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ABSTRACT Objective: To describe angiographic findings of the superior rectal artery, its branches, and anatomical variations in the hemorrhoidal plexus in patients undergoing rectal artery embolization for hemorrhoidal disease treatment. Methods: Angiographic findings of 15 patients were obtained from a single-center, prospective clinical study that compared superior rectal artery embolization with the Ferguson technique for hemorrhoidal disease between July 2018 and March 2020. Results: Angiography of the superior rectal artery showed that in seven patients (46.8%), its branches were divided into four main branches (two left and two right), while in four patients (26.6%), the branches divided into one right and two left branches. The most uncommon variation observed in three cases (20%) was the branches divided into two branches to the right and one to the left; no further subdivision into the main branches was observed in one case (6.6%). Conclusion: Four patterns were observed in the angiographic anatomy of the superior rectal arteries. Knowledge of the angiographic anatomy of this region and its variations is essential to improve the effectiveness of superior rectal artery embolization. Registry of Clinical Trials: NCT03402282

Abstract Background Chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI) is a debilitating disease with a heavy burden on quality of life. Stenting of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) is the first option for treatment, but there is a lack of consensus defining precise indications for open revascularization (OR). Objectives To describe a series of 4 patients with CMI treated with OR and to present an algorithm for the management of this condition. Methods Three patients presented with typical intestinal angina and weight loss. One patient was subjected to prophylactic revascularization during open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Surgical techniques included: 1) Bypass from the infrarenal aorta to the SMA; 2) Bypass from an aorto-bifemoral polyester graft to the SMA; 3) Bypass from the right iliac artery to the SMA; 4) Bypass from the right graft limb of an aorto-biiliac polyester graft to the median colic artery at Riolan’s arcade. PTFE was used in all surgeries. All grafts were placed in a retrograde configuration, tunneled under the left renal vein, making a smooth C-loop. A treatment algorithm was constructed based on the institution’s experience and a review of recent literature. Results All patients demonstrated resolution of symptoms and recovery of body weight. All grafts are patent after mean follow-up of two years. Conclusions Open revascularization using the C-loop configuration is a valuable technique for CMI and may be considered in selected cases. The algorithm constructed may help decision planning in other quaternary centers.

Primary transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter is a rare type of cancer with metastasis presented in approximately 25% at diagnosis. Due to its rarity and poor prognosis, the management of this neoplasm is still controversial, and the development of new therapies is of uttermost importance. Herein, we describe a case of a 54-year-old patient diagnosed with transitional cell carcinoma of the left ureter submitted to left nephroureterectomy (pT3N2M0) and methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin adjuvant chemotherapy. A single liver metastasis was detected and combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and carboplatin was initiated along with stereotactic body radiation therapy. Despite these 2 previous chemotherapy regimens, the patient presented disease progression and transarterial selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) with yttrium-90 was indicated. This locoregional treatment was performed with the administration of 1.2 GBq yttrium-90 resin microspheres (SIR-Spheres®, Sirtex Medical Limited, Sydney, NSW, Australia) into the right hepatic artery. Another systemic treatment was immunotherapy using nivolumab with excellent tolerability. After 10 years of follow-up, at the last clinical evaluation, the patient had no clinical symptoms and the last imaging follow-up using positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan showed complete response. This report introduces upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma as a distinct type of malignancy in which SIRT can be safely implemented. As a transition method to nivolumab, it was successful. There might be a potential therapeutic synergism between these 2 treatment modalities.

Abstract A 100-year-old male patient was admitted with a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm due to type IA endoleak. Given the proximity of the ruptured site to the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and renal arteries, a ChEVAR was indicated. Catheterization of the target visceral vessels was a challenging procedural step because of an intensely tortuous thoracic aorta. This hostile aortic anatomy also inhibited exchange for a super stiff guide-wire and selective cannulation with the diagnostic catheter was repeatedly lost when guidewire exchange was attempted. To overcome this issue, a 5 x 40 mm balloon catheter was placed 3cm into the target arteries. The balloon was then inflated below the nominal pressure limit enabling safe exchange for a super stiff guidewire and placement of three 90-cm long 7Fr guiding sheaths. The procedure was thus safely performed with deployment of an aortic extension and the bridging stents.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the radiological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lesions that achieved a complete response following drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE) preceding liver transplantation. Methods This single-center case-control study enrolled patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent neoadjuvant DEB-TACE therapy, were followed up with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography, and were successively evaluated according to the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. The HCCs were divided into two groups based on their diameter (Group A: ≤3cm; Group B: 3cm). Viability was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method according to tumor size categories. The relationship between tumor variables was analyzed using bivariate Cox regression. Results Three-hundred and twenty-eight patients with 667 hepatocellular carcinomas who underwent their first DEB-TACE session were enrolled. A total of 105 hepatocellular carcinomas in 59 patients exhibited complete response after the initial DEB-TACE session and were divided into Group A (92 HCCs) and Group B (13 HCCs). The diameter in Group A decreased significantly compared to the pre-procedure size until the second assessment (p3cm exhibited a greater reduction in size and a longer time to recurrence. HCCs ≤3cm had a shorter relapse time. The recurrence rates were similar. These findings may aid in planning for liver transplantation.

Abstract This study aims to describe a case series of patients who underwent thoracic duct embolization (TDE) to treat traumatic iatrogenic chylothorax (TIC). Three patients were included: Case #1, a 49-year-old woman with follicular lymphoma developed a TIC following video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery to resect a solid right paravertebral mass and was treated with TDE using microcoils and N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) glue. Case #2, a 68-year-old man with cardiac amyloidosis developed a TIC following heart transplantation and was treated with TDE using microcoils and ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer. Case#3: A 6-year-old patient with congenital heart disease developed a TIC following a Fontan procedure and was treated with TDE using NBCA glue. All lesions were identified during lymphangiography and TDE was successfully performed in all cases. TDE is a safe and valuable technique that provides minimally invasive treatment for TCI.

ABSTRACT Spontaneous renal artery dissection is an unusual and idiopathic condition in most cases. In young, mildly symptomatic patients, diagnosis may be difficult, frequently culminating in delay in treatment. This report presents the case of a 40-year-old male patient, with severe hypertension of sudden onset, and difficult management of oral medication. In etiological investigation, Echo-Doppler of renal arteries showed signs of hemodynamically relevant right renal artery stenosis. Arteriography showed presence of double-lumen and thrombus in the vessel lumen, indicating dissection. The proposed treatment was endovascular approach after failure of isolated medical treatment, option which included the aspiration of the thrombus by Penumbra System® device and balloon angioplasty, followed by right renal artery stenting. Improvement of immediate sonographic control of peak systolic velocity and renal-aortic ratio was shown, with a consequent reduction of systemic arterial blood pressure and stabilization of renal function. Within the following year, the patient presented in-stent stenosis and was successfully treated with balloon angioplasty.

