cancer development or metastasis has also been postulated. In this work, we reported the generation and characterization of the first mt-Atp6 pathological mutation in mouse cells, an m.8414A>G transition that promotes an amino acid change from Asn to Ser at a highly conserved residue of the protein (p.N163S), located near the path followed by protons from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix. The phenotypic consequences of the p.N163S change reproduce the effects of MT-ATP6 mutations in human diseases, such as dependence on glycolysis, defective OXPHOS activity, ATP synthesis impairment, increased ROS generation or mitochondrial membrane potential alteration. These observations demonstrate that this mutant cell line could be of great interest for the generation of mouse models with the aim of studying human diseases caused by alterations in ATP synthase. On the other hand, mutant cells showed lower migration capacity, higher expression of MHC-I and slightly lower levels of HIF-1α, indicating a possible reduction of their tumorigenic potential. These results could suggest a protective role of ATP synthase inhibition against tumor transformation that could open the door to new therapeutic strategies in those cancer types relying on OXPHOS metabolism.

Objetivo. Determinar la presencia de Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) mediante métodos serológicos, microbiológicos y moleculares, para genotipar los aislamientos de MAP y explorar factores asociados a la seropositividad a MAP en un hato de búfalos del departamento de Antioquia (Colombia). Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal para analizar muestras fecales y de suero de 21 búfalas adultas asintomáticas mediante cultivo y ELISA, respectivamente. Los cultivos aislados sospechosos se confirmaron mediante PCR de MAP-IS900 (IS900-PCR). El ADN positivo se volvió a analizar mediante PCR cuantitativo de MAP-IS900 (IS900-qPCR), y luego, se subtipificó utilizando unidades repetitivas intercaladas de micobacterias-número variable de repeticiones en tándem (MIRU-VNTR) y repetición de secuencia corta de múltiples locus (MLSSR). Resultados. Al muestreo, la edad promedio de los animales era de 4.7 años, el 90.5% (19/21) eran hembras y el 84.2% (16/19) estaban preñadas. El puntaje promedio de condición corporal fue 4.2 (escala de 1 a 5). La producción de leche promedio fue de 3.5 L/día/animal. No se detectaron animales seropositivos a MAP. Una hembra de los 21 búfalos fue positiva mediante cultivo fecal en la semana seis de incubación y luego se confirmó mediante IS900-PCR. El análisis de subtipado reveló que el aislado de MAP correspondía al genotipo INMV 3 por MIRU-VNTR. Conclusiones. Según el conocimiento de los autores, este es el primer diagnóstico y aislamiento de MAP en búfalos en Colombia y la primera vez que se encuentra un perfil INMV 3 de MAP en esta especie en el país.

Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) are present in all domains of life. These proteins are responsible for binding unfolded proteins to prevent their aggregation. sHsps form dynamic oligomers of different sizes and constitute transient reservoirs for folding competent proteins that are subsequently refolded by ATP-dependent chaperone systems. In plants, the sHsp family is rather diverse and has been associated with the ability of plants to survive diverse environmental stresses. Nodulin 22 (PvNod22) is an sHsp of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) located in the endoplasmic reticulum. This protein is expressed in response to stress (heat or oxidative) or in plant roots during mycorrhizal and rhizobial symbiosis. In this work, we study its oligomeric state using a combination of in silico and experimental approaches. We found that recombinant PvNod22 was able to protect a target protein from heat unfolding in vitro. We also demonstrated that PvNod22 assembles into high-molecular-weight oligomers with diameters of ~15 nm under stress-free conditions. These oligomers can cluster together to form high-weight polydisperse agglomerates with temperature-dependent interactions; in contrast, the oligomers are stable regarding temperature.

La gestión terminológica es uno de los mayores desafíos de la traducción especializada, pues los términos condensan el conocimiento especializado y aseguran la concisión y la precisión del dis­curso. Por tanto, es fundamental que los traductores desarrollen la competencia terminológica para resolver problemas terminológicos en la traducción y elaborar recursos terminológicos propios. La presente investigación, por un lado, define teóricamente la competencia terminológica del traduc­tor especializado y la sitúa dentro del modelo de competencia traductora del grupo PACTE; y por otro, propone dos instrumentos para medir la competencia terminológica en la traducción. Los instrumentos, una tarea de traducción especializada y una entrevista semiestructurada retrospectiva llevada a cabo con posterioridad a la traducción, fueron evaluados mediante un estudio piloto realizado con cinco estudiantes avanzados de traducción. Los resultados de la aplicación de los instrumentos permitieron evaluar la eficacia de estos en la medición de cada una de las seis habilidades en las que se desglosó operacionalmente la competencia terminológica, así como identificar el nivel de logro de los estudiantes en cada una de ellas.

