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A template-free strategy was designed to prepare hierarchical porous carbons (HPCs) using fluid catalytic cracking oil modified a coal tar pitch (CTP). The resulting HPCs possess large specific surface areas, reasonable pore size distributions, and wrinkled structures, which could improve the overall electrochemical performance. They exhibit a specific capacitance value of 329 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and still maintain 220 F g−1 at 20 A g−1, manifesting the remarkable rate capability. Additionally, the assembled symmetrical supercapacitor delivers a highest energy density of 23.6 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 500 W kg−1 and outstanding cycle stability of 92.8% capacitance retention after 10000 cycles. This work paves a new way to fabricate advanced carbon materials from low-cost CTP and provides a promising approach for value-added utilization of CTP.

The role of coarse particles has recently been proven to be underestimated in the atmosphere and can strongly influence clouds, ecosystems and climate. However, previous studies on atmospheric chemistry of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have mostly focused on the products in fine particles, it remains less understood how coarse particles promote secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. In this study, we investigated water-soluble compounds of size-segregated aerosol samples (0.056 to18 μm) collected at a coastal rural site in southern China during late summer and found that oxygenated organic matter was abundant in the coarse mode. Comprehensive source apportionment based on mass spectrum and

To evaluate the molluscicidal effect of the chlorosalicylicamide sustained-release granules (LDS-SRG) on Oncomelania hupensis.Seven effective concentrations or dosages of LDS-SRG, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2 and 6.4 mg/L （for immersion test） or g/m2（for spraying test）, were prepared from the original 5% and 10% concentrations or dosages in the laboratory. In the immersion test, each concentration of LDS-SRG was incubated with 3 packs of snails（30 snails in each pack）, and each pack was taken for snail counting at 24, 48 and 72 h respectively. In the spraying test, each dosage of LDS-SRG was applied to 200 snails, and the snail mortality was calculated in 50 randmoly collected snails on days 3 and 7, and in the whole on day 14 after administration. In the field immersion test, LDS-SRG at concentrations of 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 g/m3 was incubated with 6 packs of snails （30 snails in each pack）, and each 2 packs were taken at 24, 48, and 72 h to calculate the snail mortality. In the field spraying test, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 g/m2 LDS-SRG was sprayed in 3 snail-positive ditches （～100 m2）, and 10 boxes of snails were selected in each ditch on days 3, 7 and 14 to calculate the snail mortality. The 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt （WPN） with effective concentrations or dosages of 1.0 mg/L （or g/m2 and g/m3） was used as the positive control. Fresh water served as the blank control.In the labratory immersion test using the original concentration of 5%, both 0.1-6.4 mg/L LDS-SRG for 72 h and 1.6-6.4 mg/L LDS-SRG for 48 h caused 100% mortality; and the concentration lethal to 50% （LC50） at 24, 48 and 72 h was 0.70, 0.01 and 0.01 mg/L respectively. When using the original concentration of 10%, both 0.1-6.4 mg/L LDS-SRG for 72 h and 0.2-6.4 mg/L LDS-SRG for 48 h caused 100% mortality; and the LC50 at 24, 48 and 72 h was 0.15, 0.01 and 0.01 mg/L respectively. The labratory spraying test showed that 7-day administration of 1.6 and 6.4 g/m2 LDS-SRG as well as 14-day administration of 3.2 and 6.4 g/m2 LDS-SRG prepared from 5% dosage, resulted in a snail mortality95%, with the LD50 on days 3, 7 and 14 being 0.06, 0.16, and 0.18 g/m2; 14-day administration of 1.6 g/m2 LDS-SRG as well as 7-day administration of 6.4 g/m2 LDS-SRG prepared from 10% dosage, resulted in a snail mortality95%, with the LD50 on days 3, 7 and 14 being 3.29, 0.75, and 0.16 g/m2. The mortality by various dosages of LDS-SRG prepared from 5% dosage was significantly higher than that of the control group (P0.05). In the field immersion test, the snail mortality by 1.6 g/m3 LDS-SRG prepared from 5% and 10% concentrations for 72 h was 96.43% and 98.21% respectively (P0.05 versus the control group). In the field spraying test, the snail mortality by 3.2 g/m2 LDS-SRG prepared from 5% dosage for 3, 7 and 14 days was 93.99%, 91.18% and 86.48% respectively, and that from 10% dosage was 94.95%, 93.50% and 85.43%, all significantly higher than that of the control group （82.83%, 72.38% and 48.38%）（P0.05）; the snail mortality by 0.8 g/m2 LDS-SRG prepared from 5% dosage for 14 days（66.51%） and that by 1.6 g/m2 LDS-SRG prepared from 5% dosage for 3 days（84.61%） were both significantly higher than that by 10% LDS-SRG（20.13% and 43.06%） （P0.05）.The 5% and 10% LDS-SRG used separately in the immersion test and the spraying test both meet the requirements of the national standard of Efficacy Test Methods and Evaluation of Molluscicide for Pesticide Registration.

