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Não obstante a importância da antropologia jurídica para a discussão do direito, a disciplina consta em apenas pequena parte das grades curriculares dos cursos, a nível global. Por isso, o objetivo é valer-se de um caso concreto, que facilmente atinja acadêmicos em seus diferentes níveis de formação, para colocar em evidência, de forma exemplificativa, a fundamentalidade da promoção dessa disciplina nos currículos dos futuros operadores do direito. O caso eleito é a Lei brasileira de acesso ao patrimônio genético e aos conhecimentos tradicionais associados (Lei da Biodiversidade). Ao analisar os aspectos considerados como questionáveis da norma, o artigo sublinha o fato de que ela constitui um exemplo concreto do caráter ambivalente do processo de juridicização e, em consequência, da importância da antropologia jurídica para identificá-lo. Como o artigo não apenas discute a importância desta última nos currículos, mas também ele próprio é desenvolvido à luz dela, inicialmente parte-se de como foi o processo que conduziu a que a antropologia contribuísse à discussão do direito. Em segundo lugar, os aspectos controversos da lei são trazidos. Na sequência, dois autores da disciplina são mobilizados: primeiramente, o Professor de antropologia jurídica da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Orlando Villas Bôas Filho, sobre o fato de que, não raras vezes - e como exemplificado no caso concreto -, o processo de juridicização pode acabar por atender interesses contrários aos dos povos indígenas. Isto feito, mobiliza-se o autor francês do Laboratório de Antropologia Jurídica de Paris (LAJP) Étienne Le Roy e sua Teoria do Multijuridismo, estabelecendo-se relações entre ela e o caso concreto eleito, em diálogo com intelectuais/líderes indígenas. A metodologia seguida foi a sistêmica e a técnica de pesquisa baseou-se na revisão bibliográfica e interpretação de normas legais e decretos regulamentares. Despite the importance of legal anthropology for the discussion of law, the discipline appears in only a small part of the course curricula, globally. Therefore, the objective is to use a concrete case, which easily reaches academics at their different levels of training, to highlight, in an exemplifying way, the fundamentality of promoting this discipline in the curricula of future legal professionals. The chosen case is the Brazilian Act on access to genetic heritage and associated traditional knowledge (Biodiversity Act). By analysing the aspects considered as questionable of the norm, the article highlights the fact that it constitutes a concrete example of the ambivalent nature of the juridicization process and, consequently, the importance of legal anthropology to identify it. As the article not only discusses the importance of the latter in curricula, but is itself also developed in light of it, it initially starts with how the process was that led anthropology to contribute to the discussion of law. Secondly, the controversial aspects of the Act are brought to the fore. Following this, two authors of the discipline are mobilized: firstly, the Professor of legal anthropology at the Faculty of Law of the University of São Paulo (USP) Orlando Villas Bôas Filho, on the fact that, not infrequently - and as exemplified in the concrete case -, the juridicization process may end up serving interests contrary to those of indigenous peoples. This done, the French author from the Laboratory of Legal Anthropology of Paris (LAJP) Étienne Le Roy and his Theory of Multijuridism are mobilized, establishing relationships between it and the concrete case chosen, in dialogue with indigenous intellectuals/leaders. The methodology followed was systemic and the research technique was based on literature review and interpretation of legal norms and regulatory decrees.

IntroductionSystemic lupus erythematosus is a multi-faceted autoimmune disorder of complex etiology. Pre-pubertal onset of pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (pSLE) is uncommon and should raise suspicion for a genetic driver of disease. Autosomal recessive p40phox deficiency is a rare immunologic disorder characterized by defective but not abolished NADPH oxidase activity with residual production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by phagocytic cells.Case presentationWe report the case of a now 18-year-old female with pSLE onset at 7 years of age. She presented with recurrent fever and malar rash. Aspects of her immune dysregulation over time have included typical pSLE features including production of autoantibodies, hematologic manifestations, and hypocomplementemia, as well as chronic suppurative skin lesions and recurrent infections. Genetic analysis revealed biallelic pathogenic variants in NCF4 resulting in p40phox deficiency. Comprehensive NADPH oxidase activity studies confirmed significantly decreased production of reactive oxygen species, confirming the cellular phenotype seen in p40phox deficient patients.ConclusionsHere, we present a patient with pSLE harboring biallelic variants in NCF4. Our patient represents a unique clinical presentation of severe onset autoimmunity in the setting of a rare inborn error of immunity affecting NADPH oxidase activity. This case underscores the need to consider genetic causes of pSLE in cases of pre-pubertal onset and atypical disease.

El presente artículo analiza el bienestar socioemocional de las personas mayores en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19, indagando en su salud mental y bienestar psicosocial. Los resultados muestran que las personas mayores son uno de los principales grupos de riesgo de contagio en el contexto de emergencia sanitaria, viendo afectada su salud mental y bienestar psicosocial a causa de las transformaciones de los estilos de vida y las medidas de restricción social; impactando significativamente su satisfacción vital. Lo anterior, pone en evidencia la necesidad de nuevas políticas públicas intersectoriales para la intervención del SARS-CoV-2 y otras posibles emergencias socio sanitarias en la vejez.