Esta obra propone un recorrido por los debates y las contribuciones de las diferentes fases del movimiento político y epistémico de las mujeres en los estudios de género. Por medio de un marcado carácter didáctico, el texto realiza un acercamiento al desarrollo y consolidación de la teoría de la interseccionalidad y los desafíos que ésta impone no sólo para pensar el género desde lentes más agudas y complejas, sino para tensionar los postulados que sustentan la psicología como ciencia. Las incidencias de las perspectivas defendidas en él fueron trascendentales en el escenario lusófono, al influir en el origen de la perspectiva feminista crítica en la psicología social en Portugal.

La metáfora conceptual es utilizada con frecuencia como estrategia divulgativa para acercar el conocimiento especializado a un público lego, pero su eficacia comunicativa para la transmisión de contenido especializado no se ha comprobado empíricamente. El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar la incidencia de las metáforas en la comprensión de textos escritos divulgativos del área de Biología. Se diseñó una prueba de comprensión lectora con 4 fragmentos de textos de divulgación con expresiones metafóricas y sin expresiones metafóricas, acompañados de 16 preguntas de selección múltiple. La prueba se aplicó a 30 estudiantes de segundo año medio de un colegio chileno, y se complementó con una entrevista semiestructurada a tres de los estudiantes. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que, a nivel local, las metáforas estructurales de una correspondencia y las de imagen posibilitan una mejor comprensión. Sin embargo, a nivel global, no se evidenció un mejor desempeño en la lectura de textos con presencia de expresiones metafóricas. Estos hallazgos permiten caracterizar el nivel de eficacia de la metáfora conceptual en el proceso de comprensión de contenido especializado, así como informar sobre el diseño de textos divulgativos con propósitos didácticos.

Electron flux in the mitochondrial electron transport chain is determined by the superassembly of mitochondrial respiratory complexes. Different superassemblies are dedicated to receive electrons derived from NADH or FADH2, allowing cells to adapt to the particular NADH/FADH2 ratio generated from available fuel sources. When several fuels are available, cells adapt to the fuel best suited to their type or functional status (e.g., quiescent versus proliferative). We show that an appropriate proportion of superassemblies can be achieved by increasing CII activity through phosphorylation of the complex II catalytic subunit FpSDH. This phosphorylation is mediated by the tyrosine-kinase Fgr, which is activated by hydrogen peroxide. Ablation of Fgr or mutation of the FpSDH target tyrosine abolishes the capacity of mitochondria to adjust metabolism upon nutrient restriction, hypoxia/reoxygenation, and T cell activation, demonstrating the physiological relevance of this adaptive response.

Abstract Paratuberculosis, a chronic disease affecting ruminant livestock, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). It has direct and indirect economic costs, impacts animal welfare and arouses public health concerns. In a survey of 48 countries we found paratuberculosis to be very common in livestock. In about half the countries more than 20% of herds and flocks were infected with MAP. Most countries had large ruminant populations (millions), several types of farmed ruminants, multiple husbandry systems and tens of thousands of individual farms, creating challenges for disease control. In addition, numerous species of free-living wildlife were infected. Paratuberculosis was notifiable in most countries, but formal control programs were present in only 22 countries. Generally, these were the more highly developed countries with advanced veterinary services. Of the countries without a formal control program for paratuberculosis, 76% were in South and Central America, Asia and Africa while 20% were in Europe. Control programs were justified most commonly on animal health grounds, but protecting market access and public health were other factors. Prevalence reduction was the major objective in most countries, but Norway and Sweden aimed to eradicate the disease, so surveillance and response were their major objectives. Government funding was involved in about two thirds of countries, but operations tended to be funded by farmers and their organizations and not by government alone. The majority of countries (60%) had voluntary control programs. Generally, programs were supported by incentives for joining, financial compensation and/or penalties for non-participation. Performance indicators, structure, leadership, practices and tools used in control programs are also presented. Securing funding for long-term control activities was a widespread problem. Control programs were reported to be successful in 16 (73%) of the 22 countries. Recommendations are made for future control programs, including a primary goal of establishing an international code for paratuberculosis, leading to universal acknowledgment of the principles and methods of control in relation to endemic and transboundary disease. An holistic approach across all ruminant livestock industries and long-term commitment is required for control of paratuberculosis.