Resumo A infecção pelo coronavírus 2 causador da síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SARS-CoV-2) em humanos foi detectada pela primeira vez em Wuhan, na China, em 2019 e dispersada mundialmente ao longo de 2020. As diferentes manifestações clínicas, com amplo espectro de apresentação, desde infecções assintomáticas até formas graves que podem levar a óbito, são desafiadoras. Este trabalho objetiva descrever uma série de quatro casos de isquemia arterial aguda dos membros superiores em pacientes diagnosticados com COVID-19, os quais foram manejados clinicamente com anticoagulação, antiagregação plaquetária e uso de prostanoides. Dois pacientes receberam alta hospitalar com regressão e delimitação da área isquêmica, sem necessidade de intervenção cirúrgica, e dois pacientes faleceram em decorrência de complicações pulmonares. Uma adequada compreensão da fisiopatologia dessa doença pode favorecer um melhor manejo clínico de suas complicações.

Among the cases of visceral artery aneurysms, those that involve the inferior mesenteric artery are the most uncommon, with a prevalence of

ABSTRACT Transarterial radioembolization (TARE) with yttrium-90 microspheres is a palliative locoregional treatment, minimally invasive for liver tumors. The neoadjuvant aim of this treatment is still controversial, however, selected cases with lesions initially considered unresectable have been enframed as candidates for curative therapy after hepatic transarterial radioembolization. We report three cases in which the hepatic transarterial radioembolization was used as neoadjuvant therapy in an effective way, allowing posterior potentially curative therapies.

ABSTRACT Varicose gastrointestinal bleeding is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic liver disease. Endoscopic treatment is the first therapeutic line for these patients, however, for those whom this therapeutic modality fail, a broad knowledge of alternative treatment options may improve the prognosis. We describe a case of a patient who were successfully embolized from gastroesophageal varices via transsplenic access.

Rubber projectiles are used as an alternative to metal bullets owing to their lower morbidity and mortality rate. There are few reports of vascular lesions of extremities caused by rubber projectiles in the literature. The authors report the case of a 37-year-old man who was the victim of a penetrating injury to the left thigh with a rubber projectile. He reported only pain at the site of the injury; pulses were decreased in the affected limb. After arteriography confirmed an injury to the superficial femoral artery, he underwent an arterial and venous femorofemoral bypass using a reversed contralateral saphenous vein. Keywords: Vascular trauma, Nonlethal projectile, Penetrating trauma

Background. Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (PACC) is a rare tumor. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice when feasible, but there are no clear recommendations for patients with advanced disease. Liver-directed therapy with Y-90 selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) has been used to treat hepatic metastases from pancreatic tumors. We describe a case of PACC liver metastases treated with SIRT. Case Report. 59-year-old man was admitted with an infiltrative, solid lesion in pancreatic tail diagnosed as PACC. Lymph nodes in the hepatic hilum were enlarged, and many metastatic liver nodules were observed. After partial pancreatectomy, the left and right lobes of the liver were separately treated with Y-90 resin microspheres. Follow-up imaging revealed that all hepatic nodules shrank by at least 50%, and 3 nodules disappeared completely. Lipase concentration was 8407 U/L at baseline, rose to 12,705 U/L after pancreatectomy, and declined to 344 U/L after SIRT. Multiple rounds of chemotherapy in the subsequent year shrank the hepatic tumors further; disease then progressed, but a third line of chemotherapy shrank the tumors again, 16 months after SIRT treatment. Conclusion. SIRT had a positive effect on liver metastases from PACC. In conjunction with systemic therapy, SIRT can achieve sustained disease control.

OBJECTIVE: Minimally invasive methods are used as alternatives to treat leiomyomas and include uterine artery embolization, which has emerged as a safe, effective method. This study aims to evaluate the magnetic resonance imaging predictors for a reduction in leiomyoma volume in patients undergoing uterine artery embolization. METHODS: This prospective longitudinal study was performed at a university hospital. We followed 50 symptomatic premenopausal women with uterine leiomyomas who underwent uterine artery embolization. We examined 179 leiomyomas among these patients. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed one month before and six months after uterine artery embolization. Two radiologists who specialized in abdominal imaging independently interpreted the images. Main Outcome Measures: The magnetic resonance imaging parameters were the uterus and leiomyomas volumes, their localizations, contrast perfusion pattern and node-to-muscle ratio. RESULTS: Six months after treatment, the average uterine volume reduction was 38.91%, and the leiomyomas were reduced by 55.23%. When the leiomyomas were submucosal and/or had a higher node-to-muscle ratio in the T2 images, the volume reduction was even greater (greater than 50%). Other parameters showed no association. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that symptomatic uterine leiomyomas in patients undergoing uterine artery embolization exhibit volume reductions greater than 50% by magnetic resonance imaging when the leiomyomas are submucosal and/or had a high node-to-muscle ratio in the T2 images.

OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados de 15 pacientes com elevado risco de sangramento obstétrico, submetidas ao implante de catéteres balão profilático para oclusão temporária das artérias hipogástricas. MÉTODOS: Uma análise retrospectiva foi realizada com base em prontuários de 15 pacientes submetidas ao implante de catéteres balão profilático, de janeiro/2008 a dezembro/2011. Todas as pacientes incluídas no estudo foram diagnosticadas no período antenatal com doença placentária associada a alto risco de hemorragia obstétrica. RESULTADOS: A média de idade das pacientes estudadas foi de 36 anos (32-42 anos). Nove pacientes eram portadoras de acretismo placentário, quatro possuíam placenta prévia, uma estava com gestação ectópica e uma apresentava miomatose uterina e coagulopatia associada a Lupus Eritematosos Sistêmico. O volume total de contraste utilizado para o procedimento variou entre 20 e 160 ml (média de 84 ml). A média do número total de dias de internação e o número de dias de internação após o procedimento foram, respectivamente, 12,4 e 4,9 dias. Em oito (53%) casos, não houve necessidade de transfusão sanguínea no intraoperatório ou após a cirurgia. A média do número de unidades de sangue transfundida foi 2,06. A única complicação associada ao procedimento foi a trombose arterial de artéria ilíaca externa, observada em dois casos. CONCLUSÃO: A oclusão temporária de artérias hipogástricas é um método seguro e efetivo para controle de hemorragia em pacientes com elevado risco de sangramento obstétrico, quando realizado por equipe experiente. Os resultados deste estudo são observacionais, retrospectivos e não randomizados; portanto, não podemos apoiar o uso rotineiro dessa técnica, mas podemos incluí-la no arsenal de recursos para casos selecionados com potencial para sangramento.

A dissecção espontânea das artérias viscerais é um evento relativamente raro. Dor abdominal súbita no epigástrio é o sintoma mais frequentemente manifestado pelos pacientes. O avanço das técnicas de exames de imagem possibilitou o diagnóstico deste evento com maior facilidade, aumentando a incidência das dissecções das artérias viscerais. O tratamento clínico conservador, a revascularização cirúrgica, e a terapia endovascular são as três possíveis opções terapêuticas. Neste artigo, relatamos os casos de dois pacientes com dissecção espontânea do tronco celíaco conduzidos de formas diversas, de acordo com a apresentação clínica e exames de imagem, além de realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre esta doença.