To prepare the 5% and 10% chlorosalicylicamide（quinoid-2’, 5-dichloro-4’-nitrosalicylanilide from niclosamide） sustained-release granules （LDS-SRG） and evaluate their molluscicidal effect.The 5% and 10% LDS-SRG were prepared with screened carriers, surfactants, adhesives, defoamers and lubricants. Their bulk density, water content, repose angle, critical relative humidity, thermal stability and release rate were determined. Spraying method was used to test the molluscicidal effect of LDS-SRG at 1.6 g/m2. Meanwhile, 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt (WPN) was applied as the positive control at 1.0 g/m2, and dechlorinated water was used as the blank control. The mortality of snails was calculated on days 3, 7 and 14 after administration.The 5% and 10% LDS-SRG were red brown in color, showed good fluidity, and had bulk density of 0.655 g/ml and 0.594 g/ml, moisture content of 1.15% and 1.28%, repose angle of 39.8° and 39.7°, and critical relative humidity of 64.98% and 61.63%, respectively. Moreover, both showed good thermal stability. The release curve was stable for both 5% and 10% LDS-SRG during day 1 to day 9, and faster release for 5% LDS-SRG than for 10% LDS-SRG. The burst release occurred on days 10 and 15, and the steady release occurred from days 14 and 20 for 5% and 10% LDS-SRG respectively. The snail mortality on day 7 after 5% LDS-SRG 1.6 g/m2 administration and on day 14 after 10% LDS-SRG 1.6 g/m2 administration was both higher than 95%, and higher than that of the 50% WPN 1.0 g/m2 control (P0.05).The 5% and 10% LDS-SRG show sustained-release potential and satisfactory molluscicidal effect by spraying, reaching the evaluation standard for molluscicidal agents.

Oncomelania hupensis is the sole intermediate host snail of Schistosoma japonicum in China. Snail control by molluscicide remains one of the most effective measures of schistosomiasis japonica control. A 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt (WPN) is widely used for snail control in China. However, WPN is costly and toxic to fish. A novel molluscicide named LDS, the salt of quinoid-2′, 5-dichloro-4′-nitrosalicylanilide from niclosamide, has been developed. To evaluate the effects of large-scale field application of LDS on field snail control, tests were conducted in 15 counties of Hubei Province, China. Active adult snails, were immersed in 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 g/m3 of 10% LDS, 1.0 g/m3 of 50% WPN was used as the molluscicide control, and then the mortality rates of snails were investigated after 1, 2, and 3 days. In addition, four active concentrations of 10% LDS (0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g/m2) were applied by spraying and powdering in the field. 1.0 g/m2 of 50% WPN was used as the molluscicide control, and then the mortality rates of snails were observed after 1, 3, and 7 days. The results indicated that 0.4 g/m3 LDS applied by the immersion or 0.6 g/m2 LDS applied by spraying and powdering achieved the same molluscicidal effect as that of WPN, regardless of exposure time. By using different methods, the snail mortality rates in the molluscicide groups were related to exposure time and concentration, respectively. LDS costs less than WPN, thus, LDS is suitable and applicable for use as a molluscicide in schistosomiasis japonica epidemic areas.

