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The aim of this report was to compare corneal topographic measurements and anterior high order corneal aberrations in eyes with keratoconus and normal eyes by using Scheimpflug-Placido topography.Eighty cases diagnosed with mild (group 1), moderate (group 2), and advanced (group 3) stage keratoconus (KC) according to Amsler-Krumeich Classification and 81 healthy (control group) cases were retrospectively examined. The mean keratometric measurements (as both diopters (Kavg) and mm values (mmavg)), central corneal thickness values (CCT), high order aberration (HOA), total wavefront aberration (TWA), coma, trefoil, and spherical aberration measurements were performed using Sirius topography equipment. The topographic values were compared between the groups.There were 25 cases in group 1 KC (15.5%), 34 cases in group 2 KC (21.1%), 21 cases in group 3 KC (13.1%), and 81 cases (50.3%) in the control group. In terms of mean age and gender distributions, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p0.05). However, there was significant difference between the groups in terms of Kavg, CCT, HOA, TWA, coma, trefoil, and spherical aberration values (p0.01). Mean HOA, TWA, coma, trefoil, and spherical aberration values were observed to increase with the severity of KC disease.Anterior high order corneal aberrations were significantly increased in eyes with moderate and advanced keratoconus. Anterior high order corneal aberration measurements are a useful tool to guide the physician in diagnosis and classification of keratoconus.

AIM: We evaluated metal workers injured with corneal foreign bodies (FB) in terms of health insurance, use of protective eyeglasses, and unprescribed drug use. Materials and Methods: Seventy metal workers who were injured with corneal FB were enrolled in the study. We recorded the gender, age, duration of work, use of protective eyeglasses, and health insurance status data of metal workers. In cases of FB existence, the number of FBs and unprescribed drug use were investigated. We examined the presence of corneal scars that could lead to visual impairment. Results: The mean duration of work was 11.8±10.8 years. Although 29 workers (41.5%) had corneal scars, only three workers (4.3%) had visual impairment due to scars. Also, 29 workers (41.5%) did not report the use of protective glasses; however, 22 (31.4%) workers reported their occasional use and 19 (27.1%) workers reported their routine use. Eighteen workers (25.7%) remarked on topical drug use from time to time. Ten of the 18 patients (55.6%) were using topical Tetrahydrozoline HCL, whereas five (27.8%) were using the topical anesthetic drug 0.5% Proparacaine HCl. Conclusion: Occupational protective measures are important for metal workers who are at a high risk of eye injuries. Workers must be educated on the prevention and treatment of occupational ophtalmological hazards and be warned about the side effects of taking unprescribed drugs. Language: en

Purpose To evaluate choroidal thickness, macular thickness, and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in amblyopic eyes compared to fellow and normal control eyes using high-definition spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods Fifty-four without any systemic problem and ocular disease participated in this prospective study. Inclusion criteria included individuals older than 18 years with anisometropic amblyopia. Choroidal thickness, central macular thickness (CMT), and RNFL thickness were measured by using enhanced depth imaging SD-OCT. The choroidal thickness was measured at the fovea and at 500 μm intervals from the foveal center in both temporal and nasal directions. Axial length measurements of the cases were also recorded. Results Mean peripapillary RNFL thickness of the amblyopic, fellow, and control eyes was 107.5 ± 15.5 μm, 109.3 ± 12.7 μm, and 108.8 ± 8.6 μm, respectively (p = 0.343). The average CMT was 231.7 ± 14.7 μm in amblyopic eyes, 232.5 ± 15.7 μm in fellow eyes, and 230.8 ± 14.8 μm in control eyes (p = 0.599). Mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was significantly greater in the amblyopic eyes than in the fellow and control eyes (396.3 ± 104.3 μm, 361.0 ± 103.9 μm, 390.6 ± 91.7 μm). Mean axial measurement in amblyopic eyes was 22.7 ± 1.3 mm (20.5–26.1), in fellow eyes 23.1 ± 0.9 mm (20.9–25.0), and in control eyes 23.3 ± 0.9 mm. Conclusions In adults with anisometropic amblyopia, subfoveal, temporal, and nasal choroidal thickness of amblyopic eyes are significantly thicker than in fellow eyes. However, no significant differences in peripapillary RNFL thickness or CMT were found between amblyopic and fellow or control eyes.

Background The aim of this study was to determine whether eyebrow and eyelash whitening is an effective parameter in age estimation. Material and methods We evaluated 1545 patients. Age groups were 1-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, 71-80, and 81-90 years. Level of whitening was categorized as level 0: no whitening, level 1: 1-3 strands, level 2: 3-10 strands, level 3: 10 strands-2/3 whitening, level 4: >3/4 whitening. Results Mean age was 42.39 ± 20.01. While there was no eyebrow whitening in 87% of the subjects, level 4 whitening of eyebrows was observed in 0,8% of the subjects. There was no eyelash whitening in 97,7% of the subjects and no level 4 eyelash whitening was detected in any subject. Men had significantly more level 1, 2, 3, and 4 eyebrow whitening compared with women. There was no gender difference in terms of eyelash whitening level. There was no eyebrow and eyelash whitening in subjects age 1-40 years; whitening began in the 41-50 years age group and increased with age in other groups. Mean age was 39.59 ± 19.63 years in subjects with no eyebrow whitening; 59 years in level 1, 61 years in level 2, 63 years in level 3, and 69 years in level 4 eyebrow whitening. Mean age was 41.85 ± 19.87 in subjects with no eyelash whitening; and 63.57 ± 10.75 in those with whitening. Conclusions Particularly after 41-50 years of age, level of eyebrow and eyelash whitening may be among a useful age estimation parameter.