CONTEXTO: A insuficiência venosa crônica (IVC) em suas formas mais graves, com ulceração e lesões inflamatórias, associa-se a um tratamento cirúrgico convencional de difícil execução. A escleroterapia de veias tronculares com espuma de polidocanol é considerada uma alternativa terapêutica com resultados satisfatórios. OBJETIVO: Relatar os resultados da escleroterapia com espuma de polidocanol no tratamento de pacientes com IVC de membros inferiores com úlcera ativa. MÉTODOS: Em um período de 48 meses, 71 pacientes (76 membros) foram submetidos à escleroterapia de veias tronculares com espuma de polidocanol a 3% guiada por ultrassom. O seguimento pós-procedimento foi feito por meio de questionário clínico, exame físico e ultrassom Doppler, realizados em sete dias, um e seis meses e, a partir de então, semestralmente. Analisou-se tempo de cicatrização da úlcera, melhora de sintomas clínicos, recanalização, recidiva dos sintomas e complicações. RESULTADOS: O sexo feminino correspondeu a 61% dos casos, e a idade variou de 25 a 85 anos (média de 59 anos). O tempo médio de acompanhamento foi de 460 dias. O refluxo do sistema venoso profundo foi observado em 53,4% dos membros. A cicatrização das úlceras ocorreu em 84,2% dos casos, com um tempo médio de cicatrização de 37 dias. A recanalização ocorreu em 31,5%, porém a recidiva de sintomas, com ressurgimento de úlcera, foi de 11,8%. CONCLUSÃO: A esclerose com espuma é efetiva e apresenta altas taxas de cicatrização de úlceras, com baixos índices de complicações, em pacientes com IVC grave.BACKGROUND: Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI) in its most severe forms, with ulceration and inflammatory lesions, is associated with a conventional surgical treatment of difficult execution. Polidocanol foam sclerotherapy of saphenous veins is considered an alternative therapy with satisfactory results. OBJECTIVE: To report the results of polidocanol foam sclerotherapy in the treatment of patients with lower limb CVI with active ulcer. METHODS: Over a period of 48 months, 71 patients (76 limbs) underwent 3% polidocanol foam ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy of saphenous vein. Follow-up was performed by means of clinical questionnaire, physical examination and Doppler ultrasound, in seven days, one and six months, and every six months thereafter. We analyzed time to ulcer healing, improvement of clinical symptoms, recanalization, recurrence of symptoms and complications. RESULTS: Females accounted for 61% of cases, and the age ranged from 25 to 85 years (mean 59 years). The mean follow-up was 460 days. Reflux of the deep venous system was observed in 53% of the limbs. Ulcer healing occurred in 84,2% of cases, with a mean healing time of 37 days. Recanalization occurred in 31,5%, but recurrence of symptoms, with recurrence of ulcer, was 11,8%. CONCLUSION: Foam sclerotherapy is effective and presents high rates of ulcer healing, with low rates of complications, in patients with severe CVI.

CONTEXTO: O trauma vascular na população pediátrica apresenta-se como um desafio único, frente à sua incidência relativamente baixa, mesmo em centros médicos de referência. Devido à fragilidade dos tecidos, ao reduzido tamanho dos vasos e à sua baixa incidência, manifesta-se com taxas significativas de morbidade e mortalidade. OBJETIVO: Descrever e analisar os casos de trauma vascular em pacientes pediátricos admitidos em hospital terciário. MÉTODOS: Por meio de estudo retrospectivo, analisaram-se os casos de trauma vascular em pacientes menores de 18 anos, admitidos de janeiro de 2000 a julho de 2010, levando-se em conta dados demográficos, mecanismos de lesão, traumas associados, tratamentos empregados e complicações. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 242 pacientes com trauma vascular, sendo 37 (15,2%) pertencentes à população pediátrica. A média de idade foi de 12,5 anos, sendo 81% dos participantes da pesquisa do sexo masculino. Entre os mecanismos de lesão, o trauma penetrante foi o mais comum (57%), seguido do contuso (38%) e do iatrogênico (5%). Das técnicas cirúrgicas empregadas, o enxerto arterial com veia autóloga foi o procedimento mais comum (13 casos). Houve um caso de amputação primária (infrapatelar) e quatro amputações no período pós-operatório precoce (três transfemorais e uma transtársica). Dos 11 pacientes admitidos com lesão de artéria poplítea, a taxa de amputação transfemoral pós-operatória foi de 27,3%. Houve apenas um óbito devido a trauma iatrogênico em lactente hemofílico. CONCLUSÕES: O trauma vascular pediátrico envolve vários desafios técnicos, como o vasoespasmo e o calibre dos vasos. As altas taxas de amputações observadas em pacientes com lesões de artéria poplítea, apesar das tentativas de revascularização, reforçam a gravidade desse tipo de trauma.BACKGROUND: Vascular trauma in the pediatric population is a unique challenge, mainly due to its relatively low incidence, even in high complexity medical centers. Due to the fragility of the tissues, the small size of vessels and low incidence, it manifests with significant rates of morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze the cases of vascular trauma in pediatric patients admitted to a tertiary hospital. METHODS: Through retrospective study we analyzed the cases of vascular trauma in patients younger than 18 years, admitted from January 2000 to July 2010, taking into account demographic data, mechanisms of injury, associated injuries, treatment techniques and complications. RESULTS: During the studied period, 242 patients were admitted with vascular trauma, 37 (15.2%) belonging to the pediatric population. The average age was 12.5 years, and 81% of the research participants were male. Related to the mechanisms of injury, penetrating trauma was the most common (57%), followed by blunt (38%) and iatrogenic (5%). Among the surgical techniques employed, arterial bypass with autologous vein was the most common (13 cases). There was a case of primary major amputation (below the knee) and four amputations in the early postoperative period (three transfemoral and one transtarsic). For the 11 patients admitted with popliteal artery injury, the rate of postoperative transfemoral amputation was 27.3%. There was only one death due to an iatrogenic trauma in a hemophilic lactant. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular trauma in pediatric patients involves several technical challenges, such as vasospasm and vessel diameter. The high rates of amputation in patients with popliteal artery injuries, despite attempts of revascularization, reinforce the seriousness of this type of trauma.

Desde a descoberta dos raios X em 1895 por Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, as especialidades médicas em geral têm apresentado uma evolução exponencial, tanto no que se refere às técnicas diagnósticas, quanto às terapêuticas. Apesar de ressaltarem o aspecto crucial da anamnese e do exame físico para o diagnóstico das enfermidades, não se vislumbra uma moderna medicina sem sua associação a modalidades diagnósticas e terapêuticas guiadas por imagem. Entretanto, alguns visionários do começo do século XX foram responsáveis por nortear os caminhos dos que os seguiram. Inicialmente, a técnica de angiografia foi desenvolvida pelo médico português Egaz Moniz em Lisboa em 1927, realizando o uso combinado de contraste e raios X para estudo do sistema nervoso, tumores e malformações arteriovenosas. Reynaldo Cid dos Santos realizou a primeira aortografia translombar na mesma cidade, em 1929. Também neste ano, o médico alemão Werner Forssmann realizou o cateterismo do átrio direito através de um cateter inserido a partir de uma veia de seu próprio antebraço, guiado por fluoroscopia. Em seguida, subiu um lance de escadas e fez uma radiografia de tórax para provar o sucesso de seu método. Publicou um artigo com o título "Über die Sondierung des rechten Herzens" (Sobre a sondagem do coração direito)1 e foi demitido do hospital onde trabalhava por seus métodos nada ortodoxos. No início dos anos 1940, André Cournand, em colaboração com Dickinson Richards Jr, realizou medições mais sistemáticas da hemodinâmica do coração. Por seu trabalho na descoberta de cateterismo cardíaco e medidas hemodinâmicas, Cournand, Forssmann e Richards dividiram o Prêmio Nobel em Fisiologia e Medicina em 1956.