To evaluate the acute toxicity of 10% LDS, a new molluscicide, to non-target organisms.Based on "Chemical pesticide environmental safety test evaluation standard", an acute toxicity test was carried out with Coturnix coturnix japonica (quail), Apis mellifera L (bee), Bombyx mori (silkworm), and Brachydonio rerio (zebra fish) , and the skin stimulus test was also performed with guinea pig.The quails had no toxic symptoms while the maximum poisoning concentration of LDS was 200 mg/kg (no toxicity). LC₅₀ of bees was 2.68 x 10³ mg/L (low toxicity). After 96 hours, no silkworms died in each group of different concentrations of LDS while the most concentration was 6.00 x 10² mg/kg, but there were some toxic symptoms such as inappetence and inactive in the high concentration group as compared to the blank control group (low toxic). LC₅₀ (96 h) of zebra fish was 6.16 mg/L (medium toxicity).LDS has no toxicity to Coturnix coturnix japonica, low toxicity to Apis mellifera L and Bombyx mori, and medium toxicity to Brachydonio rerio. Compared with niclosamide ethanolamine salt, the toxicity to the fish is lower, and therefore, it is more suitable for the field application.

To evaluate the effects of a novel molluscicide, the salt quinoid-2', 5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide from niclosamide (LDS), with 10% wettable powder, in main schistosomiasis epidemic areas of China, including Hunan, Jiangxi, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang Province.In the immersion test, 6 effective concentrations of 10% LDS were tested respectively: 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 g/m3 in the field; at the same time, 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt (WPN) with effective concentrations of 1.0 g/m was used as the molluscicide control, and the fresh water as the blank control, then the mortality rates of 0. hupensis snails were recorded at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after the immersion. In the spraying test and powder-spraying test, 5 effective dosages of 10% LDS were tested respectively: 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 g/m2, while 50% WPN 1.0 g/m2 was used as the molluscicide control, and the fresh water as the blank control in the field for 1 d, 3 d and 7 d, then the mortality rates of O. hupensis snails were recorded at 1 d, 3 d and 7 d after the spraying and powder-spraying.The snail mortality rates of LDS using the immersion test for 72 h were more than 95% in the field of eight provinces (0.1 g/m in Sichuan, Jiangxi, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, 0.2 g/m3 in Yunnan, Hunan and Hubei provinces, and 0.4 g/min Anhui Province); the snail mortality rates of LDS using the spraying test for 7 d were more than 85% (0.2 g/m2 in Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces, 0.4 g/m2 in Sichuan and Anhui provinces, 0.6 g/m2 in Yunnan and Jiangsu provinces). The snail mortality rates of LDS the powder-spraying test for 7 d were more than 85% (0.6 g/m2 in Yunnan, Sichuan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces). According to the standards of "Efficacy test methods and evaluation of molluscicide for pesticide registration (NY/T 1617-2008)", LDS is a qualified molluscicide.LDS has good molluscicidal effects through the immersion, spraying and powder-spraying test in the fields. It is suitable for a variety of environments to control O. hupensis snails of schistosomiasis endemic areas in China. The recommended dosages of LDS are 0.1-0.2 g/m3 by the immersion method, 0.2-0.4 g/m2 by the spraying method, and 0.4-0.6 g/m2 by the powder-spraying method in the fields.

A novel molluscicide, derived from niclosamide, the salt of quinoid-2′,5-dichloro-4′-nitrosalicylanilide (LDS) was recently developed in China. The molluscicidal activity of LDS was compared with the commonly used molluscicide niclosamide (WPN) by immersion at seven concentrations; 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 mg/L, and with spraying and powdering methods (dosages of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 g/m2) in the laboratory and the field. We recorded mortality at 1 d, 3 d, and 7 d. The results showed that at 0.4 mg/L immersion exposure for 72 hours, snail mortalities for LDS and WPN were 100% and 96.70% respectively in the lab, and 100% and 95.33 ± 1.15% respectively in the field. With a dosage of 0.8 g/m2 exposure for 7 d by spraying, snail mortalities for LDS and WPN were 100% and 97.33 ± 2.30% respectively in the lab, and 99.27 ± 1.27% and 97.47 ± 3.11 % in the field. With a dosage of 0.8 g/m2 exposure at 7 d by powdering, snail mortalities for LDS and WPN were both 98% in the lab, and 100% in the f...