El presente trabajo se elaboró en base a una revisión de libros y artículos sobre la Inteligencia Ecológica como una herramienta psicológica que podría desarrollar en el individuo, la capacidad para modificar su comportamiento consumista y adoptar una responsabilidad ética frente la contaminación ambiental que está perjudicando la salud física y mental de todas las personas; a través del cambio de creencias y de la concientización sobre los efectos nocivos que genera cada fase de producción industrial. Se identifican aquellas barreras psicológicas de inacción frente al cambio climático, entre ellas; la falta de métodos para frenar la contaminación ambiental, las ideologías limitantes, la influencia de las masas que promueven el consumismo, el miedo al cambio, las pérdidas financieras que representa una producción ecológica y la aplicación inadecuada de las campañas de sensibilización, todas ellas denominadas como “Dragones de Inacción” que impiden el desarrollo de habilidades pro-ambientales. Finalmente, se recomienda al modelo ABC de la Terapia Racional Emotiva Conductual (TREC) de Albert Ellis, como una alternativa frente a la crisis ecológica; para que, con la modificación de creencias irracionales sobre el medio ambiente, se pueda suscitar una conducta pro ambiental en la población. Todo ello, por medio de la aplicación de programas de intervención grupal a nivel educativo y social, con debates filosóficos, empíricos, pragmáticos, que promuevan actitudes prosociales para salvaguardar el bienestar de la persona a través del cuidado de la naturaleza.

El presente artículo se aborda la temática de la migración y la crisis sanitaria. Tiene como objetivo identificar las políticas públicas adoptadas por el Perú frente a la situación provocada por la pandemia de la covid-19, se analiza desde la perspectiva de población y desarrollo, los impactos de la crisis sanitaria en grupos de población en situación de mayor vulnerabilidad como son las personas migrantes. Sostenemos que población migrante venezolana ha quedado en una situación de indefensión frente a la crisis sanitaria. Metodológicamente el artículo plantea un análisis mixto, combina análisis de información estadística, así como análisis de discurso y entrevistas a profundidad. Los resultados hallados evidencian no solo el escaso acceso al sistema de salud público de los migrantes, sino también la ausencia de preocupación estatal por atender la problemática. Finalmente, a modo de conclusiones, se afirma la necesidad de conocer y reconocer la problemática que atraviesan los migrantes en el país para un mayor eficiencia y eficacia del Estado peruano en el despliegue de sus políticas públicas.

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is the type of thyroid cancer that has the worst prognosis. It usually presents as a rapidly growing cervical mass that generates compressive symptoms. Its association with thyrotoxicosis is rare. A 76-year-old woman, with no contributory history, presented with a 3-month course of fast-growing cervical tumor, associated with tenderness, cough, and weight loss. Physical examination revealed goiter, localized erythema, and a painful and stone tumor dependent on the right thyroid lobe. Due to the malignant findings of the thyroid ultrasound, the patient underwent a thyroid core needle biopsy, which indicated ATC. Laboratory tests revealed leukocytosis, decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone, elevated free thyroxine (fT4), and increased thyroperoxidase (TPO) antibodies. At the beginning, we considered that the etiology of thyrotoxicosis was secondary to subacute thyroiditis (SAT) after SARS-CoV-2 infection, due to the immunochromatography result and chest tomography findings. The result of markedly elevated TPO antibodies left this etiology more remote. Therefore, we suspected Graves’ disease as an etiology; however, thyroid histopathology and ultrasound did not show compatible findings. Therefore, we suspect that the main etiology of thyrotoxicosis in the patient was the destruction of the thyroid follicles caused by a rapid invasion of malignant cells, which is responsible for the consequent release of preformed thyroid hormone. ATC is a rare endocrine neoplasm with high mortality; it may be associated with thyrotoxicosis, whose etiology can be varied; therefore, differential diagnosis is important for proper management.

Los puentes de tableros de vigas de concreto presforzado son un tipo de puente ampliamente utilizado en la ingeniería peruana, debido a las ventajas que estos puentes representan en la optimización de recursos en las etapas de diseño y construcción. La presente investigación propone expresiones simplificadas en dos direcciones de análisis para calcular el periodo fundamental de vibración del puente y las respuestas sísmicas elásticas tales como el desplazamiento lateral, la fuerza cortante y el momento flector del pilar de mayor demanda sísmica. Estas expresiones se obtienen del análisis sísmico elástico realizado a un conjunto de modelos paramétricos. Como carga sísmica, se utilizaron espectros de diseño sísmico según los mapas de isoaceleraciones especificados en el manual de puentes del Ministerio de transportes del Perú. Inicialmente, se formuló un modelo simplificado que representa los elementos estructurales del puente, luego se identificaron los parámetros que definen su comportamiento sísmico y se generó una familia de casos de modelos paramétricos. Los parámetros más representativos que fueron definidos son: la esbeltez longitudinal (H/B), la esbeltez transversal (H/D), la razón de aspecto de la planta (R/L), el número de tramos (nt), y la máxima aceleración del suelo (PGA). Para validar el modelo simplificado, se compararon las respuestas de interés obtenidos del modelo propuesto con los obtenidos de modelos estructurales refinados realizados en un programa especializado de ingeniería, que incluye los efectos de apoyos comunes y topes sísmicos. Finalmente, las expresiones del método simplificado permiten estimar las respuestas sísmicas con errores menores al 10%.