Cataracts are defined as the clouding of the lens due to the formation of insoluble protein aggregates. Metal ions exposure has been recognized as a risk factor in the cataract formation process. The γ and β crystallins are members of a larger family and share several structural features. Several studies have shown that copper and zinc ions induce the formation of γ-crystallins aggregates. However, the interaction of metal ions with β-crystallins, some of the most abundant crystallins in the lens, has not been explored until now. Here, we evaluate the effect of Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions on the aggregation of HβA1, as a representative of the acidic form, and HβB2, as a representative of the basic β-crystallins. We used several biophysical techniques and computational methods to show that Cu(II) and Zn(II) induce aggregation following different pathways. Both metal ions destabilize the proteins and impact protein folding. Copper induced a small conformational change in HβA1, leading to high-molecular-weight light-scattering aggregates, while zinc is more aggressive towards HβB2 and induces a larger conformational change. Our work provides information on the mechanisms of metal-induced aggregation of β-crystallins.

Neste trabalho, embasados nos pressupostos teóricos das teorias cognitivas da Terminologia, tivemos por objetivo analisar a incidência da variação denominativa para a compreensão do conceito especializado no âmbito da Lexicografia. Para isso realizamos um estudo experimental com estudantes de Letras de uma universidade brasileira. Aplicamos uma prova de compreensão leitora a partir de textos de Lexicografia que apresentavam conceitos especializados mediante variação. Os resultados mostraram que a variação influencia cognitivamente no processo de compreensão textual e, portanto, possui uma incidência para o leitor na forma como este compreende e constrói o conceito.

Objectives: Apoptosis-Inducing Factor (AIF) is a protein involved in mitochondrial electron transport chain assembly/stability and programmed cell death. The relevant role of this protein is underlined because mutations altering mitochondrial AIF properties result in acute pediatric mitochondriopathies and tumor metastasis. By generating an original AIF-deficient mouse strain, this study attempted to analyze, in a single paradigm, the cellular and developmental metabolic consequences of AIF loss and the subsequent oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) dysfunction. Methods: We developed a novel AIF-deficient mouse strain and assessed, using molecular and cell biology approaches, the cellular, embryonic, and adult mice phenotypic alterations. Additionally, we conducted ex vivo assays with primary and immortalized AIF knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to establish the cell death characteristics and the metabolic adaptive responses provoked by the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) breakdown. Results: AIF deficiency destabilized mitochondrial ETC and provoked supercomplex disorganization, mitochondrial transmembrane potential loss, and high generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). AIF-/Y MEFs counterbalanced these OXPHOS alterations by mitochondrial network reorganization and a metabolic reprogramming toward anaerobic glycolysis illustrated by the AMPK phosphorylation at Thr172, the overexpression of the glucose transporter GLUT-4, the subsequent enhancement of glucose uptake, and the anaerobic lactate generation. A late phenotype was characterized by the activation of P53/P21-mediated senescence. Notably, approximately 2% of AIF-/Y MEFs diminished both mitochondrial mass and ROS levels and spontaneously proliferated. These cycling AIF-/Y MEFs were resistant to caspase-independent cell death inducers. The AIF-deficient mouse strain was embryonic lethal between E11.5 and E13.5 with energy loss, proliferation arrest, and increased apoptotic levels. Contrary to AIF-/Y MEFs, the AIF KO embryos were unable to reprogram their metabolism toward anaerobic glycolysis. Heterozygous AIF+/- females displayed progressive bone marrow, thymus, and spleen cellular loss. In addition, approximately 10% of AIF+/- females developed perinatal hydrocephaly characterized by brain development impairment, meningeal fibrosis, and medullar hemorrhages; those mice died 5 weeks after birth. AIF+/- with hydrocephaly exhibited loss of ciliated epithelium in the ependymal layer. This phenotype was triggered by the ROS excess. Accordingly, it was possible to diminish the occurrence of hydrocephalus AIF+/- females by supplying dams and newborns with an antioxidant in drinking water. Conclusions: In a single knockout model and at 3 different levels (cell, embryo, and adult mice) we demonstrated that by controlling the mitochondrial OXPHOS/metabolism, AIF is a key factor regulating cell differentiation and fate. Additionally, by providing new insights into the pathological consequences of mitochondrial OXPHOS dysfunction, our new findings pave the way for novel pharmacological strategies.

