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3. UNDESIRABLE OUTPUT IN EFFICIENCY: EVIDENCE FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN CHINA.

Author

FENG, Y., FENG, J. K., LEE, J. H., LU, C. C., and CHIU, Y. H.

Subjects
SEWAGE disposal plants, SLUDGE management, WATER treatment plant residuals, WASTEWATER treatment
Abstract

This study focuses on sewage sludge treatment and applies the Bad Output model to deal with desirable and undesirable outputs independently. This approach provides an objective way to assess the technical efficiency of wastewater treatment plants in eastern China and provides a reference for the development of the Midwest. The efficiency score results of 518 plants show some volatility - the average efficiency score is 0.29; 27 plants’ efficiency scores are close to 1; 146 plants have an efficiency score of between 1 and the average efficiency score. The higher efficiency score regions are Hainan, Guangdong, Fujian, and Beijing, while by contrast, Hebei, Shanghai, and Tianjin have average efficiency scores lower than the other regions. The results of the adjustment ratio in wastewater treatment or sewage sludge water contents illustrate that most regions exhibit efficiency volatility, and some regions can no longer can support wastewater treatment or sewage sludge water contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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6. Influences of high-voltage electrical burns on the pulmonary microcirculation in rabbits.

Author

Zhou, H. M., Xu, S. J., Wang, L., Shao, H. B., Xie, B., Feng, J. K., Wang, C. J., Bai, Y. Q., and Zhang, Q. F.

Subjects
MICROCIRCULATION, LABORATORY rabbits, ELECTRICAL burns, HIGH voltages, TRANSMISSION electron microscopes
Abstract

This study was performed to investigate the effects of high-voltage electrical burns (HEB) on the pulmonary microcirculation in rabbits. Total of 120 rabbits were randomly divided into control and HEB group using a random number table. HEB model was developed with a voltage regulator and experimental transformer. Laser Doppler perfusion imager was utilized to monitor and quantify the blood perfusion in pulmonary microcirculation. The microvascular morphologic changes of the lung were observed using light microscopy and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The lung wet/dry weight ratio and the PaO2 were determined. The values of blood perfusion in rabbit pulmonary microcirculation in the HEB group were decreased at 5 min, but increased at 1 h after burn (P < 0.01) and then decreased gradually. Light microscopy reveals microthrombus formation in pulmonary venules and bleeding in venous capillaries in HEB group. We found the number of microvilli in the capillary endothelial cells decreased, the rough endoplasmic reticulum expanded and severe degranulation occurred, the mitochondrial cristae fused or disappeared, and severe edema surrounded the capillary endothelial cells by TEM. The values of lung wet/dry weight ratio were higher and the PaO2 were lower than that of before burn group (P < 0.01). These results demonstrated that microcirculatory disorders play a major role in the development of progressive lung damage after high-voltage electrical burns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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9. All solid state lithium ion rechargeable batteries using NASICON structured electrolyte.

Author

Feng, J. K., Yan, B. G., Liu, J. C., Lai, M. O., and Li, L.

Subjects
STORAGE batteries, LITHIUM ions, ELECTRIC batteries, ALKALI metal ions, ALKALI metals
Abstract

NASICON (Sodium super ionic conductor) structured Li1·5Al0·5Ge1·5(PO4)3 (LAGP) solid electrolyte is synthesized through a solid state reaction. The total conductivity of the LAGP electrolyte is 7 × 10-5 S cm-1 with a potential window larger than 6 V. All solid state lithium batteries are fabricated using LiMn2O4 as a cathode, LAGP as an electrolyte and lithium metal as an anode. The LiMn2O4/LAGP/Li cell can deliver a capacity of about 80 mAh g-1 in the first discharge cycle and increases gradually with charge/discharge cycles, indicating that LAGP can be used as a promising electrolyte for lithium rechargeable batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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11. Theoretical Study on the Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Mercury-Containing Diethynylfluorene Monomer, Oligomer, and Polymer

Author

Liao, Y., Feng, J.-K., Yang, L., Ren, A.-M., and Zhang, H.-X.