En Perú existe una demanda creciente de mejorar, ampliar o remodelar la infraestructura existente, que generalmente ha sido diseñada con estándares estructurales menos exigentes que los actuales. Es por esta razón que se utilizan diversas técnicas entre las que se destaca el reforzamiento mediante sistemas FRP (fiber reinforced polymer). Entre las aplicaciones predominantes de este sistema se tiene el refuerzo a flexión de elementos de concreto armado (CA) tales como muros, losas y en especial las vigas. Durante la aplicación del FRP se pueden presentar diversas interferencias o limitaciones constructivas, lo que ha dado lugar al planteamiento de soluciones prácticas y modernas como el uso de sistemas de bandas de FRP, platinas y barras de FRP, sistemas FRP del tipo NSM, y el uso de anclajes de FRP. Estos procedimientos están contemplados en la guía ACI 440.2R (ACI, 2017), utilizada para la construcción y el diseño de refuerzo externo con FRP. El presente artículo muestra los resultados sobre la experiencia en laboratorio de cuatro vigas de CA, considerando que solamente tres fueron externamente reforzadas a flexión, además incluye el uso de anclajes hechos de FRP, para desarrollar el comportamiento a tracción de la banda FRP de refuerzo externo. Los especímenes se sometieron a cargas cíclicas mediante un ensayo cuasi-estático. Los resultados indican que estos elementos, reforzados con bandas y anclajes FRP, poseen una capacidad de resistencia superior a la capacidad nominal a flexión. Además, el comportamiento exhibido durante el ensayo fue estable y sin anomalías inesperadas que se hayan observado.

Introducción: La pandemia por COVID-19 provocó el trabajo multidisciplinario de diversas ramas de la salud para el beneficio de las instituciones, trabajadores sanitarios, pacientes y sus familias. Además, a nivel mundial se evidenció el trabajo conjunto de investigadores y prestadores de servicios a través de publicaciones, reflexiones y evidencias sobre los avances para frenar la pandemia. Objetivos: Este artículo busca presentar el trabajo realizado por la Asociación Ecuatoriana de Cuidados Paliativos (ASECUP) como aporte al Comité de Operaciones de Emergencia y al Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador para la elaboración de una guía de recomendaciones de Cuidados Paliativos en la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 a través de un consenso multidisciplinario basado en evidencia. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un consenso utilizando el método Delphi, con un panel de expertos amplio. Se requirieron dos rondas consecutivas sobre una encuesta estructurada, construida y ejecutada en una plataforma online. Resultados y conclusiones: Se plantearon 11 tópicos y 19 preguntas PICO. Los criterios para finalización de ronda fueron: mediana ≥ 7 o ≤ 3 y RIQ ≤ 0,40 y Desviación Intercuartílica menor de 0,5. Se obtuvieron dichos criterios en todas las preguntas planteadas. El documento de recomendaciones fue publicado en la página web del Ministerio de Salud.

El presente artículo, explora el surgimiento del nuevo limeño, ya no solo es el sujeto emprendedor emergente, sino también es el sujeto transgresor que rompe la norma y violenta al otro, inclusive con crueldad en un contexto de violencia. En este sentido el crimen organizado y sus múltiples manifestaciones desbordan y des-institucionalizan la sociedad, criminalidad que es amplificada por los medios de comunicación, fabricando miedos colectivos en la población, asociando crimen y pobreza, en suma, instalan una cultura del miedo.

Introducción. La actividad física y condición física son determinantes de los factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos, pudiendo influenciar en la incidencia de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Objetivos. Analizar la asociación entre nivel de actividad física, condición física y factores de riesgo cardio-metabólicos en adultos jóvenes. Diseño. Estudio observacional, analítico y transversal. Lugar. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Participantes. Estudiantes de pregrado de las escuelas académico profesionales. Intervenciones. La muestra fue no probabilística, seleccionada por conveniencia, estuvo conformada por 149 hombres y mujeres que consintieron voluntariamente su participación. Se excluyó aquellos con patología cardiaca, metabólica o discapacidad física que impidiera realizar las evaluaciones. Principales medidas de resultados. Nivel de actividad física (NAF), condición física, factores de riesgo cardio-metabólicos. Resultados. El 48,9% de participantes presentó NAF alta; 53,7% tenía uno o dos factores de riesgo alterados: HDL-colesterol bajo (43%), hipertensión (8,7%), hiperglicemia (4%), hipertrigliceridemia (2,7%). El 40,9% de mujeres y 35,6% de varones lograron resultados óptimos en la evaluación de resistencia cardio-respiratoria. El 49% de varones y 34,9% de mujeres alcanzaron resultados óptimos en la evaluación de fuerza abdominal. El 94,6% y 53,7% de participantes tuvieron resultados regulares o deficientes en las evaluaciones de fuerza de miembros inferiores y superiores, respectivamente. Conclusiones. El nivel de actividad física alto estuvo asociado al sexo masculino, presión arterial alta, hipertrigliceridemia, sobrepeso/obesidad, y resultados óptimos de resistencia cardio-respiratoria y fuerza abdominal, en los sujetos estudiados.

Background: Among men who have sex with men (MSM), the association between searching for sexual partners’ on the Internet and increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)/HIV infection, together with current low levels of partner notification (PN), justifies a study to explore the intention to use new communication technologies for PN in Spain. Methods: Two cross-sectional surveys were performed: the first was administered online to visitors to web pages where the survey was advertised; the second was administered on paper to patients attending an STI Unit and centres similar to Community-Based Voluntary Counselling and Testing centres. Results: The study population comprised 1578 Spanish residents (median age, 34 years [range: 18 to 74]); 84% lived in urban areas, and 69% reported searching for sexual partners on the Internet. Thirty-seven per cent would be willing to use a website for PN, 26% did not know if they would use one, and 37% would not want to use one. The main reasons for not intending to notify STI/HIV were “shame or fear” (stable partner) and “not knowing how to contact them” (casual partner). The preferred method of notification was face to face (73%) for both stable and casual partners, although using new technologies (Short Messaging System, e-mail, web page, phone applications) was widely accepted for notifying casual partners. Conclusions: Fighting stigma and promoting alternative methods of PN among MSM and health professionals through new technologies could increase the frequency of PN. This approach will improve early detection and reduce transmission in Spain.

