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1. Enfermedades reumatológicas y compromiso pulmonar, lo que hay que saber

Author

Silvana Saavedra and Felipe Reyes-Cartes

Subjects
Enfermedades del Tejido Conectivo, Artritis Reumatoides, Miopatía Inflamatoria, Esclerosis Sistémica, Vasculitis Asociada a Anticuerpos Anticitoplasma Neutrófilo, Manifestaciones Pulmonares, Medicine
Abstract

Resumen: Tanto las enfermedades del tejido conectivo como las vasculitis pueden afectar a múltiples órganos. En el tracto respiratorio pueden comprometer la vía aérea, el parénquima pulmonar, la pleura y el mediastino; constituyendo una causa importante de morbimortalidad, por lo que es fundamental mantener una alta sospecha clínica.Además, es de vital relevancia en el diagnóstico diferencial descartar reacciones adversas a fármacos, infecciones o neoplasias secundarias al estado de inmunosupresión de los pacientes portadores de enfermedades reumatológicas.Finalmente, su clasificación y su manejo deben ser realizados por un equipo multidisciplinario, basándose en el cuadro clínico, exámenes laboratorio, test de función pulmonar, tomografía computarizada de alta resolución, lavado bronquioalveolar y/o biopsia, según cada caso.Este artículo de revisión tiene como objetivo resaltar la importancia de un enfoque multidisciplinario en el manejo de las enfermedades del tejido conectivo y las vasculitis; patologías complejas que pueden afectar al sistema respiratorio, constituyendo una causa importante de morbimortalidad. La clasificación y manejo de estas condiciones debe ser realizado por un equipo multidisciplinario, basándose en el cuadro clínico, exámenes de laboratorio, pruebas de función pulmonar, estudios de imagen y biopsias, según cada caso. Abstract: Connective tissue diseases and vasculitis are a wide group of autoimmune pathologies that can affect multiple organs. One of the most frequently affected systems is the respiratory system, with compromise of the airway, lung parenchyma, pleura and mediastinum. These pathologies constitute an important cause of morbimortality, making it essencial to maintain a high clinical suspicion.Furthermore, it is of vital relevance to rule out other causes of affectation like adverse drug reactions and infections due to the immunosuppressed state of patients with rheumatic diseases.Both the classification and its management must be done by a multidisciplinary team, based on the clinical history, serology, lung function tests, high-resolution computed tomography, bronchoalveolar lavage and/or biopsy, depending on each case.This review article aims to highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the management of connective tissue diseases and vasculitis; complex pathologies that can affect the respiratory system, constituting an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The classification and management of these conditions should be carried out by a multidisciplinary team, based on clinical status, laboratory tests, pulmonary function tests, imaging studies, and biopsies, according to each case.

Published
2024
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2. Actualizaciones clínicas en enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales: estrategias diagnósticas y terapéuticas avanzadas

Author

Felipe Reyes-Cartes

Subjects
Enfermedad Pulmonar Intersticial, Fibrosis Pulmonar, Artritis Reumatoide, Esclerosis Sistémica, Miopatías Inflamatorias Idiopáticas, Síndrome Antisintetasa, Medicine
Abstract

Resumen: Las enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales (EPI), son un grupo heterogéneo de trastornos, caracterizados por inflamación y/o fibrosis, que afectan el intersticio pulmonar. Históricamente, se basaban en características histopatológicas de biopsias pulmonares, pero con el avance de la tomografía computarizada de alta resolución (TCAR), el enfoque ha cambiado, permitiendo identificar patrones de enfermedad que sugieren distintas etiologías. La clasificación de las EPI ha evolucionado, y actualmente se clasifican según etiología, patrones histopatológicos y/o radiológicos y curso evolutivo. Las neumonías intersticiales idiopáticas (NII) son un grupo de EPI de origen desconocido, y la fibrosis pulmonar idiopática (FPI) es la más común dentro de las NII. Se ha desarrollado el concepto de enfermedad pulmonar intersticial fibrosante progresiva (EPI-FP), que describe un fenotipo de EPI con progresión a pesar del tratamiento. El diagnóstico se basa en una historia clínica detallada, examen físico, pruebas de función pulmonar, serología autoinmune y técnicas de imagen como la TCAR. El tratamiento varía según la etiología y puede incluir terapia inmunomoduladora o antiinflamatoria, terapia modificadora de la enfermedad con agentes antifibróticos y, en casos avanzados, trasplante pulmonar. La atención médica debe ser holística, incluyendo rehabilitación pulmonar, prevención de infecciones y oxigenoterapia.El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una actualización clínica de las enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales y comentar los avances en las estrategias diagnósticas y terapéuticas. Abstract: Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders that affect the lung interstitium, characterized by inflammation and/or fibrosis. Historically, they were based on histopathological characteristics of lung biopsies, but with the advancement of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), the approach has shifted, allowing for the identification of disease patterns that suggest different etiologies. The classification of ILDs has evolved, and they are currently classified according to etiology, histopathological and/or radiological patterns, and evolutionary course. Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) are a group of ILDs of unknown origin, with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) being the most common within the IIPs. The concept of progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease (PF-ILD) has been developed, describing a phenotype of ILD with progression despite treatment. Diagnosis is based on a detailed clinical history, physical examination, pulmonary function tests, autoimmune serology, and imaging techniques such as HRCT. Treatment varies according to etiology and may include immunomodulatory or anti-inflammatory therapy, disease-modifying therapy with antifibrotic agents and, in advanced cases, lung transplantation. Medical care should be holistic, including pulmonary rehabilitation, infection prevention, and oxygen therapy. This article aims to provide a clinical update on interstitial lung diseases and comment on advances in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Published
2024
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3. Neumonía grave por Influenza H1N1 ¿qué aprendimos desde el 2009?

Author

Felipe Reyes-Cartes, Claudio Pérez-Oliva, and Andrés Ramos-Plata

Subjects
Influenza A(H1N1), Pandemia 2009, Neumonía Viral, Terapia Antiviral, Corticosteroides, Sobreinfección Bacteriana, Medicine
Abstract

Resumen: La pandemia de influenza A(H1N1) de 2009 representó un acontecimiento crucial en el siglo XXI al ser identificada como la primera pandemia del presente siglo, recordando una vez más la vulnerabilidad de las poblaciones ante los virus respiratorios. Este artículo busca explorar, las lecciones aprendidas de la pandemia de Influenza A H1N1, especialmente relevantes en el actual panorama epidemiológico. Se analizan las características del virus, su patogénesis, los síntomas clínicos y los factores de riesgo asociados. Adicionalmente, se examina la importancia de la terapia antiviral precoz, los posibles efectos adversos ligados al uso de corticosteroides y las complicaciones infecciosas no virales, como la neumonía necrotizante por Staphylococcus aureus y el síndrome de shock tóxico estreptocócico. Esta revisión pretende ser un recurso para comprender y abordar, desde la prevención hasta el tratamiento, las neumonías causadas por influenza y sus complicaciones. Abstract: The influenza A(H1N1) pandemic of 2009 marked a pivotal event in the 21st century, as it was recognized as the first pandemic of that era, once again highlighting the vulnerability of populations to respiratory viruses. This article aims to explore the lessons learned from the Influenza A H1N1 pandemic, particularly pertinent to the current epidemiological landscape. Viral characteristics, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, and associated risk factors were analyzed. Additionally, the significance of early antiviral therapy, potential adverse effects linked to corticosteroid use, and non-viral infectious complications, such as necrotizing pneumonia caused by Staphylococcus aureus and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, were examined. This review aspires to be a valuable resource for understanding and addressing influenza-induced pneumonia and its complications from prevention to treatment.

Published
2024
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4. Genetic Polymorphisms and Tumoral Mutational Profiles over Survival in Advanced Colorectal Cancer Patients: An Exploratory Study

Author

Juan Pablo Cayún, Leslie Carol Cerpa, Alicia Colombo, Dante Daniel Cáceres, José Luis Leal, Felipe Reyes, Carolina Gutiérrez-Cáceres, Susan Calfunao, Nelson Miguel Varela, and Luis Abel Quiñones

Subjects
colorectal cancer, pharmacogenomics, biomarkers, Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract

Colorectal cancer is a common disease, both in Chile and worldwide. The most widely used chemotherapy schemes are based on 5-fluorouracil (5FU) as the foundational drug (FOLFOX, CapeOX). Genetic polymorphisms have emerged as potential predictive biomarkers of response to chemotherapy, but conclusive evidence is lacking. This study aimed to investigate the role of genetic variants associated with 5FU-based chemotherapy on therapeutic response, considering their interaction with oncogene mutations (KRAS, NRAS, PI3KCA, AKT1, BRAF). In a retrospective cohort of 63 patients diagnosed with metastatic colorectal cancer, a multivariate analysis revealed that liver metastases, DPYD, ABCB1, and MTHFR polymorphisms are independent indicators of poor prognosis, irrespective of oncogene mutations. BRAF wild-type status and high-risk drug-metabolism polymorphisms correlated with a poor prognosis in this Chilean cohort. Additionally, findings from the genomics of drug sensitivity (GDSC) project demonstrated that cell lines with wild-type BRAF have higher IC50 values for 5-FU compared to BRAF-mutated cell lines. In conclusion, the genetic polymorphisms DPYDrs1801265, ABCB1rs1045642, and MTHFRrs180113 may serve as useful biomarkers for predicting a poor prognosis in patients undergoing 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy, regardless of oncogene mutations.

Published
2024
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5. Salmon-IgM Functionalized-PLGA Nanosystem for Florfenicol Delivery as an Antimicrobial Strategy against Piscirickettsia salmonis

Author

Felipe Velásquez, Mateus Frazao, Arturo Diez, Felipe Villegas, Marcelo Álvarez-Bidwell, J. Andrés Rivas-Pardo, Eva Vallejos-Vidal, Felipe Reyes-López, Daniela Toro-Ascuy, Manuel Ahumada, and Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa

Subjects
PLGA, nanosystem, florfenicol, Piscirickettsia salmonis, Atlantic salmon macrophages, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

Salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS), caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis, has been the most severe health concern for the Chilean salmon industry. The efforts to control P. salmonis infections have focused on using antibiotics and vaccines. However, infected salmonids exhibit limited responses to the treatments. Here, we developed a poly (D, L-lactide-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-nanosystem functionalized with Atlantic salmon IgM (PLGA-IgM) to specifically deliver florfenicol into infected cells. Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared via the double emulsion solvent-evaporation method in the presence of florfenicol. Later, the PLGA-NPs were functionalized with Atlantic salmon IgM through carbodiimide chemistry. The nanosystem showed an average size of ~380–410 nm and a negative surface charge. Further, florfenicol encapsulation efficiency was close to 10%. We evaluated the internalization of the nanosystem and its impact on bacterial load in SHK-1 cells by using confocal microscopy and qPCR. The results suggest that stimulation with the nanosystem elicits a decrease in the bacterial load of P. salmonis when it infects Atlantic salmon macrophages. Overall, the IgM-functionalized PLGA-based nanosystem represents an alternative to the administration of antibiotics in salmon farming, complementing the delivery of antibiotics with the stimulation of the immune response of infected macrophages.

Published
2024
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6. Particle lung deposited surface area (LDSAal) size distributions in different urban environments and geographical regions: Towards understanding of the PM2.5 dose–response

Author

Teemu Lepistö, Henna Lintusaari, Anna Oudin, Luis M.F. Barreira, Jarkko V. Niemi, Panu Karjalainen, Laura Salo, Ville Silvonen, Lassi Markkula, Jussi Hoivala, Petteri Marjanen, Sampsa Martikainen, Minna Aurela, Felipe Reyes Reyes, Pedro Oyola, Heino Kuuluvainen, Hanna E. Manninen, Roel P.F. Schins, Michal Vojtisek-Lom, Jakub Ondracek, Jan Topinka, Hilkka Timonen, Pasi Jalava, Sanna Saarikoski, and Topi Rönkkö

Subjects
Urban air quality, Ultrafine particles, Human respiratory tract, Regional aerosol, Particulate matter, Exposure, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

Recent studies indicate that monitoring only fine particulate matter (PM2.5) may not be enough to understand and tackle the health risk caused by particulate pollution. Health effects per unit PM2.5 seem to increase in countries with low PM2.5, but also near local pollution sources (e.g., traffic) within cities. The aim of this study is to understand the differences in the characteristics of lung-depositing particles in different geographical regions and urban environments. Particle lung deposited surface area (LDSAal) concentrations and size distributions, along with PM2.5, were compared with ambient measurement data from Finland, Germany, Czechia, Chile, and India, covering traffic sites, residential areas, airports, shipping, and industrial sites. In Finland (low PM2.5), LDSAal size distributions depended significantly on the urban environment and were mainly attributable to ultrafine particles (

Published
2023
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7. Different Safety Pattern of an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (CoronaVac®) According to Age Group in a Pediatric Population from 3 to 17 Years Old, in an Open-Label Study in Chile

Author

Nicole Le Corre, Katia Abarca, Patricio Astudillo, Marcela Potin, Sofía López, Macarena Goldsack, Vania Valenzuela, Andrea Schilling, Victoria Gaete, Lilian Rubio, Mario Calvo, Loreto Twele, Marcela González, Daniela Fuentes, Valentina Gutiérrez, Felipe Reyes, Lorena I. Tapia, Rodolfo Villena, Angello Retamal-Díaz, Antonio Cárdenas, Eduardo Alarcón-Bustamante, Xing Meng, Qianqian Xin, José V. González-Aramundiz, María Javiera Álvarez-Figueroa, Pablo A. González, Susan M. Bueno, Jorge A. Soto, on behalf of the PedCoronaVac03CL Study Group, Cecilia Perret, and Alexis M. Kalergis

Subjects
CoronaVac®, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 vaccines, inactivated virus vaccine, safety pattern, children, Medicine
Abstract

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of vaccinating children against SARS-CoV-2 was rapidly established. This study describes the safety of CoronaVac® in children and adolescents between 3- and 17-years-old in a multicenter study in Chile with two vaccine doses in a 4-week interval. For all participants, immediate adverse events (AEs), serious AEs (SAEs), and AEs of special interest (AESIs) were registered throughout the study. In the safety subgroup, AEs were recorded 28 days after each dose. COVID-19 surveillance was performed throughout the study. A total of 1139 individuals received the first and 1102 the second dose of CoronaVac®; 835 were in the safety subgroup. The first dose showed the highest number of AEs: up to 22.2% of participants reported any local and 17.1% systemic AE. AEs were more frequent in adolescents after the first dose, were transient, and mainly mild. Pain at the inoculation site was the most frequent AE for all ages. Fever was the most frequent systemic AE for 3–5 years old and headache in 6–17 years old. No SAEs or AESIs related to vaccination occurred. Most of the COVID-19 cases were mild and managed as outpatients. CoronaVac® was safe and well tolerated in children and adolescents, with different safety patterns according to age.

Published
2023
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8. Dabrafenib plus trametinib versus nivolumab for advanced melanoma

Author

Daniela Lahoz, Felipe Reyes, and Camila Quirland

Subjects
dabrafenib, trametinib, nivolumab, advanced melanoma, epistemonikos, grade, Medicine, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Introduction The incidence of cutaneous melanoma has increased worldwide over the years, and an incidence of 3 cases per 100,000 men and women is estimated in Chile. Though most of the patients are diagnosed at an early stage of the disease and have a good prognosis, advanced melanoma has poor survival results. For the treatment of melanoma, the combination of dabrafenib plus trametinib has been demonstrated to improve the outcome versus dabrafenib alone, but only indirect evidence is available for its efficacy and safety compared with immunotherapy, like nivolumab. The aim of this study is to review the available evidence to report results of efficacy and safety of dabrafenib plus trametinib in comparison with nivolumab in metastatic melanoma. Methods We searched in Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. We extracted data from the systematic reviews selected, reanalyzed data of primary studies, and generated a summary of the findings table using the GRADE approach. Results and conclusions We identified five systematic reviews, including seven studies overall that included one intervention of our interest, of which all were randomized trials. We only found indirect evidence comparing dabrafenib plus trametinib versus nivolumab that came from Network Meta-Analyses. We concluded that it is not possible to decide if dabrafenib plus trametinib is a better strategy for advanced melanoma treatment than nivolumab because the certainty of the evidence is very low for efficacy and safety outcomes.

Published
2023
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9. The Armed Conflict and the Impact on Patients With Cancer in Ukraine: Urgent Considerations

Author

Christian Caglevic, Christian Rolfo, Ignacio Gil-Bazo, Andrés Cardona, Jorge Sapunar, Fred R. Hirsch, David R. Gandara, Gilberto Morgan, Silvia Novello, Marina-Chiara Garassino, Giannis Mountzios, Natasha B. Leighl, Denisse Bretel, Oscar Arrieta, Alfredo Addeo, Stephen V. Liu, Luis Corrales, Vivek Subbiah, Francisco Aboitiz, Franz Villarroel-Espindola, Felipe Reyes-Cosmelli, Ricardo Morales, Mauricio Mahave, Luis Raez, Jorge Alatorre, Edgardo Santos, Luis Ubillos, Daniel S.W. Tan, and Christoph Zielinski

Subjects
Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract

On February 24, 2022, a war began within the Ukrainian borders. At least 3.0 million Ukrainian inhabitants have already fled the country. Critical infrastructure, including hospitals, has been damaged. Children with cancer were urgently transported to foreign countries, in an effort to minimize interruption of their life-saving treatments. Most adults did not have that option. War breeds cancer—delaying diagnosis, preventing treatment, and increasing risk. We project that a modest delay in care of only 4 months for five prevalent types of cancer will lead to an excess of over 3,600 cancer deaths in the subsequent years. It is critical that we establish plans to mitigate that risk as soon as possible.

Published
2022
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10. BRONQUIECTASIAS NO FIBROSIS QUÍSTICA. DESDE LA INFANCIA A LA ADULTEZ. ENFOQUE DIAGNOSTICO Y TERAPÉUTICO

Author

Felipe Reyes C

Subjects
bronquiectasia, fibrosis quística, exacerbaciones, Pediatrics, RJ1-570
Abstract

La bronquiectasia es una enfermedad pulmonar supurativa con características fenotípicas heterogéneas. Se define como la dilatación anormal de los bronquios, perdiendo la relación existente entre tamaño bronquial y arteria que acompaña. Según su forma, pueden ser clasificadas en cilíndricas, varicosas, saculares o quísticas y según su etiología presentarse de forma difusa o localizada. El diagnóstico de bronquiectasias se sospecha generalmente en pacientes con tos crónica, broncorrea mucosa, mucupurulenta e infecciones respiratorias recurrentes. La etiología es variada, pudiendo clasificarse en bronquiectasias fibrosis quística, aquellas que se encuentran en el contexto de la mutación del gen regulador transmembrana de fibrosis quística (CFTR) y no fibrosis quística, de etiologías diversas, siendo post infecciosas la gran mayoría. No se conoce con certeza su relación con la infancia, es sabido que infecciones respiratorias severas pueden predisponer en un sujeto susceptible, a la llamada teoría del “circulo vicioso” y el desarrollo de estas. La bronquitis bacteriana persistente en niños se ha descrito como una causa probable del desarrollo de bronquiectasias no fibrosis quística en adultos. El tratamiento se basa en el manejo de los síntomas y la prevención de las exacerbaciones. La evidencia es escasa y la mayoría de las terapias se han investigado en las bronquiectasias tipo fibrosis quística. En este trabajo se explicará el enfrentamiento diagnóstico y terapéutico de los adultos portadores de bronquiectasias no fibrosis quística.