Abstract

We present a first-principles study of the structural, electronic, and optical properties on mercury-containing diethynylfluorene monomer, oligomer, and polymer. The aim of our quantum-chemical calculations is to shed light on the role of the transition metal centers in the organometallic system in terms of electronic structure and to estimate the influence of metal on the optical properties of the mercury polyyne polymer as well as the nature of luminescence in the polymer. The results indicate that there is a weak electronic interaction between the metal-based fragment and the π-conjugated organic segments, and consequently the photophysical properties are mainly based on the diethynylfluorene π-conjugated fragment (TFT) with little contribution from the metal center. The role of the metal center can be described as weak delocalization coupled with strong localization characteristics along the organometallic polymer backbone. The lowest singlet and triplet excited state have been studied by the singles configuration interaction (CIS) method and time-dependent density functional method (TDDFT). Comparison of the CIS optimized excited state structure and the Hartree−Fock ground state structure indicates that the geometric shift is mainly confined within one repeat unit in polymer. This strongly localized character of the excited state is illustrated by a frontier orbital contour plot and explained as the effect of the heavy metal, which forms some barrier to delocalization along the conjugated chain. Both singlet and triplet excited states of the polymer are localized mainly on the conjugated ligand segment. Through the chain length dependence of emission energies, we extrapolated an emission peak at 384.9 nm in the polymer, which is comparable to 382 nm observed experimentally for solution phase photoluminescence.

Published
2005

12. Theoretical Studies of the Absorption and Emission Properties of the Fluorene-Based Conjugated Polymers

Author

Wang, J.-F., Feng, J.-K., Ren, A.-M., Liu, X.-D., Ma, Y.-G., Lu, P., and Zhang, H.-X.

Abstract

The structures, ionization potentials (IPs), electron affinities (EAs), and HOMO−LUMO gaps (ΔH-L) of the oligomers are studied by the density functional theory with B3LYP functional. The lowest excitation energies (Egs) and the maximal absorption wavelength λabs of oligomers of polyfluorene (PF) and poly(2,7-fluorene-alt-co-5,7-dihydrodibenz[c,e]oxepin) (PFDBO) are studied employing the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) and ZINDO. Band gaps and effective conjugation lengths of the corresponding polymers were obtained by extrapolating HOMO−LUMO gaps and the lowest excitation energies to infinite chain length. The IPs, EAs, and λabs of the polymers were also obtained by extrapolating those of the oligomers to the inverse chain length equal to zero (1/n = 0). For PFDBO, IPs and EAs are higher and the band gap is larger than those of PF's from the extrapolation. The outcome shows that the dramatically twisted structure of PFDBO in the seven-membered ring results in the decreased conjugation in the chain. These cause both the maximal absorption and emission wavelengths of PFDBO blue shift compared with PF.

Published
2004

13. Theoretical Study of Two-Photon Absorption Properties of a Series of Double-Layer Paracyclophane Derivatives

Author

Zhou, X., Ren, A.-M., Feng, J.-K., and Liu, X.-J.

Abstract

The equilibrium geometries, electronic structures, and one- and two-photon absorption properties of a series of paracyclophane derivatives have been determined by using the AM1 and ZINDO methods. The results show that the paracyclophane core as a multidimensional tunneling barrier remarkably increases the two-photon absorption cross section of molecules. As far as this series of paracyclophane derivatives is concerned, there exists a nonconventional “through-space” charge transfer. Our theoretical findings are consistent with recent experimental observations. It is found that the molecular length plays the most crucial role in the one-photon absorption intensity and the two-photon absorption cross section. For molecules with a given framework, a symmetrical structure with strong donor groups can result in a maximum two-photon absorption cross section. The three-state approximation is applicable to this series of paracyclophane derivatives. It is notable that paracyclophane-based molecules may afford advantages in the tradeoff of nonlinearity and transparency by generating a strong NLO response while providing a favorable displacement of the region of transparency.

Published
2003

14. Theoretical Study on the Mechanism of the <SUP>1</SUP>CHCl + N<INF>2</INF>O Reaction

Author

Liu, J.-j., Feng, J.-k., Chen, H., Ding, Y.-h., and Sun, C.-c.