To study the spatiotemporal distribution of Oncomelania hupensis snails in different areal-types at a village level in Hubei Province, so as to provide the basis for formulating the strategies and measures of snail control.The snail data of 30 schistosomiasis epidemic counties at a village scale in Hubei Province from 2007 to 2012 were collected and combined with the geographic information of each village to construct the spatial database of snails. The snail area and its change trend of different areal-types were illustrated; the multilevel model of snail distribution was established.The snail area of each village from 2007 to 2012 was correlated (Intra-class correlation coefficient, ICC = 95.7%). Both the baseline and the rate of change of snail area were significantly different (σ(2)(u0) = 4,766.53, σ(2)(u1)= 20.96, both P0.01). The rate of change of snail area was higher if the baseline of snail area was higher (σ(2)(u01) =126.78, P0.01). The snail areas of villages were increased slowly by year (year = 0.64,P0.01). The average snail areas and growth of snail areas of villages in the marshland and lake region were largest (type= -29.84, P0.01; year*type = -0.52, P0.01).The snail area is significantly different among both villages and areal-types. This study spatially visualizes the snail data of 30 schistosomiasis epidemic counties in Hubei Province and establishes the multilevel model, providing the basis of snail control in different areal-types.

Vaginal myomectomy was firstly reported in 1994, however, it is a relatively new technique in China. The feasibility and safety of the procedure is still controversial in this country. The aim of this study was to analyze the outcomes of vaginal myomectomy in 90 patients and to investigate the feasibility and safety of the surgery.From June 2001 to June 2004, 90 patients with uterine leiomyoma were treated with vaginal myomectomy in our hospital (vaginal group). The indications, operative performance, postoperative complications, and recovery of the patients were analyzed and compared with those of 93 patients with uterine leiomyoma treated by laparotomic myomectomy from January 2000 to January 2001 (laparotomy group). The Student's t test was used to compare the continuous variables between the two groups, and the chi-square test was used to compare the categorical variables. The vaginal and laparotomy groups were followed up for 10 - 34 months (median, 21) and 15 - 24 months (median, 30), respectively.Vaginal myomectomy was performed successfully in 87 of the 90 patients (96.7%). In the other 3 patients, the procedure failed and laparotomy was carried out. In both groups, the uterus was enlarged to 8 - 16 weeks gestational size (median, 10 gestational weeks). The number of resected tumors was 1 - 12 (median, 2) in the vaginal group and 1 - 15 (median, 4) in the laparotomy group, respectively (P0.05). The mean operating time, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative hospital stay were (52 +/- 21) minutes, (230 +/- 44) ml, and (7.0 +/- 1.2) days in the vaginal group, and (65 +/- 32) minutes, (200 +/- 56) ml, and (7.0 +/- 1.5) days in the laparotomy group (P0.05). The mean top postoperative temperature was (38.4 +/- 1.1) degrees C and (37.8 +/- 0.6) degrees C in the two groups respectively (P0.05). Both groups had one recurrent case during the follow-up (P0.05).Vaginal myomectomy is feasible and safe in treating uterine leiomyoma. To some extent, it is superior to laparotomic myomectomy by avoiding severe trauma during the surgery.