Fundamentos: Entre los hombres VIH-positivos que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH VIH-positivos) se vienen reportando elevadas tasas de prácticas sexuales de riesgo, lo que lleva a preguntarnos sobre las ideas del cuidado sexual que existen en este colectivo para evitar la transmisión y/o reinfección del VIH y otras ITS. Este estudio buscó comprender los discursos que sobre la responsabilidad sexual tienen es- tos hombres. Método: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo. Participaron 78 hombres (27-65 años), 35 en entrevistas individuales y 43 en cinco grupos de discusión, en las ciudades de Barcelona, Madrid y Palma de Mallorca, entre 2007 y 2008. Se estableció como criterio de selección que hubieran transcurrido 18 meses desde el diagnóstico del VIH. El enfoque utilizado para analizar los datos fue la Teoría Fundamentada. Resultados: Entre los participantes se diferenciaron tres tipos de discurso respecto a la responsabilidad sexual: (1) Responsabilidad única: el sujeto seropositivo es el que debe cuidarse para cuidar a otros. Se fundamenta en un posicionamiento ético (altruista) en el que el deber y la obligación por proteger a los otros está por encima de todo. (2) Responsabilidad compartida: ambas partes deciden y/o consienten tener una relación sexual de riesgo aunque los que esgrimen este discurso en la práctica terminen asumiendo toda la carga de la responsabilidad. Y (3) Responsabilidad individual: cada uno vela por el cuidado de sí mismo, aunque el tipo de vínculo emocional con otras personas podría afectar la decisión de cuidarse o no (existe algún tipo de compromiso de proteger a alguien cuando se siente algo por esa persona). Conclusiones: La conducta de cuidado sexual de los HSH VIH-positivos estuvo orientaba en base a los tres discursos sobre la responsabilidad. Estos discursos estuvieron influenciados por diversos factores: conciencia moral, el contexto sexual, el tipo de pareja sexual y el revelamiento del seroestatus.

Objetivos: Describir las actitudes de los hombres que tienen sexo con hombres hacia los programas de prevención on-line del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y de las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS), e identificar y caracterizar perfiles de usuarios con respecto a sus actitudes hacia estos programas de prevención. Método: Encuesta aplicada en lugares/locales de ambiente gay o a través de Internet contestada por 2044 participantes de Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao y San Sebastián. La encuesta investigó, además de variables sociodemográficas, conductas sexuales y otras variables asociadas a riesgo de infección por el VIH, las actitudes hacia los programas de prevención on-line. El análisis estadístico incluyó análisis factorial y análisis de clusters no jerárquicos. Resultados: La mayoría de los hombres tuvieron actitudes favorables hacia los programas de prevenciónon-line del VIH y las ITS. El análisis factorial reveló dos factores: prevención on-line orientada a la interacción y prevención on-line orientada a la información. A partir de estos factores se determinaron tres perfiles de usuarios: usuarios orientados hacia la prevención on-line informativa e interactiva (53,5%), usuarios orientados hacia la prevención on-line interactiva (25,9%) y usuarios no orientados hacia la prevención on-line (20,7%). Al caracterizar estos perfiles, observamos una presencia significativa de hombres que no están interesados en la prevención on-line entre aquellos con menor nivel de estudios, bisexuales y VIH positivos. Inversamente, los más receptivos a la prevención on-line eran hombres con identidad gay, con nivel de estudios de licenciatura, que se han hecho la prueba del VIH y que son VIH negativos. Conclusión: Internet puede facilitar la promoción de la salud sexual entre los hombres que tienen sexo con hombres. La caracterización de los perfiles de usuarios ofrece la posibilidad de segmentar los programas de prevención del VIH y las ITS, combinando estrategias on-line y off-line.Objectives: To describe the attitudes of men who have sex with men (MSM) toward online HIV/sexually-transmitted infection (STI) prevention programs and to identify and characterize user profiles with regard to their attitudes toward online prevention programs. Method: A survey in gay venues or via the internet was completed by 2,044 participants from Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao and San Sebastián (Spain). The survey explored socio-demographic variables, sexual behavior and other risk behaviors associated with HIV infection, as well as attitudes toward online prevention programs. The statistical analysis included factor analysis and non-hierarchical cluster analysis. Results: Most MSM had positive attitudes towards online HIV/STI prevention programs. Factor analysis revealed two factors: online prevention aimed at interaction and online prevention aimed at information. Based on these factors, three user profiles were identified: users oriented toward informative and interactive online prevention (53.5%), users oriented toward interactive online prevention (25.9%) and users were not oriented toward online prevention (20.7%). On characterizing these profiles, we observed a significant presence of men who were not interested in online prevention among those with a lower educational level, bisexual men and HIV-positive men. Conversely, those most receptive to online prevention were men self-identified as gay, those with a bachelors degree, those who had been tested for HIV and those who were HIV-negative. Conclusion: The internet can facilitate sexual health promotion among MSM. Characterization of user profiles offers the possibility of segmenting prevention programs and of combining online and offline strategies.

