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Introdução: o Apêndice Vermiforme (AV) é um órgão altamente variável, sendo um enigma para o cirurgião quanto à sua posição, tamanho e sintomatologia. O diagnóstico rápido e preciso para o tratamento adequado da apendicite aguda, não apenas depende dos sintomas, mas também do conhecimento das variações de sua posição anatômica. Objetivo: determinar a ocorrência da posição anatômica do AV em cadáveres frescos, sua relação com o mesoapêndice e morfometria. Material e método: foram examinados os apêndices vermiformes (AVs) de 50 cadáveres frescos, estudados os aspectos morfológicos e a morfometria dos AVs, como: posição, comprimento e diâmetro do apêndice, além do comprimento do mesoapêndice e se este ocupava toda a extensão do comprimento do apêndice. Os dados morfométricos foram realizados com um paquímetro digital de precisão de 0,01 mm. Resultado: dos 50 cadáveres autopsiados durante o estudo, 44 (88%) eram do sexo masculino e seis (12%) do feminino. A idade variou de 14 a 80 anos, com média de 36,8 anos. Em relação ao biótipo, 44% (22) eram atléticos, 32% (16) leptossômicos e 24% (12) pícnicos. O AV estava localizado em seis posições diferentes, sendo as posições pélvica e retrocecal as mais prevalentes. O mesoapêndice ocupava, em 92% dos casos, toda a extensão do comprimento do AV. Conclusão: a posição mais frequente do AV foi a do tipo pélvico. O conhecimento a respeito da posição anatômica do apêndice e do mesoapêndice completo na população pode contribuir significativamente para melhorar o diagnóstico clínico precoce da apendicite e, consequentemente, reduzir a morbidade.

Introduction: the Vermiform Appendix (VA) is a highly variable organ, being an enigma for the surgeon regarding its position, size and symptomatology. Rapid and accurate diagnosis for adequate treatment of acute appendicitis not only depends on the symptoms, but also on the knowledge of variations in its anatomical position. Objective: to determine the occurrence of the anatomical position of the VA in fresh cadavers, its relationship with the mesoappendix and morphometry. Material and method: the Vermiform Appendages (VAs) of 50 fresh cadavers were examined, the morphological aspects and morphometry of the VAs were studied, such as: position, length and diameter of the appendix, in addition to the length of the mesoappendix and whether it occupied the entire length of the appendix length. Morphometric data were performed with a digital caliper with a precision of 0.01 mm. Result: of the 50 cadavers autopsied during the study, 44 (88%) were male and six (12%) were female. Age ranged from 14 to 80 years, with an average of 36.8 years. Regarding the biotype, 44% (22) were athletic, 32% (16) leptosomic and 24% (12) pycnic. The VA was located in six different positions, with the pelvic and retrocecal positions being the most prevalent. The mesoappendix occupied, in 92% of the cases, the entire length of the VA. Conclusion: the most frequent position of the VA was the pelvic type. Knowledge about the anatomical position of the appendix and the complete mesoappendix in the population can contribute significantly to improving the early clinical diagnosis of appendicitis and, consequently, reducing morbidity.

Introducción: el Apéndice Vermiforme (AV) es un órgano altamente variable, siendo un enigma para el cirujano en cuanto a su posición, tamaño y sintomatología. El diagnóstico rápido y preciso para el tratamiento adecuado de la apendicitis aguda no solo depende de los síntomas, sino también del conocimiento de las variaciones en su posición anatómica. Objetivo: determinar la ocurrencia de la posición anatómica del AV en cadáveres frescos, su relación con el mesoapéndice y la morfometría. Material y método: se examinaron los Apéndices Vermiformes (AV) de 50 cadáveres frescos, se estudiaron los aspectos morfológicos y la morfometría de los AV, tales como: posición, longitud y diámetro del apéndice, además de la longitud del mesoapéndice y si ocupaba toda la longitud del apéndice longitud del apéndice. Los datos morfométricos se realizaron con un pie de rey digital con una precisión de 0,01 mm. Resultado: de los 50 cadáveres autopsiados durante el estudio, 44 ​​(88%) eran del sexo masculino y seis (12%) del sexo femenino. La edad osciló entre 14 y 80 años, con una media de 36,8 años. En cuanto al biotipo, el 44% (22) eran atléticos, el 32% (16) leptosómicos y el 24% (12) pícnicos. El AV se ubicó en seis posiciones diferentes, siendo las posiciones pélvica y retrocecal las más prevalentes. El mesoapéndice ocupaba, en el 92% de los casos, toda la longitud de la AV. Conclusión: la posición más frecuente del AV fue el tipo pélvico. El conocimiento de la posición anatómica del apéndice y del mesoapéndice completo en la población puede contribuir significativamente a mejorar el diagnóstico clínico precoz de la apendicitis y, consecuentemente, a reducir la morbilidad.

The recognition and determination of sex from fragments and remnants of human skeletons has been, until now, a complex task for forensic experts and anthropologists. For the former, it becomes crucial in cases of mass disasters, catastrophes, such as terrorist acts and wars. The study with bones of the pelvis, skull, femur and other long bones has significantly contributed to analyze the determination of sex in these situations. The study of sternum dimorphism can become one more element that may collaborate with this type of knowledge. The present study sought to investigate, in human fetuses, the sexual dimorphism of the sternum, based on its perimeter measurements, which were treated using statistical methods. For this purpose, three different observers used a digital pachymeter with a precision of 0.01mm and the average of the measurements obtained was calculated. Differences in average were evaluated using the t-test and Mann-Whitney test, as well as discriminant analysis. Findings from measurements of the sternum in human fetuses did not seem to us to be a reliable indicator of sex determination. We hope that further studies with a larger number of samples and the use of other possible techniques will also collaborate with the subject.