Published
2020
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11. De la cosificación a la poetización de la Vida. Pautas para la transformación humana y civilizatoria

Author

Felipe Reyes Escutia and Yolanda Quintero Reyes

Subjects
vida poética, transformación civilizatoria, crisis moderna, comunidad planetaria, History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, AZ20-999, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Abstract

Con este escrito se busca proponer pautas para transitar de la cosificación a la poetización de la Vida como urgencia civilizatoria. En la recuperación de voces emergentes de Occidente y del pensamiento maya vivo se reconoce su potencia óntica, filosófica y civilizatoria como vía para forjar una humanidad poética ante la insuficiencia del pensar y proponer modernos para comprender y solucionar la policrisis planetaria. Planteamos que retornar a la Vida y a su naturaleza poética exige un tránsito civilizatorio pluriversal, autopoiético, comunal y transracional. Esto se observa como posible si nos redefinimos y comprendemos como humanos en el amar, ejerciendo esto en todo proceso relacional en el que forjamos vínculos y comunidades entre pueblos, culturas y ecosistemas en el pluriverso de la Vida.

Published
2022
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12. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C): Report of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of cases in Santiago de Chile during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Author

Juan P. Torres, Giannina Izquierdo, Mirta Acuña, Daniela Pavez, Felipe Reyes, Ana Fritis, Ricardo González, Carolina Rivacoba, Verónica Contardo, and Lorena I. Tapia

Subjects
MIS-C multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Objective: To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of hospitalized children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in Santiago, Chile. Methods: This was an observational study of children with MIS-C (May 1 to June 24, 2020), in three pediatric hospitals in Santiago. Demographic characteristics and epidemiological data, medical history, laboratory tests, cardiology evaluations, treatment, and clinical outcomes were analyzed. Results: Twenty-seven patients were admitted (median age 6, range 0–14 years). Sixteen of the 27 (59%) required intensive care unit admission; there were no deaths. Seventy-four percent had no comorbidities, and the median number of days of symptoms before admission was 4 (range 2–9 days). Gastrointestinal symptoms were the most frequent, and inflammatory markers were increased at admission. A recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection was detected in 82% of cases. The severe group showed significantly lower hemoglobin and albumin levels, decreased platelet counts, and higher d-dimer during disease evolution. Echocardiography showed abnormalities (myocardial, pericardial, or coronary) in 12 patients (46%) during their hospital stay. Anti-inflammatory treatment (immunoglobulin and/or corticosteroids) was prescribed in 24 patients. MIS-C appeared in clusters weeks after the peak of SARS-CoV-2 cases, especially in the most vulnerable areas of Santiago. Conclusions: This study describes the first series (n = 27) of children with MIS-C in a Latin American country, showing favorable clinical outcomes. Education and alerts are required for clinical teams to establish an early diagnosis and prompt treatment.

Published
2020
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13. The northernmost record of King’s Tree Iguana, Liolaemus kingii (Bell, 1843) (Reptilia, Liolaemidae), in Chile

Author

Jorge Mella, Jorge Mella-Romero, Felipe Reyes, and Cristián Muñoz

Subjects
Distribution, lizard, Patagonian Steppe, Squamata, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

We report the presence of Liolaemus kingii (Bell, 1843) in Paso Río Frías, Villa La Tapera, Lago Verde, Aysén Region, Chile. The new record extends in 201 km the distribution range of this lizard and is the northernmost record to date in Chile. We highlight the importance of systematic fieldwork in Patagonian steppe to refine estimates of the number of reptile species in the Aysén Region.

Published
2020
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14. PROXIMIDAD HACIA LA SUSTENTABILIDAD DE HABITANTES DE TUXTLA GUTIÉRREZ, CHIAPAS, MÉXICO

Author

Jesús Ocaña Zúñiga, Felipe Reyes Escutia, Oscar Cruz Pérez, Germán Alejandro García Lara, and Carlos Eduardo Pérez Jiménez

Subjects
sustentabilidad urbana, desarrollo urbano, conducta ecológica, equidad, austeridad, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Abstract

Este trabajo tiene por objetivo valorar la proximidad a la sustentabilidad de los habitantes de una comunidad urbana a partir de la medición de acciones, actitudes y disposiciones que, desde una perspectiva socioambiental, aportan a este campo. Las variables medidas son: austeridad, altruismo, conducta ecológica, equidad y espiritualidad. El trabajo, de carácter exploratorio, expone los resultados obtenidos en una muestra no probabilística de 653 habitantes de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, una ciudad con altos niveles de desigualdad y pobreza en el sur de México. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que los habitantes de esta ciudad no son próximos hacia la sustentabilidad, siendo la equidad y austeridad los campos con mejor valoración, mientras que el altruismo y las conductas proambientales los más distantes a ella. Se analizan y discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados y se proyectan líneas de investigación hacia incorporación de la sustentabilidad como eje del desarrollo en los centros urbanos.

Published
2020
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15. Sonoridades, biodiversidad y conocimiento local de los zoques de Tapalapa, Chiapas, México

Author

Atzin Yetlanezi Campos Beltrán, Felipe Reyes Escutia, and Leonardo Cabrera García

Subjects
Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

La relación entre pueblos originarios y su entorno sonoro constituye un campo emergente para conocer el valor de la dimensión acústica en la comprensión del territorio y los vínculos entre sus componentes naturales y culturales. A partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas, se documentó y analizó el conocimiento local de los zoques de Tapalapa, Chiapas, México sobre los sonidos de su entorno y las interacciones, percepciones e interpretaciones que han desarrollado sobre los mismos, aportando una perspectiva sobre el valor de las sonoridades para la comprensión y convivencia con la biodiversidad. Partiendo del sistema local de clasificación de sonidos, se reconoció a las cosmofonías como una categoría que visibiliza las interpretaciones sonoras relacionadas con la cosmovisión zoque. Los hallazgos de este estudio resaltan el valor de las especies y de los ecosistemas en buen estado de conservación como refugio para la riqueza de señales sonoras, esenciales en la vida comunitaria, e invitan a profundizar en la comprensión de los procesos modernizadores que han erosionado el patrimonio sonoro de los zoques de Tapalapa. Concluimos que la degradación de los ecosistemas locales y de su sonoridad impacta el sistema de conocimiento, la identidad cultural y el sentido de pertenencia de los zoques.

Published
2022
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16. Seeking Help From Trusted Adults in Response to Peers’ Social Media Posts About Mental Health Struggles: Qualitative Interview Study Among Latinx Adolescents

Author

Celeste Campos-Castillo, Brian Jason Thomas, Felipe Reyes, and Linnea Irina Laestadius

Subjects
Psychology, BF1-990
Abstract

BackgroundRather than confiding in adults about their mental health struggles, adolescents may use social media to disclose them to peers. Disclosure recipients are tasked with deciding whether to alert an adult and, if so, whom to alert. Few studies have examined how adolescents decide on a trusted adult to help a friend who posts on social media about his/her mental health struggles. Moreover, Latinx adolescents are underrepresented in research on social media use, which creates gaps in understanding how social media may influence their well-being. ObjectiveThis qualitative study presents findings from semistructured interviews with Latinx adolescents to investigate how they seek out trusted adults when a friend posts on social media about their mental health struggles. Specifically, we sought to determine which adult ties they activated, the resources they believed the adult could provide, and the support they expected the adult to provide. MethodsWe recruited participants through a nonprofit organization serving the Latinx community (primarily of Mexican origin) located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. We conducted 43 semistructured interviews, each lasting 60-90 minutes, with Latinx adolescents (25 females, 18 males) aged 13-17 years. All interviews were conducted in English, at the adolescents’ request. Using a grounded theory approach, we identified the nature of the relationship between the trusted adult and either the disclosure recipient or distressed friend, and the resources and support the trusted adult is expected to provide. ResultsParticipants nominated adults who were emotionally or physically proximate to either the disclosure recipient or distressed friend, particularly parents (of the recipient and friend) and school staff. However, some felt that not all parents and school staff were emotionally proximate. Adolescents sought trusted adults with access to two resources: experiential knowledge and authority. Some, particularly males, avoided adults with authority because of the risk of punishment and others thought their immigrant parents did not have relevant experiential knowledge to assist them. Interviewees felt that trusted adults with either resource could provide emotional and instrumental support either directly or indirectly, while those with experiential knowledge could provide informational support. Notably, interviews did not problematize the fact that the disclosure occurred on social media when deliberating about adults. ConclusionsTo assist a distressed friend posting on social media, Latinx adolescents look not only for trusted adults who are emotionally and physically proximate but also those who have key resources that facilitate support. Efforts should focus on connecting adolescents with trusted adults and training adults who hold positions of authority or experiential knowledge to offer both direct and indirect support. Additionally, efforts should consider how immigrant experiences shape parent-child relations and address the potential long-term consequences of oversurveillance of Latinx youth, particularly males, by school staff for their access to social support.

Published
2021
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17. Smartphone screen testing, a novel pre-diagnostic method to identify SARS-CoV-2 infectious individuals

Author

Rodrigo M Young, Camila J Solis, Andres Barriga-Fehrman, Carlos Abogabir, Alvaro R Thadani, Mariana Labarca, Eva Bustamante, Cecilia V Tapia, Antonia G Sarda, Francisca Sepulveda, Nadia Pozas, Leslie C Cerpa, María A Lavanderos, Nelson M Varela, Alvaro Santibañez, Ana M Sandino, Felipe Reyes-Lopez, Garth Dixon, and Luis A Quiñones

Subjects
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, RT-PCR, Medicine, Science, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic will likely take years to control globally, and constant epidemic surveillance will be required to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2, especially considering the emergence of new variants that could hamper the effect of vaccination efforts. We developed a simple and robust – Phone Screen Testing (PoST) – method to detect SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals by RT-PCR testing of smartphone screen swab samples. We show that 81.3–100% of individuals with high-viral-load SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal-positive samples also test positive for PoST, suggesting this method is effective in identifying COVID-19 contagious individuals. Furthermore, we successfully identified polymorphisms associated with SARS-CoV-2 Alpha, Beta, and Gamma variants, in SARS-CoV-2-positive PoST samples. Overall, we report that PoST is a new non-invasive, cost-effective, and easy-to-implement smartphone-based smart alternative for SARS-CoV-2 testing, which could help to contain COVID-19 outbreaks and identification of variants of concern in the years to come.

Published
2021
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18. Genome-Wide Association Analysis for Resistance to Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus Identifies Candidate Genes Involved in Viral Replication and Immune Response in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Author

Francisco H. Rodríguez, Raúl Flores-Mara, Grazyella M. Yoshida, Agustín Barría, Ana M. Jedlicki, Jean P. Lhorente, Felipe Reyes-López, and José M. Yáñez

Subjects
Bayes C, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Disease resistance, GWAS, QTL, Candidate genes, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract

Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a viral disease with considerable negative impact on the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture industry. The aim of the present work was to detect genomic regions that explain resistance to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in rainbow trout. A total of 2,278 fish from 58 full-sib families were challenged with IPNV and 768 individuals were genotyped (488 resistant and 280 susceptible), using a 57K SNP panel Axiom, Affymetrix. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using the phenotypes time to death (TD) and binary survival (BS), along with the genotypes of the challenged fish using a Bayesian model (Bayes C). Heritabilities for resistance to IPNV estimated using genomic information, were 0.53 and 0.82 for TD and BS, respectively. The Bayesian GWAS detected a SNP located on chromosome 5 explaining 19% of the genetic variance for TD. The proximity of Sentrin-specific protease 5 (SENP5) to this SNP makes it a candidate gene for resistance against IPNV. In case of BS, a SNP located on chromosome 23 was detected explaining 9% of the genetic variance. However, the moderate-low proportion of variance explained by the detected marker leads to the conclusion that the incorporation of all genomic information, through genomic selection, would be the most appropriate approach to accelerate genetic progress for the improvement of resistance against IPNV in rainbow trout.

Published
2019
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19. Un estudio con técnicas físicas de tres piezas minerales pertenecientes al Museo de Historia Natural de la UNMSM

Author

María Cerón, Jorge Bravo, and Felipe Reyes

Subjects
Museo de Historia Natural, difracción de rayos x, espectroscopia Mössbauer, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Mediante el uso de técnicas analíticas físicas, estudiamos tres piezas minerales pertenecientes al Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Nuestro objetivo es obtener detalles sobre su composición elemental y estructural. Específicamente, hemos utilizado técnicas como la fluorescencia de rayos X de dispersión de energía, la difractometría de rayos X, la espectroscopía Mössbauer, la microscopía óptica metalográfica y la microscopía electrónica de barrido. Esta última la usamos en conjunto con la espectroscopía de rayos X de dispersión de energía. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las muestras MHN-09 y MHN-11 se clasifican como impactitas. Esto demuestra que hubo un impacto meteorítico en Huánuco hace muchos años. También encontramos que la muestra MHN- 03 es una muestra magnética de acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos por fluorescencia de rayos X de dispersión de energía y espectroscopía Mössbauer.

Published
2020
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20. Skin Mucus as a Relevant Low-Invasive Biological Matrix for the Measurement of an Acute Stress Response in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Author

Lorena Franco-Martinez, Irene Brandts, Felipe Reyes-López, Lluís Tort, Asta Tvarijonaviciute, and Mariana Teles

Subjects
biomarkers, skin mucus, fish, acute stress, rainbow trout, Hydraulic engineering, TC1-978, Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes, TD201-500
Abstract

Skin mucus is a non-lethal and low-invasive matrix appropriate to assess fish welfare as it contributes to their defence against external aggressions and reflects changes in fish health status. However, more information on the response of this matrix to specific stressors is needed. In this study, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) specimens were subjected to an acute stress by air exposure and sampled after 1, 6, and 24 h post-stress. Blood and skin mucus were collected, and a battery of biochemical biomarkers were measured in both matrices. Cortisol and glucose values showed the expected classical stress response in plasma, increasing after the acute stress. The same pattern was observed in skin mucus, corroborating previous data in fish, and allowing us to confirm that skin mucus can be a useful complementary matrix for stress assessment in fish. The results showed sensitivity to hypoxic stress in skin mucus for cortisol, glucose, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine kinase (CK), and calcium. From the 15 parameters evaluated, 12 did not show statistically significant changes between plasma and mucus; therefore, using skin mucus cannot replace the use of plasma. Finally, the principal component analysis in skin mucus revealed a complete separation between the two experimental groups, being ALP, AST, glucose, cortisol, and CK, the biomarkers that contributed the most to this separation.

Published
2022
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21. SERPINE1 rs6092 Variant Is Related to Plasma Coagulation Proteins in Patients with Severe COVID-19 from a Tertiary Care Hospital

Author

Ingrid Fricke-Galindo, Ivette Buendia-Roldan, Leslie Chavez-Galan, Gloria Pérez-Rubio, Rafael de Jesús Hernández-Zenteno, Espiridión Ramos-Martinez, Armando Zazueta-Márquez, Felipe Reyes-Melendres, Aimé Alarcón-Dionet, Javier Guzmán-Vargas, Omar Andrés Bravo-Gutiérrez, Teresa Quintero-Puerta, Ilse Adriana Gutiérrez-Pérez, Alejandro Ortega-Martínez, Enrique Ambrocio-Ortiz, Karol J. Nava-Quiroz, José Luis Bañuelos-Flores, María Esther Jaime-Capetillo, Mayra Mejía, Jorge Rojas-Serrano, and Ramcés Falfán-Valencia

Subjects
COVID-19, coagulation, genetics, F5, SERPINE1, PSGL-1, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

An impaired coagulation process has been described in patients with severe or critical coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Nevertheless, the implication of coagulation-related genes has not been explored. We aimed to evaluate the impact of F5 rs6025 and SERPINE1 rs6092 on invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) requirement and the levels of coagulation proteins among patients with severe COVID-19. Four-hundred fifty-five patients with severe COVID-19 were genotyped using TaqMan assays. Coagulation-related proteins (P-Selectin, D-dimer, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1, tissue plasminogen activator [tPA], plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and Factor IX) were assessed by cytometric bead arrays in one- and two-time determinations. Accordingly, SERPINE1 rs6092, P-Selectin (GG 385 pg/mL vs. AG+AA 632 pg/mL, p = 0.0037), and tPA (GG 1858 pg/mL vs. AG+AA 2546 pg/mL, p = 0.0284) levels were different. Patients carrying the CT F5-rs6025 genotype exhibited lower levels of factor IX (CC 17,136 pg/mL vs. CT 10,247 pg/mL, p = 0.0355). Coagulation proteins were also different among IMV patients than non-IMV. PSGL-1 levels were significantly increased in the late stage of COVID-19 (>10 days). The frequencies of F5 rs6025 and SERPINE1 rs6092 variants were not different among IMV and non-IMV. The SERPINE1 rs6092 variant is related to the impaired coagulation process in patients with COVID-19 severe.

Published
2022
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22. Un estudio actualizado de la fracción magnética en sedimentos medicinales provenientes de dos lagunas Peruanas

Author

María Cerón, Jorge Bravo, Franko Urcia, Martín Salazar, and Felipe Reyes

Subjects
fluorescencia de rayos X por energía dispersiva, difractometría de rayos X, espectroscopía de transmisión Mössbauer, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Estudiamos diversos minerales encontrados en la fracción magnética de arcillas de sedimentos medicinales recolectados en dos lagunas peruanas, La Milagrosa (MML) y La Mellicera (MELL). La fracción de arcilla se separó por el método de sedimentación. Las técnicas analíticas físicas que utilizamos fueron la fluorescencia de rayos X por energía dispersiva (FRXED), la difractometría de rayos X (DRX) y la espectroscopía Mössbauer de transmisión (EMT). Éstas técnicas las complementamos con un análisis físico-químico para determinar la textura, pH y conductividad eléctrica de las muestras recolectadas. Así, hemos observado, a través de DRX, minerales como ilita, calcita y maghemita. Específicamente, para MML, por DRX observamos dos fases minerales: cuarzo y dolomita. La EMT nos permitió observar la fracción magnética de los sedimentos. En los espectros observamos cuatro sextetos magnéticos y tres dobletes paramagnéticos. Los sextetos fueron asignados a hematita/goethita, dos sitios de magnetita (Fe3+ y Fe2.5+) y maghemita. Asimismo, los dobletes se asignaron a Fe2+ y Fe+3, sitios asignados a ilita y pirita, respectivamente

Published
2020
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23. Propiedades Magnéticas del Meteorito de Tuxtuac por Espectroscopia Mössbauer de 57Fe

Author

María Luisa Cerón, Jorge Bravo, and Felipe Reyes

Subjects
Meteorito de Tuxtuac, uorescencia de rayos X por dispersión de energía, difractometría de rayos X, espectroscopia Mössbauer de transmisión con 57Fe., Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Se ha estudiado una muestra del meteorito de Tuxtuac, clasicada como una condrita ordinaria. Se aplicaron tres técnicas analíticas. Así, la uorescencia de rayos X por dispersión de energía nos permitió identicar hierro, níquel y cobalto, que forman la estructura de los minerales kamacita y taenita. Asimismo, la difractometr ía de rayos X nos permitió reconocer la presencia de las fases estructurales de los silicatos olivino, piroxeno y ortopiroxeno. Además, la espectroscopia Mössbauer de transmisión con 57Fe indicó la presencia de dos sextetos magnéticos. Uno fue asignado a troilita y el otro, a goethita. Después del proceso de separación magnética, esta misma técnica se utilizó para determinar información más detallada sobre los minerales magnéticos presentes en la muestra. Como resultado, en los respectivos espectros Mössbauer se obtuvieron otros dos sextetos magnéticos, asignados a kamacita y taenita, respectivamente. Además, la presencia de goethita en la muestra puede ser el resultado de la meteorización química.

Published
2019
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24. Observación de captura de laucha doméstica Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia, Rodentia, Muridae) por el lagarto corredor de cuatro bandas Microlophus quadrivittatus (Tschudi, 1845; Reptilia, Squamata, Tropiduridae) en la costa del norte de Chile

Author

Felipe Reyes Cortés and Jorge Mella Ávila

Subjects
Norte de Chile, Mus musculus, Microlophus quadrivittatus, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract

Documentamos la captura de la laucha doméstica (Mus musculus), un roedor exótico, por el lagarto corredor de cuatro bandas (Microlophus quadrivitattus), en la costa del norte de Chile.