Objetivo. Determinar la diversidad molecular de Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) en muestras ambientales de hatos lecheros colombianos. Materiales y métodos. Las muestras ambientales de 25 hatos lecheros positivos a MAP por IS900-qPCR se cultivaron por duplicado en medio de yema de huevo de Herrold con micobactina J para obtener aislamientos. Las colonias sospechosas fueron confirmadas para MAP por IS900-qPCR. El ADN positivo se subtipó utilizando técnicas de unidades micobacterialess repetitivas intercaladas - número variable de repeticiones en tándem (MIRU-VNTR) y técnicas de repeticiones de multilocus de secuencia corta (MLSSR) para analizar las diferencias genéticas entre los aislamientos. Resultados. El subtipado reveló dos genotipos diferentes por MIRU-VNTR (INMV 2 e INMV 36). La técnica de MLSSR se realizó para aumentar el poder discriminatorio de lo obtenido por MIRU-VNTR, pero no se observaron diferencias entre los aislamientos recuperados. Conclusiones. El presente estudio representa un enfoque importante para el conocimiento del estatus epidemiológico de MAP en la población de estudio.

Cataract formation is a slow accumulative process due to protein aggregates promoted by different factors over time. Zinc and copper ions have been reported to induce the formation of aggregates opaque to light in the human gamma D crystallin (HγD) in a concentration and temperature dependent manner. In order to gain insight into the mechanism of metal-induced aggregation of HγD under conditions that mimic more closely the slow, accumulative process of the disease, we have studied the non-equilibrium process with the minimal metal dose that triggers HγD aggregation. Using a wide variety of biophysics techniques such as turbidimetry, dynamic light scattering, fluorescence, nuclear magnetic resonance and computational methods, we obtained information on the molecular mechanisms for the formation of aggregates. Zn(II) ions bind to different regions at the protein, probably with similar affinities. This binding induces a small conformational rearrangement within and between domains and aggregates via the formation of metal bridges without any detectable unfolded intermediates. In contrast, Cu(II)-induced aggregation includes a lag time, in which the N-terminal domain partially unfolds while the C-terminal domain and parts of the N-terminal domain remain in a native-like conformation. This partially unfolded intermediate is prone to form the high-molecular weight aggregates. Our results clearly show that different external factors can promote protein aggregation following different pathways.

Objective. To report the frequency of seropositivity against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and to explore the factors associated with the positive outcome, both at herd and animal level. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 204 dairy cows, result of the crossing of different breeds, from five low-tropic dairy herds, located in three municipalities of the Provinces of Sucre and Córdoba (Colombia) in 2018. The animals were randomly selected, and blood samples were collected from each one. A commercial ELISA kit was used to analyze the sera, and the association between these variables and the result to ELISA (p

Objetivo. Determinar la presencia de anticuerpos anti-Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) en venados de cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus) y venados de páramo (Mazama rufina), capturados en las regiones de la Orinoquía y el Caribe de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Un total de 44 muestras de suero sanguíneo de venados de las especies M. rufina y O. virginianus fueron colectadas en condiciones de campo entre 2014 y 2016. Se utilizó un kit comercial de ELISA para la detección de anticuerpos anti-MAP. Un animal se consideró positivo a ELISA cuando la relación muestra-positivo (S/P%) fue ≥0.4, según lo recomendado por el fabricante. Resultados. El 50% (22/44) de los animales muestreados resultaron positivos, lo que corresponde a 10 hembras y 12 machos. Un 81.8% (18/22) y 77.3% (17/22) de estos animales seropositivos fueron capturados en la región de la Orinoquía y fueron reportados como adultos, respectivamente. Conclusiones. No se sabe cómo o cuándo se introdujo MAP en la población de ciervos colombianos en las regiones de estudio. La hipótesis más plausible para explicar la presencia de anticuerpos anti-MAP en estas poblaciones silvestres es la transmisión por contacto con el ganado bovino infectado, ya que en ambas regiones estas especies comparten pasturas. Este es el primer estudio en explorar la infección por MAP en animales silvestres en Colombia. Estos hallazgos respaldan la necesidad de realizar más estudios utilizando técnicas de diagnóstico directo, y aproximaciones investigativas que permitan la definición de vínculos en la dinámica de la infección entre mamíferos silvestres y domésticos en Colombia.