Abstract

The complex singlet potential energy surface of the CHClN2O system is investigated at the QCISD(T)/6-311G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level to explore the possible reaction mechanism of 1CHCl radical with N2O. Thirty minimum isomers and 56 transition states are located. In various possible initial association ways, the end-N attack leading to HClCNNO a1 is the most feasible pathway with the barrier of 8.9 kcal/mol. Starting from a1, the most feasible pathway is the direct cleavage of N−N bond leading to P1 HClCN + NO or to undergo a concerted Cl-shift and N−N bond cleavage to form P2 HCN + ClNO, both of which have a comparable contribution. In addition, a1 can isomerizate to HClCNNO a2 (a3) followed by the rupture of N−N bond to form P1. Furthermore, the primary products P1 and P2 further dissociate to the same product P16 HCN + NO + Cl. Much less competitively, a3 can alternatively undergo a ring-closure process leading to HCl-c(CNNO) b followed by the dissociation to product P3 N2 + HClCO. The secondary dissociation of P3 may form the final product P10 N2 + HCl + CO. The least favorable pathway should be that isomer a2 undergoes a concerted H-migration and N−N bond rupture to form product P4 ClCN + HNO. The similarities and discrepancies among the 1CHX + N2O (X = H, F, and Cl) reactions are discussed in terms of the substitution effect and the electronegativity of halogen atom. The present paper may assist in future experimental identification of the product distributions for the title reaction and may be helpful for understanding the halocarbene chemistry.

Published
2002
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15. Theoretical Study on the Mechanism of the <SUP>1</SUP>CHF+N<INF>2</INF>O Reaction

Author

Liu, J.-j., Ding, Y.-h., Feng, J.-k., and Sun, C.-c.

Abstract

The complex singlet potential energy surface of the CHFN2O system is investigated at the QCISD(T)/ 6-311G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level in order to explore the possible reaction mechanism of 1CHF radical with N2O. Twenty-eight minimum isomers and sixty-four transition states are located. For the most relevant reaction pathways, the high-level QCISD(T)/6-311G(2df,p) single-point calculations are performed at the MP2/6-311G(d,p) geometries to accurately determine the energetics. In various possible initial association ways, the end-N attack leading to HFCN2O a1 is the most feasible pathway with the barrier of 13.5 kcal/mol, whereas for the other attack ways, each involves a higher barrier and thus may not be of significance even at very high temperatures. Starting from HFCN2O a, the most favorable reaction pathway is the almost barrierless dissociation of trans-HFCN2O a leading to product P1 HFCN+NO via the direct N−N bond cleavage. A comparable pathway is the ring-closure of cis-HFCN2O a3 leading to four-membered ring isomer b followed by the direct dissociation to P4 N2+HFCO. The less and least competitive pathways are the concerted F-shift and N−N bond rupture to P2 HCN+FNO as well as the concerted H-shift and N−N bond cleavage to P3 FCN+HNO, respectively. However, these primary products P1, P2, P3, and P4 cannot further dissociate due to thermodynamical and kinetic factors. By comparison, it is found that the B3LYP-calculated and MP2-calculated results are generally in agreement. In addition, the discrepancies and similarity between the title reaction and analogous 1CH2+N2O reaction are discussed. The present paper may assist in future experimental identification of the product distributions for the title reaction and may be helpful for understanding the halogenated carbene chemistry.

Published
2002
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16. Theoretical Study on Mechanism of the <SUP>3</SUP>CH<INF>2</INF> + N<INF>2</INF>O Reaction

Author

Liu, J.-j., Ding, Y.-h., Feng, J.-k., Tao, Y.-g., and Sun, C.-c.