Published
2018

25. Spatiotemporal Variation in Composition of Submicron Particles in Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile

Author

Matías Tagle, Felipe Reyes, Yeanice Vásquez, Samara Carbone, Sanna Saarikoski, Hilkka Timonen, Ernesto Gramsch, and Pedro Oyola

Subjects
ACSM, air pollution, Chile, particulate matter, submicron, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

The chemical composition of submicron particles (aerodynamic diameter Da < 1.0 μm) was investigated at three locations in the Santiago Metropolitan Region (SMR), Chile. Measurements campaigns were conducted in winter and spring 2016, at representative sites of a rural, urban, and urban receptor environment. Instrumentation consisted of an optical analyzer to determine Black Carbon (BC) and the Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) to measure concentrations of particulate chloride (Cl−), nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO42-), ammonium (NH4+), and non-refractory carbonaceous species (organics). Complementary data, such as ozone concentration and meteorological parameters were obtained from the public air quality network. Results showed that in both the winter and spring seasons the organics predominated in the mass of submicron particles. This fraction was followed in decreasing order by NO3-, NH4+, BC, SO42-, and Cl−. The highest average organics concentrations were measured in winter at the urban (32.2 μg m−3) and urban receptor sites (20.1 μg m−3). In winter, average concentrations of both NO3- and NH4+ were higher at the urban receptor site (12.3 and 4.5 μg m−3, respectively) when compared to the urban site (6.4 and 3.1 μg m−3, respectively). In general, all the measured species were present in higher concentrations during winter, excepting SO42-, which was the only one that increased during spring. The transition toward spring was also associated with an acidification of the aerosol at the rural and urban receptor site, while at the urban site the aerosol was observed alkaline. The highest average ozone concentration during both the winter and spring seasons were recorded at the urban receptor site (7.2 and 24.0 ppb, respectively). The study reports data showing that the atmosphere in the SMR has a considerable load of particulate organic compounds, NO3- and NH4+, which are in higher concentrations at urban sites during the winter season. Based on wind patterns and the hourly profiles of chemical species, the study suggests that during daytime the polluted air masses from the urban center can move to the northeast part of the region (namely urban receptor site) leading to the formation of submicron particles as well as photochemical ozone.

Published
2018
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26. Una mirada de los aspectos económicos, simbólicos y emocionales como parte de un conjunto de prácticas que determinan experiencias de consumo de bienes de lujo

Author

Mauricio Edgardo Muñoz Osores, Felipe Reyes Rittig, and Juan Luis Orrego Morales

Subjects
marcas, lujo, aspiraciones, estilos de vida, consumidores, brands, luxury, aspiration, lifestyles, consumers, Commerce, HF1-6182, Business, HF5001-6182
Abstract

El presente trabajo tiene por objeto, identificar y comprender las actitudes manifiestas por un grupo de consumidores de segmentos diferenciados, en relación al proceso de decisión de compra de marcas de lujo en dos regiones del país. A partir de sesiones de discusión en grupos y un posterior análisis cualitativo, se pretende obtener una conceptualización determinada sobre el significado de marca de lujo, los diferentes estados de bienestar o satisfacción generados por estas, así como también, la identificación de ciertas marcas que puedan clasificarse como de “lujo tradicional” y “nuevo lujo”. Este último punto es de gran relevancia para establecer y reconocer diferencias substanciales en el mercado del consumo de marcas de lujo, dado que por lo establecido en la presente investigación, el perfil o naturaleza de los compradores difiere, en términos de capacidad, frecuencia y motivos de compra. The present work aims to, identify and understand the manifest attitudes by a group of consumers of different segments, in relation to the decision-making process of purchase of brands of luxury in two regions of the country. From discussion groups and a subsequent qualitative analysis sessions, is expected to obtain a particular conceptualization about the meaning of luxury brand, different States of well-being or satisfaction generated by these, as well as the identification of certain brands that may be classified as “traditional luxury” and “new luxury”. This last point is of great importance to establish and recognize substantial di erences in the consumer market of luxury brands, given that by what is established in the present investigation, the pro le or nature of buyers differs, in terms of capacity, frequency and reasons for purchase.

Published
2015

27. Photooxidation of Emissions from Firewood and Pellet Combustion Using a Photochemical Chamber

Author

Felipe Reyes, Yeanice Vasquez, Ernesto Gramsch, Pedro Oyola, Bernhard Rappenglück, and María A. Rubio

Subjects
biomass combustion, organic aerosols, photochemical chamber, secondary aerosols, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract

The main emission source in Central and Southern Chilean cities is biomass combustion from residential heating and cooking due to old combustion technologies that are still widely utilized. In order to improve our understanding of biomass burning pollution and how it ages in the atmosphere, emissions from a pellet and wood stoves were studied with the aid of a photochemical chamber. Firewood combustion is an inefficient process that produces higher chamber loading of primary emission (gases and particles) compared to pellets. When these emissions are exposed to UV irradiation secondary particles are formed. However, with both fuels the secondary particle concentration was negligible with regards to the primary initial particle concentration. Observations show that when the initial mass is the same, firewood combustion emissions are more rapidly oxidized compared to emissions from pellet combustion. Particle aging evolution inside the chamber was evaluated using fragment tracer signals, via the mass fractions f44 vs f43 and f44 vs f60 triangles plots. For the same UV irradiation time, it was found that primary particles emitted form from firewood combustion show a slower aging rate compared to those emitted from pellet combustion, but this is due to high primary loading from wood combustion. Particle aging observed inside the chamber was similar to that found it in ambient urban air of Santiago de Chile in spring of 2011, indicating that chamber measurements can be a good indicator for some atmospheric processes. Levoglucosan, a well-known tracer for biomass combustion was also studied. It was found that wood stoves yielded higher levels than pellet stoves. This is due to the higher fuel combustion efficiency in pellet stoves, which yield low levoglucosan levels, making it difficult to use it for evaluation of the impact of pellet emissions on pollution.

Published
2019
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28. El Payo atribuido a Fernández de Lizardi, una comedia de figurones

Author

Felipe Reyes Palacios

Subjects
fernández de lizardi, comedia de figurón, teatro virreinal, fiesta de los locos, neoclasicismo, barroco, Literature (General), PN1-6790, French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature, PQ1-3999
Abstract

Reflejo directo de una práctica social novohispana de orígenes carnavalescos, amalgamada con diversas tradiciones literarias y teatrales, Todos contra el payo y el payo contra todos o La visita del payo en el hospital de locos se le presenta al historiador del teatro como un llamativo caso de hibridismo cultural. A esar de su apego formal al neoclasicismo vigente en los inicios del siglo xix, se entronca en sus procedimientos con la comedia de figurón dieciochesca y sus remotos orígenes entremesiles, e inclusive con la temática barroca del sueño y el desengaño. Su enfoque grotesco, percibido desde la modernidad, le permitió sobrevivir al paso del tiempo, mereciendo dos montajes en el siglo xx, a diferencia del resto del teatro de Lizardi, a quien se le ha atribuido.

Published
2010
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29. Manifestaciones de la violencia doméstica en una muestra de hombres homosexuales y mujeres lesbianas puertorriqueñas

Author

Felipe Reyes Mena, José R. Rodríguez, and Sarah Malavé

Subjects
Psychology, BF1-990
Abstract

El presente estudio permitió analizar en una muestra de la población homosexual, lésbica, bisexual y transgénero (HLBT) en Puerto Rico, las manifestaciones de la violencia doméstica. La muestra consistió en 201 participantes seleccionados por disponibilidad orientados sexualmente hacia su mismo género y que conviven o han convivido en una o más relaciones de parejas por un tiempo promedio de séis meses o más. Los resultados del estudio encontraron que el maltrato físico y psicológico fue estadísticamente mayor en el grupo de las mujeres lesbianas. El abuso sexual fue estadísticamente mayor en el grupo de los hombres homosexuales. El uso de alcohol y drogas, así como el uso de armas con la intención de hacer daño durante los incidentes violentos llevados a cabo fueron estadísticamente mayores en el grupo de las mujeres lesbianas. No se encontraron correlaciones entre las manifestaciones de la violencia doméstica y la variable del nivel educativo.

Published
2005

30. Wide ferromagnetic domain walls can host both adiabatic reflectionless spin transport and finite nonadiabatic spin torque: A time-dependent quantum transport picture

Author

Osorio, Felipe Reyes and Nikolic, Branislav K.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Abstract

The key concept in spintronics of current-driven noncollinear magnetic textures, such as magnetic domain walls (DWs), is adiabaticity, i.e., how closely electronic spins track classical localized magnetic moments (LMMs) of the texture. When mistracking occurs nonadiabatic effects arise, the salient of which is nonadiabatic spin transfer torque (STT) where spin angular momentum is exchanged between electrons and LMMs to cause their dynamics and enable DW motion without any current threshold. The microscopic mechanisms behind nonadiabatic STT have been debated theoretically for nearly two decades, but with unanimous conclusion that they should be significant only in narrow DWs. However, this contradicts sharply experiments [O. Boulle {\em et al.}, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 101}, 216601 (2008); C. Burrowes {\em et al.}, Nat. Phys. {\bf 6}, 17 (2010)] observing nonadiabatic STT in DWs much wider than putatively relevant $\sim 1$ nm scale, as well as largely insensitive to further increasing the DW width $w$. Here we employ time-dependent quantum transport for electrons to obtain both nonadiabatic and adiabatic STT from the exact nonequilibrium density matrix and its lowest order as adiabatic density matrix defined by assuming that LMMs are infinitely slow. This allows us to demonstrate that our microscopically, and without any simplifications of prior derivations like effectively static DW, extracted nonadiabatic STT: (i) does not decay, but instead saturates at a finite value, with increasing $w$ of a moving DW ensuring entry into the adiabatic limit, which we characterize by showing that electronic spins do not reflect from the static DW in this limit; and (ii) it has both out-of-DW-plane, as is the case of phenomenological expression widely used in the LLG equation, and in-plane components, where the former remains finite with increasing $w$., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures

Published
2021

31. Effect of adequacy of empirical antibiotic therapy for hospital-acquired bloodstream infections on intensive care unit patient prognosis: a causal inference approach using data from the Eurobact2 study