To prospectively explore the techniques, feasibility and safety of modified vaginal hysterectomy for large uterus.A total of 158 patients undergoing hysterectomy at Beijing Hospital from January 2008 to December 2010 were divided into three groups: 12-16 gestational weeks large uterus for vaginal hysterectomy (n = 65, group 1), 12-16 gestational weeks uterus for abdominal hysterectomy (n = 47, group 2) and10 gestational weeks uterus for vaginal hysterectomy (n = 46, group 3). The pattern and techniques of delivery in group 1 was based on the location of fibroids/adenomyoma (in anterior wall, posterior wall, uterine horn or broad ligament, cervix) and the direction of overall shape maximum diameter (direction towards abdomen defined as long type while the direction towards lateral pelvic wall wide type). The completion and safety were observed intraoperatively. The outpatient follow-up period was 1 month.A total of 158 cases of hysterectomy were performed successfully. The locations of fibroids/adenomyoma included anterior wall (n = 17), posterior wall (n = 24), unilateral uterine horn (n = 6), broad ligament (n = 3) and cervix (n = 2). in group 1, and there were long (n = 6) and wide (n = 7) types. They were all successfully delivered through vagina through various techniques. No case was converted into laparotomy. The average largest size (judged by as large as number of gestational weeks) and weight of uterus was group 2 and followed by group 1. But the difference of size and weight between two groups was insignificant (P0.05). Sorted by mean operative duration, mean amount of bleeding and decrease of hemoglobin, the declining order was the group 2, group 1 and group 3. The amount of bleeding for group 1 was less than that for group 2 (P0.05). But it was more than group 3 (P0.05). According to postoperative hospitalization duration, flatus time and indwelling catheter time, no statistical differences existed between groups 1 and 3. But the values of group 1 were significantly better than those of group 2 (P0.01,0.05,0.01).Vaginal hysterectomy is a safe and effective option for removing enlarged uterus. This pattern of operation can reduce the postoperative hospitalization time, flatus time and indwelling catheter time.

To explore the scientific and effective indoor quality control method to ensure the results of Magnetic Particle Antibody Immunoassay (MPAIA) antibody test of Schistosoma japonicum reliable.The MPAIA antibody test indoor quality control work was performed with the combination of the crubbs method, Z-scores figure and Westgard multi-rules quality control method.The crubbs test entered the quality control condition state from the third times, after 20 times, the test switched to Z-scores conventional quality control, and the Westgard multi-rules quality control method could help analyze the type of errors. From the third to fortieth test, 186 samples were completed and the tests of 9 samples among 2 batches needed to be re-done because of the failure of quality control. The test results of other 177 samples were acceptable.The combination of the crubbs method, Z-scores figure and Westgard multi-rules quality control method can effectively accomplish the indoor quality control of MPAIA antibody test of Schistosoma japonicum.

To identify the safety and efficacy of individualized vaginal surgery for anterior pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in elderly women so as to provide a clinical basis for studies on improving life quality by treatment in elderly women.The individuation group consisted of 90 patients with a diagnosis of anterior POP. All over 60 years old, they underwent individualized vaginal surgery. The safety and efficacy, POP quantitative examination POP-Q change, cure and recurrence rate and life quality scores on incontinence and pelvic floor distress and impact were assessed. The control group (n = 60) was composed of patients (60 yr old) with a diagnosis of anterior POP were performed with Kelly-Kennedy operation. Their safety, efficacy, cure and recurrence rates were compared.Individualized vaginal surgery in elderly women was both safe and effective. The post-therapeutic recovery time was shorter (P0.05), the cure rate higher and the recurrence rate lower (P0.05) than that of control group. The life quality after individualized surgery improved (P0.01).The individualized vaginal surgery is safe and effective for a correction of anterior POP in elderly women. The life quality improves after operation.