When we face the study of dress from its artifactual identity, we observe that its so-called functional dimension cannot be understood in the same terms proposed by the ergonomics of the product, that is, from the ergonomic concepts of usability, efficiency, effectiveness and psychological comfort in relation to a specific activity or work. This article, presents the results of a review of the functional analysis methods commonly used by design for the study of clothing, and explains why they are insufficient or limited to address the multiple functions of this particular artifact. At the same time, it proposes some considerations for its functional analysis that contribute in a decisive way to the design process of the clothing design.

Cuando nos enfrentamos al estudio del vestido desde su identidad artefactual, observamos que su denominada dimensión funcional no puede ser comprendida en los mismos términos propuestos por la ergonomía del producto, esto es, a partir de los conceptos ergonómicos de usabilidad, eficiencia y eficacia en relación a una actividad o un trabajo determinado. El presente artículo, presenta los resultados de una revisión de la aplicación de los métodos ergonómicos comúnmente usados por el diseño para el estudio del vestido y explica por qué resultan insuficientes o limitados para abordar las múltiples funciones de este particular artefacto. Al mismo tiempo, propone algunas consideraciones para su análisis funcional que aporten de manera decisiva al proceso proyectual del diseño del vestir.

Considerada em um âmbito mais amplo da comunicação especializada, as teorias modernas da Terminologia concebem a variação como uma propriedade inerente ao termo e, por esse motivo, passível de estudo, considerando fatores cognitivos e contextuais como evolução do conhecimento, nível de especialização, ponto de vista, entre outros. Por outro lado, embora reconhecida e estudada, a representação da variação nos dicionários ainda segue uma orientação prescritiva. Nesse sentido, neste trabalho, objetiva-se analisar o fenômeno da variação denominativa na Lexicografia em uso no Brasil e propor uma representação lexicográfica da variação em um dicionário especializado de aprendizagem de Lexicografia. Para isso, realizamos uma análise da variação denominativa explícita em um córpus de textos de Lexicografia brasileira com o objetivo de verificar as consequências cognitivas resultantes da utlização dessas variantes, bem como os possíveis fatores cognitivos que podem originar essa variação. Finalmente, propomos uma representação da variaçao na organizaçã microestrutural do Dicionário de Lexicografia Brasileira.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is an acid-fast, gram-positive bacillus. MAP is the causal agent of paratuberculosis (PTB) or Johne’s disease, an infectious disease affecting domestic ruminants and some wild species. Its importance as a potentially zoonotic agent due to its relation to Crohn’s disease (CD) in humans is still under debate and investigation. The aim of the present systematic review is to summarize original studies on MAP carried out in Colombia since 1924, as well as to establish strengths, weaknesses, and future research opportunities in the country with emphasis on diagnosis and epidemiology. The initial search for existing publications reporting original studies on MAP, PTB, and the relationship between MAP and CD was carried out in the available databases and national libraries. After compilation of the available studies (n = 20), the relevant data was extracted (year, province of report, species studied, diagnostic tests used, study design, summary of results, and authors). Recommendations for future research opportunities on MAP in Colombia are made.

This article presents a study about the terminology used to refer to the Chilean military coup and dictatorship in high school History textbooks. Terms represent specialised concepts in a specific subject field and reflect the conceptualisation of reality of a given disciplinary community in a socio-temporal context. Term choice influences how readers access specialised knowledge. This study aimed at analysing the point of view about the military coup and dictatorship conveyed by term choice in Chilean history textbooks; and determine whether this point of view changed across time. For that purpose, the term variants referring to the main concepts of the historical period were analysed in a corpus of history textbooks distributed by the Chilean Ministry of Education between 2002 and 2014 to students in second and third year of secondary education. A semantic analysis was carried out, which took into account the conceptual information, the abstraction level of the categories and the point of view (positive, negative or neutral) reflected by term variants. Results showed that terminology remains quite stable throughout the years and convey mainly a neutral perspective about the historical events. These results are not coherent with the pluralist perspective recommended by the Ministry of Education in the curriculum guidelines.