Objetivos: Comparar las variables asociadas al riesgo de infección por el VIH entre los hombres 25 años de edad que tienen sexo con hombres, y determinar las variables asociadas a la penetración anal sin condón de los hombres jóvenes con parejas sexuales ocasionales. Método: Durante 1 mes, 485 participantes 25 años completaron una encuesta impresa aplicada en lugares de ambiente o a través de Internet en Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao y San Sebastián. La encuesta investigó conductas sexuales de los últimos 3 meses según las parejas sexuales conocidas en lugares de ambiente y por Internet. Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los hombres 25 años con respecto a la penetración anal sin condón con parejas sexuales conocidas en lugares de ambiente (23% frente a 30%, p>0,05) o en Internet (29% frente a 30%, p>0,05), al uso del condón en la última penetración anal y a haber tenido una infección de transmisión sexual en el último año (19% frente a 23%, p>0,05). Sin embargo, los encuestados >25 años tuvieron un número promedio mayor de parejas sexuales conocidas en lugares de ambiente (9,2 frente a 7, p25 años. Sin embargo, algunas variables podrían hablar de su vulnerabilidad.Objectives: To compare variables associated with the risk of HIV among men 25 years old, and to determine the variables associated with unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) in YMSM with casual sexual partners. Method: For 1 month, 485 participants 25 years old completed a pen-and-paper survey carried out in gay venues (GV) or via the Internet in Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao and San Sebastián (Spain). The survey investigated sexual behaviors in the past 3 months according to whether the men met sexual partners in GV (SPGV) or on the Internet (SPI). Results: No significant differences were found between YMSM and those >25 years old with respect to UAI with SPGV (23% vs. 30%, p>0.05) and SPI (29% vs. 30%, p>0.05), condom use in the last anal intercourse and having had a sexually-transmitted infection (STI) in the last year (19% vs. 23%, p>0.05). However, respondents>25 years old had a higher average number of SPGV (9.2 vs. 7, p25 years old. However, there are some variables could contribute to vulnerability in this group.

Objetivo: 1) Comparar las características sociodemográficas, el uso de Internet para buscar sexo y la conducta sexual entre hombres que tienen sexo con hombres encuestados en lugares de ambiente y encuestados por Internet, y 2) determinar las variables asociadas a la penetración anal sin condón con parejas sexuales conocidas por Internet. Método: Durante un mes, 804 hombres que tienen sexo con hombres completaron una encuesta impresa aplicada en lugares de ambiente, y 1.240 lo hicieron por Internet, en Madrid, Barcelona y Bilbao/San Sebastián. Resultados: Ambas muestras presentan características sociodemográficas diferentes. Comparando los hombres encuestados en lugares de ambiente con los encuestados on-line, encontramos una mayor proporción de encuestados on-line que usaron Internet para buscar parejas sexuales (81% frente a 65%, p0,05), tuvieron penetración anal sin condón de manera intencionada (81% frente a 65%, p Objective: 1) To compare sociodemographic characteristics, Internet use to seek sexual partners, and sexual behavior in two samples of men who have sex with men: one sample that was surveyed on-line and another that was interviewed in gay venues. 2) To determine the variables associated with unprotected anal intercourse with sexual partners met on-line. Methods: For 1 month, 804 men who have sex with men completed a pen-and-paper survey in gay venues and 1,240 completed a web survey in Madrid, Barcelona and Bilbao/San Sebastián (Spain). Results: The sociodemographic characteristics differed in the two samples. Compared with men who have sex with men surveyed off-line, a higher proportion of those surveyed on-line used the Internet to meet sexual partners (81% vs. 65%, p0.05), had intentionally practised unprotected anal intercourse (81% vs. 65%, p

Objetivos: A pesar de los esfuerzos de prevención, la prevalencia de la penetración anal sin condón (PASC) se mantiene elevada entre los hombres que mantienen relaciones sexuales con otros hombres (HSH). En este estudio se describe y analiza cómo un grupo de HSH se desenvuelve ante el riesgo sexual con parejas ocasionales. Método: Estudio cualitativo a través de 20 entrevistas semiestructuradas con HSH, entre 21 y 40 años, quienes tuvieron, al menos, un episodio de PASC en los últimos 3 meses. Se realizó una aproximación «fundamentada» para entender el comportamiento de riesgo sexual con parejas ocasionales. Resultados: La mayoría de HSH se involucraron en prácticas de PASC con parejas sexuales llamadas «amigos con derecho a roce» como una forma de equilibrar su necesidad de expresión sexual con su necesidad de seguridad. En este tipo de pareja el elemento evaluativo sobre el estado serológico de la otra persona fue la confianza que ésta le transmite con la suposición de tener el mismo estado serológico que el suyo. Conclusiones: Las valoraciones subjetivas (p. ej., confianza, intuición) desempeñaron un papel clave para decidir tener prácticas de PASC con algunas parejas sexuales. Las futuras aproximaciones sobre la prevención del VIH en HSH deben incluir estos aspectos y los contextos específicos (p. ej., tipo de pareja sexual) en que se practica la PASC.Objective: Despite prevention efforts, the prevalence of unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) remains substantial among men who have sex with men (MSM). This study describes and analyzes how a group of MSM manages sexual risk with sexual partners. Method: Qualitative study by means in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 20 MSM, aged 21 to 40 years old, who had had at least one episode of UAI within the previous 3 months. A grounded theory approach was used to understand sexual risk management with sexual partners as seen by the MSM interviewed. Results: Most MSM were involved in UAI when they established relationships with «fuck buddies» as a way to balance their need for sexual expression with their need for sexual security. In these relationships, the partner's serostatus was assessed on the basis of trust and the assumption of sharing the same serologic status. Conclusions: Subjective evaluations (e.g. trust, intuition) played a key role in the decision to engage in UAI with «fuck buddies» without precise knowledge of their HIV serostatus. Future approaches need to include the role of subjectivity in making decisions related to risk management and the specific contexts (e.g. type of sexual partner) in which UAI takes place.