Author

Tabah, Alexis, Lipman, Jeffrey, Pollock, Hamish, Ben Margetts, Udy, Andrew, Young, Meredith, Bhadange, Neeraj, Tyler, Steven, Ledtischke, Anne, Finnis, Mackenzie, Dwivedi, Jyotsna, Saxena, Manoj, Biradar, Vishwanath, Soar, Natalie, Sarode, Vineet, Brewster, David, Regli, Adrian, Weeda, Elizabeth, Ahmed, Samiul, Fourie, Cheryl, Laupland, Kevin, Ramanan, Mahesh, Walsham, James, Meyer, Jason, Litton, Edward, Maria Palermo, Anna, Yap, Timothy, Eroglu, Ege, George Attokaran, Antony, Jaramillo, C'havala, Nafees, Khalid Mk, Nafees, Khalid Mahmood Khan, Aqilah Haji Abd Rashid, Nurhikmahtul, Adi Muhamad Ibnu Walid, Haji, Mon, Tomas, Dhakshina Moorthi, P., Sudhirchandra, Shah, Sridharan, Dhadappa Damodar, Haibo, Qiu, Xie, Jianfeng, Jianfeng, Xie, Wei-Hua, Lu, Zhen, Wang, Qian, Chuanyun, Luo, Jili, Chen, Xiaomei, Wang, Hao, Zhao, Peng, Zhao, Juan, Wusi, Qiu, Mingmin, Chen, Xu, Lei, Yin, Chengfen, Wang, Ruilan, Wang, Jinfeng, Yin, Yongjie, Zhang, Min, Ye, Jilu, Hu, Chungfang, Zhou, Suming, Huang, Min, Yan, Jing, Wang, Yan, Qin, Bingyu, Ye, Ling, Weifeng, Xie, Peije, Li, Geng, Nan, Ling, Lowell, Hayashi, Yoshiro, Karumai, Toshiyuki, Yamasaki, Masaki, Hashimoto, Satoru, Hosokawa, Koji, Makino, Jun, Matsuyoshi, Takeo, Kuriyama, Akira, Shigemitsu, Hidenobu, Mishima, Yuka, Nagashima, Michio, Yoshida, Hideki, Fujitani, Shigeki, Omori, Koichiro, Rinka, Hiroshi, Saito, Hiroki, Atobe, Kaori, Kato, Hideaki, Takaki, Shunsuke, Sulaiman, Helmi, Shahnaz Hasan, M., Fadhil Hadi Jamaluddin, Muhamad, Pheng, Lee See, Visvalingam, Sheshendrasurian, Thing Liew, Mun, Ling Danny Wong, Siong, Khang Fong, Kean, Bt Abdul Rahman, Hamizah, Md Noor, Zuraini, Lee, Kok Tong, Hamid Azman, Abd., Zulfakar Mazlan, Mohd, Ali, Saedah, Hernandez, Aaron Mark, Abello, Anton, Jeon, Kyeongman, Lee, Sang-Min, Park, Sunghoon, Park, Seung Yong, Yoon Lim, Sung, Kwa, Andrea Lay Hoon, Yuan Goh, Qing, Ng, Shin Yi, An Lie, Sui, Junyang Goh, Ken, Yunkai Li, Andrew, Ong, Caroline Yu Ming, Yan Lim, Jia, Lishan Quah, Jessica, Ng, Kangqi, Xiang Long Ng, Louis, Yeh, Tony Yu-Chang, Chang Yeh, Yu, Chou, Nai-Kuan, Cia, Cong-Tat, Hu, Ting-Yu, Kuo, Li-Kuo, Ku, Shih-Chi, Wongsurakiat, Phunsup, Apichatbutr, Yutthana, Chiewroongroj, Supattra, Alsisi, Adel, Nadeem, Rashid, El Houfi, Ashraf, Elhadidy, Amr, Barsoum, Mina, Osman, Nermin, Mostafa, Tarek, Elbahnasawy, Mohamed, Saber, Ahmed, Aldhalia, Amer, Elmandouh, Omar, Elsayed, Ahmed, Elbadawy, Merihan A., Awad, Ahmed K., Hemead, Hanan M., Zand, Farid, Ouhadian, Maryam, Hamid Borsi, Seyed, Mehraban, Zahra, Kashipazha, Davood, Ahmadi, Fatemeh, Savaie, Mohsen, Soltani, Farhad, Rashidi, Mahboobeh, Baghbanian, Reza, Javaherforoosh, Fatemeh, Amiri, Fereshteh, Kiani, Arash, Amin Zargar, Mohammad, Mahmoodpoor, Ata, Aalinezhad, Fatemeh, Dabiri, Gholamreza, Sabetian, Golnar, Sarshad, Hakimeh, Masjedi, Mansoor, Tajvidi, Ramin, Nasirodin (S.M.N.) Tabatabaei, Dr Seyed Mohammad, Ahmed, Abdullah Khudhur, Singer, Pierre, Kagan, Ilya, Rigler, Merav, Belman, Daniel, Levin, Phillip, Harara, Belal, Diab, Adei, Abillama, Fayez, Abilama, Fayez, Ibrahim, Rebecca, Fares, Aya, Elhadi, Muhammed, Buimsaedah, Ahmad, Gamra, Marwa, Aqeelah, Ahmed, Ali Mohammed Ali, Almajdoub, Gaber Sadik Homaidan, Ahmed, Almiqlash, Bushray, Bilkhayr, Hala, Bouhuwaish, Ahmad, Sa Taher, Ahmed, Abdulwahed, Eman, Abousnina, Fathi A., Khaled Hdada, Aisha, Jobran, Rania, Ben Hasan, Hayat, Shaban Ben Hasan, Rabab, Khalid Abidi, Serghini, Issam, Seddiki, Rachid, Boukatta, Brahim, Kanjaa, Nabil, Mouhssine, Doumiri, Ahmed Wajdi, Maazouzi, Dendane, Tarek, Ali Zeggwagh, Amine, Housni, Brahim, Younes, Oujidi, Hachimi, Abdelhamid, Ghannam, A., Belkhadir, Z., Abu Jayyab, Mustafa, Aithssain, Ali, Lance, Marcus, Nissar, Shaikh, Sallam, Hend, Elrabi, Omar, Almekhlafi, Ghaleb A., Awad, Maher, Aljabbary, Ahmed, Karam Chaaban, Mohammad, Abu-Sayf, Natalia, Al-Jadaan, Mohammad, Bakr, Lubna, Mounir Bouaziz, Bouaziz, Mounir, Turki, Olfa, Sellami, Walid, Vidal, Gabriela, Centeno, Pablo, Morvillo, Natalia, Oscar Acevedo, José, Mabel Lopez, Patricia, Fernández, Rubén, Segura, Matías, Aparicio, Marta, Alonzo, Irene, Nuccetelli, Yanina, Montefiore, Pablo, Arias, Mario, Felipe Reyes, Luis, Ñamendys-Silva, Silvio A., Romero-Gonzalez, Juan P., Hermosillo, Mariana, Alejandro Castillo, Roberto, Nicolás Pantoja Leal, Jesús, Garcia Aguilar, Candy, Ocotlan Gonzalez Herrera, Mara, Vladimir Espinoza Villafuerte, Missael, Lomeli-Teran, Manuel, Dominguez-Cherit, Jose G., Davalos-Alvarez, Adrian, Sánchez-Hurtado, Luis, Tejeda-Huezo, Brigitte, Perez-Nieto, Orlando R., Deloya Tomas, Ernesto, De Bus, Liesbet, De Waele, Jan, Francois, Guy, Hollevoet, Isabelle, Denys, Wouter, Bourgeois, Marc, Vanderhaeghen, Sofie F.M., Mesland, Jean-Baptiste, Henin, Pierre, Haentjens, Lionel, Biston, Patrick, Noel, Cindérella, Layos, Nathalie, Misset, Benoît, De Schryver, Nicolas, Serck, Nicolas, Wittebole, Xavier, De Waele, Elisabeth, Opdenacker, Godelive, Kovacevic, Pedja, Zlojutro, Biljana, Ina, Filipovic-Grcic, Custovic, Aida, Filipovic-Grcic, Ina, Radonic, Radovan, Vujaklija Brajkovic, Ana, Persec, Jasminka, Sakan, Sanja, Nikolic, Mario, Lasic, Hrvoje, Leone, Marc, Timsit, Jean-François, Ruppe, Etienne, Ruckly, Stephane, Montravers, Philippe, Arbelot, Charlotte, Patrier, Juliette, Zappela, N., Montravers, P., Dulac, Thierry, Castanera, Jérémy, Auchabie, Johann, Le Meur, Anthony, Marchalot, A., Beuzelin, M., Massri, Alexandre, Guesdon, Charlotte, Escudier, Etienne, Mateu, Philippe, Rosman, Jérémy, Leroy, Olivier, Alfandari, Serge, Nica, Alexandru, Souweine, Bertrand, Coupez, Elisabeth, Duburcq, Thibault, Kipnis, Eric, Bortolotti, Perrine, Le Souhaitier, Mathieu, Mira, Jean-Paul, Garcon, Pierre, Duprey, Matthieu, Thyrault, Martial, Paulet, Rémi, Philippart, François, Tran, Marc, Bruel, Cédric, Weiss, Emmanuel, Janny, Sylvie, Foucrier, Arnaud, Perrigault, Pierre-François, Djanikian, Flora, Barbier, François, Gainnier, Marc, Bourenne, Jérémy, Louis, Guillaume, Smonig, Roland, Argaud, Laurent, Baudry, Thomas, Mekonted Dessap, Armand, Razazi, Keyvan, Kalfon, Pierre, Badre, Gaëtan, Larcher, Romaric, Lefrant, Jean-Yves, Roger, Claire, Sarton, Benjamine, Silva, Stein, Demeret, Sophie, Le Guennec, Loïc, Siami, Shidasp, Aparicio, Christelle, Voiriot, Guillaume, Fartoukh, Muriel, Dahyot-Fizelier, Claire, Imzi, Nadia, Klouche, Kada, Bracht, Hendrik, Hoheisen, Sandra, Bloos, Frank, Thomas-Rueddel, Daniel, Petros, Sirak, Pasieka, Bastian, Dubler, Simon, Schmidt, Karsten, Gottschalk, Antje, Wempe, Carola, Lepper, Philippe, Metz, Carlos, Viderman, Dmitriy, Umbetzhanov, Yerlan, Mugazov, Miras, Bazhykayeva, Yelena, Kaligozhin, Zhannur, Babashev, Baurzhan, Merenkov, Yevgeniy, Temirov, Talgat, Arvaniti, Kostoula, Smyrniotis, Dimitrios, Psallida, Vasiliki, Fildisis, Georgios, Soulountsi, Vasiliki, Kaimakamis, Evangelos, Iasonidou, Cristina, Papoti, Sofia, Renta, Foteini, Vasileiou, Maria, Romanou, Vasiliki, Koutsoukou, Vasiliki, Kristina Matei, Mariana, Moldovan, Leora, Karaiskos, Ilias, Paskalis, Harry, Marmanidou, Kyriaki, Papanikolaou, M., Kampolis, C., Oikonomou, Marina, Kogkopoulos, Evangelos, Nikolaou, Charikleia, Sakkalis, Anastasios, Chatzis, Marinos, Georgopoulou, Maria, Efthymiou, Anna, Chantziara, Vasiliki, Sakagianni, Aikaterini, Athanasa (Athanassa), Zoi (Zoe), Papageorgiou, Eirini, Ali, Fadi, Dimopoulos, Georges, Panagiota Almiroudi, Mariota, Malliotakis, Polychronis, Marouli, Diamantina, Theodorou, Vasiliki, Retselas, Ioannis, Kouroulas, Vasilios, Papathanakos, Georgios, Bassetti, Matteo, Giacobbe, Daniele, Montrucchio, Giorgia, Sales, Gabriele, De Pascale, Gennaro, Maria Montini, Luca, Carelli, Simone, Vargas, Joel, Di Gravio, Valentina, Roberto Giacobbe, Daniele, Gratarola, Angelo, Porcile, Elisa, Mirabella, Michele, Daroui, Ivan, Lodi, Giovanni, Zuccaro, Francesco, Grazia Schlevenin, Maria, Pelosi, Paolo, Battaglini, Denise, Cortegiani, Andrea, Ippolito, Mariachiara, Bellina, Davide, Di Guardo, Andrea, Pelagalli, Lorella, Covotta, Marco, Rocco, Monica, Fiorelli, Silvia, Cotoia, Antonella, Chiara Rizzo, Anna, Adam Mikstacki, Mikstacki, Adam, Tamowicz, Barbara, Kaptur Komorowska, Irmina, Szczesniak, Anna, Bojko, Jozef, Kotkowska, Anna, Walczak-Wieteska, Paulina, Wasowska, Dominika, Nowakowski, Tomasz, Broda, Hanna, Mariusz Peichota, Assoc, Pietraszek-Grzywaczewska, Iwona, Martin-Loeches, Ignacio, Bisanti, Alessandra, Paiva, José Artur, Póvoa, Pedro, Cartoze, Nuno, Pereira, Tiago, Guimarães, Nádia, Alves, Madalena, Josefina Pinheiro Marques, Ana, Rios Pinto, Ana, Krystopchuk, Andriy, Teresa, Ana, Manuel Pereira de Figueiredo, António, Botelho, Isabel, Duarte, Tiago, Costa, Vasco, Pedro Cunha, Rui, Molinos, Elena, Tito da Costa, Ledo, Sara, Queiró, Joana, Pascoalinho, Dulce, Nunes, Cristina, Pedro Moura, José, Pereira, Énio, Carvalho Mendes, António, Valeanu, Liana, Bubenek-Turconi, Serban, Marina Grintescu, Ioana, Cobilinschi, Cristian, Carmen Filipescu, Daniela, Elena Predoi, Cornelia, Tomescu, Dana, Popescu, Mihai, Marcu, Alexandra, Grigoras, Ioana, Lungu, Olguta, Gritsan, Alexey, Anderzhanova, Anastasia, Meleshkina, Yulia, Magomedov, Marat, Zubareva, Nadezhda, Tribulev, Maksim, Gaigolnik, Denis, Eremenko, Aleksandr, Vistovskaya, Natala, Chukina, Maria, Belskiy, Vladislav, Furman, Mikhail, Ferrer Rocca, Ricard, Martinez, Maria, Casares, Vanessa, Mellado Artigas, Ricard, Vera, Paula, Flores, Matias, Amador Amerigo, Joaquin, Gracia Arnillas, Maria Pilar, Munoz Bermudez, Rosana, Armestar, Fernando, Catalan, Beatriz, Roig, Regina, Raguer, Laura, Dolores Quesada, María, Diaz Santos, Emilio, Gomà, Gemma, Ubeda, Alejandro, Salgado, Maria, Forcelledo Espina, Lorena, Garcia Prieto, Emilio, Asensio, Mj, Rodriguez, M., Maseda, Dr Emilio, Suarez De La Rica, Alejandro, Ignacio Ayestaran, J., Novo, Mariana, Blasco-Navalpotro, Miguel Angel, Orejas Gallego, Alberto, Sjovall, Fredrik, Sjövall, Fredrik, Spahic, Dzana, Johan Svensson, Carl, Haney, Michael, Edin, Alicia, Åkerlund, Joyce, De Geer, Lina, Prazak, Josef, Buetti, Niccolò, Jakob, Stephan, Pagani, Jl, Abed-Maillard, S., Akova, Murat, Aslan, Abdullah Tarık, Aslan, Abdullah Tarik, Timuroglu, Arif, Kocagoz, Sesin, Kusoglu, Hulya, Mehtap, Selcuk, Ceyhun, Solakoğlu, Altintas, Dr. Neriman Defne, Talan, Leyla, Kayaaslan, Bircan, Kaya Kalem, Ayşe, Kurt, Dr. Ibrahim, Telli, Murat, Ozturk, Barcin, Erol, Çiğdem, Dindar Demiray, Emine Kubra, Çolak, Sait, Akbas, Türkay, Dr. Kursat Gundogan, Sari, Ali, Agalar, Canan, Çolak, Onur, Baykam, Nurcan (N), Akdogan, Ozlem (O), Yilmaz, Mesut, Tunay, Burcu, Cakmak, Rumeysa, Saltoglu, Nese, Karaali, Ridvan, Iftihar Koksal, Firdevs Aksoy, Eroglu, Ahmet, Tolga Saracoglu, Kemal, Bilir, Yeliz, Guzeldag, Seda, Ersoz, Gulden, Evik, Guliz, Sungurtekin, Hulya, Ozgen, Cansu, Erdoğan, Cem, Gürbüz, Yunus, Altin, Nilgün, Bayindir, Yasar, Ersoy, Yasemin, Goksu, Senay, Akyol, Ahmet, Dr, Kartal, Batirel, Ayse, Cagan Aktas, Sabahat, Morris, Andrew Conway, Conway Morris, Andrew, Routledge, Matthew, Ercole, Ari, Antcliffe, David, Rojo, Roceld, Tizard, Kate, Faulkner, Maria, Cowton, Amanda, Kent, Melanie, Raj, Ashok, Zormpa, Artemis, Tinaslanidis, George, Khade, Reena, Torlinski, Tomasz, Mulhi, Randeep, Goyal, Shraddha, Bajaj, Manan, Soltan, Marina, Yonan, Aimee, Dolan, Rachael, Johnson, Aimee, Macfie, Caroline, Lennard, James, Templeton, Maie, Sousa Arias, Sonia, Franke, Uwe, Hugill, Keith, Angell, Hollie, Benjamin J Parcell, Cobb, Katherine, Cole, Stephen, Smith, Tim, Graham, Clive, Cerman, Jaroslav, Keegan, Allison, Ritzema, Jenny, Sanderson, Amanda, Roshdy, Ashraf, Szakmany, Tamas, Baumer, Tom, Longbottom, Rebecca, Hall, Daniel, Tatham, Kate, Loftus, S., Husain, A., Black, E., Jhanji, S., Rao Baikady, R., Mcguigan, Peter, Mckee, Rachel, Kannan, Santhana, Antrolikar, Supriya, Marsden, Nicholas, Della Torre, Valentina, Banach, Dorota, Zaki, Ahmed, Jackson, Matthew, Chikungwa, Moses, Attwood, Ben, Patel, Jamie, Rebecca E Tilley, Humphreys, Sally K., Jean Renaud, Paul, Sokhan, Anton, Burma, Yaroslava, Sligl, Wendy, Baig, Nadia, McCoshen, Lorena, Kutsogiannis, Demetrios J., Thompson, Patricia, Hewer, Tayne, Rabbani, Raihan, Huq, Shihan Mahmud Redwanul, Hasan, Rajib, Motiul Islam, Mohammad, Gurjar, Mohan, Baronia, Arvind, Kothari, Nikhil, Sharma, Ankur, Karmakar, Saurabh, Sharma, Priya, Nimbolkar, Janardan, Samdani, Pratit, Vaidyanathan, R., Ahmedi Rubina, Noor, Jain, Nikhilesh, Pahuja, Madhumati, Singh, Ritu, Shekhar, Saurav, Syed, Nabeel Muzaffar, Ozair, Ahmad, Sarwar Siddiqui, Suhail, Bose, Payel, Datta, Avijatri, Rathod, Darshana, Patel, Mayur, MK, Renuka, Sailaja, K Baby, Dsilva, Carol, Chandran, Jagadish, Ghosh, Pralay, Mukherjee, Sudipta, Sheshala, Kaladhar, Chandra Misra, Krushna, Adekola, Oyebola O., Yusuf Yakubu, Saidu, Mgbosoro Ugwu, Euphemia, Olatosi, John (O), Desalu, Ibironke, Asiyanbi, Gabriel, Oladimeji, Motunrayo, Idowu, Olusola, Adeola, Fowotade, Mer, Mervyn, Mc Cree, Melanie, El Sanousi, Dr. Bashir, Adil Ali Karar, Ali, Saidahmed, Elfayadh, Hamid, Hytham K.S., Loiodice, Ambre, Bailly, Sébastien, Ruckly, Stéphane, and Staiquly, Quentin

Published
2024
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32. Building ties: social capital network analysis of a forest community in a biosphere reserve in Chiapas, Mexico

Author

Luis Rico García-Amado, Manuel Ruiz Pérez, Irene Iniesta-Arandia, Guillaume Dahringer, Felipe Reyes, and Sara Barrasa

Subjects
collective action, community forest management, ejido, Mexico, social capital, social network analysis, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Governance of the commons depends on the capacity to generate collective action. Networks and rules that foster that collective action have been defined as social capital. However, their causal link is still not fully understood. We use social network analysis to assess social capital, decision-making, and collective action in a forest-based common pool resource management in La Sepultura Biosphere Reserve (Chiapas, Mexico). Our research analyzes the productive networks and the evolution of coffee groups in one community. The network shows some centrality, with richer landholders tending to occupy core positions and poorer landless peasants occupying peripheral ones. This has fostered the community's environmentally oriented development but has also caused internal conflicts. Market requirements have shaped different but complementary productive networks, where organic coffee commercialization is the main source of bridging ties, which has resulted in more connectivity and resilience. Conservation attitudes, along with the institutional setting of the community, have promoted collective action. The unresolved conflicts, however, still leave some concerns about governance in the future.

Published
2012
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40. Liolaemus morandae Breitman, Parra, Pérez & Sites, 2011 (Iguania: Liolaemidae), nueva especie para Chile: evidencias merísticas, morfológicas y distribucionales

Author

Jorge Mella, Jorge Mella-Romero, Felipe Reyes, Cristian Muñoz, and Felipe Rojas-Araos

Abstract

Introducción: Liolaemus lineomaculatus fue descrito para la Patagonia, con localidad tipo restringida a Puerto Deseado, Argentina, y la evidencia actual indica que L. lineomaculatus en realidad es un complejo de especies que incluye varios linajes, dentro de las cuales se encuentran L. avilae, L. morandae y la especie nominal. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar las poblaciones históricamente atribuidas a L. lineomaculatus en el región de Aysén, Chile, sobre la base de comparaciones de ejemplares de Liolaemus del grupo de L. lineomaculatus entre cuatro sectores de la Región de Aysén, con las tres especies más similares del grupo de L. lineomaculatus presentes en Argentina. Métodos: Entre 2019 y 2021, se realizaron muestreos en cuatro sectores: Balmaceda, La Tapera (Paso Río Frías), Paso Coyhaique Alto y Ñireguao (Paso Pampa Alta). Con los datos cuantificados de los individuos capturados en los distintos sectores, además de los ejemplares revisados en el MNHN (Aysén y Magallanes), se realizó una comparación morfométrica, merística, morfológica y distribucional, con las tres especies más afines (L. lineomaculatus, L. morandae y L. avilae). Resultados: Los ejemplares de los cuatro sectores muestreados y los del MNHN de Aysén son similares entre sí, y se asignan a Liolaemus sp. Chile. Las comparaciones merísticas, morfológicas y distribucionales permiten proponer que la especie registrada en Aysén es Liolaemus morandae, especie registrada hasta ahora solo en Argentina, con lo que se reporta la presencia de esta especie para Chile. Discusión y Conclusiones: Los resultados confirman la necesidad de aumentar el esfuerzo de muestreo herpetológico en las zonas patagónicas del país.

Published
2023

41. El pódcast como estrategia de creación y distribución de contenidos sonoros dentro del entorno digital de la radio en Colombia

Author

Andrés Barrios Rubio and Juan Felipe Reyes Espitia

Subjects
Cultural Studies, Communication
Abstract

Cultura sonora de los colombianos se ve impactada por la penetración del pódcast y la competencia que ello implica para el modelo de negocio y las rutinas productivas de la industria radiofónica, paso de la antena al Smartphone. Desde un método mixto, cuantitativo -audición de 89 pódcast- y cualitativo -entrevista en profundidad-, a través de 10 categorías de análisis, esta investigación se aproximó a 8 agentes radiofónicos con el objetivo de determinar cuál es el contexto de la creación y difusión del pódcast en Colombia. Conexidad del medio radio con el pódcast es notoria, sin embargo, se observa que las emisoras se han demorado en reaccionar y comprender las necesidades de una audiencia inmersa en los dispositivos de pantalla. La radio seguirá siendo un referente en temas de contenidos auditivos, pero la oferta sonora debe ir más allá de lo que se puede escuchar en la antena tradicional.

Published
2023

42. First-Line Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab With Chemotherapy Versus Chemotherapy Alone for Metastatic NSCLC in CheckMate 9LA: 3-Year Clinical Update and Outcomes in Patients With Brain Metastases or Select Somatic Mutations

Author

Luis G. Paz-Ares, Tudor-Eliade Ciuleanu, Manuel Cobo, Jaafar Bennouna, Michael Schenker, Ying Cheng, Oscar Juan-Vidal, Hideaki Mizutani, Alejo Lingua, Felipe Reyes-Cosmelli, Niels Reinmuth, Juliana Menezes, Jacek Jassem, Svetlana Protsenko, Eduardo Richardet, Enriqueta Felip, Kynan Feeney, Bogdan Zurawski, Aurelia Alexandru, Emmanuel de la Mora Jimenez, Shaker Dakhil, Shun Lu, Martin Reck, Thomas John, Nan Hu, Xiaoqing Zhang, Judi Sylvester, Laura J. Eccles, Diederik J. Grootendorst, David Balli, Jaclyn Neely, David P. Carbone, Institut Català de la Salut, [Paz-Ares LG] Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. [Ciuleanu TE] Department of Medical Oncology, Institutul Oncologic Prof Dr Ion Chiricuta and University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. [Cobo M] Department of Medical Oncology, Unidad de Gestión Clínica Intercentros de Oncología Médica, Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain. [Bennouna J] Department of Pneumology, Thoracic Oncology, University Hospital of Nantes and INSERM, CRCINA, Nantes, France. [Schenker M] Department of Medical Oncology, SF Nectarie Oncology Center, Craiova, Romania. [Cheng Y] Department of Oncology, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China. [Felip E] Servei d’Oncologia Mèdica, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain. Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain, and Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus

Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Otros calificadores::/uso terapéutico [Otros calificadores], terapéutica::terapéutica::farmacoterapia::protocolos antineoplásicos::terapéutica::farmacoterapia::protocolos de quimioterapia antineoplásica combinada [TÉCNICAS Y EQUIPOS ANALÍTICOS, DIAGNÓSTICOS Y TERAPÉUTICOS], Otros calificadores::Otros calificadores::/farmacoterapia [Otros calificadores], diagnóstico::pronóstico::resultado del tratamiento [TÉCNICAS Y EQUIPOS ANALÍTICOS, DIAGNÓSTICOS Y TERAPÉUTICOS], Neoplasms::Neoplasms by Site::Thoracic Neoplasms::Respiratory Tract Neoplasms::Lung Neoplasms::Bronchial Neoplasms::Carcinoma, Bronchogenic::Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung [DISEASES], neoplasias::neoplasias por localización::neoplasias torácicas::neoplasias del tracto respiratorio::neoplasias pulmonares::neoplasias de los bronquios::carcinoma broncogénico::carcinoma de pulmón de células no pequeñas [ENFERMEDADES], Other subheadings::Other subheadings::/drug therapy [Other subheadings], Diagnosis::Prognosis::Treatment Outcome [ANALYTICAL, DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES, AND EQUIPMENT], Quimioteràpia combinada, Oncology, Therapeutics::Therapeutics::Drug Therapy::Antineoplastic Protocols::Therapeutics::Drug Therapy::Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols [ANALYTICAL, DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES, AND EQUIPMENT], Avaluació de resultats (Assistència sanitària), Other subheadings::/therapeutic use [Other subheadings], Pulmons - Càncer - Tractament
Abstract

Non–small cell lung cancer; Brain metastases; Somatic mutations Càncer de pulmó de cèl·lules no petites; Metàstasis cerebrals; Mutacions somàtiques Cáncer de pulmón de células no pequeñas; Metástasis cerebrales; Mutaciones somáticas Introduction In the phase 3 CheckMate 9LA study, nivolumab plus ipilimumab with chemotherapy prolonged overall survival (OS) versus chemotherapy alone. We report updated efficacy and safety (≥3 y of follow-up), clinical outcomes in patients with baseline brain metastases, and exploratory somatic mutation analyses. Methods Adults with stage IV or recurrent NSCLC, no known sensitizing EGFR or ALK alterations, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status less than or equal to 1 were randomized 1:1 to nivolumab 360 mg every 3 weeks plus ipilimumab 1 mg/kg every 6 weeks with chemotherapy (two cycles) or chemotherapy alone (four cycles). Assessments included OS, progression-free survival (PFS), and objective response rate. Exploratory analyses included systemic and intracranial efficacy in patients with or without baseline brain metastases, in addition to OS and PFS by KRAS, TP53, STK11, and KEAP1 somatic mutation status in patients with nonsquamous NSCLC. Results With a minimum follow-up of 36.1 months, nivolumab plus ipilimumab with chemotherapy continued to prolong OS versus chemotherapy alone in the intent-to-treat population (median [hazard ratio; 95% confidence interval] OS: 15.8 versus 11.0 mo [0.74; 0.62–0.87]; 3-y OS: 27% versus 19%). Efficacy outcomes were improved in patients with pretreated baseline brain metastases (median [hazard ratio; 95% confidence interval] OS: 19.3 versus 6.8 mo [0.45; 0.29–0.70]; systemic PFS: 9.7 versus 4.1 mo [0.44; 0.28–0.69]; intracranial PFS: 11.4 versus 4.6 mo [0.42; 0.26–0.68]). A trend of OS benefit was observed in patients treated with nivolumab plus ipilimumab with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone, despite KRAS, TP53, and STK11 tumor mutations. Extended follow-up revealed no new safety signals. Conclusions With a 3-year minimum follow-up, nivolumab plus ipilimumab with two cycles of chemotherapy continued to have long-term, durable efficacy versus chemotherapy alone; a manageable safety profile; and survival benefit in patients with or without baseline brain metastases or select somatic mutations, further supporting the regimen as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic NSCLC. This study was supported by Bristol Myers Squibb (Princeton, NJ).