Abstract

The complex triplet potential energy surface of the CH2N2O system, including 49 minimum isomers and 114 transition states, is investigated at the B3LYP and QCISD(T) (single-point) levels in order to explore the possible reaction mechanism of the 3CH2 radical with N2O. The most feasible pathway is the head-on attack of 3CH2 at the terminal N-atom of N2O to form cis-H2CNNO (a1) and trans-H2CNNO (a2). Both a1 and a2 can subsequently dissociate to give P1 (H2CN + NO) via the direct N−N bond rupture. Much less competitively, a1 can undergo a 1,4-H shift, leading to the chainlike isomer HCNNOH (k1), followed by the direct N−N bond cleavage to form product P2 (HCN + 3HON) or interconversion between the isomers k1−k8 and subsequent dissociation to P2. Furthermore, the products P1 (H2CN + NO) and P2 (HCN + 3HON) can undergo secondary dissociation to the same product P12 (HCN + NO + H). The formation of CO, however, seems impossible due to rather large barriers. Our results are in part contradictory with the recent time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study that nascent vibrationally excited products CO, NO, and HCN were observed. Since the initial N-attack step from R to a1 needs a considerable barrier of 14.8 kcal/mol, the title reaction may only be significant at high temperatures, as confirmed by the ab initio dynamic calculations on the rate constants. The reactivity discrepancies between the triplet and singlet CH2 with N2O are compared and discussed in terms of their potential energy surface features. Our calculations suggest that future experimental reinvestigations on the product distributions and rate constants of the title reaction at high temperatures are greatly desired.

Published
2002
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17. Theoretical Study on the Mechanism of the <SUP>1</SUP>CHF + NO Reaction

Author

Liu, J.-j., Ding, Y.-h., Feng, J.-k., and Sun, C.-c.

Abstract

The complex doublet potential energy surface of the CHFNO system is investigated at the QCISD(T)/6-311G(df,p)//B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level in order to explore the possible reaction mechanism of 1CHF radical with NO. Twenty-six minimum isomers and fifty-nine transition states are located. Various possible reaction pathways are probed. It is shown that five dissociation products P1 HF + NCO, P2 F + HNCO, P4 OH + FCN, P5 F + HOCN, and P7 3NH + FCO are both thermodynamically and kinetically accessible. Among the five dissociation products, P2 and P4 may be the most abundant products with comparable quantities, whereas P1 is much less competitive followed by the almost negligible P5 and P7. Our results are in marked difference from previous experimental observation that only two dissociation products P1 and P2 are identified with the branching ratio being 6:4. However, and despite some energetic differences, our calculated potential energy surface features are quite in parallel to those of the analogous reaction 3CH2 + NO that has been extensively studied. Therefore, future experimental reinvestigations are desirable to clarify the mechanism of the title reaction. The present study may be useful for understanding the CHF chemistry.

Published
2001

18. Theoretical Study on the Potential Energy Surface of the <SUP>1</SUP>CH<INF>2</INF>+N<INF>2</INF>O Reaction

Author

Liu, J.-j., Feng, J.-k., Ding, Y.-h., Ren, A.-m., Wang, S.-f., Sun, C.-c., and Kong, F.-a.

Abstract

The complex potential energy surface for the reaction of singlet methylene (1CH2) with nitrous oxide (N2O) has been investigated in detail using B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) and single-point QCISD(T)/6-311G(d,p) methods. The association of 1CH2 with N2O was found to be a barrierless process forming an energy-rich adduct CH2NNO (a1). Our calculations show that the products P1(N2+H2CO) and P13(NO+HCN+H) are the major products for the title reaction. The other products, including CO and H2, are minor products. The product P1(N2+H2CO) can be obtained through R→a1→a2→b→ P1(N2+H2CO) (r1), whereas the product P13(NO+HCN+H) can be obtained through two competitive channels R→a1→P4(HNO+HCN)→P13(NO+HCN+H) (r8) and R→a1→a2 →P5(NO+H2CN)→P13(NO+HCN+H) (r12). At high temperatures, the direct abstraction channel leading to product N2+H2CO may become feasible. Our work can assist experiments to identify the products of the 1CH2+N2O reaction.

Published
2001

21. [Influence of silver ion dressing on central venous catheter-related infection in severe burn patients].

Author

Li J, Li N, Fu W, Feng JK, and Zhang QF

Subjects
Adult, Bandages, Female, Humans, Male, Silver, Burns, Catheter-Related Infections, Central Venous Catheters
Abstract