Correct drug selection, the key to successful chemotherapy, is one of the most difficult clinical decisions for the treatment of platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer worldwide. The exact procedures for choosing drugs are undefined, currently relying on clinical trials and personal experience, which often results in disappointing outcomes. Here, we propose a new drug selection method, the "predictive molecule targeted routine chemotherapy", to choose relatively sensitive routine drugs and avoid relatively resistant routine drugs based on the specific predictive molecule expression of the individual tumor tissue.From January 2004 to June 2008, 26 cases of platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer were prospectively recruited. Their routine chemotherapy drug choice was based on the expression of 6 predictive molecules (including p53) as determined by immunohistochemistry (the predictive molecule targeted routine chemotherapy group). A further 18 cases of platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer were treated by experience and formed the control group. The response rate and the overall survival were compared between the two groups.The response rate to second-line chemotherapy was 28% in the control group and 77% in the predictive molecule targeted routine chemotherapy group (P = 0.002). The response rate to third-line chemotherapy was 14% in the control group and 33% in the predictive molecule targeted routine chemotherapy group (P = 0.268). The median overall survival of the predictive molecule targeted routine chemotherapy group (88 weeks) was significantly longer than the median overall survival of the control group (56 weeks) (P = 0.0315).The predictive molecule targeted routine chemotherapy is a new effective protocol for choosing drugs when treating platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer.

To observe the molluscicidal effect of chlorosalicylicamide on Oncomelania hupensis and toxicity on fishes.Different concentrations of chlorosalicylicamide were prepared, and immersion and spraying methods were used to test its molluscicidal effect and toxicity to fishes. Niclosamide ethanolamine salt was used as control.Under water temperature of 28 C with the dose of chlorosalicylicamide at 0.25 mg/L and 0.4 mg/L, the mortality rate of snails by immersion was 97.8% and 100% respectively after 48 h, and the LC50 was 0.0674 mg/L. While for niclosamide at the same doses, the mortality rate of snails was 22.2% and 66.7% respectively, and the LC50 was 0.397 6 mg/L. With the concentration of 0.4 mg/L for 72 h, the fish death rate in chlorosalicylicamide and niclosamide was 50.0% and 100% respectively.Chlorosalicylicamide shows a molluscicidal effect on Oncomelania snails and a lower toxicity to fishes than that of niclosamide.

To investigate the predictive factors for the response to platinum/paclitaxel based first-line adjuvant chemotherapy in advanced ovarian cancer.Forty-two patients with advanced ovarian cancer underwent complete resection plus platinum/paclitaxel as first-line adjuvant chemotherapy. The clinical outcomes were observed. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of p53, a tumor suppressor protein, and P-glycoprotein (Pgp), a multi-drug resistance associated gene product, in the specimens resected from operation. Retrospectively analysis of 42 cases r patients with. To calculate the complete response (CR) rate and early recurrence (ER) rate and to observe. The relationship between the parameters about clinical outcomes and some clinico-pathological variables, such as age, pathological type, differentiation degree, residual tumor, and molecular markers p53 and Pgp, was analyzed.Twenty-four patients (57%) showed CR and 7 (13%) showed ER. The CR rate of the p53 positive patients was 74%, higher than that of the p53 negative patients (44%, P = 0.065). The ER rate of the patients with residual tumor less than 2 cm was 4%, significantly lower than those with residual tumoror = 2 cm (P = 0.018). Logistic regression analysis indicated that Pgp positivity and residual tumoror = 2 cm were independent risk factors of ER.Residual tumor, p53, and Pgp expression are predictive factors for the response to platinum/paclitaxel first-line adjuvant chemotherapy in advanced ovarian cancer. The p53 positive patients are more sensitive to this protocol, and the Pgp positive patients and the patients with residual tumoror = 2 cm are more resistant to this protocol.

To understand the risk factors of schistosomiasis transmission in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) and to provide evidence for the development of control strategy.Approaches including epidemiology, immunology and field survey were applied to investigate the potential risk factors which would involve the importation of infectious resources live mobile and migrant population, and livestock in the reservoir area. Meanwhile, observation on survival and reproductive status of snail under simulation habitats was also carried out, using ecological methods on snails. Strategy in preventing the spread of snail as infectious resources was also provided.175 mobile people from schistosomaisis endemic area of were tested and one person showed immunology tests positive with indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) and circumoral precipitin test (COPT), with a positive rate of 0.57%. Through the two-year period under observation, data showed that the snails with ribbon/smooth shells could survive and reproduce under habitats of simulation.Once the infectious resource of schistosomiasis was introduced into the TGRA, the area became a new schistosomiasis epidemic area in TGRA which called for countermeasures to be taken.