Published
2023

43. Characteristics and outcomes of an international cohort of 600 000 hospitalized patients with COVID-19

Author

Kartsonaki, Christiana, Baillie, J Kenneth, Barrio, Noelia García, Baruch, Joaquín, Beane, Abigail, Blumberg, Lucille, Bozza, Fernando, Broadley, Tessa, Burrell, Aidan, Carson, Gail, Citarella, Barbara Wanjiru, Dagens, Andrew, Dankwa, Emmanuelle A, Donnelly, Christl A, Dunning, Jake, Elotmani, Loubna, Escher, Martina, Farshait, Nataly, Goffard, Jean-Christophe, Gonçalves, Bronner P, Hall, Matthew, Hashmi, Madiha, Sim Lim Heng, Benedict, Ho, Antonia, Jassat, Waasila, Pedrera Jiménez, Miguel, Laouenan, Cedric, Lissauer, Samantha, Martin-Loeches, Ignacio, Mentré, France, Merson, Laura, Morton, Ben, Munblit, Daniel, Nekliudov, Nikita A, Nichol, Alistair D, Singh Oinam, Budha Charan, Ong, David, Panda, Prasan Kumar, Petrovic, Michele, Pritchard, Mark G, Ramakrishnan, Nagarajan, Ramos, Grazielle Viana, Roger, Claire, Sandulescu, Oana, Semple, Malcolm G, Sharma, Pratima, Sigfrid, Louise, Somers, Emily C, Streinu-Cercel, Anca, Taccone, Fabio, Vecham, Pavan Kumar, Kumar Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan, Bharath, Wei, Jia, Wils, Evert-Jan, Ci Wong, Xin, Horby, Peter, Rojek, Amanda, Olliaro, Piero L, ISARIC Clinical Characterisation Group: Ali Abbas, Sheryl Ann Abdukahil, Nurul Najmee Abdulkadir, Ryuzo Abe, Laurent Abel, Lara Absil, Subhash Acharya, Andrew Acker, Elisabeth Adam, Diana Adrião, Saleh Al Ageel, Shakeel Ahmed, Kate Ainscough, Eka Airlangga, Tharwat Aisa, Ali Ait Hssain, Younes Ait Tamlihat, Takako Akimoto, Ernita Akmal, Eman Al Qasim, Razi Alalqam, Angela Alberti, Tala Al-Dabbous, Senthilkumar Alegesan, Cynthia Alegre, Marta Alessi, Beatrice Alex, Kévin Alexandre, Abdulrahman Al-Fares, Huda Alfoudri, Imran Ali, Adam Ali, Naseem Ali Shah, Kazali Enagnon Alidjnou, Jeffrey Aliudin, Qabas Alkhafajee, Clotilde Allavena, Nathalie Allou, Aneela Altaf, João Alves, Rita Alves, João Melo Alves, Maria Amaral, Nur Amira, Phoebe Ampaw, Roberto Andini, Claire Andréjak, Andrea Angheben, François Angoulvant, Séverine Ansart, Sivanesen Anthonidass, Massimo Antonelli, Carlos Alexandre Antunes de Brito, Ardiyan Apriyana, Yaseen Arabi, Irene Aragao, Francisco Arancibia, Carolline Araujo, Antonio Arcadipane, Patrick Archambault, Lukas Arenz, Jean-Benoît Arlet, Christel Arnold-Day, Lovkesh Arora, Rakesh Arora, Elise Artaud-Macari, Diptesh Aryal, Angel Asensio, Muhammad Ashraf, Namra Asif, Mohammad Asim, Jean Baptiste Assie, Amirul Asyraf, Anika Atique, A M Udara Lakshan Attanyake, Johann Auchabie, Hugues Aumaitre, Adrien Auvet, Laurène Azemar, Cecile Azoulay, Benjamin Bach, Delphine Bachelet, Claudine Badr, Nadia Baig, J Kevin Baird, Erica Bak, Agamemnon Bakakos, Nazreen Abu Bakar, Andriy Bal, Mohanaprasanth Balakrishnan, Valeria Balan, Firouzé Bani-Sadr, Renata Barbalho, Nicholas Yuri Barbosa, Wendy S Barclay, Saef Umar Barnett, Michaela Barnikel, Helena Barrasa, Audrey Barrelet, Cleide Barrigoto, Marie Bartoli, Mustehan Bashir, Romain Basmaci, Muhammad Fadhli Hassin Basri, Denise Battaglini, Jules Bauer, Diego Fernando Bautista Rincon, Denisse Bazan Dow, Alexandra Bedossa, Ker Hong Bee, Husna Begum, Sylvie Behilill, Albertus Beishuizen, Aleksandr Beljantsev, David Bellemare, Anna Beltrame, Beatriz Amorim Beltrão, Marine Beluze, Nicolas Benech, Lionel Eric Benjiman, Dehbia Benkerrou, Suzanne Bennett, Luís Bento, Jan-Erik Berdal, Delphine Bergeaud, Hazel Bergin, José Luis Bernal Sobrino, Giulia Bertoli, Lorenzo Bertolino, Simon Bessis, Sybille Bevilcaqua, Karine Bezulier, Amar Bhatt, Krishna Bhavsar, Claudia Bianco, Farah Nadiah Bidin, Moirangthem Bikram Singh, Felwa Bin Humaid, Mohd Nazlin Bin Kamarudin, François Bissuel, Patrick Biston, Laurent Bitker, Jonathan Bitton, Pablo Blanco-Schweizer, Catherine Blier, Frank Bloos, Mathieu Blot, Filomena Boccia, Laetitia Bodenes, Alice Bogaarts, Debby Bogaert, Anne-Hélène Boivin, Pierre-Adrien Bolze, François Bompart, Aurelius Bonfasius, Diogo Borges, Raphaël Borie, Hans Martin Bosse, Elisabeth Botelho-Nevers, Lila Bouadma, Olivier Bouchaud, Sabelline Bouchez, Dounia Bouhmani, Damien Bouhour, 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Maire-Laure Casanova, Mariana Cascão, Siobhan Casey, José Casimiro, Bailey Cassandra, Silvia Castañeda, Nidyanara Castanheira, Guylaine Castor-Alexandre, Henry Castrillón, Ivo Castro, Ana Catarino, François-Xavier Catherine, Paolo Cattaneo, Roberta Cavalin, Giulio Giovanni Cavalli, Alexandros Cavayas, Adrian Ceccato, Minerva Cervantes-Gonzalez, Anissa Chair, Catherine Chakveatze, Adrienne Chan, Meera Chand, Christelle Chantalat Auger, Jean-Marc Chapplain, Julie Chas, Allegra Chatterjee, Mobin Chaudry, Jonathan Samuel Chávez Iñiguez, Anjellica Chen, Yih-Sharng Chen, Matthew Pellan Cheng, Antoine Cheret, Thibault Chiarabini, Julian Chica, Suresh Kumar Chidambaram, Leong Chin Tho, Catherine Chirouze, Davide Chiumello, Sung-Min Cho, Bernard Cholley, Marie-Charlotte Chopin, Ting Soo Chow, Yock Ping Chow, Hiu Jian Chua, Jonathan Chua, Jose Pedro Cidade, José Miguel Cisneros Herreros, Anna Ciullo, Jennifer Clarke, Emma Clarke, Rolando Claure-Del Granado, Sara Clohisey, Perren J Cobb, Cassidy 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Ana Isabel de Pinho Oliveira, Rosanna De Rosa, Cristina De Rose, Thushan de Silva, Peter de Vries, Jillian Deacon, David Dean, Alexa Debard, Marie-Pierre Debray, Nathalie DeCastro, William Dechert, Lauren Deconninck, Romain Decours, Eve Defous, Isabelle Delacroix, Eric Delaveuve, Karen Delavigne, Nathalie M Delfos, Ionna Deligiannis, Andrea Dell'Amore, Christelle Delmas, Pierre Delobel, Corine Delsing, Elisa Demonchy, Emmanuelle Denis, Dominique Deplanque, Pieter Depuydt, Mehul Desai, Diane Descamps, Mathilde Desvallées, Santi Dewayanti, Pathik Dhanger, Alpha Diallo, Sylvain Diamantis, André Dias, Juan Jose Diaz, Priscila Diaz, Rodrigo Diaz, Kévin Didier, Jean-Luc Diehl, Wim Dieperink, Jérôme Dimet, Vincent Dinot, Fara Diop, Alphonsine Diouf, Yael Dishon, Félix Djossou, Annemarie B Docherty, Helen Doherty, Arjen M Dondorp, Andy Dong, Maria Donnelly, Sean Donohue, Yoann Donohue, Chloe Donohue, Peter Doran, Céline Dorival, Eric D'Ortenzio, James Joshua Douglas, Renee Douma, Nathalie Dournon, Triona Downer, Joanne Downey, Mark Downing, Tom Drake, Aoife Driscoll, Murray Dryden, Claudio Duarte Fonseca, Vincent Dubee, François Dubos, Alexandre Ducancelle, Toni Duculan, Susanne Dudman, Abhijit Duggal, Paul Dunand, Mathilde Duplaix, Emanuele Durante-Mangoni, Lucian Durham, Bertrand Dussol, Juliette Duthoit, Xavier Duval, Anne Margarita Dyrhol-Riise, Sim Choon Ean, Marco Echeverria-Villalobos, Siobhan Egan, Carla Eira, Mohammed El Sanharawi, Subbarao Elapavaluru, Brigitte Elharrar, Jacobien Ellerbroek, Philippine Eloy, Tarek Elshazly, Iqbal Elyazar, Isabelle Enderle, Tomoyuki Endo, Chan Chee Eng, Ilka Engelmann, Vincent Enouf, Olivier Epaulard, Mariano Esperatti, Hélène Esperou, Marina Esposito-Farese, João Estevão, Manuel Etienne, Nadia Ettalhaoui, Anna Greti Everding, Mirjam Evers, Marc Fabre, Isabelle Fabre, Amna Faheem, Arabella Fahy, Cameron J Fairfield, Zul Fakar, Komal Fareed, Pedro Faria, Ahmed Farooq, Hanan Fateena, Arie Zainul Fatoni, Karine Faure, Raphaël 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Miranda-Maldonado, Nor Arisah Misnan, Tahira Jamal Mohamed, Nik Nur Eliza Mohamed, Asma Moin, David Molina, Elena Molinos, Brenda Molloy, Mary Mone, Agostinho Monteiro, Claudia Montes, Giorgia Montrucchio, Shona C Moore, Sarah Moore, Lina Morales Cely, Lucia Moro, Catherine Motherway, Ana Motos, Hugo Mouquet, Clara Mouton Perrot, Julien Moyet, Caroline Mudara, Aisha Kalsoom Mufti, Ng Yong Muh, Dzawani Muhamad, Jimmy Mullaert, Fredrik Müller, Karl Erik Müller, Syed Muneeb, Nadeem Munir, Laveena Munshi, Aisling Murphy, Lorna Murphy, Marlène Murris, Srinivas Murthy, Himed Musaab, Himasha Muvindi, Gugapriyaa Muyandy, Dimitra Melia Myrodia, Farah Nadia Mohd-Hanafiah, Dave Nagpal, Alex Nagrebetsky, Mangala Narasimhan, Nageswaran Narayanan, Rashid Nasim Khan, Alasdair Nazerali-Maitland, Nadège Neant, Holger Neb, Erni Nelwan, Raul Neto, Emily Neumann, Pauline Yeung Ng, Wing Yiu Ng, Anthony Nghi, Duc Nguyen, Orna Ni Choileain, Niamh Ni Leathlobhair, Prompak Nitayavardhana, Stephanie Nonas, Nurul Amani Mohd Noordin, Marion Noret, Nurul Faten Izzati Norharizam, Lisa Norman, Alessandra Notari, Mahdad Noursadeghi, Karolina Nowicka, Adam Nowinski, Saad Nseir, Jose I Nunez, Nurnaningsih Nurnaningsih, Dwi Utomo Nusantara, Elsa Nyamankolly, Fionnuala O Brien, Annmarie O Callaghan, Annmarie O'Callaghan, Giovanna Occhipinti, Derbrenn OConnor, Max O'Donnell, Tawnya Ogston, Takayuki Ogura, Tak-Hyuk Oh, Sophie O'Halloran, Katie O'Hearn, Shinichiro Ohshimo, Agnieszka Oldakowska, João Oliveira, Larissa Oliveira, Jee Yan Ong, Wilna Oosthuyzen, Anne Opavsky, Peter Openshaw, Saijad Orakzai, Claudia Milena Orozco-Chamorro, Jamel Ortoleva, Javier Osatnik, Linda O'Shea, Miriam O'Sullivan, Siti Zubaidah Othman, Nadia Ouamara, Rachida Ouissa, Eric Oziol, Maïder Pagadoy, Justine Pages, Mario Palacios, Amanda Palacios, Massimo Palmarini, Giovanna Panarello, Hem Paneru, Lai Hui Pang, Mauro Panigada, Nathalie Pansu, Aurélie Papadopoulos, Rachael Parke, Melissa Parker, Briseida Parra, Taha Pasha, Jérémie Pasquier, Bruno Pastene, Fabian Patauner, Drashti Patel, Mohan Dass Pathmanathan, Luís Patrão, Patricia Patricio, Juliette Patrier, Lisa Patterson, Rajyabardhan Pattnaik, Mical Paul, Christelle Paul, Jorge Paulos, William A Paxton, Jean-François Payen, Kalaiarasu Peariasamy, Giles J Peek, Florent Peelman, Nathan Peiffer-Smadja, Vincent Peigne, Mare Pejkovska, Paolo Pelosi, Ithan D Peltan, Rui Pereira, Daniel Perez, Luis Periel, Thomas Perpoint, Antonio Pesenti, Vincent Pestre, Lenka Petrou, Ventzislava Petrov-Sanchez, Frank Olav Pettersen, Gilles Peytavin, Scott Pharand, Michael Piagnerelli, Walter Picard, Olivier Picone, Maria de Piero, Carola Pierobon, Djura Piersma, Carlos Pimentel, Raquel Pinto, Catarina Pires, Isabelle Pironneau, Lionel Piroth, Ayodhia Pitaloka, Riinu Pius, Laurent Plantier, Hon Shen Png, Julien Poissy, Ryadh Pokeerbux, Maria Pokorska-Spiewak, Sergio Poli, Georgios Pollakis, Diane Ponscarme, Jolanta Popielska, Diego Bastos Porto, Andra-Maris Post, Douwe F Postma, Pedro Povoa, Diana Póvoas, Jeff Powis, Sofia Prapa, Sébastien Preau, Christian Prebensen, Jean-Charles Preiser, Anton Prinssen, Gamage Dona Dilanthi Priyadarshani, Lucia Proença, Sravya Pudota, Oriane Puéchal, Bambang Pujo Semedi, Mathew Pulicken, Gregory Purcell, Luisa Quesada, Vilmaris Quinones-Cardona, Víctor Quirós González, Else Quist-Paulsen, Mohammed Quraishi, Maia Rabaa, Christian Rabaud, Ebenezer Rabindrarajan, Aldo Rafael, Marie Rafiq, Gabrielle Ragazzo, Mutia Rahardjani, Rozanah Abd Rahman, Ahmad Kashfi Haji Ab Rahman, Arsalan Rahutullah, Fernando Rainieri, Giri Shan Rajahram, Pratheema Ramachandran, Ahmad Afiq Ramli, Blandine Rammaert, Asim Rana, Rajavardhan Rangappa, Ritika Ranjan, Christophe Rapp, Aasiyah Rashan, Thalha Rashan, Ghulam Rasheed, Menaldi Rasmin, Indrek Rätsep, Cornelius Rau, Tharmini Ravi, Ali Raza, Andre Real, Stanislas Rebaudet, Sarah Redl, Brenda Reeve, Attaur Rehman, Liadain Reid, Dag Henrik Reikvam, Renato Reis, Jordi Rello, Jonathan Remppis, Martine Remy, Hongru Ren, Hanna Renk, Anne-Sophie Resseguier, Matthieu Revest, Oleksa Rewa, Luis Felipe Reyes, Tiago Reyes, Maria Ines Ribeiro, Antonia Ricchiuto, David Richardson, Denise Richardson, Laurent Richier, Siti Nurul Atikah Ahmad Ridzuan, Jordi Riera, Ana L Rios, Asgar Rishu, Patrick Rispal, Karine Risso, Maria Angelica Rivera Nuñez, Nicholas Rizer, Chiara Robba, André Roberto, Stephanie Roberts, David L Robertson, Olivier Robineau, Ferran Roche-Campo, Paola Rodari, Simão Rodeia, Bernhard Roessler, Pierre-Marie Roger, Emmanuel Roilides, Juliette Romaru, Roberto Roncon-Albuquerque, Mélanie Roriz, Manuel Rosa-Calatrava, Michael Rose, Dorothea Rosenberger, Nurul Hidayah Mohammad Roslan, Andrea Rossanese, Matteo Rossetti, Bénédicte Rossignol, Patrick Rossignol, Stella Rousset, Carine Roy, Benoît Roze, Desy Rusmawatiningtyas, Clark D Russell, Maria Ryan, Maeve Ryan, Steffi Ryckaert, Aleksander Rygh Holten, Isabela Saba, Sairah Sadaf, Musharaf Sadat, Valla Sahraei, Maximilien Saint-Gilles, Pranya Sakiyalak, Nawal Salahuddin, Leonardo Salazar, Jodat Saleem, Gabriele Sales, Stéphane Sallaberry, Charlotte Salmon Gandonniere, Hélène Salvator, Olivier Sanchez, Angel Sanchez-Miralles, Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu, Gyan Sandhu, Zulfiqar Sandhu, Pierre-François Sandrine, Marlene Santos, Shirley Sarfo-Mensah, Bruno Sarmento Banheiro, Iam Claire E Sarmiento, Benjamine Sarton, Ankana Satya, Sree Satyapriya, Rumaisah Satyawati, Egle Saviciute, Parthena Savvidou, Yen Tsen Saw, Justin Schaffer, Tjard Schermer, Arnaud Scherpereel, Marion Schneider, Stephan Schroll, Michael Schwameis, Gary Schwartz, Brendan Scicluna, Janet T Scott, James Scott-Brown, Nicholas Sedillot, Tamara Seitz, Jaganathan Selvanayagam, Mageswari Selvarajoo, Caroline Semaille, Rasidah Bt Senian, Eric Senneville, Claudia Sepulveda, Filipa Sequeira, Tânia Sequeira, Ary Serpa Neto, Pablo Serrano Balazote, Ellen Shadowitz, Syamin Asyraf Shahidan, Mohammad Shamsah, Anuraj Shankar, Shaikh Sharjeel, Catherine A Shaw, Victoria Shaw, Ashraf Sheharyar, Rohan Shetty, Rajesh Mohan Shetty, Haixia Shi, Nisreen Shiban, Mohiuddin Shiekh, Nobuaki Shime, Hiroaki Shimizu, Keiki Shimizu, Sally Shrapnel, Pramesh Sundar Shrestha, Shubha Kalyan Shrestha, Hoi Ping Shum, Nassima Si Mohammed, Ng Yong Siang, Jeanne Sibiude, Atif Siddiqui, Piret Sillaots, Catarina Silva, Rogério Silva, Maria Joao Silva, Wai Ching Sin, Dario Sinatti, Punam Singh, Budha Charan Singh, Pompini Agustina Sitompul, Karisha Sivam, Vegard Skogen, Sue Smith, Benjamin Smood, Coilin Smyth, Michelle Smyth, Morgane Snacken, Dominic So, Tze Vee Soh, Joshua Solomon, Tom Solomon, Agnès Sommet, Rima Song, Tae Song, Jack Song Chia, Michael Sonntagbauer, Azlan Mat Soom, Alberto Sotto, Edouard Soum, Marta Sousa, Ana Chora Sousa, Maria Sousa Uva, Vicente Souza-Dantas, Alexandra Sperry, Elisabetta Spinuzza, B P Sanka Ruwan Sri Darshana, Shiranee Sriskandan, Sarah Stabler, Thomas Staudinger, Stephanie-Susanne Stecher, Trude Steinsvik, Ymkje Stienstra, Birgitte Stiksrud, Eva Stolz, Amy Stone, Adrian Streinu-Cercel, David Stuart, Ami Stuart, Decy Subekti, Gabriel Suen, Jacky Y Suen, Asfia Sultana, Charlotte Summers, Dubravka Supic, Deepashankari Suppiah, Magdalena Surovcová, Suwarti Suwarti, Andrey Svistunov, Sarah Syahrin, Konstantinos Syrigos, Jaques Sztajnbok, Konstanty Szuldrzynski, Shirin Tabrizi, Lysa Tagherset, Shahdattul Mawarni Taib, Ewa Talarek, Sara Taleb, Jelmer Talsma, Renaud Tamisier, Maria Lawrensia Tampubolon, Kim Keat Tan, Yan Chyi Tan, Taku Tanaka, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Hayato Taniguchi, Huda Taqdees, Arshad Taqi, Coralie Tardivon, Pierre Tattevin, M Azhari Taufik, Hassan Tawfik, Richard S Tedder, Tze Yuan Tee, João Teixeira, Sofia Tejada, Marie-Capucine Tellier, Sze Kye Teoh, Vanessa Teotonio, François Téoulé, Pleun Terpstra, Olivier Terrier, Nicolas Terzi, Hubert Tessier-Grenier, Adrian Tey, Alif Adlan Mohd Thabit, Anand Thakur, Zhang Duan Tham, Suvintheran Thangavelu, Vincent Thibault, Simon-Djamel Thiberville, Benoît Thill, Jananee Thirumanickam, Shaun Thompson, Emma C Thomson, David Thomson, Surain Raaj Thanga Thurai, Ryan S Thwaites, Paul Tierney, Vadim Tieroshyn, Peter S Timashev, Jean-François Timsit, Noémie Tissot, Jordan