Objective: To investigate the influence of silver ion dressing on related infections induced by inserted central venous catheter through wounds in patients with severe burn. Methods: From June 2017 to December 2018, 90 severe burn patients who were admitted to the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University and met the inclusion criteria were included in this prospectively randomized control study. According to the random number table, they were divided into silver ion dressing group (30 patients, 20 males and 10 females, aged (37.2±3.4) years), sterile dressing group (30 patients, 18 males and 12 females, aged (35.2±4.1) years), and Anerdian dressing group (30 patients, 17 males and 13 females, aged (36.3±2.6) years). After admission, the patients in three groups were treated with a 16 G single-lumen central venous catheter inserted into the subclavian vein of burn wounds, with the depth of 19 cm. The puncture points of the patients in silver ion dressing group, sterile dressing group, and Anerdian dressing group were covered with silver ion medical antibacterial dressing, sterile dressing, and sterile gauze dressing infiltrated with Anerdian skin and mucous membrane washing and disinfecting solution, respectively. The patients in three groups underwent catheter maintenance and dressing change every 12 hours. The thousand-day infection rates of catheter outlet infection and catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI), catheter indwelling days, and pathogen detection of the patients in three groups were counted. Data were statistically analyzed with chi-square test, one-way analysis of variance, least significant difference test, Fisher's exact probability test, and Bonferroni correction. Results: (1) The thousand-day infection rates of catheter outlet infection of patients in sterile dressing group and Anerdian dressing group were 22.29‰ (7/314) and 20.83‰ (7/336), respectively, which were similar ( P >0.05), and both were significantly higher than 1.54‰ (1/651) in silver ion dressing group ( P <0.01). The thousand-day infection rates of CRBSI of patients in sterile dressing group and Anerdian dressing group were 25.48‰ (8/314) and 20.83‰ (7/336), respectively, which were similar ( P >0.05), and both were significantly higher than 1.54‰ (1/651) in silver ion dressing group ( P <0.01). The catheter indwelling days of patients in sterile dressing group and Anerdian dressing group were similar ( P >0.05), and both were significantly shorter than the days in silver ion dressing group ( P <0.01). (2) A total of 16 cases of CRBSI occurred in all the patients in 3 groups. A total of 16 pathogenic bacteria were isolated from catheter tip attachment microbial culture and blood microbial culture. The detections rates of pathogenic bacteria of patients in sterile dressing group and Anerdian dressing group were significantly higher than the rate in silver ion dressing group ( P <0.05). Conclusions: For severe burn patients, the use of silver ion dressings in the maintenance of central venous catheters inserted through wounds can effectively reduce the rate of central venous catheter-related infections and extend the catheter indwelling days.

Published
2020
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22. [Impacts of high-voltage electrical burn on serum platelet-related factors and platelet aggregation number in rats and the interventive effect of Xuebijing].

Author

Zhang QF, Gao ZJ, Zhang ZW, Zhao XG, Feng JK, Xu YF, Tu LL, and Zhang J

Subjects
Animals, Drugs, Chinese Herbal, Female, Male, Platelet Aggregation, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Burns, Electric
Abstract

Objective: To explore the effect of high-voltage electrical burn on platelet function and rheological behavior in rats and the interventive effect of Xuebijing. Methods: A total of 280 Sprague Dawley rats of clean grade (aged 8-10 weeks, male and female unlimited) were divided into sham injury group, simple electrical burn group, electrical burn+ saline group, and electrical burn+ Xuebijing group according to the random number table, with 70 rats in each group. Rats in sham injury group were not conducted with electrical current to cause sham injury. Rats in the other three groups were given electrical current with output voltage of 2 kV and current intensity of (1.92 ± 0.24) A for 3 s, which caused high-voltage electrical burn wounds, each with an area of 1 cm×1 cm distributed in the left forelimb at the current inlet and the right hindlimb at the current outlet respectively. Rats in sham injury group and simple electrical burn group were not treated after injury. At post injury minute 2 and on post injury day (PID) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, rats in electrical burn+ saline group and electrical burn+ Xuebijing group were intraperitoneally injected with 6 mL/kg saline and 6 mL/kg Xuebijing, respectively. Survival conditions of rats were recorded during the experiment. At 15 min before injury and at post injury hour (PIH) 1, 8, 24, 48, 72, and on PID 7, 10 rats in each group were respectively selected according to the random number table to sacrifice after collection of 5 mL blood under the direct vision of heart. Blood in the volume of 0.05 mL from each rat was taken to make blood smear, and platelet aggregation number was counted under 400 fold field of view using multiple projection microscope. The remaining blood samples were centrifuged to collect supernatant, and the content of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), thrombopoietin (TPO), and platelet activating factor (PAF) was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were statistically analyzed with analysis of variance for factorial design and Student-Newman-Keuls method. Results: All rats in sham injury group and simple electrical burn group survived during the experiment. One rat in electrical burn+ saline group died on PID 6, and one rat on PID 5 and one rat on PID 6 died in electrical burn+ Xuebijing group. The levels of all indexes among the 4 groups were close at 15 min before injury. The serum content of PDGF, TPO, and PAF and platelet aggregation number of rats in the three electrical burn groups at all time points after injury were higher or more than those in sham injury group, and the first three indexes reached the peak at PIH 8. The serum platelet aggregation number of rats in simple electrical burn group reached the peak at PIH 48, and that in electrical burn+ saline group and electrical burn+ Xuebijing group reached the peak at PIH 72. Among them, the serum content of PDGF of rats in electrical burn+ Xuebijing group at PIH 48, 72 and on PID 7 ((12.8±4.0), (11.6±4.4), (11.0±3.6) ng/mL, respectively) was close to that in sham injury group ((10.4±2.0), (10.4±2.5), (9.8±3.3) ng/mL, respectively, P >0.05). The serum content of TPO of rats in electrical burn+ Xuebijing group at PIH 24, 72 and on PID 7 ((200±52), (192±36), (193±32) ng/mL, respectively) was close to that in sham injury group ((182±30) , (184±41), (183±33) ng/mL, respectively, P >0.05). The serum content of PDGF, TPO, and PAF and platelet aggregation number of rats in electrical burn+ Xuebijing group at every time point after injury was generally lower or less than that in electrical burn+ saline group and simple electrical burn group. Conclusions: Application of Xuebijing treatment after high-voltage electrical burn can decrease the content of PDGF, TPO, and PAF in the serum and reduce the number of platelet aggregation, thereby inhibit platelet activation and improve platelet rheology.

Published
2020
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23. [Changes of platelet rheological behavior and the interventional effects of ulinastatin in rats with high-voltage electrical burns].

Author

Zhang QF, Li Y, Feng JK, Xu YF, and Tu LL

Subjects
Animals, Burns, Burns, Electric blood, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Microcirculation, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Serum, beta-Thromboglobulin, Blood Platelets drug effects, Burns, Electric physiopathology, Glycoproteins pharmacology, Platelet Aggregation drug effects, Trypsin Inhibitors pharmacology
Abstract