ABSTRACT Endovascular surgery has presented a high evolution since 1960 with Charles Dotter, who changed the concept of catheter utilization as a mean to diagnose and introduce therapeutic in interventionist vascular environment. The first reports of bleeding control of gastrointestinal and transluminal angioplasty input the development of new techniques for endovascular access, and new materials use, such as microcatheters and embolic agents, become this procedure effective and viable for treatment of several pathologies. The embolization of several organs of human body is a procedure carried out for more than 30 years all over the world showing safety, efficacy and of simple execution. In obstetrics and gynecology, particularly, the first reports refer to pelvic hemorrhage control of varied etiology, including pelvic trauma, bladder and gynecology neoplasia, anteriovenous fistulas and puerperal hemorrhages. The embolization of uterine myoma appears in the 1990's as an alternative for treat of uterine leiomyoma, and a number of studies try to clarify the risks and benefits of this procedure. It is a multidisciplinary technique, with diagnostic and indication performed by gynecologist and the procedure done by interventional vascular radiologist. This review is a critical analysis of interventionist vascular radiologic methods and its main therapeutic indications in gynecology.

OBJETIVO: avaliar a eficácia da embolização de mioma uterino (EMUT) em pacientes com miomas volumosos no que diz respeito tanto à evolução clínica quanto à redução do tamanho dos mesmos. MÉTODOS: vinte e seis pacientes com média etária de 36,5 anos, portadoras de miomas uterinos sintomáticos com volume acima de 1.000 cm³, foram submetidas à EMUT. Todas possuíam indicação para tratamento percutâneo. Os procedimentos foram realizados sob anestesia epidural e sedação, empregando-se protocolo institucional de analgesia. Após punção femoral unilateral, foi realizado o cateterismo seletivo das artérias uterinas e infusão de microesferas calibradas por meio de microcateter. A avaliação clínica pós-procedimento foi realizada em ambulatório de ginecologia segundo o protocolo de atendimento. Todas as pacientes tinham ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) antes do procedimento e 15 pacientes RNM de controle após 6 meses. RESULTADOS: o sucesso técnico foi de 100%. Não houve complicação relacionada aos procedimentos. A média de volume uterino das 15 pacientes foi 1.401 cm³ antes da embolização (min. 1.045 cm³, max. 2.137 cm³) e, após 6 meses 799 cm³ (min. 525 cm³, max. 1.604 cm³), constituindo uma redução média de 42,9%. A melhora clínica foi constatada em 25 das 26 pacientes. Uma paciente com útero de 1.098 cm³ apresentou necrose e expulsão parcial do mioma, sendo submetida à miomectomia. Outra paciente foi submetida à miomectomia após seis meses devido ao desejo de gravidez, apesar da redução parcial do volume dos miomas. Uma paciente com volume uterino de 2.201 cm³ necessitou de segunda intervenção para alcançar um resultado adequado. Nenhuma paciente foi submetida à histerectomia. Foram utilizadas em média 9,2 seringas de microesferas por paciente. CONCLUSÃO: a embolização de miomas uterinos de grande volume é um procedimento factível, com aceitáveis resultados clínico e radiológico. Pode ser considerada uma opção para as pacientes que desejam a preservação uterina e também servir como terapêutica adjuvante à miomectomia de alto risco.PURPOSE: to evaluate the effectiveness of uterine fibroid embolization (UFE) in patients with giant fibroids, with regard to both clinical outcomes and size reduction. METHODS: twenty-six patients with a mean age of 36.5 years, carrying symptomatic fibroids with a volume over 1,000 cm³, were referred for UFE. All patients had indication for percutaneous treatment. The procedures were performed under epidural anesthesia and sedation, using an institutional protocol. By unilateral femoral access, selective catheterization of uterine arteries and infusion of calibrated microspheres through microcatheter were carried out. Clinical evaluation was performed by means of regular outpatient gynecology consultation. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before the procedure and 15 patients underwent control MRI after 6 months. RESULTS: technical success was 100%. There was no complication related to the procedures. Mean uterine volume of the 15 patients studied was 1,401 cm³ before embolization (min 1,045 cm³, max 2,137 cm³) and 799 cm³ after 6 months (525 cm³ min, max. 1,604 cm³), resulting in a total reduction of 42.9%. Clinical improvement was observed in 25 of 26 patients. One woman with uterine volume of 1,098 cm³ who developed necrosis and partial fibroid expulsion underwent myomectomy. Another patient was submitted to myomectomy six months after the procedure because she wanted to become pregnant, despite partial fibroid size reduction. One patient with a uterine volume of 2,201 cm³ required a second intervention to achieve an adequate angiographic result. No patient underwent hysterectomy. On average, 9.2 microsphere syringes were used per patient. CONCLUSION: embolization of giant uterine fibroids is a feasible procedure with acceptable clinical and radiological outcomes. It can be considered an option for patients who desire to preserve the uterus, and it may serve as adjuvant therapy for high-risk myomectomy.

O pseudoaneurisma de artéria mesentérica superior é uma doença rara, porém com alta taxa de ruptura e mortalidade. Sua etiologia geralmente é infecciosa e comumente o diagnóstico é feito por meio de achado nos exames de imagem. Historicamente, seu tratamento de eleição tem sido o reparo cirúrgico aberto; entretanto, é associado a inúmeras complicações e dificuldades técnicas. Relatamos um caso de pseudoaneurisma de artéria mesentérica superior em um paciente portador de abscesso hepático no qual, após resolução do processo infeccioso, foi empregado, com sucesso, um tratamento minimamente invasivo endovascular, com implante de micromolas e stent não-recoberto.Pseudoaneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery is a rare disease, however it is associated to a high incidence of rupture and mortality. The etiology is usually infectious and the diagnosis is commonly made by means of occasional imaging. Historically, the treatment of choice has been open surgical repair; however it is associated to numerous complications and technical difficulties. We reported a case of a pseudoaneurysm of superior mesenteric artery in a patient with liver abscess who, after resolution of infection, underwent successfully a minimally invasive endovascular approach, with deployment of microcoils and bare stent.