Zhien Yang Toh, Maria Toki, Kristian Tonby, Sia Loong Tonnii, Margarida Torres, Antoni Torres, Rosario Maria Torres Santos-Olmo, Hernando Torres-Zevallos, Michael Towers, Tony Trapani, Théo Treoux, Cécile Tromeur, Ioannis Trontzas, Tiffany Trouillon, Jeanne Truong, Christelle Tual, Sarah Tubiana, Helen Tuite, Jean-Marie Turmel, Lance C W Turtle, Anders Tveita, Pawel Twardowski, Makoto Uchiyama, P G Ishara Udayanga, Andrew Udy, Roman Ullrich, Alberto Uribe, Asad Usman, Timothy M Uyeki, Cristinava Vajdovics, Piero Valentini, Luís Val-Flores, Amélie Valran, Stijn Van de Velde, Marcel van den Berge, Machteld Van der Feltz, Job van der Palen, Paul van der Valk, Nicky Van Der Vekens, Peter Van der Voort, Sylvie Van Der Werf, Laura van Gulik, Jarne Van Hattem, Carolien van Netten, Frank van Someren Greve, Ilonka van Veen, Hugo Van Willigen, Noémie Vanel, Henk Vanoverschelde, Pooja Varghese, Michael Varrone, Shoban Raj Vasudayan, Charline Vauchy, Shaminee Veeran, Aurélie Veislinger, Sebastian Vencken, Sara Ventura, Annelies Verbon, James Vickers, José Ernesto Vidal, César Vieira, Deepak Vijayan, Joy Ann Villanueva, Judit Villar, Pierre-Marc Villeneuve, Andrea Villoldo, Gayatri Vishwanathan, Benoit Visseaux, Hannah Visser, Chiara Vitiello, Harald Vonkeman, Fanny Vuotto, Suhaila Abdul Wahab, Noor Hidayu Wahab, Nadirah Abdul Wahid, Marina Wainstein, Wan Fadzlina Wan Muhd Shukeri, Chih-Hsien Wang, Steve Webb, Katharina Weil, Tan Pei Wen, Sanne Wesselius, T Eoin West, Murray Wham, Bryan Whelan, Nicole White, Paul Henri Wicky, Aurélie Wiedemann, Surya Otto Wijaya, Keith Wille, Suzette Willems, Virginie Williams, Calvin Wong, Yew Sing Wong, Teck Fung Wong, Natalie Wright, Gan Ee Xian, Lim Saio Xian, Kuan Pei Xuan, Ioannis Xynogalas, Siti Rohani Binti Mohd Yakop, Masaki Yamazaki, Yazdan Yazdanpanah, Nicholas Yee Liang Hing, Cécile Yelnik, Chian Hui Yeoh, Stephanie Yerkovich, Toshiki Yokoyama, Hodane Yonis, Obada Yousif, Saptadi Yuliarto, Akram Zaaqoq, Marion Zabbe, Kai Zacharowski, Masliza Zahid, Maram Zahran, Nor Zaila Binti Zaidan, Maria Zambon, Miguel Zambrano, Alberto Zanella, Konrad Zawadka, Nurul Zaynah, Hiba Zayyad, Alexander Zoufaly, David Zucman, Kartsonaki, Christiana, Baillie, J Kenneth, Barrio, Noelia García, Baruch, Joaquín, Beane, Abigail, Blumberg, Lucille, Bozza, Fernando, Broadley, Tessa, Burrell, Aidan, Carson, Gail, Citarella, Barbara Wanjiru, Dagens, Andrew, Dankwa, Emmanuelle A, Donnelly, Christl A, Dunning, Jake, Elotmani, Loubna, Escher, Martina, Farshait, Nataly, Goffard, Jean-Christophe, Gonçalves, Bronner P, Hall, Matthew, Hashmi, Madiha, Sim Lim Heng, Benedict, Ho, Antonia, Jassat, Waasila, Pedrera Jiménez, Miguel, Laouenan, Cedric, Lissauer, Samantha, Martin-Loeches, Ignacio, Mentré, France, Merson, Laura, Morton, Ben, Munblit, Daniel, Nekliudov, Nikita A, Nichol, Alistair D, Singh Oinam, Budha Charan, Ong, David, Panda, Prasan Kumar, Petrovic, Michele, Pritchard, Mark G, Ramakrishnan, Nagarajan, Ramos, Grazielle Viana, Roger, Claire, Sandulescu, Oana, Semple, Malcolm G, Sharma, Pratima, Sigfrid, Louise, Somers, Emily C, Streinu-Cercel, Anca, Taccone, Fabio, Vecham, Pavan Kumar, Kumar Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan, Bharath, Wei, Jia, Wils, Evert-Jan, Ci Wong, Xin, Horby, Peter, Rojek, Amanda, Olliaro, Piero L, ISARIC Clinical Characterisation Group: Ali Abbas, Sheryl Ann Abdukahil, Nurul Najmee Abdulkadir, Ryuzo Abe, Laurent Abel, Lara Absil, Subhash Acharya, Andrew Acker, Elisabeth Adam, Diana Adrião, Saleh Al Ageel, Shakeel Ahmed, Kate Ainscough, Eka Airlangga, Tharwat Aisa, Ali Ait Hssain, Younes Ait Tamlihat, Takako Akimoto, Ernita Akmal, Eman Al Qasim, Razi Alalqam, Angela Alberti, Tala Al-Dabbous, Senthilkumar Alegesan, Cynthia Alegre, Marta Alessi, Beatrice Alex, Kévin Alexandre, Abdulrahman Al-Fares, Huda Alfoudri, Imran Ali, Adam Ali, Naseem Ali Shah, Kazali Enagnon Alidjnou, Jeffrey Aliudin, Qabas Alkhafajee, Clotilde Allavena, Nathalie Allou, Aneela Altaf, João Alves, Rita Alves, João Melo Alves, Maria Amaral, Nur Amira, Phoebe Ampaw, Roberto Andini, Claire Andréjak, Andrea Angheben, François Angoulvant, Séverine Ansart, Sivanesen Anthonidass, Massimo Antonelli, Carlos Alexandre Antunes de Brito, Ardiyan Apriyana, Yaseen Arabi, Irene Aragao, Francisco Arancibia, Carolline Araujo, Antonio Arcadipane, Patrick Archambault, Lukas Arenz, Jean-Benoît Arlet, Christel Arnold-Day, Lovkesh Arora, Rakesh Arora, Elise Artaud-Macari, Diptesh Aryal, Angel Asensio, Muhammad Ashraf, Namra Asif, Mohammad Asim, Jean Baptiste Assie, Amirul Asyraf, Anika Atique, A M Udara Lakshan Attanyake, Johann Auchabie, Hugues Aumaitre, Adrien Auvet, Laurène Azemar, Cecile Azoulay, Benjamin Bach, Delphine Bachelet, Claudine Badr, Nadia Baig, J Kevin Baird, Erica Bak, Agamemnon Bakakos, Nazreen Abu Bakar, Andriy Bal, Mohanaprasanth Balakrishnan, Valeria Balan, Firouzé Bani-Sadr, Renata Barbalho, Nicholas Yuri Barbosa, Wendy S Barclay, Saef Umar Barnett, Michaela Barnikel, Helena Barrasa, Audrey Barrelet, Cleide Barrigoto, Marie Bartoli, Mustehan Bashir, Romain Basmaci, Muhammad Fadhli Hassin Basri, Denise Battaglini, Jules Bauer, Diego Fernando Bautista Rincon, Denisse Bazan Dow, Alexandra Bedossa, Ker Hong Bee, Husna Begum, Sylvie Behilill, Albertus Beishuizen, Aleksandr Beljantsev, David Bellemare, Anna Beltrame, Beatriz Amorim Beltrão, Marine Beluze, Nicolas Benech, Lionel Eric Benjiman, Dehbia Benkerrou, Suzanne Bennett, Luís Bento, Jan-Erik Berdal, Delphine Bergeaud, Hazel Bergin, José Luis Bernal Sobrino, Giulia Bertoli, Lorenzo Bertolino, Simon Bessis, Sybille Bevilcaqua, Karine Bezulier, Amar Bhatt, Krishna Bhavsar, Claudia Bianco, Farah Nadiah Bidin, Moirangthem Bikram Singh, Felwa Bin Humaid, Mohd Nazlin Bin Kamarudin, François Bissuel, Patrick Biston, Laurent Bitker, Jonathan Bitton, Pablo Blanco-Schweizer, Catherine Blier, Frank Bloos, Mathieu Blot, Filomena Boccia, Laetitia Bodenes, Alice Bogaarts, Debby Bogaert, Anne-Hélène Boivin, Pierre-Adrien Bolze, François Bompart, Aurelius Bonfasius, Diogo Borges, Raphaël Borie, Hans Martin Bosse, Elisabeth Botelho-Nevers, Lila Bouadma, Olivier Bouchaud, Sabelline Bouchez, Dounia Bouhmani, Damien Bouhour, Kévin Bouiller, Laurence Bouillet, Camile Bouisse, Anne-Sophie Boureau, John Bourke, Maude Bouscambert, Aurore Bousquet, Jason Bouziotis, Bianca Boxma, Marielle Boyer-Besseyre, Maria Boylan, Axelle Braconnier, Cynthia Braga, Timo Brandenburger, Filipa Brás Monteiro, Luca Brazzi, Patrick Breen, Dorothy Breen, Patrick Breen, Kathy Brickell, Shaunagh Browne, Alex Browne, Nicolas Brozzi, Marjolein Brusse-Keizer, Nina Buchtele, Christian Buesaquillo, Polina Bugaeva, Marielle Buisson, Danilo Buonsenso, Erlina Burhan, Ingrid G Bustos, Denis Butnaru, André Cabie, Susana Cabral, Eder Caceres, Cyril Cadoz, Mia Callahan, Kate Calligy, Jose Andres Calvache, João Camões, Valentine Campana, Paul Campbell, Josie Campisi, Cecilia Canepa, Mireia Cantero, Pauline Caraux-Paz, Sheila Cárcel, Chiara Simona Cardellino, Sofia Cardoso, Filipe Cardoso, Filipa Cardoso, Nelson Cardoso, Simone Carelli, Nicolas Carlier, Thierry Carmoi, Gayle Carney, Inês Carqueja, Marie-Christine Carret, François Martin Carrier, Ida Carroll, Maire-Laure Casanova, Mariana Cascão, Siobhan Casey, José Casimiro, Bailey Cassandra, Silvia Castañeda, Nidyanara Castanheira, Guylaine Castor-Alexandre, Henry Castrillón, Ivo Castro, Ana Catarino, François-Xavier Catherine, Paolo Cattaneo, Roberta Cavalin, Giulio Giovanni Cavalli, Alexandros Cavayas, Adrian Ceccato, Minerva Cervantes-Gonzalez, Anissa Chair, Catherine Chakveatze, Adrienne Chan, Meera Chand, Christelle Chantalat Auger, Jean-Marc Chapplain, Julie Chas, Allegra Chatterjee, Mobin Chaudry, Jonathan Samuel Chávez Iñiguez, Anjellica Chen, Yih-Sharng Chen, Matthew Pellan Cheng, Antoine Cheret, Thibault Chiarabini, Julian Chica, Suresh Kumar Chidambaram, Leong Chin Tho, Catherine Chirouze, Davide Chiumello, Sung-Min Cho, Bernard Cholley, Marie-Charlotte Chopin, Ting Soo Chow, Yock Ping Chow, Hiu Jian Chua, Jonathan Chua, Jose Pedro Cidade, José Miguel Cisneros Herreros, Anna Ciullo, Jennifer Clarke, Emma Clarke, Rolando Claure-Del Granado, Sara Clohisey, Perren J Cobb, Cassidy Codan, Caitriona Cody, Alexandra Coelho, Megan Coles, Gwenhaël Colin, Michael Collins, Sebastiano Maria Colombo, Pamela Combs, Marie Connor, Anne Conrad, Sofía Contreras, Elaine Conway, Graham S Cooke, Mary Copland, Hugues Cordel, Amanda Corley, Sabine Cornelis, Alexander Daniel Cornet, Arianne Joy Corpuz, Andrea Cortegiani, Grégory Corvaisier, Emma Costigan, Camille Couffignal, Sandrine Couffin-Cadiergues, Roxane Courtois, Stéphanie Cousse, Rachel Cregan, Charles Crepy D'Orleans, Cosimo Cristella, Sabine Croonen, Gloria Crowl, Jonathan Crump, Claudina Cruz, Juan Luis Cruz Berm, Jaime Cruz Rojo, Marc Csete, Ailbhe Cullen, Matthew Cummings, Gerard Curley, Elodie Curlier, Colleen Curran, Paula Custodio, Ana da Silva Filipe, Charlene Da Silveira, Al-Awwab Dabaliz, Darren Dahly, Heidi Dalton, Jo Dalton, Seamus Daly, Nick Daneman, Corinne Daniel, Jorge Dantas, Frédérick D'Aragon, Menno de Jong, Gillian de Loughry, Diego de Mendoza, Etienne De Montmollin, Rafael Freitas de Oliveira França, Ana Isabel de Pinho Oliveira, Rosanna De Rosa, Cristina De Rose, Thushan de Silva, Peter de Vries, Jillian Deacon, David Dean, Alexa Debard, Marie-Pierre Debray, Nathalie DeCastro, William Dechert, Lauren Deconninck, Romain Decours, Eve Defous, Isabelle Delacroix, Eric Delaveuve, Karen Delavigne, Nathalie M Delfos, Ionna Deligiannis, Andrea Dell'Amore, Christelle Delmas, Pierre Delobel, Corine Delsing, Elisa Demonchy, Emmanuelle Denis, Dominique Deplanque, Pieter Depuydt, Mehul Desai, Diane Descamps, Mathilde Desvallées, Santi Dewayanti, Pathik Dhanger, Alpha Diallo, Sylvain Diamantis, André Dias, Juan Jose Diaz, Priscila Diaz, Rodrigo Diaz, Kévin Didier, Jean-Luc Diehl, Wim Dieperink, Jérôme Dimet, Vincent Dinot, Fara Diop, Alphonsine Diouf, Yael Dishon, Félix Djossou, Annemarie B Docherty, Helen Doherty, Arjen M Dondorp, Andy Dong, Maria Donnelly, Sean Donohue, Yoann Donohue, Chloe Donohue, Peter Doran, Céline Dorival, Eric D'Ortenzio, James Joshua Douglas, Renee Douma, Nathalie Dournon, Triona Downer, Joanne Downey, Mark Downing, Tom Drake, Aoife Driscoll, Murray Dryden, Murray Dryden, Claudio Duarte Fonseca, Vincent Dubee, François Dubos, Alexandre Ducancelle, Toni Duculan, Susanne Dudman, Abhijit Duggal, Paul Dunand, Mathilde Duplaix, Emanuele Durante-Mangoni, Lucian Durham, Bertrand Dussol, Juliette Duthoit, Xavier Duval, Anne Margarita Dyrhol-Riise, Sim Choon Ean, Marco Echeverria-Villalobos, Siobhan Egan, Carla Eira, Mohammed El Sanharawi, Subbarao Elapavaluru, Brigitte Elharrar, Jacobien Ellerbroek, Philippine Eloy, Tarek Elshazly, Iqbal Elyazar, Isabelle Enderle, Tomoyuki Endo, Chan Chee Eng, Ilka Engelmann, Vincent Enouf, Olivier Epaulard, Mariano Esperatti, Hélène Esperou, Marina Esposito-Farese, João Estevão, Manuel Etienne, Nadia Ettalhaoui, Anna Greti Everding, Mirjam Evers, Marc Fabre, Isabelle Fabre, Amna Faheem, Arabella Fahy, Cameron J Fairfield, Zul Fakar, Komal Fareed, Pedro Faria, Ahmed Farooq, Hanan Fateena, Arie Zainul Fatoni, Karine Faure, Raphaël Favory, Mohamed Fayed, Niamh Feely, Laura Feeney, Jorge Fernandes, Marília Andreia Fernandes, Susana Fernandes, François-Xavier Ferrand, Eglantine Ferrand Devouge, Joana Ferrão, Mário Ferraz, Sílvia Ferreira, Isabel Ferreira, Benigno Ferreira, Ricard Ferrer-Roca, Nicolas Ferriere, Céline Ficko, Claudia Figueiredo-Mello, William Finlayson, Juan Fiorda, Thomas Flament, Clara Flateau, Tom Fletcher, Letizia Lucia Florio, Deirdre Flynn, Claire Foley, Jean Foley, Victor Fomin, Tatiana Fonseca, Patricia Fontela, Simon Forsyth, Denise Foster, Giuseppe Foti, Erwan Fourn, Robert A Fowler, Marianne Fraher, Diego Franch-Llasat, John F Fraser, Christophe Fraser, Marcela Vieira Freire, Ana Freitas Ribeiro, Caren Friedrich, Ricardo Fritz, Stéphanie Fry, Nora Fuentes, Masahiro Fukuda, G Argin, Valérie Gaborieau, Rostane Gaci, Massimo Gagliardi, Jean-Charles Gagnard, Amandine Gagneux-Brunon, Sérgio Gaião, Linda Gail Skeie, Phil Gallagher, Carrol Gamble, Yasmin Gani, Arthur Garan, Rebekha Garcia, Julia Garcia-Diaz, Esteban Garcia-Gallo, Navya Garimella, Denis Garot, Valérie Garrait, Basanta Gauli, Nathalie Gault, Aisling Gavin, Anatoliy Gavrylov, Alexandre Gaymard, Johannes Gebauer, Eva Geraud, Louis Gerbaud Morlaes, Nuno Germano, Praveen Kumar Ghisulal, Jade Ghosn, Marco Giani, Jess Gibson, Tristan Gigante, Morgane Gilg, Elaine Gilroy, Guillermo Giordano, Michelle Girvan, Valérie Gissot, Daniel Glikman, Petr Glybochko, Eric Gnall, Geraldine Goco, François Goehringer, Siri Goepel, Jin Yi Goh, Jonathan Golob, Rui Gomes, Kyle Gomez, Joan Gómez-Junyent, Marie Gominet, Alicia Gonzalez, Patricia Gordon, Isabelle Gorenne, Laure Goubert, Cécile Goujard, Tiphaine Goulenok, Margarite Grable, Jeronimo Graf, Edward Wilson Grandin, Pascal Granier, Giacomo Grasselli, Christopher A Green, Courtney Greene, William Greenhalf, Segolène Greffe, Domenico Luca Grieco, Matthew Griffee, Fiona Griffiths, Ioana Grigoras, Albert Groenendijk, Anja Grosse Lordemann, Heidi Gruner, Yusing Gu, Jérémie Guedj, Martin Guego, Dewi Guellec, Anne-Marie Guerguerian, Daniela Guerreiro, Romain Guery, Anne Guillaumot, Laurent Guilleminault, Maisa Guimarães de Castro, Thomas Guimard, Marieke Haalboom, Daniel Haber, Hannah Habraken, Ali Hachemi, Amy Hackmann, Nadir Hadri, Fakhir Haidri, Sheeba Hakak, Adam Hall, Sophie Halpin, Jawad Hameed, Ansley Hamer, Raph L Hamers, Rebecca Hamidfar, Terese Hammond, Lim Yuen Han, Rashan Haniffa, Kok Wei Hao, Hayley Hardwick, Ewen M Harrison, Janet Harrison, Samuel Bernard Ekow Harrison, Alan Hartman, Mohd Shahnaz Hasan, Junaid Hashmi, Muhammad Hayat, Ailbhe Hayes, Leanne Hays, Jan Heerman, Lars Heggelund, Ross Hendry, Martina Hennessy, Aquiles Henriquez-Trujillo, Maxime Hentzien, Jaime Hernandez-Montfort, Andrew Hershey, Liv Hesstvedt, Astarini Hidayah, Eibhilin Higgins, Dawn Higgins, Rupert Higgins, Rita Hinchion, Samuel Hinton, Hiroaki Hiraiwa, Haider Hirkani, Hikombo Hitoto, Yi Bin Ho, Alexandre Hoctin, Isabelle Hoffmann, Wei Han Hoh, Oscar Hoiting, Rebecca Holt, Jan Cato Holter, Juan Pablo Horcajada, Koji Hoshino, Ikram Houas, Catherine L Hough, Stuart Houltham, Jimmy Ming-Yang Hsu, Jean-Sébastien Hulot, Stella Huo, Abby Hurd, Iqbal Hussain, Samreen Ijaz, Hajnal-Gabriela Illes, Patrick Imbert, Mohammad Imran, Rana Imran Sikander, Aftab Imtiaz, Hugo Inácio, Carmen Infante Dominguez, Yun Sii Ing, Elias Iosifidis, Mariachiara Ippolito, Sarah Isgett, Tiago Isidoro, Nadiah Ismail, Margaux Isnard, Junji Itai, Daniel Ivulich, Danielle Jaafar, Salma Jaafoura, Julien Jabot, Clare Jackson, Nina Jamieson, Victoria Janes, Pierre Jaquet, Coline Jaud-Fischer, Stéphane Jaureguiberry, Jeffrey Javidfar, Denise Jaworsky, Florence Jego, Anilawati Mat Jelani, Synne Jenum, Ruth Jimbo-Sotomayor, Ong Yiaw Joe, Ruth N Jorge García, Cédric Joseph, Mark Joseph, Swosti Joshi, Mercé Jourdain, Philippe Jouvet, Hanna Jung, Anna Jung, Dafsah Juzar, Ouifiya Kafif, Florentia Kaguelidou, Neerusha Kaisbain, Thavamany Kaleesvran, Sabina Kali, Alina Kalicinska, Smaragdi Kalomoiri, Muhammad Aisar Ayadi Kamaluddin, Zul Amali Che Kamaruddin, Nadiah Kamarudin, Paul Kambiya, Kavita Kamineni, Darshana Hewa Kandamby, Chris Kandel, Kong Yeow Kang, Darakhshan Kanwal, Pratap Karpayah, Todd Karsies, Daisuke Kasugai, Anant Kataria, Kevin Katz, Aasmine Kaur, Christy Kay, Hannah Keane, Seán Keating, Pulak Kedia, Claire Kelly, Yvelynne