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Laura Medina-Perucha,1,2 Tomàs López-Jiménez,1,2 Anna Sofie Holst,1,3 Constanza Jacques-Aviñó,1,2 Jordina Munrós-Feliu,4,5 Cristina Martínez-Bueno,5,6 Carme Valls-Llobet,7 Diana Pinzón-Sanabria,8 Mª Mercedes Vicente-Hernández,5 Anna Berenguera1,2,9 1Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain; 2Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain; 3Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; 4Atenció a la Salut Sexual i Reproductiva (ASSIR) Muntanya/La Mina, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; 5Sexual and Reproductive Health Care Research Group (GRASSIR), Barcelona, Spain; 6Servei d’Atenció a la Salut Sexual i Reproductiva (ASSIR), Direcció Assistencial d’Atenció Primària, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; 7Centro de Análisis y Programas Sanitarios (CAPS), Barcelona, Spain; 8SomiArte Taller, Barcelona, Spain; 9Departament d’Infermeria, Universitat de Girona, Girona, SpainCorrespondence: Laura Medina-Perucha, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes 587 attic, Barcelona, 08007, Spain, Tel +34 934824253, Email lmedina@idiapjgol.orgIntroduction: Available evidence suggests that there might be an association between the stressors experienced during the COVID-19 syndemic and changes in menstrual patterns. The aim of this study was to assess self-reported menstrual alterations during the COVID-19 syndemic among women and people who menstruate aged 18– 55 in Spain.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional online survey-based study was conducted (March–July 2021). Descriptive statistics were calculated and multivariate logistic regression models were constructed. This study was conducted as part of the “Equity and Menstrual Health in Spain” research project.Results: Among participants (N=17,455), 39.4% reported menstrual alterations since the start of the syndemic. Participants self-reporting long COVID-19 presented higher odds of menstrual alterations (aOR: 1.34, 95% CI, 1.15-1.57). In participants with no history of COVID-19, the risk for self-reported menstrual alterations was significantly higher based on employment situation, among participants experiencing financial issues (eg, financial issues always/many times < 12 months: aOR: 1.68, 95% CI, 1.48– 1.90), poorer self-perceived health (eg, poor: aOR: 2.00, 95% CI, 1.31– 3.07), and those diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (aOR: 1.13, 95% CI, 1.02– 1.26). Among participants with a self-reported COVID-19 diagnosis, factors that significantly increased the odds for menstrual alterations were experiencing financial strains (eg, financial issues always/many times < 12 months: aOR: 1.53, 95% CI, 1.09– 2.14), poorer self-perceived health (eg, poor: aOR: 3.09, 95% CI, 1.01– 9.52). Overall, factors that decreased the odds of reporting menstrual alterations included age > 25, being a carer, not having a gynecological condition and using hormonal contraception.Discussion and conclusions: Findings suggest an impact of the COVID-19 syndemic on menstrual patterns. Social inequities in reporting menstrual alterations were identified. While the risk of reporting menstrual alterations was higher among participants with long COVID-19, evidence is not conclusive. Further research on menstrual health in the context of COVID-19 is needed, also to inform policy and practice.Keywords: menstruation, COVID-19, long COVID-19, menstrual health, menstrual inequity, women’s health

The reasons for the sluggish kinetics of the hydrogen adsorption reaction in alkaline media remain a question still to be solved. This information is important to achieve a complete understanding of the mechanistic details that could lead to the production of key catalytic materials necessary for the development of a future hydrogen economy. For a better understanding of this reaction, it is important to acquire information about the thermodynamic parameters characteristic of the different steps in the reaction. Among these, the hydrogen adsorption is a key step in the process of hydrogen evolution. Although some debate still remains about the difference between adsorbed hydrogen in the underpotential deposition (UPD) region and at the overpotential deposition region, there is no doubt that understanding the former can help in the understanding of the latter. Making use of charge density measurements, we report on this paper a thermodynamic study of the hydrogen UPD process on Pt(111) in 0.05M NaOH over the range of temperatures from 283 ≤ T/K ≤ 313. The coulometric features corresponding to HUPD allow for the calculation of the hydrogen coverage and a fit to a Generalized Frumkin isotherm. From these values, different thermodynamic functions for the UPD reaction have been calculated: ΔGads, ΔSads, ΔHads, and the Pt–H bond energy. From extrapolation, a value of Δ S a d s ◦ = − 7.5 ± 4 J mol − 1 K − 1 was found, which is very close to 0, much lower than previously reported measurements both in acid and in alkaline solutions. Such value has an effect on the enthalpy and bond energy calculations, the latter having a decreasing tendency with pH and coverage. This tendency is completely different from the acidic systems and implies that the change in the thermodynamic functions due to the formation of the double layer and the reorganization of interfacial water has a strong influence on the process in high pH solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic effect of Pd on gold electrodes for glycerol oxidation is evaluated for Pd-Au surfaces prepared using three different methods: irreversible adsorption of palladium by a simple immersion of a gold electrode in palladium solution, the deposition of palladium on the gold substrate by a step potential from 1 to 0.75 V, and the forced deposition of palladium on the gold electrode with the help of a reducing hydrogen atmosphere. Voltammetry has been used for the electrochemical characterization of the Pd-Au deposits and to determine its reactivity towards glycerol oxidation, whereas FTIR experiments have allowed detecting adsorbed species and products formed during the oxidation reaction. Pd-Au surfaces prepared by irreversible adsorption are the electrodes that show the highest activity for the glycerol complete oxidation to carbonate, whereas Pd-Au surfaces made by the step potential are the catalyst that exhibits the highest rate for the formation and adsorption CO before carbonate production, poisoning the surface and diminishing their electrocatalytic properties. In addition to carbonate, glycerate, glycolate, and formate are detected as oxidation products. The integrated bands of the spectra are used to give quantitative information for comparing the product distribution of the different Pd-Au deposits prepared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]