INTRODUÇÃO: O tratamento híbrido das lesões complexas da aorta torácica (LCAT) requer a revascularização de uma ou mais artérias supra-aórticas, seguida do implante de endoprótese, com morbidade e mortalidade presumidamente mais baixas que a cirurgia convencional. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a técnica e resultados do tratamento híbrido das LCAT. MÉTODOS: Durante dois anos, 12 pacientes com LCAT foram submetidos a procedimentos híbridos, incluindo aneurismas do arco aórtico e dissecções aórticas agudas Stanford A e B. Todos possuíam indicação de tratamento invasivo, além de zona de ancoragem proximal inadequada (menor que 20 mm). Metade era do sexo masculino e a média de idade de 55,5 anos (42 a 78). Pelo menos três fatores de risco cardiovascular estavam presentes em 75% dos pacientes. A média de seguimento foi de 10,9 meses (2 a 25), com acompanhamento clínico e tomográfico. RESULTADOS: O sucesso técnico inicial foi alcançado em 10 pacientes. Todas as derivações dos vasos supra-aórticos foram realizadas em ambiente cirúrgico e os procedimentos endovasculares em sala de radiologia vascular. A "técnica do varal" foi empregada em seis casos. Dois óbitos ocorreram nos primeiros 30 dias do procedimento. Nenhuma migração da endoprótese foi observada. Nenhum paciente apresentou paraplegia, acidente vascular cerebral, insuficiência renal, hemorragia ou coagulopatia, conversão cirúrgica eletiva ou de emergência. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento híbrido das LCAT é viável, especialmente em pacientes de alto risco. Uma adequada integração das técnicas cirúrgica e endovascular, além do acompanhamento clínico e radiológico adequado, tornam esta técnica uma ótima opção à cirurgia convencional.BACKGROUND: Hybrid procedures for the treatment of complex thoracic aortic diseases (CTAD) require the revascularization of one or more supra-aortic arteries, followed by the deployment of one or more aortic endoprosthesis, with lower morbidity and mortality compared to conventional surgery. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the technique and results of hybrid procedures for CTAD. METHODS: During two years, 12 patients with CTAD underwent hybrid procedures, including aortic arch aneurysms and acute Stanford A and B aortic dissections. All patients had formal indications to invasive treatment, and inadequate proximal landing zone (less than 20 mm). Half were male and the mean age was 55.5 years (42 to 78). At least three cardiovascular risk factors were present in 75% of patients. The average follow-up was 10.9 months (2 to 25), with periodic consultations and CT scans. RESULTS: The initial technical success was achieved in 10 patients. Bypasses of supra-aortic vessels were performed in a surgical environment and endovascular procedures in an interventional radiology facility. "Through-and-through" technique was used in six patients. Two deaths occurred in the first 30 days after the procedure. No endoprosthesis migration was observed. No patient had paraplegia, stroke, renal failure, bleeding or coagulopathy, elective or emergency surgical conversion. CONCLUSION: Hybrid treatment of CTAD is feasible, especially in high risk patients. Proper integration of surgical and endovascular techniques, in addition to clinical and radiological surveillance, makes this technique a great alternative to conventional surgery.

CONTEXTO: Acesso venoso trans-hepático percutâneo para hemodiálise é uma opção para pacientes que já exauriram acessos venosos tradicionais. OBJETIVO: Apresentar uma série de casos que demonstram a factibilidade e a funcionalidade da implantação dos cateteres semi-implantáveis por meio de acesso venoso trans-hepático percutâneo em pacientes sem possibilidades de outros acessos. MÉTODOS: Análise observacional retrospectiva dos prontuários de seis pacientes que foram submetidos à implantação de nove cateteres trans-hepáticos percutâneos para hemodiálise. Os cateteres foram implantados na ausência de acessos venosos periféricos disponíveis. No seguimento dos pacientes, procurou-se avaliar: sucesso técnico do procedimento, taxa de complicação, taxa de infecção e patência do acesso. RESULTADOS: Quatro homens e duas mulheres com idades entre 31 e 85 anos (média: 55 anos). Sucesso técnico obtido em 100%. A média de duração dos cateteres foi de 300,5 dias (2 a 814 dias). Médias de patência primária e secundária foram de 179,60 e 328,33 dias, respectivamente. Taxa de trombose dos cateteres foi de 0,05 por 100 cateteres-dias, assim como a taxa de infecção. Houve três complicações precoces (30 primeiros dias de implantação dos cateteres): dois deslocamentos dos cateteres e uma infecção. Duas complicações tardias foram observadas: uma trombose e uma migração. Três pacientes (50%) tiveram que trocar seus cateteres. Taxa de mortalidade em 30 dias foi de 33%, porém não relacionada ao procedimento. CONCLUSÃO: Implantação do cateter para hemodiálise por meio do acesso venoso trans-hepático percutâneo parece ser uma técnica segura, porém a utilização desse acesso deve ser aplicada somente em casos de esgotamento de outros acessos vasculares profundos.BACKGROUND: Percutaneous transhepatic venous access is an option for hemodialysis patients who have exhausted all traditional sites of venous access. OBJECTIVES: To present a small sample regarding the possibility and the functionality of transhepatic implantation of long-term catheters for hemodialysis in patients with no other possible access routes. METHODS: Retrospective observational analysis was made of the charts of six patients in which nine tunneled dialysis catheters were implanted by the percutaneous transhepatic route. Transhepatic catheters were placed in the absence of an available peripheral venous site. Patients were monitored to evaluate technical success, the complication rate, the infection rate and the duration of catheter patency. RESULTS: Four men and two women aged 31 to 85 years (mean age: 55 years). Technical success was 100%. The mean duration of catheter function was 300.5 days (range: 2 to 814 days). Means of primary and secondary patency were 179.60 and 328.33 days, respectively. The catheter thrombosis rate was 0.05 per 100 catheter-days as the infection rate. There were three early complications (within the first 30 days of catheter implantation): two catheter displacement and one infection. Two late complications were observed: one thrombosis and one migration. Three patients (50%) needed to have their catheters changed. The 30-day mortality rate was 33% but with no relation to the procedure. CONCLUSION: It may be suggested that this technique is safe, however transhepatic hemodialysis catheters may be used in patients with no other options for deep venous access for hemodialysis, albeit as a last resort access route.

INTRODUÇÃO: A incidência da embolização de cateteres intravenosos, na literatura mundial, é de 1% dentre todas as complicações descritas. Porém, possui taxa de mortalidade podendo variar de 24 a 60%. O não funcionamento do cateter é a suspeita diagnóstica principal da embolização, visto que, habitualmente, os pacientes são assintomáticos. OBJETIVO: Relatar o manejo na extração de corpos estranhos intravenosos, com o uso de táticas e técnicas endovasculares diversas. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo com 12 pacientes, no período de dois anos. Sete pacientes eram do sexo feminino e cinco do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 29 anos (dois meses a 65 anos). RESULTADOS: Sucesso técnico foi obtido em 100% dos casos. Foram extraídos 10 port-a-caths, um intra-cath e um PICC. Os locais mais frequentes de alojamento de uma das extremidades dos corpos estranhos intravenosos foram o átrio direito (41,6%) e o ventrículo direito (33,3%). Em 100% dos casos se utilizou um único acesso venoso. O acesso femoral foi o mais utilizado, em 91,6% dos casos (11 cateteres). Utilizou-se o laço (loop-snare) em 10 (83,3%) casos. O motivo mais frequente da presença do corpo estranho intravascular foi a fratura do cateter, que ocorreu em 66,6% dos casos (oito pacientes). Houve uma complicação, fibrilação atrial (8,3%), relacionada à extração de corpo estranho intravenoso. A taxa de mortalidade em 30 dias foi igual a zero. CONCLUSÃO: A retirada de corpos estranhos intravenosos por via percutânea é considerada tratamento padrão ouro, por se tratar de procedimento minimamente invasivo, relativamente simples, seguro e com baixas taxas de complicações quando comparada ao tratamento cirúrgico convencional.INTRODUCTION: The incidence of intravascular embolization of venous catheters reported in the world medical literature corresponds to 1% of all the described complications. However, its mortality rate may vary between 24 to 60%. Catheter malfunction is the most likely signal of embolization, since patients are usually asymptomatic. OBJECTIVE: To report the method of removing intravascular foreign bodies, catheters with the use of various endovascular techniques and procedures. METHODS: This is a two-year retrospective study of 12 patients: seven women and five men. The average age was 29 years (ranging from two months to 65 years). RESULTS: Technical performance was 100% successful. Ten port-a-caths, one intra-cath and one PICC were extracted. The most common sites for the lodging of one of the ends of the intravascular foreign bodies were the right atrium (41.6%) and the right ventricle (33.3%). In 100% of the cases, only one venous access was used for extraction of foreign bodies, and in 91.6% of the cases (11 catheters) the femoral access was used. The loop-snare was used in 10 cases (83.3%). The most common cause of intravascular foreign body insertion was a catheter fracture, which occurred in 66.6% of the cases (eight cases). One major complication, the atrial fibrillation, occurred (8.3%), which was related to the intravascular foreign body extraction. The mortality rate in 30 days was zero. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous retrieval of intravascular foreign bodies is considered gold standard treatment because it is a minimally invasive, relatively simple, safe procedure, with low complication rates compared to conventional surgical treatment