Introducción: La adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral es una conducta que favorece la salud de las personas que viven con el virus de inmunodeficiencia adquirida; para su logro se debe tener presente las características y experiencias individuales, aspectos cognitivos y de tipo afectivo, conceptos que están establecidos en el Modelo de promoción de la Salud. Objetivo: Analizar la adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral en un grupo de adultos mayores en un hospital de Chile, en consideración del Modelo de Promoción de la Salud. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio transversal y correlacional que incluyó a 18 adultos mayores, en quienes se analizó algunos conceptos del Modelo de Promoción de la Salud. Se utilizó un instrumento que incluyó el cuestionario simplificado de adherencia a tratamiento (sensibilidad 72%, especificidad del 87%). Resultados: La adherencia al tratamiento fue de 94,4%. Los usuarios presentan cogniciones y afectos favorables para la adherencia, siendo la percepción de autoeficacia de un 89,9%. Se encontró asociación entre la adherencia y el dejar de tomar medicamentos ante efectos adversos y/o sentimientos negativos hacia los mismos (p=0,001, Pearson de -0,714), además de ésta con la percepción general de barreras (p= 0,021 V de Cramer de -0,542). Discusión: Aspectos como la autoeficacia percibida, la baja percepción de barreras y las motivaciones personales, favorecieron la adherencia al tratamiento. Conclusiones: Los adultos mayores han logrado la adherencia al tratamiento gracias a la percepción de beneficios y de escasez barreras para el acceso al mismo. Como citar este artículo: Fernández-Silva CA, Lopez-Andrade CI, Merino C. Adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral como conducta promotora de salud en adultos mayores. Rev Cuid. 2018; 9(2): 2201-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.v9i2.522

Background: Leptospirosis in cattle is recognized as a major cause of reproductive loses due to abortions, early embryonic death, and infertility. The type of Leptospira serovars that are currently circulating in Colombian herds is largely unknown due to the lack of national reports. Objective: The prevalence of antibodies specific to 13 Leptospira spp serovars was investigated in unvaccinated cows from 26 herds in San Pedro de los Milagros (Province of Antioquia) dairy region. Methods: Microscopic agglutination test was used on serum samples, following WHO recommendations. Results: A total of 112/900 (12.4%) of the animals had antibody titers of 1:100 or greater to at least one Leptospira serovar. Of those positive, 34/900 (3,8%) animals seroconverted to two or more serovars. In order of decreasing prevalence, the serovars detected were: hardjo prajitno, pomona, grippotyphosa, tarassovi, copenhageni, canicola, cellodeni and bratislava. There were 28 animals seropositive to serovar hardjo. Conclusion: Our results indicate that leptospirosis should be included as a differential diagnosis for various reproductive problems in this region.

Based on the response surface methodology, a rheological and tribological study carried out on eco-friendly lubricants is described. Such ecolubricants consisted of fibrillated or crystalline nanocellulose in vegetable oil (castor oil, high oleic sunflower oil or their mixtures). Cellulose nanoparticles showed noticeable friction-reducing and anti-wear properties within the boundary and mixed lubrication regimes, which were found to be dependent on nanocellulose concentration, base oil composition and applied normal force. In general, both types of nanocellulose performed equally well. An excellent tribological performance, with large wear scar diameter reductions, was achieved with 3.3 wt.% (or higher) nanocellulose dispersions in castor oil-rich mixtures. The observed behavior was explained on the basis of enhanced viscosity of castor oil-rich suspensions and the preferential action of the most polar components, nanocellulose and ricinoleic acid, in the vicinity of the contact surfaces.

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This document is a compilation of various research articles and studies related to the diagnosis and detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease in dairy cattle. The articles discuss different methods and techniques used for the detection of MAP, including fecal culture, ELISA, PCR, and serology. The studies evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of these diagnostic tests and compare their effectiveness in detecting MAP in dairy herds. The document provides valuable information for researchers and veterinarians interested in the diagnosis and control of Johne's disease in cattle. [Extracted from the article]

Paratuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP). This study aimed at determining the presence of antibodies against MAP, and the association between the serological status of MAP and individual factors in goats and sheep in a flock in Antioquia, Colombia. We studied fifty-three goats and 6 sheep over two years old, and took blood samples to obtain serum and information on individual factors. The presence of antibodies against MAP was determined by ELISA, whereas the information was descriptively analyzed. ELISA did not detect any positive or suspect animal among the 59 tested animals, so an association between serological status to MAP and individual factors could not be established. This is the first and the fourth study reporting the search for antibodies against MAP in a goat and in a sheep population in Colombia, respectively. Several factors may explain the serological status of the sampled animals. It is necessary to continue with similar studies in other flocks of the region and the country to determine the current MAP infection status in small ruminants in Colombia.