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3. Hyperspectral Photoluminescence Imaging for Spatially Resolved Determination of Electrical Parameters of Laser Patterned Perovskite Solar Cells

Author

Schultz, Christof, primary, Fenske, Markus, additional, Dion-Bertrand, Laura-Isabelle, additional, Gélinas, Guillaume, additional, Marcet, Stéphane, additional, Dagar, Janardan, additional, Bartelt, Andreas, additional, Schlatmann, Rutger, additional, Unger, Eva, additional, and Stegemann, Bert, additional

Published
2023
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4. Influence of laser fluence and pulse duration on patterning of perovskite solar cells: An analysis of optoelectronic and electrical parameters by hyperspectral photoluminescence imaging

Author

Stegemann, Bert, primary, Schultz, Christof, additional, Fenske, Markus, additional, Dion-Bertrand, Laura-Isabelle, additional, Gélinas, Guillaume, additional, Marcet, Stéphane, additional, Dagar, Janardan, additional, Bartelt, Andreas, additional, Schlatmann, Rutger, additional, and Unger, Eva, additional

Published
2023
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5. Ink Design Enabling Slot‐Die Coated Perovskite Solar Cells with >22% Power Conversion Efficiency, Micro‐Modules, and 1 Year of Outdoor Performance Evaluation

Author

Li, Jinzhao, Dagar, Janardan, Shargaieva, Oleksandra, Maus, Oliver, Remec, Marco, Emery, Quiterie, Khenkin, Mark, Ulbrich, Carolin, Akhundova, Fatima, Márquez, José A., Unold, Thomas, Fenske, Markus, Schultz, Christof, Stegemann, Bert, Al‐Ashouri, Amran, Albrecht, Steve, Esteves, Alvaro Tejada, Korte, Lars, Köbler, Hans, Abate, Antonio, Többens, Daniel M., Zizak, Ivo, List-Kratochvil, Emil J.W., Schlatmann, Rutger, Unger, Eva, Li, Jinzhao, Dagar, Janardan, Shargaieva, Oleksandra, Maus, Oliver, Remec, Marco, Emery, Quiterie, Khenkin, Mark, Ulbrich, Carolin, Akhundova, Fatima, Márquez, José A., Unold, Thomas, Fenske, Markus, Schultz, Christof, Stegemann, Bert, Al‐Ashouri, Amran, Albrecht, Steve, Esteves, Alvaro Tejada, Korte, Lars, Köbler, Hans, Abate, Antonio, Többens, Daniel M., Zizak, Ivo, List-Kratochvil, Emil J.W., Schlatmann, Rutger, and Unger, Eva

Abstract

The next technological step in the exploration of metal‐halide perovskite solar cells is the demonstration of larger‐area device prototypes under outdoor operating conditions. The authors here demonstrate that when slot‐die coating the halide perovskite layers on large areas, ribbing effects may occur but can be prevented by adjusting the precursor ink's rheological properties. For formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) precursor inks based on 2‐methoxyethanol, the ink viscosity is adjusted by adding acetonitrile (ACN) as a co‐solvent leading to smooth FAPbI3 thin‐films with high quality and layer homogeneity. For an optimized content of 46 vol% of the ACN co‐solvent, a certified steady‐state performance of 22.3% is achieved in p‐i‐n FAPbI3‐perovskite solar cells. Scaling devices to larger areas by making laser series‐interconnected mini‐modules of 12.7 cm2, a power conversion efficiency of 17.1% is demonstrated. A full year of outdoor stability testing with continuous maximum power point tracking on encapsulated devices is performed and it is demonstrated that these devices maintain close to 100% of their initial performance during winter and spring followed by a significant performance decline during warmer summer months. This work highlights the importance of the real‐condition evaluation of larger area device prototypes to validate the technological potential of halide perovskite photovoltaics., Chinese Scholarship Council, HyPerCells joint Graduate School, German Ministry of Education and Research, Helmholtz Energy Materials Foundry http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100015608, Federal Ministry for Education and Research, Helmholtz Association http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009318, Peer Reviewed

Published
2023

6. Ink Design Enabling Slot‐Die Coated Perovskite Solar Cells with >22% Power Conversion Efficiency, Micro‐Modules, and 1 Year of Outdoor Performance Evaluation

Author

Li, Jinzhao, primary, Dagar, Janardan, additional, Shargaieva, Oleksandra, additional, Maus, Oliver, additional, Remec, Marco, additional, Emery, Quiterie, additional, Khenkin, Mark, additional, Ulbrich, Carolin, additional, Akhundova, Fatima, additional, Márquez, José A., additional, Unold, Thomas, additional, Fenske, Markus, additional, Schultz, Christof, additional, Stegemann, Bert, additional, Al‐Ashouri, Amran, additional, Albrecht, Steve, additional, Esteves, Alvaro Tejada, additional, Korte, Lars, additional, Köbler, Hans, additional, Abate, Antonio, additional, Többens, Daniel M., additional, Zizak, Ivo, additional, List‐Kratochvil, Emil J. W., additional, Schlatmann, Rutger, additional, and Unger, Eva, additional