OBJETIVO: quantificar a dose de radiação ionizante absorvida pelo ovário e pela pele em pacientes submetidas à embolização de miomas uterinos (EMUT), assim como sugerir um protocolo radiológico voltado à redução dos riscos envolvidos neste procedimento. MÉTODOS: setenta e três mulheres consecutivas (média etária de 27 anos), participantes de protocolo de pesquisa institucional, portadoras de miomas uterinos sintomáticos com indicação de tratamento minimamente invasivo, foram submetidas a procedimento de EMUT. Foram calculadas a estimativa de radiação absorvida pelos ovários por meio de dosímetros vaginais e a estimativa de dose de entrada na pele, por cálculos indiretos de absorção de radiação. As primeiras 49 pacientes fizeram parte do Grupo Pré-alteração e as últimas 24, do Grupo Pós-alteração. O segundo grupo recebeu um protocolo modificado de imagem radiológica, com redução pela metade do número de quadros por segundo durante as arteriografias, idealizado na tentativa de enquadrar os valores obtidos aos existentes na literatura, assim como foi evitado ao máximo a exposição desnecessária ao feixe de raios X. RESULTADOS: não houve complicações técnicas em nenhum dos procedimentos realizados. Não houve diferenças entre o tempo médio de fluoroscopia ou entre o número médio de arteriografias entre os dois grupos. Foi obtida uma redução de 57% na estimativa de dose ovariana absorvida entre as pacientes dos dois grupos (29,0 versus 12,3 cGy), assim como uma redução de 30% na estimativa de dose absorvida pela pele (403,6 versus 283,8 cGy). CONCLUSÕES: a redução significativa da absorção de radiação em pacientes submetidas a procedimentos de EMUT pode ser alcançada pela modificação do número de quadros por segundo nas aquisições arteriográficas, assim como pela implantação rotineira das normas de proteção radiológica.PURPOSE: to determine the dose of ionizing radiation absorbed by the ovaries and the skin of patients undergoing uterine fibroid embolization (UFE), and to suggest a radiologic protocol directed at reducing the risks involved in this procedure. METHODS: seventy-three consecutive women (mean age: 27 years) participating in an institutional research protocol, having symptomatic uterine fibroids with indication for minimally invasive treatment, underwent UFE. We estimated the radiation absorbed by the ovaries by means of vaginal dosimeters and the radiation dose absorbed by the skin by means of indirect calculations of radiation absorption. The first 49 patients belonged to the Pre-modification Group, and the last 24, to the Post-modification Group. The second group received a modified protocol of X-ray imaging, with a reduction by half of the frames number per second during arteriography, in an attempt to match the values obtained to those of the literature, and avoiding as much as possible unnecessary exposure to the X-ray beam. RESULTS: there were no technical complications in any of the procedures performed. There were no differences in the mean fluoroscopy time or in the mean number of arteriographies between the two groups. We obtained a 57% reduction in the estimated absorbed ovarian dose between groups (29.0 versus 12.3 cGy) and a 30% reduction in the estimated dose absorbed by the skin (403.6 versus 283.8 cGy). CONCLUSIONS: a significant reduction in the absorption of radiation in patients undergoing UFE can be achieved by changing the number of frames per second in angiographic series, and by the routine use of radiological protection standards.

Síndrome da aorta média (SAM) é uma condição clínica caracterizada por estenose segmentar ou difusa da aorta, hipertensão arterial e claudicação de membros inferiores. A principal causa da SAM é a arterite de Takayasu. A estenose segmentar pode estar localizada na aorta suprarrenal, renal ou infrarrenal e com alta propensão de lesões estenóticas concomitantes das artérias renais e viscerais. A gravidade da hipertensão arterial é a principal indicação para o tratmento. A técnica endovascular para o tratamento da síndrome da aorta média tem bons resultados e é a menos invasiva. No presente artigo, é descrito o tratamento com sucesso de uma estenose da aorta toracoabdominal com recanalização da artéria mesentérica superior através de angioplastia em uma mulher de 34 anos portadora de arterite de Takayasu e hipertensão arterial grave.Middle aortic syndrome (MAS) is a clinical condition characterized by segmental or diffuse narrowing of the aorta, hypertension, and lower limb claudication. The main cause of MAS is Takayasu’s arteritis. Segmental aortic stenosis may be located at the suprarenal, renal or infrarenal aorta with high tendency to concomitant stenosis in both the renal and visceral arteries. Severity of hypertension is the primary indication for intervention. Endovascular therapy is a minimally invasive treatment for MAS and may provide good results. In the present report, we describe a successful endovascular treatment of stenosis of the thoracoabdominal aorta with recanalization of the superior mesenteric artery using angioplasty in a 34-year-old woman with Takaysu’s arteritis and severe hypertension.

O acesso totalmente percutâneo para o implante de endopróteses aórticas, através da preclose technique, é possível mesmo quando utilizadas bainhas introdutoras de elevado perfil. Relatamos sete casos de tratamento endovascular de doenças da aorta, todos realizados de modo percutâneo, e discutimos os principais aspectos desta técnica.Total percutaneous access for aortic endograft delivery, using the preclose technique, is feasible even with the use of large-diameter introducer sheaths. We report seven cases of percutaneous approach in endovascular treatment of aortic diseases and discuss the main technical aspects.