Purpose. To evaluate the risk factors for post-laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) ectasia.Materials and Methods. Medical records of 42 eyes of 28 (10 women, 18 men) patients who developed corneal ectasia after LASIK were retrospectively reviewed. Topographical features and surgical parameters of those patients were evaluated.Results. The mean age of patients was34.73±6.50(23–48) years and the mean interval from LASIK to the diagnosis of post-LASIK ectasia was36.0±16.92(12–60) months. The following factors were determined as a risk factors: deep ablation (>75 μm) in 10 eyes, FFK (forme fruste keratoconus) in 6 eyes, steep cornea (>47 D) in 3 eyes, pellucid marginal degeneration (PMD) in 2 eyes, thin cornea (μm) in 2 eyes, thin and steep cornea in 2 eyes, thin cornea and deep ablation in 5 eyes, FFK and steep cornea in 2 eyes, and FFK, steep cornea, and deep ablation in 1 eye. However no risk factor has been determined in 9 eyes (21.4%).Conclusion. The findings of our study showed that most of the patients who developed post-LASIK ectasia have a risk factor for post-LASIK ectasia. However, the most common risk factor was deep ablation.

Purpose To compare the choroidal thicknesses in long-term smokers with those of nonsmoking healthy individuals using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Participants Forty-six individuals who had been smoking at least for 20 years, but otherwise without systemic problems, participated in this prospective pilot study. The control group comprised 42 nonsmoking individuals. Methods The ages, refractions, and axial length measurements of the cases were recorded. Central macular thickness and choroidal thickness at the fovea and at 500 μm intervals from the foveal center in both temporal and nasal directions were measured using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Results Although the smoking period of the smokers was mean 32.4 ± 9 years (range: 20-60), the mean pack-years of cigarettes was 35.1 ± 23.8 (range: 10-120). No significant difference was observed regarding refraction value and axial length between smokers and nonsmokers group. In addition, no significant difference was observed for central macular thickness and choroidal thickness values at 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 μm nasal and temporal part of the fovea, between 2 groups. Conclusion Macular and choroidal thicknesses in long-term smokers were observed to be similar to those of healthy individuals.

Purpose: To evaluate the thicknesses of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell complex (GCL), and choroid layer using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) for investigating the effects of vascular changes on the eye and optic nerve in patients who have migraine with aura. Methods: Forty-five patients who had migraine with aura (migraine group) and 45 healthy individuals (control group) were enrolled in the study. Age, gender, duration after migraine diagnosis, intraocular pressure, and axial length measurements were recorded in each case. RNFL, GCL, and choroid layer thicknesses were measured using SD-OCT in all participants. Results: The mean age was 36.1 ± 6.7 (20-45) years in the migraine group and 35.7 ± 8.6 (19-45) years in the control group. There was no significant difference in the RNFL thicknesses of the temporal and nasal quadrants (p >0.05). The RNFL thicknesses of the superior and inferior quadrants were significantly lower in the migraine group compared with those in the control group (p =0.001, p 0.05). Subfoveal, temporal, and nasal choroidal thickness measurements at 500 µm, 1000 µm, and 1500 µm were significantly lower in the migraine group than in the control group (p =0.001; p 0,05). A espessura da RNFL nos quadrantes superiores e inferiores foram significativamente menores no grupo de enxaqueca em comparação ao grupo controle (p=0,001; p0,05). Espessuras subfoveais, temporais e nasais da coroide (CT) a 500 µm, 1000 µm e 1500 µm foram significativamente menores no grupo de enxaqueca em relação ao grupo controle (p=0,001; p

Purpose.To evaluate the effect of hydroxychloroquine on retinal pigment epithelium- (RPE-) Bruch’s membrane complex, photoreceptor outer segment, and macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thicknesses using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).Methods.In this prospective case-control study, 51 eyes of 51 hydroxychloroquine patients and 30 eyes of 30 healthy subjects were included. High-quality images were obtained using a Cirrus HD-OCT with 5-line raster mode; the photoreceptor inner segment (IS) and outer segment (OS), sum of the segments (IS + OS), and RPE-Bruch’s membrane complex were analyzed.Results.The thicknesses of the IS + OS and OS layers were significantly lower in the hydroxychloroquine subjects compared to the control subjects (P<0.05). RPE-Bruch’s membrane complex thicknesses were significantly higher in the hydroxychloroquine subjects than for those of the control subjects (P<0.05). The minimum and temporal-inferior macular GCIPL thicknesses were significantly different between the patients with hydroxychloroquine use and the control subjects (P=0.04andP=0.03, resp.).Conclusions.The foveal photoreceptor OS thinning, loss of GCIPL, and RPE-Bruch’s membrane thickening were detected in patients with hydroxychloroquine therapy. This quantitative approach using SD-OCT images may have important implications to use as an early indicator of retinal toxicity without any visible signs of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy.