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In 2021, Doctors of BC (DoBC), the medical association for all physicians in British Columbia, provided the economics committee of each specialty section with Medical Services Plan payment data from [...], Background: High-level payment data provided by Doctors of BC showed a 19.7% pay disparity in annual payments between female and male general surgeons in fiscal year 2019/20, and this was previously as high as 30% in 2012/13. This study aimed to examine the impact of targeted fee increases on pay disparity by sex over time. Methods: The top 35 fees billed by female general surgeons, representing 76.3% of total payments, were retrospectively analyzed. The pay disparity by sex was calculated for each individual fee from 2000/01 to 2019/20. Results: There were notable billing differences between female and male general surgeons. Female surgeons billed breast oncology procedures, malignancy consultations and visits, and peritoneal malignancy surgical procedures in greater proportions than did their male counterparts. Male surgeons billed hemorrhoid banding and rigid proctosigmoidoscopy in greater proportions than their female counterparts. With targeted fee increases, pay disparity by sex worsened for 17 of the top 35 fees but improved for the other 18 from 2010/11 to 2019/20, to varying degrees, resulting in an overall reduction in pay disparity by sex from 23% to 15%. If across-the-board fee increases had been implemented instead of targeted fee increases, the disparity in 2019/20 would have been 19% instead of 15%. Conclusion: Targeted fee increases reduced pay disparity between male and female general surgeons compared with theoretical across-the-board fee increases in British Columbia from 2010/11 to 2019/20, but not uniformly; some fee increases resulted in increased disparity. Other physician groups should conduct a similar analysis and allocate future fee changes with the aim of improving rather than worsening disparity. Contexte : Les données sur les honoraires de haut niveau fournies par les médecins britanno-colombiens ont montré une disparité salariale annuelle de 19,7% entre les chirurgiennes et les chirurgiens pour l'année fiscale 2019/20; cette disparité atteignait 30% en 2012/13. La présente étude visait à mesurer l'impact des augmentations ciblées des honoraires sur la disparité salariale entre les sexes au fil du temps. Méthodes : Les 35 principaux honoraires facturés par les chirurgiennes générales, représentant 76,3% des paiements totaux, ont été analysés rétrospectivement. La disparité salariale selon le sexe a été calculée pour chacun des honoraires entre 2000/01 et 2019/20. Résultats : On a observé des différences de facturation notables entre les chirurgiennes et les chirurgiens de chirurgie générale. Comparativement à leurs homologues masculins, les chirurgiennes ont facturé davantage pour des interventions d'oncologie mammaire, des avis et consultations pour cancer et des interventions pour des cancers péritonéaux. De leur côté, les chirurgiens ont facturé pour des ligatures d'hémorroïdes et des proctosigmoidoscopies rigides plus que leurs homologues féminines. Avec les augmentations d'honoraires ciblées, la disparité salariale selon le sexe s'est accentuée pour 17 des 35 principaux honoraires, mais elle s'est améliorée à divers degrés pour les 18 autres, entre 2010/11 et 2019/20, donnant lieu à une réduction globale de la disparité salariale selon le sexe de 23% à 15%. Si on avait appliqué des augmentations généralisées des honoraires plutôt que des augmentations ciblées, la disparité en 2019/20 aurait été de 19% plutôt que de 15%. Conclusion : En Colombie-Britannique, entre 2010/11 et 2019/20, les augmentations ciblées des honoraires ont réduit la disparité salariale entre les hommes et les femmes qui exercent en chirurgie générale comparativement à des augmentations généralisées théoriques, mais non de façon uniforme; certaines augmentations d'honoraires ont aggravé la disparité. D'autres groupes de médecins gagneraient à procéder à une analyse similaire et à appliquer d'éventuels changements d'honoraires de manière à atténuer et non pas aggraver la disparité.

Tracing the history of gendered working-class responses to deindustrialization in the Montréal neighbourhood of Saint-Henri reveals that many of the local political initiatives of the 1960s and 1970s were connected to longer-term working-class efforts to navigate shifting patterns of capital accumulation extending back to the 1940s. The gendered tradition of territory-based organizing in this community encouraged women workers' shop-floor militancy and was foundational for new forms of local political advocacy around issues like health care and housing. In deindustrialization's moment, the concerns of a precariously employed, feminized working-class population spurred a crossover of industrial struggle with survival-focused reproductive labour issues, centred around a grassroots organization called the POPIR (Projet d'organisation populaire, d'information, et de regroupement). This pattern of gendered working-class militancy and solidarity persisted throughout the 1980s and shaped resistance to Saint-Henri's subsequent gentrification at the turn of the new millennium. Keywords: deindustrialization, gender, housing, Saint-Henri, working class, women, gentrification Retracer l'histoire des ripostes de la classe ouvrière à la désindustrialisation dans le quartier montréalais de Saint-Henri dans une perspective genrée permet d'établir des liens entre les initiatives politiques locales des années 1960 et 1970 aux tentatives d'adaptation de la classe ouvrière au contexte changeant d'accumulation du capital qui remontent à la décennie 1940. La tradition genrée de l'organisation locale au sein de cette communauté a encouragé le militantisme des travailleuses sur le plancher des usines et est au fondement de nouvelles formes d'organisations locales de défense des droits autour d'enjeux comme l'accès aux soins de santé et au logement. Dans un moment de désindustrialisation, les préoccupations d'une population ouvrière précaire et majoritairement féminisée ont donné l'élan au croisement entre les luttes industrielles et les enjeux de survie liés au travail reproductif, concentré au sein d'une organisation de base nommé le popir (Projet d'organisation populaire, d'information et de regroupement). Ce schéma de militantisme et de solidarité mené par une classe ouvrière genrée a persisté jusque dans les années 1980 et a servi de modèle à la résistance contre l'embourgeoisement de Saint-Henri au tournant du millénaire. Mots clefs : désindustrialisation, genre, logement, Saint-Henri, classe ouvrière, femmes, embourgeoisement, 'I've always lived in Saint-Henri. I came into the world here, on Beaudoin Street... I knew Madeleine Parent. She was in the union. She was good. I liked her a [...]

The essence of advancing livelihoods is to heighten socio-economic transformation among the poor, especially rural women through education. The statement above suggests that locating these women as critical stakeholders and affording them opportunities to improve their skills and knowledge can advance values significantly. In the country in general, rural women generate less income as compared to men. Hence, educational practices geared toward women are to address this gap. Transformation, however, does not come cheap. It takes consented effort on educators, learners, and society to embrace educational provisions, programs, and new teaching methods for a sustainable change, especially for rural women. To achieve these objectives, a reflection of critical pedagogy and stakeholder theories into women's lives is essential. The study primarily investigated the role of critical pedagogy in advancing livelihoods and transforming the socio-economic lives of women in Mthatha, South Africa. Interviews, focus group discussions, and documentary analysis form the basis for gathering data from rural women (n=35) purposely selected for the study. The emergent findings show that the curriculum of ACET does not add value to these women's livelihood because it does not empower them with the requisite skills to fend for themselves. Therefore, the study recommended a robust investigation into the theory of critical pedagogy and the possible benefit of transformative practices in adult education, mainly geared towards women's development. Keywords: Critical Pedagogy, Adult learners, Livelihood, Rural women, Teaching and learning, Introduction Advancing the livelihoods of rural dwellers women, in particular, is a significant concern globally. Thus, the rural sector is plagued by poor living conditions and underdevelopment, triggering severe malnutrition [...]

Abstract For many decades, anthropologists have debated the question of matriliny, with some expressing concerns about its prospects of survival in a modern economy of private property and greater economic [...]

Abstract This article is about two generations of women in south-western Chad--the baou dene and the mosso. It addresses the puzzle of how these groups of women are present in [...]

Fresh food markets have been a fixture of the social and economic landscape of urban and rural PNG since colonial times. They were often the first points of engagement with the market economy, especially for women, who as small-scale producers, sold surplus produce from their food gardens located on communally-owned land. Although local food markets have remained an important livelihood for women, the later adoption and expansion of perennial export cash crops like coffee and cocoa overshadowed food production for local markets as men dominated export crop production on land alienated from communal ownership for decades or permanently. New forms of social relations of production and more exclusive forms of land tenure emerged to accommodate export crop production that were very different from those governing the production and marketing of fresh food. Market values and a trend towards individualisation of production with less capacity to mobilise labour through reciprocal labour exchange networks have characterised export crop production. With the income benefits captured largely by men, women began redirecting their labour to fresh food production where they were able to exercise more control of production and income while still mobilising labour through indigenous labour exchange arrangements. Attempts by men to appropriate the income of women and sons' labour in export cropping were greater during flush periods when income levels were high, and they were less likely to attempt to appropriate this income in low crop periods when incomes were lower. However, with the recent emergence of female entrepreneurers earning relatively large sums of money in large-scale, profit-driven vegetable production, the moral frameworks governing food production are coming to resemble those governing export crops, and making labour more difficult to mobilise. Despite women being key players in these changes, we argue there is an emerging risk that men will attempt to assert control over this income or move into vegetable production themselves and possibly marginalise women in the process. Keywords: food markets, export cash crops, agricultural labour mobilisation, individualisation, land tenure, rural development, gender and incomes, moralities of labour., INTRODUCTION Women have dominated the production and marketing of fresh produce in Papua New Guinea (PNG) since the first formal urban marketplace was established in the 1920s in Rabaul, East [...]

There has been a flourishing of multidisciplinary literature on populism as a result of its recent strong rise around the world. This literature investigates the different determinants of populist parties' success and their impact on public and policy discourse. Economic inequalities and economic policies as determinants of populist discourse and support emerge as an important theme in this literature. There are a limited number of studies that also explore the interaction of populism with gender. This study brings these two lines of investigation together in a coherent analytical framework. Set against a background of the transformation in the political scene in Turkey in the past two decades, it explores the interactions between gendered economic inequalities and the gender gaps in voting so as to shed light on the success of rising political populism. Using data drawn from electoral surveys, it investigates the extent to which gender differences in political party preferences are determined by gender gaps in the labor market. Public discussions in Turkey commonly comment that women voters' support is an important and paradoxical factor in the rising political Islam in Turkey. A closer look at survey data shows that there is a marked polarization amongst women in terms of their political party preferences determined by their labor market status. While female full-time homemakers have an above average propensity to vote conservative, women in paid employment have a weak propensity to vote conservative, after controlling for other determinants of voting behavior such as education, age, region, and household characteristics. The paper also explores how the policy discourses on gender have evolved as an extension of the interactions between gender economic and political gaps., INTRODUCTION The rise of authoritarian radical right populism around the world poses a significant challenge to sustainable and inclusive growth, with strong gender implications. There has been much focus on [...]

'Smart Economics' is no epiphenomenon. It is an instrument of exploitation at the heart of neoliberalism. The global neoliberal agenda has co-opted feminism, creating what Roberts calls 'transnational business feminism'. With the promotion of entrepreneurialism, women in the Global South are targeted for exploitation in an attempt to introduce them into the formal markets. Female empowerment has become the new fetish for capital accumulation through the indebtedness of women in the Global South and the subsequent reproduction of capitalism. This reproduction of capital is possible due to the newfound access to the financial markets that is introduced through bringing women's purchasing power into the fold. Microfinance institutions are the spearhead of 'Smart Economics' in the Global South, while arguing to alleviate poverty in rural areas. Microfinance institutions such as the Grameen Bank and kiva.org are examples of this. These organisations target women with a patriarchal agenda, which reinforces the gender relations in the Global South.KeywordsGlobal South, Grameen Bank, kiva.org, Marxism, Smart Economics, IntroductionOver the past decade, there has been a revision of the feminist discourse within development. This is to say that there has been a focal shift away from women's liberation [...]

Among the most robust identifiers of status and value in western society is a person's annual salary. When a person enters the adult job market or changes jobs, the question [...], Although sex differences in salaries are widely condemned, some organizations tolerate these disparities. When organizations are found to discriminate against women in salaries for the same jobs as men, a number of remedies can be pursued. This study illustrates how a state university responded to demonstrated sex-based salary disparities identified in a class-action lawsuit. In particular, a regression analysis was conducted for male and female faculty members that also included seven other predictors. Statistical differences between male and female faculty members were found. As part of the remediation, the salaries of 39 women faculty members were increased. Subsequent regression analysis indicated that the effect for faculty member sex no longer reached traditional levels of statistical significance. The court-order remediation was deemed to have removed the sex-based salary disparity. Yet, it is not clear that the post-remediation salaries of the women faculty were perceived as fair. This case demonstrates how concepts from regression can be (mis)used in legal cases of salary fairness and disparity. Keywords Sex-based salary disparity * Multiple regression * Salary equity * University faculty * Remediation of salary discrimination

Increased recognition of gender inequalities and their repercussions for human and economic development has prompted heightened attention to gender in development financing on the part of multilateral and bilateral institutions [...]