Contexto: A terapia endovascular tem avançado muito como tratamento para a doença arterial oclusiva infrainguinal, principalmente com o desenvolvimento dos materiais e dos stents autoexpansíveis de nitinol. Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados e os fatores determinantes da angioplastia fêmoro-poplítea em pacientes portadores de isquemia de membros inferiores. Métodos: Foram tratados, através de angioplastia com ou sem stent, 114 pacientes, e acompanhados por um período médio de 12 meses. A média de idade foi de 66 anos; 53% eram do sexo feminino; 23,7% eram portadores de claudicação incapacitante; 8,8%, de dor isquêmica de repouso; e 67,5%, de lesão trófica. As lesões foram classificadas segundo o TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus II em A (53%), B (34%), C (5%) e D (9%). Resultados: A análise angiográfica do leito distal mostrou uma média de 1,4±1,0 artérias infrapoplíteas pérvias. O sucesso inicial foi de 97%. No seguimento de 1, 6, 12 e 24 meses, a perviedade primária foi de 94, 78, 48 e 31%, e a primária assistida, de 94, 84, 73 e 61%, respectivamente (p = 0,005). O leito distal pobre e a presença de diabetes melito foram associados a uma menor perviedade primária (p = 0,01), enquanto a extensão da lesão não influenciou os resultados. As taxas de salvamento de membro em 6, 12 e 24 meses foram de 95, 90 e 90%, respectivamente. Conclusões: A extensão das lesões tratadas não foi um fator determinante em nossa casuística para o menor sucesso da angioplastia, o que pode sugerir que as indicações para o tratamento endovascular possam ser ampliadas para pacientes com lesões TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus II C/D.Background: Endovascular techniques have undergone major advances with regard to the treatment of infrainguinal arterial occlusive disease, mainly as a result of development of new devices and self-expanding nitinol stents. Objective: To evaluate the results and determinant factors of femoropopliteal angioplasty in patients with critical lower limb ischemia. Methods: During the study, 114 patients were submitted to angioplasty or stenting and followed during an average of 12 months. Mean age was 66 years, and 53% were female; 23.7% presented disabling claudication, 8.8% ischemic rest pain and 67.5% tissue loss. Lesions were classified as A (53%), B (34%), C (5%) and D (9%) according to the TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus II. Results: Angiographic run-off analysis showed an average of 1.4±1.0 patent infrapopliteal artery. Initial success rate was 97%. At 1, 6, 12 and 24 months of the follow-up period, primary patencies of 94, 78, 48 and 31%, and assisted primary patencies of 94, 84, 73 and 61% were achieved (p = 0.005). Poor run-off and diabetes mellitus were directly associated with lower primary patency rates (p = 0.01), while angiographic severity of the lesions did not influence results. Limb salvage rates calculated at 6, 12 and 24 months were 95, 90 and 90%, respectively. Conclusions: Lesion length was not a determinant factor of lower success rates for angioplasty or stenting, which may suggest that indications for endovascular treatment can be extended to patients with TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus II C/D lesions.

Os sangramentos no retroperitônio são, em sua grande maioria, secundários a eventos traumáticos envolvendo grande energia cinética, com poucos relatos na literatura caracterizados como espontâneos. No presente relato, descrevemos paciente gestante, portadora de doença de Von Recklinghausen e com volumoso hematoma retroperitoneal diagnosticado durante o parto cesariano, secundário a ruptura espontânea de artéria lombar. A doença de Von Recklinghausen apresenta manifestações vasculares bem descritas, caracterizando-se principalmente por estenoses que são secundárias a tumores intramurais (proliferação das células de Schwann) e raramente dilatações aneurismáticas, assintomáticas em sua maioria. No presente caso, foi realizada a aortografia com cateterização seletiva e embolização da artéria sangrante com sucesso.Retroperitoneal bleeding is mainly due to traumatic events with a high amount of kinetic energy, with few reported cases of spontaneous events in the literature. We report on a case of a pregnant woman with Von Recklinghausen"s disease and bulky retroperitoneal hematoma diagnosed during cesarean delivery secondary to spontaneous lumbar artery rupture. Von Recklinghausen"s disease has well-described vascular manifestations, mainly characterized by stenoses related to intramural tumors (Schwann cell proliferation) and rarely asymptomatic aneurysmal dilatations. In this case, aortography was performed with successful selective catheterization and embolization of the bleeding artery.

O implante transhepático de cateteres de diálise de longa permanência é um procedimento de exceção, utilizado para obter um acesso em pacientes com oclusão de veias centrais de membros superiores e inferiores. O caso descrito relata um paciente jovem, com história de 15 anos de diálise, que foi submetido no passado a um transplante renal sem sucesso. Esse paciente encontrava-se em urgência dialítica e oclusão comprovada de veias centrais de membros superiores e de veias ilíacas. Foi realizado o implante do cateter de longa permanência pelo acesso transparietohepático sob anestesia geral. A ponta do cateter foi posicionada ao nível do átrio direito. A diálise foi realizada satisfatoriamente no mesmo dia.Transhepatic insertion of long-term dialysis catheter is an exception procedure used to obtain access in patients with central vein occlusion of lower and upper limbs. We report on a case of a young patient with history of dialysis for 15 years, who was submitted to an unsuccessful renal transplantation. This patient was in dialytic emergency and had confirmed occlusion of upper limb central veins and iliac veins. Transhepatic insertion of a long-term catheter was performed under general anesthesia. The catheter tip was placed at the level of the right atrium. Dialysis was satisfactorily performed on the same day.

O tratamento endovascular dos aneurismas aórticos torácicos tem se desenvolvido consideravelmente nos últimos anos. No entanto, complicações tardias desta nova modalidade terapêutica apenas agora estão sendo observadas e analisadas. Fístulas aorto-esofágicas são complicações raras do tratamento endovascular dos aneurismas aórticos, sendo encontrados poucos relatos na literatura. O presente caso reporta um paciente com aneurisma aórtico torácico tratado há 4 anos e complicado com fratura da endoprótese. Após nova intervenção endovascular, foi observada extrusão da antiga endoprótese através do esôfago com formação de fístula. Apesar do tratamento realizado, o paciente evoluiu a óbito 9 dias após por hemorragia digestiva maciça. Aspectos técnicos e revisão de literatura são discutidos.The endovascular treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms has undergone considerable development over the past years. However, late complications of this new therapeutic modality have only recently been observed and analyzed. Aortoesophageal fistulas are rare complications of the endovascular treatment of aortic aneurysms, and there are few reports in the literature. We report a case of a patient with thoracic aortic aneurysm treated 4 years ago and with complications due to stent-graft fracture. After a new endovascular intervention, there was extrusion of the old graft through the esophagus with fistula formation. Despite the treatment, the patient died 9 days later due to massive digestive hemorrhage. Technical aspects and review of the literature are discussed.

O uso de cateteres venosos centrais em pacientes hemofílicos é muito freqüente, devido às próprias características terapêuticas da doença. As complicações desses procedimentos, tais como pseudo-aneurisma, geralmente são mais graves nesses pacientes. A correção cirúrgica do pseudo-aneurisma que acomete a artéria subclávia constitui um dos maiores desafios da cirurgia vascular. Em pacientes hemofílicos, à dificuldade habitual de exposição cirúrgica somam-se os problemas de alteração no processo normal de coagulação. Como alternativa ao tratamento cirúrgico convencional, a utilização de técnicas endovasculares constitui uma solução segura e com bons resultados.The placement of central venous catheters in hemophiliac patients is very frequent, due to the specific treatment characteristics of the disease. The complications of these procedures, such as pseudoaneurysm, are generally worse in such patients. Surgical treatment of subclavian artery pseudoaneurysm is known to be one of the greatest surgical challenges in vascular surgery. In hemophiliac patients, the alterations in the normal cascade of coagulation are added to the difficult surgical exposure. As an alternative to the usual surgical treatment, the use of endovascular techniques is a safe method and has good outcomes.