Objective: To explore the influence of high-voltage electrical burns on the number of platelet aggregation, β-thromboglobulin (β-TG) and platelet factor 4 (PF-4) and the interventional effects of ulinastatin in rats with high-voltage electrical burns. Methods: A total of 240 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sham injury (SI) group, simple electrical burn (SEB) group, normal saline (NS) group, and ulinastatin (UTI) group according to the random number table, with 60 rats in each group. The electrical current was applied to the outside proximal part of left forelimb of rats and exited from the outside proximal part of right hind limb of rats. Rats in groups SEB, NS, and UTI were inflicted with high-voltage electrical burn wounds of 1 cm×1 cm at current entrances and exits, with the voltage regulator and experimental transformer. Rats in group SI were sham injured through connecting the same equipments without electricity. At 2 min post injury, rats in group NS were intraperitoneally injected with 2 mL/kg NS, and rats in group UTI were intraperitoneally injected with 2×10(4) U/kg UTI of 10 g/L. At 15 min before injury and 5 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h post injury, 10 rats in each group were selected to collect 5-7 mL blood of heart respectively. Blood of 0.05 mL were collected to make fresh blood smear for observing the number of platelet aggregation, and serum were separated from the remaining blood to determine content of β-TG and PF-4 with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were processed with analysis of factorial design of variance, student-Newman-Keuls test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and Bonferroni correction. Results: (1) At 15 min before injury, the numbers of platelet aggregation of rats were close among groups SI, SEB, NS and UTI (5.9±1.2, 5.8±1.2, 5.9±1.3, 5.9±1.1, respectively, with P values above 0.05). At 5 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h post injury, the numbers of platelet aggregation of rats in group SEB were 57.2±16.3, 59.1±16.9, 60.8±20.6, 83.6±24.9, and 83.4±30.3, respectively, obviously more than those in group SI (6.0±1.3, 6.0±1.4, 5.9±1.4, 5.7±1.1, and 5.8±1.3, respectively, with P values below 0.001); the numbers of platelet aggregation of rats in group UTI were 29.6±7.4, 31.9±10.1, 35.0±14.2, 43.0±13.6, and 35.2±11.1, respectively, obviously more than those in group NS (58.3±16.1, 63.9±18.0, 60.8±17.7, 74.2±23.0, and 82.3±21.9, respectively, with P values below 0.001). There was no significantly statistical difference in the number of platelet aggregation of rats in group SI between each two time points within the same group (with P values above 0.05), but the number of platelet aggregation of rats in the other 3 groups at each time point post injury was significantly more than that of the same group at 15 min before injury (with P values below 0.001). (2) At 2, 4, and 8 h post injury, β-TG content of serum of rats in group SEB was significantly higher than that in group SI (with Z values from -3.780 to -3.477, P values below 0.05). At 5 min and 4 h post injury, β-TG content of serum of rats in group UTI was significantly lower than that in group NS (with Z values respectively -3.477 and -3.780, P values below 0.05). There was no significantly statistical difference in β-TG content of serum of rats in group SI at all time points of the same group ( χ (2)=0.130, P >0.05). At 2, 4, and 8 h post injury, β-TG content of serum of rats in group SEB was significantly higher than that of the same group at 15 min before injury (with Z values from -3.780 to -3.553, P values below 0.05). At 5 min, 1 h, and 4 h post injury, β-TG content of serum of rats in group NS was significantly higher than that of the same group at 15 min before injury (with Z values from -3.780 to -3.477, P values below 0.05). At 1 and 4 h post injury, β-TG content of serum of rats in group UTI was significantly higher than that of the same group at 15 min before injury (with Z values respectively -3.250 and -3.780, P values below 0.05). (3) At 2 and 8 h post injury, PF-4 content of serum of rats in group SEB was significantly higher than that in group SI (with P values below 0.05). At 2 h post injury, PF-4 content of serum of rats in group UTI was significantly higher than that in group NS ( P <0.05), and at 4 and 8 h post injury, PF-4 content of serum of rats in group UTI was significantly lower than that in group NS (with P values below 0.05). At all time points, PF-4 content of serum of rats in group SI was close (with P values above 0.05). At 2 and 8 h post injury, PF-4 content of serum of rats in group SEB was significantly higher than that of the same group at 15 min before injury (with P values below 0.05). At 1, 4, and 8 h post injury, PF-4 content of serum of rats in group NS was significantly higher than that of the same group at 15 min before injury (with P values below 0.05). There were significantly statistical differences in PF-4 content of serum of rats between all time points except for 5 min post injury and 15 min before injury (with P values below 0.05). Conclusions: Increasing number of platelet aggregation and abnormal secretion of β-TG and PF-4 of rats with high-voltage electrical burns can lead to microcirculation disturbance. UTI can alleviate microcirculation disturbance caused by high-voltage electrical burns by reducing the number of platelet aggregation and inhibiting secretion of β-TG and PF-4.

Published
2017
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24. [Influences of high-voltage electrical burns on microcirculation perfusion on serosal surface of small intestine of rats and the interventional effects of pentoxifylline].

Author

Zhang QF, Xu SJ, Liang LM, Feng JK, Xu YF, and Tu LL

Subjects
Animals, Burns, Burns, Electric blood, Electricity, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Intestine, Small physiology, Leukocytes, Male, Mesentery, Random Allocation, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Serum, Burns, Electric physiopathology, Heart physiopathology, Intestine, Small drug effects, Microcirculation, Pentoxifylline pharmacology, Platelet Aggregation drug effects
Abstract