Published
2023
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7. Slot-die coated perovskite solar cell with 22% power conversion efficiency and minimodules via grain boundaries passivation

Author

Dagar, Janardan, primary, Unger, Eva, additional, Shargaieva, Oleksandra, additional, Fenske, Markus, additional, Schultz, Christof, additional, Mathies, Florian, additional, Sveinbjörnsson, Kari, additional, Köbler, Hans, additional, Trofimov, Sergei, additional, Naydenov, Boris, additional, Li, Jinzhao, additional, MacQueen, Rowan, additional, Parmasivam, Gopinath, additional, Levine, Igal, additional, Zizak, Ivo, additional, Schlatmann, Rutger, additional, Stegemann, Bert, additional, Abate, Antonio, additional, Albrecht, Steve, additional, List- Kratochvil, Emil, additional, and Prashanthan, Karunanantharajah, additional

Published
2022
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11. Compositional and Interfacial Engineering Yield High-Performance and Stable p-i-n Perovskite Solar Cells and Mini-Modules

Author

Dagar, Janardan, primary, Fenske, Markus, additional, Al-Ashouri, Amran, additional, Schultz, Christof, additional, Li, Bor, additional, Köbler, Hans, additional, Munir, Rahim, additional, Parmasivam, Gopinath, additional, Li, Jinzhao, additional, Levine, Igal, additional, Merdasa, Aboma, additional, Kegelmann, Lukas, additional, Näsström, Hampus, additional, Marquez, Jose A., additional, Unold, Thomas, additional, Többens, Daniel M., additional, Schlatmann, Rutger, additional, Stegemann, Bert, additional, Abate, Antonio, additional, Albrecht, Steve, additional, and Unger, Eva, additional

Published
2021
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12. Improved Electrical Performance of Perovskite Photovoltaic Mini‐Modules through Controlled PbI 2 Formation Using Nanosecond Laser Pulses for P3 Patterning

Author

Fenske, Markus, primary, Schultz, Christof, additional, Dagar, Janardan, additional, Kosasih, Felix Utama, additional, Zeiser, Andreas, additional, Junghans, Cornelia, additional, Bartelt, Andreas, additional, Ducati, Caterina, additional, Schlatmann, Rutger, additional, Unger, Eva, additional, and Stegemann, Bert, additional

Published
2021
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13. 20.8% Slot‐Die Coated MAPbI 3 Perovskite Solar Cells by Optimal DMSO‐Content and Age of 2‐ME Based Precursor Inks

Author

Li, Jinzhao, primary, Dagar, Janardan, additional, Shargaieva, Oleksandra, additional, Flatken, Marion A., additional, Köbler, Hans, additional, Fenske, Markus, additional, Schultz, Christof, additional, Stegemann, Bert, additional, Just, Justus, additional, Többens, Daniel M., additional, Abate, Antonio, additional, Munir, Rahim, additional, and Unger, Eva, additional

Published
2021
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14. Anti-Ribbing: Ink Optimization Enables Certified Slot-Die Coated Perovskite Solar Cells with > 22% Certified Power Conversion Efficiency and a Full Year Outdoor Stability

Author

Li, Jinzhao, primary, Dagar, Janardan, additional, Shargaieva, Oleksandra, additional, Maus, Oliver, additional, Remec, Marco, additional, Emery, Quiterie, additional, Khenkin, Mark, additional, Ulbrich, Carolin, additional, Akhundova, Fatima, additional, Márquez, José Antonio, additional, Unold, Thomas, additional, Fenske, Markus, additional, Schultz, Christof, additional, Stegemann, Bert, additional, Al-Ashouri, Amran, additional, Albrecht, Steve, additional, Koebler, Hans, additional, Abate, Antonio, additional, Toebbens, Daniel, additional, Zizak, Ivo, additional, List-Kratochvil, Emil, additional, and Unger, Eva, additional

Published
2021
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15. Improved Electrical Performance of Perovskite Photovoltaic Mini‐Modules through Controlled PbI2 Formation Using Nanosecond Laser Pulses for P3 Patterning.