Kelly, Andrea Kelly, Niamh Kelly, Aoife Kelly, Sadie Kelly, Maeve Kelsey, Ryan Kennedy, Kalynn Kennon, Maeve Kernan, Younes Kerroumi, Sharma Keshav, Imrana Khalid, Osama Khalid, Antoine Khalil, Coralie Khan, Irfan Khan, Quratul Ain Khan, Sushil Khanal, Abid Khatak, Amin Khawaja, Krish Kherajani, Michelle E Kho, Saye Khoo, Ryan Khoo, Denisa Khoo, Nasir Khoso, Khor How Kiat, Yuri Kida, Peter Kiiza, Beathe Kiland Granerud, Anders Benjamin Kildal, Jae Burm Kim, Antoine Kimmoun, Detlef Kindgen-Milles, Alexander King, Nobuya Kitamura, Paul Klenerman, Rob Klont, Gry Kloumann Bekken, Stephen R Knight, Robin Kobbe, Chamira Kodippily, Malte Kohns Vasconcelos, Sabin Koirala, Mamoru Komatsu, Caroline Kosgei, Arsène Kpangon, Karolina Krawczyk, Vinothini Krishnan, Sudhir Krishnan, Oksana Kruglova, Deepali Kumar, Ganesh Kumar, Mukesh Kumar, Dinesh Kuriakose, Ethan Kurtzman, Demetrios Kutsogiannis, Galyna Kutsyna, Konstantinos Kyriakoulis, Marie Lachatre, Marie Lacoste, John G Laffey, Marie Lagrange, Fabrice Laine, Olivier Lairez, Sanjay Lakhey, Antonio Lalueza, Marc Lambert, François Lamontagne, Marie Langelot-Richard, Vincent Langlois, Eka Yudha Lantang, Marina Lanza, Cédric Laouénan, Samira Laribi, Delphine 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Srinivas Murthy, Himed Musaab, Himasha Muvindi, Gugapriyaa Muyandy, Dimitra Melia Myrodia, Farah Nadia Mohd-Hanafiah, Dave Nagpal, Alex Nagrebetsky, Mangala Narasimhan, Nageswaran Narayanan, Rashid Nasim Khan, Alasdair Nazerali-Maitland, Nadège Neant, Holger Neb, Erni Nelwan, Raul Neto, Emily Neumann, Pauline Yeung Ng, Wing Yiu Ng, Anthony Nghi, Duc Nguyen, Orna Ni Choileain, Niamh Ni Leathlobhair, Prompak Nitayavardhana, Stephanie Nonas, Nurul Amani Mohd Noordin, Marion Noret, Nurul Faten Izzati Norharizam, Lisa Norman, Alessandra Notari, Mahdad Noursadeghi, Karolina Nowicka, Adam Nowinski, Saad Nseir, Jose I Nunez, Nurnaningsih Nurnaningsih, Dwi Utomo Nusantara, Elsa Nyamankolly, Fionnuala O Brien, Annmarie O Callaghan, Annmarie O'Callaghan, Giovanna Occhipinti, Derbrenn OConnor, Max O'Donnell, Tawnya Ogston, Takayuki Ogura, Tak-Hyuk Oh, Sophie O'Halloran, Katie O'Hearn, Shinichiro Ohshimo, Agnieszka Oldakowska, João Oliveira, Larissa Oliveira, Jee Yan Ong, Wilna Oosthuyzen, Anne Opavsky, Peter Openshaw, Saijad Orakzai, Claudia Milena Orozco-Chamorro, Jamel Ortoleva, Javier Osatnik, Linda O'Shea, Miriam O'Sullivan, Siti Zubaidah Othman, Nadia Ouamara, Rachida Ouissa, Eric Oziol, Maïder Pagadoy, Justine Pages, Mario Palacios, Amanda Palacios, Massimo Palmarini, Giovanna Panarello, Hem Paneru, Lai Hui Pang, Mauro Panigada, Nathalie Pansu, Aurélie Papadopoulos, Rachael Parke, Melissa Parker, Briseida Parra, Taha Pasha, Jérémie Pasquier, Bruno Pastene, Fabian Patauner, Drashti Patel, Mohan Dass Pathmanathan, Luís Patrão, Patricia Patricio, Juliette Patrier, Lisa Patterson, Rajyabardhan Pattnaik, Mical Paul, Christelle Paul, Jorge Paulos, William A Paxton, Jean-François Payen, Kalaiarasu Peariasamy, Giles J Peek, Florent Peelman, Nathan Peiffer-Smadja, Vincent Peigne, Mare Pejkovska, Paolo Pelosi, Ithan D Peltan, Rui Pereira, Daniel Perez, Luis Periel, Thomas Perpoint, Antonio Pesenti, Vincent Pestre, Lenka Petrou, Ventzislava Petrov-Sanchez, Frank Olav Pettersen, Gilles Peytavin, Scott Pharand, Michael Piagnerelli, Walter Picard, Olivier Picone, Maria de Piero, Carola Pierobon, Djura Piersma, Carlos Pimentel, Raquel Pinto, Catarina Pires, Isabelle Pironneau, Lionel Piroth, Ayodhia Pitaloka, Riinu Pius, Laurent Plantier, Hon Shen Png, Julien Poissy, Ryadh Pokeerbux, Maria Pokorska-Spiewak, Sergio Poli, Georgios Pollakis, Diane Ponscarme, Jolanta Popielska, Diego Bastos Porto, Andra-Maris Post, Douwe F Postma, Pedro Povoa, Diana Póvoas, Jeff Powis, Sofia Prapa, Sébastien Preau, Christian Prebensen, Jean-Charles Preiser, Anton Prinssen, Gamage Dona Dilanthi Priyadarshani, Lucia Proença, Sravya Pudota, Oriane Puéchal, Bambang Pujo Semedi, Mathew Pulicken, Gregory Purcell, Luisa Quesada, Vilmaris Quinones-Cardona, Víctor Quirós González, Else Quist-Paulsen, Mohammed Quraishi, Maia Rabaa, Christian Rabaud, Ebenezer Rabindrarajan, Aldo Rafael, Marie Rafiq, Gabrielle Ragazzo, Mutia Rahardjani, Rozanah Abd Rahman, Ahmad Kashfi Haji Ab Rahman, Arsalan Rahutullah, Fernando Rainieri, Giri Shan Rajahram, Pratheema Ramachandran, Ahmad Afiq Ramli, Blandine Rammaert, Asim Rana, Rajavardhan Rangappa, Ritika Ranjan, Christophe Rapp, Aasiyah Rashan, Thalha Rashan, Ghulam Rasheed, Menaldi Rasmin, Indrek Rätsep, Cornelius Rau, Tharmini Ravi, Ali Raza, Andre Real, Stanislas Rebaudet, Sarah Redl, Brenda Reeve, Attaur Rehman, Liadain Reid, Liadain Reid, Dag Henrik Reikvam, Renato Reis, Jordi Rello, Jonathan Remppis, Martine Remy, Hongru Ren, Hanna Renk, Anne-Sophie Resseguier, Matthieu Revest, Oleksa Rewa, Luis Felipe Reyes, Tiago Reyes, Maria Ines Ribeiro, Antonia Ricchiuto, David Richardson, Denise Richardson, Laurent Richier, Siti Nurul Atikah Ahmad Ridzuan, Jordi Riera, Ana L Rios, Asgar Rishu, Patrick Rispal, Karine Risso, Maria Angelica Rivera Nuñez, Nicholas Rizer, Chiara Robba, André Roberto, Stephanie Roberts, David L Robertson, Olivier Robineau, Ferran Roche-Campo, Paola Rodari, Simão Rodeia, Bernhard Roessler, Pierre-Marie Roger, Emmanuel Roilides, Juliette Romaru, Roberto Roncon-Albuquerque, Mélanie Roriz, Manuel Rosa-Calatrava, Michael Rose, Dorothea Rosenberger, Nurul Hidayah Mohammad Roslan, Andrea Rossanese, Matteo Rossetti, Bénédicte Rossignol, Patrick Rossignol, Stella Rousset, Carine Roy, Benoît Roze, Desy Rusmawatiningtyas, Clark D Russell, Maria Ryan, Maeve Ryan, Steffi Ryckaert, Aleksander Rygh Holten, Isabela Saba, Sairah Sadaf, Musharaf Sadat, Valla Sahraei, Maximilien Saint-Gilles, Pranya Sakiyalak, Nawal Salahuddin, Leonardo Salazar, Jodat Saleem, Gabriele Sales, Stéphane Sallaberry, Charlotte Salmon Gandonniere, Hélène Salvator, Olivier Sanchez, Angel Sanchez-Miralles, Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu, Gyan Sandhu, Zulfiqar Sandhu, Pierre-François Sandrine, Marlene Santos, Shirley Sarfo-Mensah, Bruno Sarmento Banheiro, Iam Claire E Sarmiento, Benjamine Sarton, Ankana Satya, Sree Satyapriya, Rumaisah Satyawati, Egle Saviciute, Parthena Savvidou, Yen Tsen Saw, Justin Schaffer, Tjard Schermer, Arnaud Scherpereel, Marion Schneider, Stephan Schroll, Michael Schwameis, Gary Schwartz, Brendan Scicluna, Janet T Scott, James Scott-Brown, Nicholas Sedillot, Tamara Seitz, Jaganathan Selvanayagam, Mageswari Selvarajoo, Caroline Semaille, Rasidah Bt Senian, Eric Senneville, Claudia Sepulveda, Filipa Sequeira, Tânia Sequeira, Ary Serpa Neto, Pablo Serrano Balazote, Ellen Shadowitz, Syamin Asyraf Shahidan, Mohammad Shamsah, Anuraj Shankar, Shaikh Sharjeel, Catherine A Shaw, Victoria Shaw, Ashraf Sheharyar, Rohan Shetty, Rajesh Mohan Shetty, Haixia Shi, Nisreen Shiban, Mohiuddin Shiekh, Nobuaki Shime, Hiroaki Shimizu, Keiki Shimizu, Sally Shrapnel, Pramesh Sundar Shrestha, Shubha Kalyan Shrestha, Hoi Ping Shum, Nassima Si Mohammed, Ng Yong Siang, Jeanne Sibiude, Atif Siddiqui, Piret Sillaots, Catarina Silva, Rogério Silva, Maria Joao Silva, Wai Ching Sin, Dario Sinatti, Punam Singh, Budha Charan Singh, Pompini Agustina Sitompul, Karisha Sivam, Vegard Skogen, Sue Smith, Benjamin Smood, Coilin Smyth, Michelle Smyth, Michelle Smyth, Morgane Snacken, Dominic So, Tze Vee Soh, Joshua Solomon, Tom Solomon, Agnès Sommet, Rima Song, Tae Song, Jack Song Chia, Michael Sonntagbauer, Azlan Mat Soom, Alberto Sotto, Edouard Soum, Marta Sousa, Ana Chora Sousa, Maria Sousa Uva, Vicente Souza-Dantas, Alexandra Sperry, Elisabetta Spinuzza, B P Sanka Ruwan Sri Darshana, Shiranee Sriskandan, Sarah Stabler, Thomas Staudinger, Stephanie-Susanne Stecher, Trude Steinsvik, Ymkje Stienstra, Birgitte Stiksrud, Eva Stolz, Amy Stone, Adrian Streinu-Cercel, David Stuart, Ami Stuart, Decy Subekti, Gabriel Suen, Jacky Y Suen, Asfia Sultana, Charlotte Summers, Dubravka Supic, Deepashankari Suppiah, Magdalena Surovcová, Suwarti Suwarti, Andrey Svistunov, Sarah Syahrin, Konstantinos Syrigos, Jaques Sztajnbok, Konstanty Szuldrzynski, Shirin Tabrizi, Lysa Tagherset, Shahdattul Mawarni Taib, Ewa Talarek, Sara Taleb, Jelmer Talsma, Renaud Tamisier, Maria Lawrensia Tampubolon, Kim Keat Tan, Yan Chyi Tan, Taku Tanaka, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Hayato Taniguchi, Huda Taqdees, Arshad Taqi, Coralie Tardivon, Pierre Tattevin, M Azhari Taufik, Hassan Tawfik, Richard S Tedder, Tze Yuan Tee, João Teixeira, Sofia Tejada, Marie-Capucine Tellier, Sze Kye Teoh, Vanessa Teotonio, François Téoulé, Pleun Terpstra, Olivier Terrier, Nicolas Terzi, Hubert Tessier-Grenier, Adrian Tey, Alif Adlan Mohd Thabit, Anand Thakur, Zhang Duan Tham, Suvintheran Thangavelu, Vincent Thibault, Simon-Djamel Thiberville, Benoît Thill, Jananee Thirumanickam, Shaun Thompson, Emma C Thomson, David Thomson, Surain Raaj Thanga Thurai, Ryan S Thwaites, Paul Tierney, Vadim Tieroshyn, Peter S Timashev, Jean-François Timsit, Noémie Tissot, Jordan Zhien Yang Toh, Maria Toki, Kristian Tonby, Sia Loong Tonnii, Margarida Torres, Antoni Torres, Rosario Maria Torres Santos-Olmo, Hernando Torres-Zevallos, Michael Towers, Tony Trapani, Théo Treoux, Cécile Tromeur, Ioannis Trontzas, Tiffany Trouillon, Jeanne Truong, Christelle Tual, Sarah Tubiana, Helen Tuite, Jean-Marie Turmel, Lance C W Turtle, Anders Tveita, Pawel Twardowski, Makoto Uchiyama, P G Ishara Udayanga, Andrew Udy, Roman Ullrich, Alberto Uribe, Asad Usman, Timothy M Uyeki, Cristinava Vajdovics, Piero Valentini, Luís Val-Flores, Amélie Valran, Stijn Van de Velde, Marcel van den Berge, Machteld Van der Feltz, Job van der Palen, Paul van der Valk, Nicky Van Der Vekens, Peter Van der Voort, Sylvie Van Der Werf, Laura van Gulik, Jarne Van Hattem, Carolien van Netten, Frank van Someren Greve, Ilonka van Veen, Hugo Van Willigen, Noémie Vanel, Henk Vanoverschelde, Pooja Varghese, Michael Varrone, Shoban Raj Vasudayan, Charline Vauchy, Shaminee Veeran, Aurélie Veislinger, Sebastian Vencken, Sara Ventura, Annelies Verbon, James Vickers, José Ernesto Vidal, César Vieira, Deepak Vijayan, Joy Ann Villanueva, Judit Villar, Pierre-Marc Villeneuve, Andrea Villoldo, Gayatri Vishwanathan, Benoit Visseaux, Hannah Visser, Chiara Vitiello, Harald Vonkeman, Fanny Vuotto, Suhaila Abdul Wahab, Noor Hidayu Wahab, Nadirah Abdul Wahid, Marina Wainstein, Wan Fadzlina Wan Muhd Shukeri, Chih-Hsien Wang, Steve Webb, Katharina Weil, Tan Pei Wen, Sanne Wesselius, T Eoin West, Murray Wham, Bryan Whelan, Nicole White, Paul Henri Wicky, Aurélie Wiedemann, Surya Otto Wijaya, Keith Wille, Suzette Willems, Virginie Williams, Calvin Wong, Yew Sing Wong, Teck Fung Wong, Natalie Wright, Gan Ee Xian, Lim Saio Xian, Kuan Pei Xuan, Ioannis Xynogalas, Siti Rohani Binti Mohd Yakop, Masaki Yamazaki, Yazdan Yazdanpanah, Nicholas Yee Liang Hing, Cécile Yelnik, Chian Hui Yeoh, Stephanie Yerkovich, Toshiki Yokoyama, Hodane Yonis, Obada Yousif, Saptadi Yuliarto, Akram Zaaqoq, Marion Zabbe, Kai Zacharowski, Masliza Zahid, Maram Zahran, Nor Zaila Binti Zaidan, Maria Zambon, Miguel Zambrano, Alberto Zanella, Konrad Zawadka, Nurul Zaynah, Hiba Zayyad, Alexander Zoufaly, David Zucman, University of Oxford, Infection, Anti-microbiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME (UMR_S_1137 / U1137)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], ARN régulateurs bactériens et médecine (BRM), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), This work was made possible by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, Wellcome (215091/Z/18/Z, 205228/Z/16/Z, 220757/Z/20/Z), Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1209135), UK Medical Research Council Clinical Research Training Fellowship (MR/V001671/1), the philanthropic support of the donors to the University of Oxford’s COVID-19 Research Response Fund, CIHR Coronavirus Rapid Research Funding Opportunity (OV2170359) and the co-ordination in Canada by Sunnybrook Research Institute, endorsement of the Irish Critical Care—Clinical Trials Group, co-ordination in Ireland by the Irish Critical Care—Clinical Trials Network at University College Dublin and funding by the Health Research Board of Ireland (CTN-2014–12), the Rapid European COVID-19 Emergency Response research (RECOVER) (H2020 project 101003589) and European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (ECRAID) (965313), the COVID clinical management team, AIIMS, Rishikesh, India, the COVID-19 Clinical Management team, Manipal Hospital Whitefield, Bengaluru, India, Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, the dedication and hard work of the Groote Schuur Hospital Covid ICU Team, support by the Groote Schuur nursing and University of Cape Town registrar bodies co-ordinated by the Division of Critical Care at the University of Cape Town, the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and the University of Oxford, the dedication and hard work of the Norwegian SARS-CoV-2 study team, the Research Council of Norway (grant no. 312780) and a philanthropic donation from Vivaldi Invest A/S owned by Jon Stephenson von Tetzchner, Imperial NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, the Comprehensive Local Research Networks of which PJMO is an NIHR Senior Investigator (NIHR201385), Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under Grant Agreement No. 115523 COMBACTE, resources of which are composed of financial contribution from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007– 2013) and EFPIA companies, in-kind contribution, the French COVID cohort (NCT04262921) is sponsored by INSERM and is funded by the REACTing (REsearch & ACtion emergING infectious diseases) consortium and by a grant of the French Ministry of Health (PHRC n 20–0424), Stiftungsfonds zur Förderung der Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose und anderer Lungenkrankheiten of the City of Vienna (project no. APCOV22BGM), Italian Ministry of Health ‘Fondi Ricerca corrente–L1P6’ to IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore–Don Calabria, Australian Department of Health grant (3273191), Gender Equity Strategic Fund at University of Queensland, Artificial Intelligence for Pandemics (A14PAN) at University of Queensland, the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems (EQUS, CE170100009), the Prince Charles Hospital Foundation, Australia, grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia, Spain, Brazil, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (scholarship no. 303953/2018–7), the Firland Foundation, Shoreline, Washington, USA, a grant from foundation Bevordering Onderzoek Franciscus, the South Eastern Norway Health Authority and the Research Council of Norway, and preparedness work conducted by the Short PeRiod IncideNce sTudy of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection. Data and Material provision was supported by grants from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR, award CO-CIN-01), the Medical Research Council (MRC, and grant MC_PC_19059) and by the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at University of Liverpool in partnership with PHE (award no. 200907), NIHR HPRU in Respiratory Infections at Imperial College London with PHE (award no. 200927), Liverpool Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre (grant no. C18616/A25153), NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Imperial College London (award no. IS-BRC-1215–20013) and NIHR Clinical Research Network providing infrastructure support.