Objective: To investigate influences of high-voltage electrical burns on microcirculation perfusion on serosal surface of small intestine of rats and the interventional effects of pentoxifylline (PTX). Methods: Totally 180 SD rats were divided into sham injury group, simple electrical burn group, and treatment group according to the random number table, with 60 rats in each group. The electrical current was applied to the outside proximal part of left forelimb of rats and exited from the outside proximal part of right hind limb of rats. Rats in simple electrical burn group and treatment group were inflicted with high-voltage electrical burn wounds of 1cm×1cm at current entrances and exits, with the voltage regulator and experimental transformer. Rats in sham injury group were sham injured through connecting the same equipments without electricity. At 2 min post injury, rats in sham injury group and simple electrical burn group were intraperitoneally injected with 2 mL normal saline, and rats in treatment group were injected with 2 mL PTX injection (50 mg/mL). At 15 min before injury and 5 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, and 8 h post injury, 10 rats in each group were selected to collect blood of heart respectively. Serum were separated from the blood to determine the level of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(sVCAM-1) with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The number of adhesional leukocyte in mesenteric venule of rats was determined with Bradford variable projection microscope system. The microcirculation perfusion on serosal surface of small intestine of rats was detected with laser Doppler perfusion imager. Data were processed with analysis of variance of factorial design and LSD test. Results: (1) At 5 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h post injury, the serum content of sVCAM-1 in rats of simple electrical burn group were (8 502±1 158), (11 793±3 310), (9 960±2 146), (9 708±1 429), (7 292±1 386) ng/mL respectively, higher than that in sham injury group and treatment group [ (1 897±946), (1 882±940), (1 882±938), (1 888±946), (1 884±942) ng/mL, and (6 840±1 558), (6 742±2 465), (5 625±2 593), (2 373±1 463), (5 187±2 797) ng/mL, respectively, with P values below 0.001]. The serum content of sVCAM-1 in rats of sham injury group and treatment group at all time points post injury, except 4 h post injury of treatment group, was higher than that of the same group at 15 min before injury (with P values below 0.001). (2) At all time points post injury, the number of adhesional leukocyte in mesenteric venule of rats in simple electrical burn group was higher than that in sham injury group and treatment group (with P values below 0.001). The number of adhesional leukocyte in mesenteric venule of rats in simple electrical burn group and treatment group at all time points post injury was higher than that of the same group at 15 min before injury (with P values below 0.001). (3) At all time points post injury, the microcirculation perfusion on serosal surface of small intestine of rats in simple electrical burn group was lower than that in sham injury group and treatment group (with P values below 0.001). The microcirculation perfusion on serosal surface of small intestine of rats in simple electrical burn group and treatment group at all time points post injury was lower than that of the same group at 15 min before injury (with P values below 0.001). Conclusions: High-voltage electrical burns can increase the serum content of sVCAM-1, the number of adhesional leukocyte in mesenteric venule, and reduce microcirculation perfusion on serosal surface of small intestine of rats. PTX can inhibit secretion of serum sVCAM-1, reduce the number of adhensional leukocyte in mesenteric venule to alleviate microcirculation disturbance caused by high-voltage electrical burns.

Published
2017
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25. Upregulation of salivary α2 macroglobulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Author

Feng JK, Lu YF, Li J, Qi YH, Yi ML, and Ma DY

Subjects
Aged, Analysis of Variance, Blood Glucose metabolism, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 blood, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Fasting blood, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 metabolism, Saliva metabolism, Up-Regulation, alpha-Macroglobulins metabolism
Abstract

We investigated the expression of salivary α2-macroglobulin (α2-MG) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to investigate its value for predicting damage to the salivary glands. A total of 116 patients with T2DM and 60 patients with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were included in this study. Sixty health volunteers were enrolled as a control group. Unstimulated saliva was collected at 8 a.m. prior to breakfast. Expression of α2-MG was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The correlation between salivary α2-MG, serum α2-MG, and concentration of fasting glucose was analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis. No significant difference was observed in the expression of serum α2-MG in the T2DM group, IFG group, and control group (P > 0.05). Compared with the control group and IFG group, a statistical difference was observed in the salivary α2-MG in the T2DM group (P < 0.01). No statistical difference was observed in the salivary α2-MG in the IFG group compared with the control group (P > 0.05). In the patients with T2DM, a close correlation was identified in the expression of serum α2-MG and salivary α2-MG (r = 0.52, P < 0.01). A poor correlation was identified between salivary α2-MG and blood sugar level (r = -0.12, P = 0.199). The expression of salivary α2-MG showed a remarkable increase in T2DM patients, which may be associated with functional disorders of the salivary gland.

Published
2015
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