Author

Fenske, Markus, Schultz, Christof, Dagar, Janardan, Kosasih, Felix Utama, Zeiser, Andreas, Junghans, Cornelia, Bartelt, Andreas, Ducati, Caterina, Schlatmann, Rutger, Unger, Eva, and Stegemann, Bert

Subjects
LASER pulses, ELECTRON transport, ULTRASHORT laser pulses, OPEN-circuit voltage, PULSED lasers, GALVANIC isolation, LASER beams, PHOTOSENSITIZERS
Abstract

The upscaling of perovskite solar cells to modules requires the patterning of the layer stack in individual cells that are monolithically interconnected in series. This interconnection scheme is composed of three lines, P1–P3, which are scribed using a pulsed laser beam. The P3 scribe is intended to isolate the back contact layer of neighboring cells, but is often affected by undesired effects such as back contact delamination, flaking, and poor electrical isolation. Herein, the influence of the laser pulse duration on the electrical and compositional properties of P3 scribe lines is investigated. The results show that both nanosecond and picosecond laser pulses are suitable for P3 patterning, with the nanosecond pulses leading to a higher open circuit voltage, a higher fill factor, and a higher power conversion efficiency. It is found that the longer pulse duration resultes in a larger amount of PbI2 formed within the P3 line and a thin Br‐rich interfacial layer which both effectively passivate defects at the scribe line edges and block charge carrier in its vicinity. Thus, nanosecond laser pulses are preferable for P3 patterning as they promote the formation of beneficial chemical phases, resulting in an improved photovoltaic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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16. 20.8% Slot‐Die Coated MAPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells by Optimal DMSO‐Content and Age of 2‐ME Based Precursor Inks.

Author

Li, Jinzhao, Dagar, Janardan, Shargaieva, Oleksandra, Flatken, Marion A., Köbler, Hans, Fenske, Markus, Schultz, Christof, Stegemann, Bert, Just, Justus, Többens, Daniel M., Abate, Antonio, Munir, Rahim, and Unger, Eva

Subjects
SOLAR cells, THIN film devices, SMALL-angle X-ray scattering, PEROVSKITE, SILICON solar cells, LEAD iodide, DYE-sensitized solar cells
Abstract

Solar cells incorporating metal‐halide perovskite (MHP) semiconductors are continuing to break efficiency records for solution‐processed solar cell devices. Scaling MHP‐based devices to larger area prototypes requires the development and optimization of scalable process technology and ink formulations that enable reproducible coating results. It is demonstrated that the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of small‐area methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) devices, slot‐die coated from a 2‐methoxy‐ethanol (2‐ME) based ink with dimethyl‐sulfoxide (DMSO) used as an additive depends on the amount of DMSO and age of the ink formulation. When adding 12 mol% of DMSO, small‐area devices of high performance (20.8%) are achieved. The effect of DMSO content and age on the thin film morphology and device performance through in situ X‐ray diffraction and small‐angle X‐ray scattering experiments is rationalized. Adding a limited amount of DMSO prevents the formation of a crystalline intermediate phase related to MAPbI3 and 2‐ME (MAPbI3‐2‐ME) and induces the formation of the MAPbI3 perovskite phase. Higher DMSO content leads to the precipitation of the (DMSO)2MA2Pb3I8 intermediate phase that negatively affects the thin‐film morphology. These results demonstrate that rational insights into the ink composition and process control are critical to enable reproducible large‐scale manufacturing of MHP‐based devices for commercial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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17. Improved Electrical Performance of Perovskite Photovoltaic Mini‐Modules through Controlled PbI2Formation Using Nanosecond Laser Pulses for P3 Patterning

Author

Fenske, Markus, Schultz, Christof, Dagar, Janardan, Kosasih, Felix Utama, Zeiser, Andreas, Junghans, Cornelia, Bartelt, Andreas, Ducati, Caterina, Schlatmann, Rutger, Unger, Eva, and Stegemann, Bert

Abstract

The upscaling of perovskite solar cells to modules requires the patterning of the layer stack in individual cells that are monolithically interconnected in series. This interconnection scheme is composed of three lines, P1–P3, which are scribed using a pulsed laser beam. The P3 scribe is intended to isolate the back contact layer of neighboring cells, but is often affected by undesired effects such as back contact delamination, flaking, and poor electrical isolation. Herein, the influence of the laser pulse duration on the electrical and compositional properties of P3 scribe lines is investigated. The results show that both nanosecond and picosecond laser pulses are suitable for P3 patterning, with the nanosecond pulses leading to a higher open circuit voltage, a higher fill factor, and a higher power conversion efficiency. It is found that the longer pulse duration resultes in a larger amount of PbI2formed within the P3 line and a thin Br‐rich interfacial layer which both effectively passivate defects at the scribe line edges and block charge carrier in its vicinity. Thus, nanosecond laser pulses are preferable for P3 patterning as they promote the formation of beneficial chemical phases, resulting in an improved photovoltaic performance. P3 patterning for serial interconnection of perovskite solar cells by nanosecond (ns) and picosecond laser pulses is investigated. Both pulse durations are suitable, but ns pulses enable an improved current–voltage behavior, due to the formation of PbI2and a Br‐rich interfacial layer, which both effectively passivate defects and block charge carriers in the scribe line vicinity.

Published
2021
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