Currently there is a growing trend toward high-risk sexual practices with casual partners in the group of men who have sex with men (MSM) in many industrialized countries. This study offers some understanding of why a group of men had unprotected anal intercourse (UAI). A grounded approach was used to analyze 20 interviews with MSM from Barcelona between 18 and 40 years of age who had at least one episode of UAI in the past three months. The results reveal that many respondents had UAI practices with casual sexual partners because they were in search of experiences that were not directly tied to sexual relations: reaffirmation of a sense of personal worth and of their own physical attractiveness, offset shortcomings and feelings of emotional loneliness, the search for connection and intimacy, being in love, conversion of the risk into pleasure for the forbidden and a desire to rebel against established rules. In these cases, concerns about sexual and health care seemed to overwhelm and were not taken into account when having UAI. It is important that HIV prevention programs include in their messages the power of these motivations that lead to practices of UAI. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0902219

El estudio revisa los indicadores gráficos (IG) sobre homosexualidad en el Dibujo de la Figura Humana descritos en diversos textos sobre pruebas proyectivas. Participaron 36 hombres homosexuales y 30 hombres heterosexuales de clase media (18-50 años), quienes realizaron tres dibujos (hombre, mujer y sí mismo). Se analizaron los IG resultantes del estudio, la información de la literatura y lo que señalan un grupo de psicólogos sobre los IG que describen homosexualidad. Los resultados revelan que no existen mayores diferencias entre los IG de los dibujos de los hombres homosexuales y de los heterosexuales; sólo se encontraron tres indicadores característicos en los hombres homosexuales (Boca Arco de Cupido en la Figura Femenina, Ojos Grandes/Remarcados en la Figura Sí Mismo y Figura Semidesnuda en las figuras Femenina y Sí Mismo) y un indicador en los hombres heterosexuales (Ojos Vacíos en la Figura Masculina). Casi todos los IG que señala la literatura no resultan válidos para describir las homosexualidades y los clínicos manejan concepciones estereotipadas sobre la homosexualidad.

Aluminum is used in a large number of anthropogenic processes, leading to aquatic ecosystems pollution. Diverse studies show that in mammals this metal may produce oxidative stress, is neurotoxic, and is involved in the development of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Nevertheless, there are only few studies with respect to Al-induced neurotoxicity on aquatic fauna, particularly on fishes of economical interest, such as the grass carp (Ctenopharingodon idella). This study evaluates Al-induced toxicity on the grass carp C. idella. Specimens were exposed to the maximum concentration allowed in order to protect aquatic life (0.1mgL−1), for 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96h. After the exposure time, lipid peroxidation degree, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, as well as dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline levels were evaluated. Al concentration in organisms and water was also measured, in order to determine the bioconcentration factor. Results show that Al bioconcentrates in grass carp inducing oxidative stress (increment of 300 and 455 percent on lipid peroxidation degree and SOD activity, and decrement of 49 percent on CAT activity) and neurotoxicity (increment of 55 and 155 percent on dopamine and adrenaline levels and decrement of 93 percent on noradrenaline level). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Currently there is a growing trend toward high-risk sexual practices with casual partners in the group of men who have sex with men (MSM) in many industrialized countries. This study offers some understanding of why a group of men had unprotected anal intercourse (UAI). A grounded approach was used to analyze 20 interviews with MSM from Barcelona between 18 and 40 years of age who had at least one episode of UAI in the past three months. The results reveal that many respondents had UAI practices with casual sexual partners because they were in search of experiences that were not directly tied to sexual relations: reaffirmation of a sense of personal worth and of their own physical attractiveness, offset shortcomings and feelings of emotional loneliness, the search for connection and intimacy, being in love, conversion of the risk into pleasure for the forbidden and a desire to rebel against established rules. In these cases, concerns about sexual and health care seemed to overwhelm and were not taken into account when having UAI. It is important that HIV prevention programs include in their messages the power of these motivations that lead to practices of UAI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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(1) Background: loneliness is a problem that becomes increasingly acute in old age, with greater repercussions among socially disadvantaged groups such as indigenous and Afro-descendant older adults. The aim of this research is to analyze the psychosocial variables related to loneliness in old age. (2) Methods: a multi-ethnic sample was involved, with the participation of eight indigenous peoples and Afro-descendant tribal people (n = 1.348). Various gerontological scales previously validated among the Chilean population (De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, Brief Resilient Coping Scale, Health Problems Questionnaire, and Family APGAR questionnaire) and a model are contrasted, establishing the relationship between psychosocial variables and loneliness. (3) Results: Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed the existence of indirect relationships between health problems, via family functioning and resilience, and loneliness. Resilience and family functioning were directly related to loneliness (WLSMV-χ 2 ( df = 345) = 875.106, p < 0.001; CFI = 0.992; TLI = 0.991; RMSEA = 0.034 [C.I. 90% = 0.031-0.037]). (4) Conclusions: loneliness has cross-culturally affected older Chilean people living in rural areas and it appears that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative effect on well-being. This study proves that loneliness is related to several psychosocial variables that can be intervened.

Objective: Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) might be particularly likely to migrate to experience freedoms unavailable in their home countries. Structural stigma (eg, laws and policies promoting the unequal treatment of oppressed populations) in MSM migrants' sending and receiving countries represent potential barriers to HIV prevention among this intersectional population. This study represents the first investigation of structural determinants of HIV risk in a large, geographically diverse sample of MSM migrants., Design: The 2010 European MSM Internet Survey (n = 23,371 migrants) was administered across 38 European countries., Methods: Structural stigma was assessed using (1) national laws and policies promoting unequal treatment of sexual minorities across 181 countries worldwide and (2) national attitudes against immigrants in the 38 receiving countries. We also assessed linguistic status, time since migrating, and 5 HIV-prevention outcomes., Results: Structural stigma toward sexual minorities (in sending and receiving countries) and toward immigrants (in receiving countries) was associated with a lack of HIV-prevention knowledge, service coverage, and precautionary behaviors among MSM migrants. Linguistic status and time since migrating moderated some associations between structural stigma and lack of HIV prevention., Conclusions: Structural stigma toward MSM and immigrants represents a modifiable structural determinant of the global HIV epidemic.

Basis and Objective: To describe the pattern of drug use among men who have sex with men (MSM) living in Spain and its association with sexual risk practices., Material and Method: The European MSM Internet Survey was implemented in 2010 in 38 European countries on websites for MSM and collected data on sociodemographics, sexual behavior, and other sexual health variables. The association between unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) with casual partners and drug consumption was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression models., Results: Among the 13,111 participants, most consumed drugs were cannabis (30.1%), popper (28.4%) and cocaine (18.7%). The risk of UAI with casual partners was 1.5 among those who had used drugs in relation to the other participants. The proportion of MSM who had injected drugs at least once in life was 2.5%, and 1.4% in the last 12 months. The prevalence of UAI with casual partners (53.4%), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (23%), hepatitis C (8.2%) and sexually transmitted infections (STI) (15.8%) was higher in MSM injectors related to those who had not used injected drugs (P<.05)., Conclusions: The results of this study confirm a high prevalence of drug use in MSM and their relationship to sexual risk behavior. Although the use of injected drugs in MSM is a minority, this group reported a higher level of sexual risk behaviors, self-reported HIV, hepatitis C and other STI., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To identify factors associated with high risk sexual practices among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Spain., Methods: An online survey was conducted in 2010, which included, among others, questions on HIV/STI sexual behaviours and prevention needs. Unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) with a partner of unknown or discordant HIV status in the past year was defined as a high risk sexual behaviour., Results: Of the 13,111 participants, 49.4% had had sex with steady partners (SP) and 73.4% with non-steady partners (NSP) in the last 12months; and the prevalence of high risk UAI was 25.4% and 29.4%, respectively. Factors associated with high risk UAI with SP were: living in a city of less than 500,000 inhabitants (OR=1.42 <100,000 inhabitants), being out to no-one or only a few people (OR=1.42), and being HIV-positive with undetectable viral load among those with a high level of HIV/STI knowledge (OR=3.18). Factors associated with high risk UAI with NSP were mainly: having a higher number of sexual partners (OR=4.31 >50 partners), having used drugs for sex (OR=1.33), and at parties (OR=1.19), having a medium (OR=1.82) or low (OR=1.33) level of HIV/STI knowledge, and being HIV-positive (OR=1.56)., Conclusions: Among MSM, the prevalence of high risk sexual practices is high with both SP and NSP. Factors associated with high risk UAI vary by type of sexual partner (e.g., having HIV with an undetectable viral load). These must be taken into account when planning strategies for primary and secondary prevention., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier España, S.L. y Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. All rights reserved.)

Background: High rates of sexual risk behaviours are being reported among HIV-positive MSM which raises the question about the ideas of sexual responsibility that exist in this population to prevent the transmission and/or re-infection of HIV and other STIs. This study sought to understand the discourses on sexual care and responsibility in men living with HIV who have sex with men., Methods: A qualitative study was carried out with 78 men (aged 27-65): 35 individual interviews and 43 in five discussion groups, in the cities of Barcelona, Madrid and Palma de Mallorca, between 2007 and 2008. The selection criterion was that eighteen months had passed after a HIV diagnosis was established. The grounded theory approach was used to analyze the data., Results: Three distinct discourses about sexual responsibility were observed: (1) sole responsibility: it is the HIV-positive man who should protect himself in order to protect others. This discourse is based on an ethical position (altruistic), in which the duty and obligation to protect others is a priority; (2) shared responsibility: both parties agree and/or consent to high risk sexual practices although those who tend to use this discourse, in practice, ultimately assume full responsibility, and (3) individual responsibility: each person is responsible for himself, although the type of emotional bond with others may affect the decision to protect only oneself (there is some commitment to protect a sexual partner when something is felt for that person)., Conclusions: The sexual care behaviour among HIV-positive MSM was determined by three discourses. Those discourses were influenced by various factors: moral conscience, sexual context, type of sexual partner and disclosure of HIV status.

Background: Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder characterized by the presence of both 'positive' and 'negative' symptoms that affect the essential functions through which a person gains his or her sense of individuality and capacity for independent functioning., Aims: To describe the typology of schizophrenic symptoms and their relationship to quality of life in patients with schizophrenia and their main caregivers., Methods: Participants were 45 patients and 45 relatives seen by the mental health services in Arica, Chile. Patients were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Seville Quality of Life Questionnaire (SQLQ), and the Social Functioning Scale (SFS). The latter was also administered to caregivers, along with the Zarit Burden Interview., Results: Patients reported moderate levels of quality of life, there being a strong relationship with the negative syndrome and the general psychopathology of the disorder. The quality of life of main caregivers was related with the general psychopathology of patients. The results regarding social functioning and the caregivers' perceptions of patients' functional capacity showed that patients had a very limited degree of social integration., Conclusions: Negative symptoms and general psychopathology are the main predictors of quality of life in both patients and their caregivers.

Introduction: We analyze the gender-based violence against women considering the Aymara ethnic ascendance as a casual factor., Material and Methods: We applied the spanish version of the Index of Spouse Abuse Scales (ISA) and Woman Abuse Screening Tool (WAST) on 400 women, which currently live in the region of Arica and Parinacota, Chile., Results: The individuals show that non-physical violence is the predominant behavior in couples and higher rate of violence is present in women with Aymara ancestry than others., Conclusions: We conclude that social constructions of gender may be a risk factor in violence against women because of its influence in social inequalities and abuses of power against women., (Copyright © 2011 SEP y SEPB. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Perception of social support and functioning of patients with schizophrenia and their primary caregivers and its relationship to quality of life are described. Forty-five patients and their 45 relatives, treated at the Mental Health Services in Arica, Chile, participated. Both patients and caregivers in the study have a poor perception of social support with regard to extra-family people, as well as a low social integration. However, patients showed adequate capacity to function within their immediate family. Unlike what was found in developed countries, these patients showed moderate levels of quality of life, with a strong relationship with perceptions of the social support they receive from family and significant others and the ability to establish and maintain social contacts. Quality of life of primary caregivers is linked to patients' ability to establish and maintain social contacts within the family group, as in other social instances, such as keeping a job. The results of the study suggest the need to consider the design and application of programs of support for these patients and their caregivers, with the central aim of the social functioning of the above-mentioned patients and their familiar and community integration.

Objective: To describe the quality of life of patients of Aymaran descent with schizophrenia and analyse the differences with patients of non-Aymaran descent., Method: The study included 45 patients who attended the Mental Health Services in Arica, Chile. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Seville Quality of Life Questionnaire (SQoLQ) were used., Results: The patients of the study showed moderate quality of life levels, with a strong association with the negative syndrome and the general psychopathology of the disorder. No significant differences were found in the quality of life dimensions as regards ethnic background., Conclusions: The results found demonstrate that the integration of patients in the Community Health Services is positively associated as regards their quality of life. The integration of the caregivers is considered essential in the treatments administered., (Copyright © 2011 SEP y SEPB. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To describe the attitudes of men who have sex with men (MSM) toward online HIV/sexually-transmitted infection (STI) prevention programs and to identify and characterize user profiles with regard to their attitudes toward online prevention programs., Method: A survey in gay venues or via the internet was completed by 2,044 participants from Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao and San Sebastián (Spain). The survey explored socio-demographic variables, sexual behavior and other risk behaviors associated with HIV infection, as well as attitudes toward online prevention programs. The statistical analysis included factor analysis and non-hierarchical cluster analysis., Results: Most MSM had positive attitudes towards online HIV/STI prevention programs. Factor analysis revealed two factors: online prevention aimed at interaction and online prevention aimed at information. Based on these factors, three user profiles were identified: users oriented toward informative and interactive online prevention (53.5%), users oriented toward interactive online prevention (25.9%) and users were not oriented toward online prevention (20.7%). On characterizing these profiles, we observed a significant presence of men who were not interested in online prevention among those with a lower educational level, bisexual men and HIV-positive men. Conversely, those most receptive to online prevention were men self-identified as gay, those with a bachelors degree, those who had been tested for HIV and those who were HIV-negative., Conclusion: The internet can facilitate sexual health promotion among MSM. Characterization of user profiles offers the possibility of segmenting prevention programs and of combining online and offline strategies., (Copyright © 2010 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To compare variables associated with the risk of HIV among men ≤ 25 years old who have sex with men (YMSM) and those >25 years old, and to determine the variables associated with unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) in YMSM with casual sexual partners., Method: For 1 month, 485 participants ≤ 25 years old and 1,470 aged >25 years old completed a pen-and-paper survey carried out in gay venues (GV) or via the Internet in Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao and San Sebastián (Spain). The survey investigated sexual behaviors in the past 3 months according to whether the men met sexual partners in GV (SPGV) or on the Internet (SPI)., Results: No significant differences were found between YMSM and those >25 years old with respect to UAI with SPGV (23% vs. 30%, p>0.05) and SPI (29% vs. 30%, p>0.05), condom use in the last anal intercourse and having had a sexually-transmitted infection (STI) in the last year (19% vs. 23%, p>0.05). However, respondents>25 years old had a higher average number of SPGV (9.2 vs. 7, p<0.05) and SPI (8.9 vs. 6.4, p<0.05), were more likely to have used drugs while having UAI (68% vs. 55%, p<0.05, with SPI, and 73% vs. 55%, p<0.05, with SPGV) and had a higher prevalence of HIV (11% vs. 4%, p<0.05). When exploring other variables, we found that YMSM more frequently had receptive UAI with SPI (73% vs. 57%, p<0.05), had less time to be in a stable relationship, and their sexual partner more frequently convinced them to have UAI (8% vs. 0%, p<0.05). In multivariate analysis, UAI in YMSM with casual sexual partners was not associated with any of the variables., Conclusions: YMSM do not constitute a group at increased risk of HIV/STI infection compared with respondents >25 years old. However, there are some variables could contribute to vulnerability in this group., (2010 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)