The occurrence of vascular trauma due to a range of causes has increased considerably. In this setting, endovascular repair has arisen as a new and less invasive approach. We report the case of three patients with lesions of below-knee vessels that were treated by endovascular procedures.A ocorrência de trauma vascular decorrente de diversas causas aumentou consideravelmente. Nesse contexto, o tratamento endovascular surge como um método novo e menos invasivo. Relatamos o caso de três pacientes com lesões abaixo do joelho que foram tratadas por procedimentos endovasculares.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of endovascular intervention with angioplasty and stent placement in patients with transplant renal artery stenosis. METHODS: All patients diagnosed with transplant renal artery stenosis and graft dysfunction or resistant systemic hypertension who underwent endovascular treatment with stenting from February 2011 to April 2016 were included in this study. The primary endpoint was clinical success, and the secondary endpoints were technical success, complication rate and stent patency. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients with transplant renal artery stenosis underwent endovascular treatment, and three of them required reinterventions, resulting in a total of 27 procedures. The clinical success rate was 100%. All graft dysfunction patients showed decreased serum creatinine levels and improved estimated glomerular filtration rates and creatinine levels. Patients with high blood pressure also showed improved control of systemic blood pressure and decreased use of antihypertensive drugs. The technical success rate of the procedure was 97%. Primary patency and assisted primary patency rates at one year were 90.5% and 100%, respectively. The mean follow-up time of patients was 794.04 days after angioplasty. CONCLUSION: Angioplasty with stent placement for the treatment of transplant renal artery stenosis is a safe and effective technique with good results in both the short and long term.

Most biliary stone diseases need to be treated surgically. However, in special cases that traditional biliary tract endoscopic access is not allowed, a multidisciplinary approach using hybrid technique with urologic instrumental constitute a treatment option. We report a case of a patient with complex intrahepatic stones who previously underwent unsuccessful conventional approaches, and who symptoms resolved after treatment with hybrid technique using an endourologic technology. We conducted an extensive literature review until October 2012 of manuscripts indexed in PubMed on the treatment of complex gallstones with hybrid technique. The multidisciplinary approach with hybrid technique using endourologic instrumental represents a safe and effective treatment option for patients with complex biliary stone who cannot conduct treatment with conventional methods.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar alterações endometriais relacionadas à embolização de artérias uterinas para tratamento da leiomiomatose uterina sintomática (dor pélvica e/ou sangramento uterino), por meio de ressonância magnética de alto campo (3 Tesla). MÉTODOS: Estudo longitudinal e prospectivo, no qual foram incluídas 94 pacientes com diagnóstico clínico e por imagem de leiomiomatose uterina sintomática, todas tratadas por meio de procedimento de embolização das artérias uterinas. As pacientes foram submetidas a avaliações por ressonância magnética de alto campo da pelve antes e 6 meses após o procedimento. Foram realizadas avaliações específicas do endométrio nas sequências ponderadas em T2 e nas sequências ponderadas em T1, antes e após a infusão endovenosa dinâmica do meio de contraste paramagnético. Diante dos resultados dessas medidas, foram realizadas análises estatísticas por meio de teste t de Student para comparação dos resultados obtidos antes e após o procedimento. RESULTADOS: Observou-se um aumento médio de 20,9% no sinal endometrial nas imagens ponderadas em T2 obtidas após o procedimento de embolização das artérias uterinas, quando comparadas com a avaliação pré-procedimento (p=0,0004). Nas imagens obtidas com a infusão endovenosa do meio de contraste paramagnético, foi observado um aumento médio de 18,7% na intensidade de sinal endometrial pós-embolização de artérias uterinas, quando comparadas com a medida pré-embolização (p

O adenoma hepatocelular é um tumor benigno raro, que apresentou aumento do número de diagnósticos nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, o que foi atribuído à difusão dos contraceptivos hormonais orais, e à melhor disponibilização e ao avanço dos exames radiológicos. Apresentamos aqui o relato de dois pacientes com grandes adenomas hepáticos submetidos ao tratamento minimamente invasivo por meio de embolização arterial. O primeiro caso foi submetido à embolização eletiva, por apresentar múltiplos adenomas, além de hemorragia recente de um desses nódulos. O segundo, caracterizado por vítima de trauma abdominal fechado e rotura de adenoma hepático, foi realizado em caráter de urgência, tendo a paciente sinais clínicos de choque hemodinâmico secundário à hemorragia intra-abdominal. O desenvolvimento de terapias minimamente invasivas locorregionais, como a embolização arterial, trouxe um novo horizonte para pacientes com adenomas hepáticos. Na ressecção emergencial de um adenoma hepático roto, as taxas de mortalidade são de 5 a 10%, enquanto que a ressecção eletiva reduz a 1% esse desfecho. A embolização arterial dos adenomas hepáticos na vigência de hemorragia é tema de debate. Essa constatação aponta para um possível papel da embolização transarterial desses tumores rotos e não rotos, visto que tal conduta poderá limitar a indicação cirúrgica em casos selecionados, resultando na redução da morbimortalidade. O seguimento das pacientes tratadas foi realizado por meio de ressonância magnética e, após 30 dias, já havia diminuição das lesões embolizadas bem como a presença de significativo componente avascular. O controle radiológico, após 12 meses, mostrou ausência de novas lesões e diminuição daquelas embolizadas.

ABSTRACT Transarterial selective internal radiation therapy with yttrium-90, also known as radioembolization, is a therapy based on the administration of resin or glass microspheres loaded with the radioisotope yttrium-90, via selective arterial catheterization of tumor-feeding vessels. It is classified as a type of locoregional therapy and its main goal is to treat patients with primary or secondary hepatic lesions that are unresectable and not responsive to other therapies. Since it is a new technology still restricted to very few hospitals in Brazil, but used in patients throughout the country, it is necessary to demonstrate the main aspects of hepatic lesions treated with selective internal radiation therapy found in magnetic resonance imaging, and to make specific considerations on interpretation of these images. The objective of this report is to demonstrate the main aspects of magnetic resonance imaging of unresectable primary or secondary hepatic lesions, in patients submitted to transarterial selective internal radiation therapy.

ABSTRACT Preservation of the knee joint has enormous advantages in terms of mobility and rehabilitation of an amputee. Any cause of breakdown requiring revision to an above-knee amputation is a major setback because it reduces the patient’s rehabilitative potential. We report a case of intra-arterial thrombolysis use to save a below-knee amputation stump with acute ischemia. A 56-year-old man who sought the emergency department with 1-day history of acute pain on his right below-knee stump. The angiography confirmed popliteal artery occlusion. Pharmacomechanical thrombectomy, with Aspirex (rotational catheter to restore blood flow in occluded vessel, by removing occlusion material from the vessel) and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, was performed. After 9 years of follow-up the patient remained asymptomatic, capable of independent ambulation with prosthetic limb. Intra-arterial fibrinolysis seems to be a safe and effective treatment for cases of acutely ischemic amputation stump.

ABSTRACT Nutcracker syndrome refers to the complex of clinical symptoms caused by the compression of the left renal vein (LRV) between the abdominal aorta and the superior mesenteric artery, leading to stenosis of the aortomesenteric portion of the LRV and dilatation of the distal portion. Hematuria, proteinuria, flank pain, varicocele and pelvic congestion may occur, occurring more frequently in young adults. Conservative management, might be the option whenever it is possible. When surgical treatment is required, classically open surgery have been performed, with major surgeries as LRV transposition or bypass techniques. The main caveats regards the fact that these are large and risky surgeries. Endovascular surgery with venous stent placement has gained some space as it is minimally invasive alternative. However, venous stents are associated with a high number of trombotic complications and in many cases requirement of life-long anticoagulants. External stenting of the LRV with this “shield technique” is a minimally invasive alternative, with good medium term results. We herein demonstrate our second experience with the technique of this surgery in a patient with 12 months of follow up and excellent results.