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Glucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX) and arabinoxylan (AX) are the common types of xylan in rice, which have 1,4-xylose backbone modified with arabinose (Ara) and/or glucuronic acid side chains. Keywords: rice; cell wall; CRISPR; Cas9; OsUXE; OsXAT; biomass feedstock EN rice cell wall CRISPR Cas9 OsUXE OsXAT biomass feedstock 863 865 3 05/20/21 20210501 NES 210501 Rice straw is an important renewable biomass resource. Previous UAM RNAi rice line with a significant reduction in Ara content of the cell wall showed severe developmental defects (Konishi I et al i ., 2011), whereas the traits of growth in our double mutants only exhibited a slight change, except seeds per ears in I xat2xat3 i mutant (Figure 1g). Mutagenesis of UDP-xylose epimerase and xylan arabinosyl-transferase decreases arabinose content and improves saccharification of rice straw. [Extracted from the article]

Objectives In order to develop a multiplex RT- PCR assay using the Ge XP analyser for the simultaneous detection of four different NA serotypes of H5-subtype AIVs, effective to control and reduce H5 subtype of avian influenza outbreak. Design Six pairs of primers were designed using conserved and specific sequences of the AIV subtypes H5, N1, N2, N6 and N8 in GenBank. Each gene-specific primer was fused at the 5′ end to a universal sequence to generate six pairs of chimeric primers, and one pair of universal primers was used for RT- PCR, and PCR product separation and detection were performed by capillary electrophoresis using the GenomeLab Ge XP genetic analysis system. Setting Single and mixed avian pathogen cDNA/ DNA templates were employed to evaluate the specificity of a multiplex assay with a Ge XP analyser. Corresponding specific DNA products were amplified for each gene, revealing amplification peaks for M, H5, N1, N2, N6 and N8 genes from four different NA subtypes of influenza A H5 virus. Sample A total of 180 cloacal swabs were collected from poultry at live bird markets. Main outcome measures The multiplex PCR assay demonstrated excellent specificity, with each pair of specific primers generating only products corresponding to the target genes and without cross-amplification with other NA-subtype influenza viruses or other avian pathogens. Using various premixed ss RNAs containing known AIV target genes, the detection limit for the multiplex assay was determined to be 102 copies/μl. The Ge XP assay was further evaluated using 180 clinical specimens and compared with RRT- PCR (real-time reverse transcriptase PCR) and virus isolation. Conclusions This Ge XP analyser-based multiplex assay for four different NA subtypes of H5 HPAI viruses is both highly specific and sensitive and can be used as a rapid and direct diagnostic assay for testing clinical samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight putative avirulence genes in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) strain 8004 were characterized by Tn5gusA5 mutagenesis and gene expression analysis. The virulence test of mutants on Chinese radish showed that all mutants in individual avr genes except avrBs2 mutant were not significantly different from the wild type in virulence. The avrBs2 mutant showed reduced virulence and bacterial growth in planta. Gene expression analysis using β-glucuronidase as reporter indicated that avrBs1 . 1, avrBs1 avrXccB, avrXccC, avrXccE1 were regulated by hrpG, whereas avrXccA1, avrXccA2 and avrBs2 were not. RT-PCR analysis showed that all hrpG-regulated genes except avrBs1 were also regulated by hrpX. In addition, it was demonstrated that avrBs1 was responsible for elicitation of a type III dependent hypersensitive reaction (HR) on nonhost plant pepper ECW-10R, and wild type Xcc 8004 was unable to cause HR on pepper ECW-20R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]