Subjects
Male, Epidemiology, MESH: Hospitalization, MESH: Proportional Hazards Models, MESH: Risk Factors, Risk Factors, MESH: Child, cohort study, MESH: COVID-19, Humans, MESH: SARS-CoV-2, Child, Proportional Hazards Models, MESH: Humans, MESH: Middle Aged, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, risk of death, General Medicine, Middle Aged, co-morbidities, symptoms, treatments, MESH: Male, Hospitalization, Intensive Care Units, MESH: Intensive Care Units, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, COVID-19/therapy
Abstract

Background We describe demographic features, treatments and clinical outcomes in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) COVID-19 cohort, one of the world's largest international, standardized data sets concerning hospitalized patients. Methods The data set analysed includes COVID-19 patients hospitalized between January 2020 and January 2022 in 52 countries. We investigated how symptoms on admission, co-morbidities, risk factors and treatments varied by age, sex and other characteristics. We used Cox regression models to investigate associations between demographics, symptoms, co-morbidities and other factors with risk of death, admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Results Data were available for 689 572 patients with laboratory-confirmed (91.1%) or clinically diagnosed (8.9%) SARS-CoV-2 infection from 52 countries. Age [adjusted hazard ratio per 10 years 1.49 (95% CI 1.48, 1.49)] and male sex [1.23 (1.21, 1.24)] were associated with a higher risk of death. Rates of admission to an ICU and use of IMV increased with age up to age 60 years then dropped. Symptoms, co-morbidities and treatments varied by age and had varied associations with clinical outcomes. The case-fatality ratio varied by country partly due to differences in the clinical characteristics of recruited patients and was on average 21.5%. Conclusions Age was the strongest determinant of risk of death, with a ∼30-fold difference between the oldest and youngest groups; each of the co-morbidities included was associated with up to an almost 2-fold increase in risk. Smoking and obesity were also associated with a higher risk of death. The size of our international database and the standardized data collection method make this study a comprehensive international description of COVID-19 clinical features. Our findings may inform strategies that involve prioritization of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who have a higher risk of death.

Published
2023

45. Electrospun fibers of poly (lactic acid) containing bioactive glass and magnesium oxide nanoparticles for bone tissue regeneration

Author

Daniel A. Canales, Felipe Reyes, Marcela Saavedra, Laura Peponi, Adrián Leonés, Humberto Palza, Aldo R. Boccaccini, Alina Grünewald, and Paula A. Zapata

Subjects
Staphylococcus aureus, Bone Regeneration, Tissue Engineering, Tissue Scaffolds, Polyesters, Biocompatible Materials, General Medicine, Biochemistry, Structural Biology, Escherichia coli, Nanoparticles, Glass, Lactic Acid, Magnesium Oxide, Molecular Biology
Abstract

Electrospun fibers of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) containing 10 and 20 wt% of bioactive glass (n-BG) and magnesium oxide (n-MgO) nanoparticles of ca. 27 and 23 nm respectively, were prepared toward to application in bone tissue engineering. The addition of both nanoparticles into the PLA will produce a synergic effect increasing its bioactivity and antimicrobial behavior. Neat PLA scaffold and the composites with MgO showed an average fiber diameter of 1.7 ± 0.6 μm, PLA/n-BG and PLA/n-BG/n-MgO fibers presented a significant diameter increase reaching values of ca. 3.1 ± 0.8 μm. Young's modulus of the electrospun scaffolds was affected by the direct presence of the particle and scaffold morphologies. All the composites having n-BG presented bioactivity through the precipitation of hydroxyapatite structures on the surface. Although n-MgO did not add bioactivity to the PLA fibers, they were able to render antimicrobial characteristics reducing the S. aureus viability around 30%, although an effect on E. coli strain was not observed. PLA/n-BG nanocomposites did not display any significant antimicrobial behavior. The different composites increased the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression as compared with pure PLA barely affecting the cell viability, meaning a good osteoblastic phenotype expression capacity, with PLA/n-BG presenting the highest osteoblastic expression., M. Saavedra acknowledges with thanks finantial suport from DICYT código 022140ZR_ACA,Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación. P.A. Zapata acknowledges with thanks the financial support FONDECYT under Regular Project 1170226. D. Canales acknowledges to the Comisión Nacional de Investigaci ́on Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT) for financial support granted through a doctoral scholarship number 21191599, Vicerrectoría de postgrado Universidad de Santiago de Chile for funding through a research support grant. Finally, D. Canales acknowledges to Katharina Schuhladen, Sonja Kuth, Lena Vogt, Irem Unalam and Florian Ruther, members of Institute of biomaterials of University of Erlangen-Nuremberg for your support in the mechanical and biological analysis.

Published
2022

46. Particle lung deposited surface area (LDSAal) size distributions in different urban environments and geographical regions : Towards understanding of the PM2.5 dose–response

Author

Lepistö, Teemu, Lintusaari, Henna, Oudin, Anna, Barreira, Luis M.F., Niemi, Jarkko V., Karjalainen, Panu, Salo, Laura, Silvonen, Ville, Markkula, Lassi, Hoivala, Jussi, Marjanen, Petteri, Martikainen, Sampsa, Aurela, Minna, Reyes, Felipe Reyes, Oyola, Pedro, Kuuluvainen, Heino, Manninen, Hanna E., Schins, Roel P.F., Vojtisek-Lom, Michal, Ondracek, Jakub, Topinka, Jan, Timonen, Hilkka, Jalava, Pasi, Saarikoski, Sanna, Rönkkö, Topi, Lepistö, Teemu, Lintusaari, Henna, Oudin, Anna, Barreira, Luis M.F., Niemi, Jarkko V., Karjalainen, Panu, Salo, Laura, Silvonen, Ville, Markkula, Lassi, Hoivala, Jussi, Marjanen, Petteri, Martikainen, Sampsa, Aurela, Minna, Reyes, Felipe Reyes, Oyola, Pedro, Kuuluvainen, Heino, Manninen, Hanna E., Schins, Roel P.F., Vojtisek-Lom, Michal, Ondracek, Jakub, Topinka, Jan, Timonen, Hilkka, Jalava, Pasi, Saarikoski, Sanna, and Rönkkö, Topi

Abstract

Recent studies indicate that monitoring only fine particulate matter (PM2.5) may not be enough to understand and tackle the health risk caused by particulate pollution. Health effects per unit PM2.5 seem to increase in countries with low PM2.5, but also near local pollution sources (e.g., traffic) within cities. The aim of this study is to understand the differences in the characteristics of lung-depositing particles in different geographical regions and urban environments. Particle lung deposited surface area (LDSAal) concentrations and size distributions, along with PM2.5, were compared with ambient measurement data from Finland, Germany, Czechia, Chile, and India, covering traffic sites, residential areas, airports, shipping, and industrial sites. In Finland (low PM2.5), LDSAal size distributions depended significantly on the urban environment and were mainly attributable to ultrafine particles (<100 nm). In Central Europe (moderate PM2.5), LDSAal was also dependent on the urban environment, but furthermore heavily influenced by the regional aerosol. In Chile and India (high PM2.5), LDSAal was mostly contributed by the regional aerosol despite that the measurements were done at busy traffic sites. The results indicate that the characteristics of lung-depositing particles vary significantly both within cities and between geographical regions. In addition, ratio between LDSAal and PM2.5 depended notably on the environment and the country, suggesting that LDSAal exposure per unit PM2.5 may be multiple times higher in areas having low PM2.5 compared to areas with continuously high PM2.5. These findings may partly explain why PM2.5 seems more toxic near local pollution sources and in areas with low PM2.5. Furthermore, performance of a typical sensor based LDSAal measurement is discussed and a new LDSAal2.5 notation indicating deposition region and particle size range is introduced. Overall, the study emphasizes the need for country-specific emission mitigation stra

Published
2023
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47. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with severe COVID-19 registered in the ISARIC WHO clinical characterization protocol: A prospective, multinational, observational study

Author

Luis Felipe Reyes, Esteban Garcia-Gallo, Srinivas Murthy, Yuli V. Fuentes, Cristian C. Serrano, Elsa D. Ibáñez-Prada, James Lee, Amanda Rojek, Barbara Wanjiru Citarella, Bronner P. Gonçalves, Jake Dunning, Indrek Rätsep, Andre Emilio Viñan-Garces, Christiana Kartsonaki, Jordi Rello, Ignacio Martin-Loeches, Manu Shankar-Hari, Piero L. Olliaro, Laura Merson, Institut Català de la Salut, [Reyes LF] Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia. Clínica Universidad de La Sabana, Cundinamarca, Colombia. Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. [Garcia-Gallo E] Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia. Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. [Murthy S] Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. [Fuentes YV] Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia. [Serrano CC, Ibáñez-Prada ED] Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia. Clínica Universidad de La Sabana, Cundinamarca, Colombia. [Rello J] Grup de Recerca Clínica/Innovació en la Pneumònia i Sèpsia (CRIPS), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, and Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus

Subjects
Sistema cardiovascular - Malalties - Factors de risc, Otros calificadores::Otros calificadores::/complicaciones [Otros calificadores], Cardiovascular Diseases [DISEASES], virosis::infecciones por virus ARN::infecciones por Nidovirales::infecciones por Coronaviridae::infecciones por Coronavirus [ENFERMEDADES], Virus Diseases::RNA Virus Infections::Nidovirales Infections::Coronaviridae Infections::Coronavirus Infections [DISEASES], Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Statistics as Topic::Probability::Risk::Risk Factors [ANALYTICAL, DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES, AND EQUIPMENT], Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, técnicas de investigación::métodos epidemiológicos::estadística como asunto::probabilidad::riesgo::factores de riesgo [TÉCNICAS Y EQUIPOS ANALÍTICOS, DIAGNÓSTICOS Y TERAPÉUTICOS], COVID-19 (Malaltia) - Complicacions, Other subheadings::Other subheadings::/complications [Other subheadings], enfermedades cardiovasculares [ENFERMEDADES]
Abstract

COVID-19; Complications; Mortality COVID-19; Complicacions; Mortalitat COVID-19; Complicaciones; Mortalidad Purpose To determine its cumulative incidence, identify the risk factors associated with Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) development, and its impact clinical outcomes. Materials and methods This multinational, multicentre, prospective cohort study from the ISARIC database. We used bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions to explore the risk factors related to MACE development and determine its impact on 28-day and 90-day mortality. Results 49,479 patients were included. Most were male 63.5% (31,441/49,479) and from high-income countries (84.4% [42,774/49,479]); however, >6000 patients were registered in low-and-middle-income countries. MACE cumulative incidence during their hospital stay was 17.8% (8829/49,479). The main risk factors independently associated with the development of MACE were older age, chronic kidney disease or cardiovascular disease, smoking history, and requirement of vasopressors or invasive mechanical ventilation at admission. The overall 28-day and 90-day mortality were higher among patients who developed MACE than those who did not (63.1% [5573/8829] vs. 35.6% [14,487/40,650] p < 0.001; 69.9% [6169/8829] vs. 37.8% [15,372/40,650] p < 0.001, respectively). After adjusting for confounders, MACE remained independently associated with higher 28-day and 90-day mortality (Odds Ratio [95% CI], 1.36 [1.33–1.39];1.47 [1.43–1.50], respectively). Conclusions Patients with severe COVID-19 frequently develop MACE, which is independently associated with worse clinical outcomes.

Published
2023

48. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) infection in household contacts and related factors during the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile: a longitudinal cohort study

Author

Cinthya Urquidi, Victor Rebolledo, Alejandra Chaparro, Ileana Gonzalez, Fernando Delgado, Ornella Realini, Maria Valenzuela, Maximiliano Ventura, Claudia Brizuela, Felipe Reyes-López, and Ana Sandino

Subjects
Health (social science), Epidemiology, Health Policy, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Medicine (miscellaneous), Health Informatics
Published
2023

49. Major adverse cardiovascular events are associated with necroptosis during severe COVID-19

Author

Rosana Wiscovitch-Russo, Elsa D. Ibáñez-Prada, Cristian C. Serrano-Mayorga, Benjamin L. Sievers, Maeve A. Engelbride, Surya Padmanabhan, Gene S. Tan, Sanjay Vashee, Ingrid G. Bustos, Carlos Pachecho, Lina Mendez, Peter H. Dube, Harinder Singh, Luis Felipe Reyes, and Norberto Gonzalez-Juarbe

Subjects
Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine
Abstract

Background The mechanisms used by SARS-CoV-2 to induce major adverse cardiac events (MACE) are unknown. Thus, we aimed to determine if SARS-CoV-2 can induce necrotic cell death to promote MACE in patients with severe COVID-19. Methods This observational prospective cohort study includes experiments with hamsters and human samples from patients with severe COVID-19. Cytokines and serum biomarkers were analysed in human serum. Cardiac transcriptome analyses were performed in hamsters' hearts. Results From a cohort of 70 patients, MACE was documented in 26% (18/70). Those who developed MACE had higher Log copies/mL of SARS-CoV-2, troponin-I, and pro-BNP in serum. Also, the elevation of IP-10 and a major decrease in levels of IL-17ɑ, IL-6, and IL-1rɑ were observed. No differences were found in the ability of serum antibodies to neutralise viral spike proteins in pseudoviruses from variants of concern. In hamster models, we found a stark increase in viral titters in the hearts 4 days post-infection. The cardiac transcriptome evaluation resulted in the differential expression of ~ 9% of the total transcripts. Analysis of transcriptional changes in the effectors of necroptosis (mixed lineage kinase domain-like, MLKL) and pyroptosis (gasdermin D) showed necroptosis, but not pyroptosis, to be elevated. An active form of MLKL (phosphorylated MLKL, pMLKL) was elevated in hamster hearts and, most importantly, in the serum of MACE patients. Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 identification in the systemic circulation is associated with MACE and necroptosis activity. The increased pMLKL and Troponin-I indicated the occurrence of necroptosis in the heart and suggested necroptosis effectors could serve as biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets. Trial registration Not applicable.

Published
2023

50. Risk factors and outcomes of lower respiratory tract infections after traumatic brain injury: a retrospective observational study

Author

Eder Caceres, Juan C. Olivella, Miguel Yanez, Emilio Viñan, Laura Estupiñan, Natalia Boada, Ignacio Martin-Loeches, and Luis Felipe Reyes

Subjects
General Medicine
Abstract

BackgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a public health problem with a high burden in terms of disability and death. Infections are a common complication, with respiratory infections being the most frequent. Most available studies have addressed the impact of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) after TBI; therefore, we aim to characterize the hospital impact of a broader entity, lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs).MethodsThis observational, retrospective, single-center cohort study describes the clinical features and risk factors associated with LRTIs in patients with TBI admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). We used bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions to identify the risk factors associated with developing LRTI and determine its impact on hospital mortality.ResultsWe included 291 patients, of whom 77% (225/291) were men. The median (IQR) age was 38 years (28–52 years). The most common cause of injury was road traffic accidents 72% (210/291), followed by falls 18% (52/291) and assault at 3% (9/291). The median (IQR) Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score on admission was 9 (6–14), and 47% (136/291) were classified as severe TBI, 13% (37/291) as moderate TBI, and 40% (114/291) as mild TBI. The median (IQR) injury severity score (ISS) was 24 (16–30). Nearly 48% (141/291) of patients presented at least one infection during hospitalization, and from those, 77% (109/141) were classified as LRTIs, which included tracheitis 55% (61/109), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) 34% (37/109), and hospital-acquired pneumoniae (HAP) 19% (21/109). After multivariable analysis, the following variables were significantly associated with LRTIs: age (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.01–1.2), severe TBI (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1–6.9), AIS thorax (OR 1.4, 95 CI 1.1–1.8), and mechanical ventilation on admission (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.1–13.5). At the same time, hospital mortality did not differ between groups (LRTI 18.6% vs. No LRTI 20.1%, p = 0.7), and ICU and hospital length of stay (LOS) were longer in the LRTI group (median [IQR] 12 [9–17] vs. 5 [3–9], p < 0.01) and (median [IQR] 21 [13–33] vs. 10 [5–18], p = 0.01), respectively. Time on the ventilator was longer for those with LRTIs.ConclusionThe most common site/location of infection in patients with TBI admitted to ICU is respiratory. Age, severe TBI, thoracic trauma, and mechanical ventilation were identified as potential risk factors. LRTI was associated with prolonged ICU, hospital stay, and more days on a ventilator, but not with mortality.

Published
2023

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