El reconocimiento y la determinación del sexo a partir de fragmentos y restos de esqueletos humanos ha sido, hasta ahora, una tarea compleja para expertos forenses y antropólogos. Para los primeros, se vuelve crucial en casos de desastres masivos, catástrofes, como actos terroristas y guerras. El estudio con huesos de pelvis, cráneo, fémur y otros huesos largos ha contribuido significativamente a analizar la determinación del sexo en estas situaciones. El estudio del dimorfismo del esternón puede convertirse en un elemento más que puede colaborar con este tipo de conocimiento. El presente estudio buscó investigar, en fetos humanos, el dimorfismo sexual del esternón, a partir de sus mediciones perimetrales, que fueron tratadas por métodos estadísticos. Para ello, tres observadores diferentes utilizaron un paquimetro digital con una precisión de 0,01mm y se calculó la media de las mediciones obtenidas. Las diferencias en el promedio se evaluaron mediante la prueba t y la prueba de Mann-Whitney, así como el análisis discriminante. Los hallazgos de las mediciones del esternón en fetos humanos no nos parecieron un indicador confiable de la determinación del sexo. Esperamos que otros estudios con un mayor número de muestras y el uso de otras técnicas posibles también colaboren con el sujeto.

Das Erkennen und Bestimmen des Geschlechts aus Fragmenten und Überresten menschlicher Skelette war bisher eine komplexe Aufgabe für Forensiker und Anthropologen. Für erstere wird es bei Massenkatastrophen, Katastrophen wie Terroranschlägen und Kriegen von entscheidender Bedeutung. Die Studie mit Knochen des Beckens, des Schädels, des Oberschenkelknochens und anderer langer Knochen hat wesentlich dazu beigetragen, die Bestimmung des Geschlechts in diesen Situationen zu analysieren. Das Studium des Brustbeindimorphismus kann ein weiteres Element sein, das mit dieser Art von Wissen zusammenarbeiten kann. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, bei menschlichen Föten den Geschlechtsdimorphismus des Brustbeins auf der Grundlage seiner Umfangsmessungen zu untersuchen, die mit statistischen Methoden behandelt wurden. Zu diesem Zweck verwendeten drei verschiedene Beobachter ein digitales Pachymeter mit einer Genauigkeit von 0,01 mm und berechneten den Durchschnitt der erhaltenen Messungen. Unterschiede im Durchschnitt wurden mit dem t-Test und dem Mann-Whitney-Test sowie der Diskriminanzanalyse bewertet. Befunde aus Messungen des Brustbeins bei menschlichen Föten schienen uns kein verlässlicher Indikator für die Geschlechtsbestimmung zu sein. Wir hoffen, dass weitere Studien mit einer größeren Anzahl von Proben und der Verwendung anderer möglicher Techniken ebenfalls mit dem Thema zusammenarbeiten werden.

Introduction: The classical anatomical literature describes the transverse humeral ligament as a distinct anatomical structure located between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus, which, together with the intertubercular groove, creates a canal through which the long head of the biceps tendon and its synovial sheath pass, stabilizing the biceps tendon. Ossification of the transverse humeral ligament has an incidence of 1% and has been suggested as one of the predisposing factors for biceps tendinitis and tenosynovitis. Case report: During a routine study in the anatomy laboratory, ossification of the transverse humeral ligament was found in the right humerus, which had a vertical length of 8.75 mm and a horizontal length of 6.53 mm. Conclusion: Knowledge of the existence of ossification of the transverse humeral ligament is of great importance not only to anatomists but also to radiologists and orthopedists in the management of the diagnosis and treatment of pain in the anterior region of the shoulder.

Objective: The shoulder joint is considered the most unstable in the human body and this is due to the measurement relationships between the bone surfaces of its components. This joint is subject to frequent dislocations, which can result in acute fracture or gradual bone loss, which can lead to recurrent instability, additional injury and pain. In this study, it was aimed to carry out a study of the maximum height and width measurements of the glenoid cavity of dry scapulae, correlating them with sex and dimidium. Methods: Measurements of the maximum heights and widths of 90 dry scapulae glenoid cavities were performed using a 0.01 mm precision digital caliper, 54 were males and 36 were females, with a mean age of 51.9 years. Values of p0.05). When we correlated the mean height and width of the GC with respect to homologous sides and sexes, they were also higher in males, but this finding was statistically significant (p

A Hérnia Diafragmática Congênita (em inglês – Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia, doravante simbolizada pela sigla CDH) pode ser entendida como um abaulamento de parte do conteúdo abdominal para a cavidade torácica como resultado de um distúrbio no desenvolvimento embriológico do diafragma. Apresenta topografia variável e a Hérnia de Bochdalek, em região póstero-lateral, é a mais comum. A herniação do intestino grosso é a mais prevalente, sendo responsável por até 75% dos casos, seguida por omento maior com 65%, intestino delgado, estômago e fígado (SVETANOFF e RENTEA, 2021). Pode estar isolada em 50 a 60% dos casos ou associado a anomalias de outros órgãos incluindo coração, encéfalo, rins e genitálias (QI et al., 2018), com incidência de 34 a 50% (SVETANOFF e RENTEA, 2021). O prognóstico é pior na presença de hérnias hepáticas, prematuridade, baixo peso ao nascer e outras anomalias congênitas (YAMOTO et al., 2016). A mortalidade pode ser agravada por alterações pulmonares, como ramificação broncoalveolar diminuída, perda de massa pulmonar e vasculopatia pulmonar. Isso resulta em hipoplasia e hipertensão pulmonar, uma das maiores causas de morte na CDH (AL BAROUDI et al., 2020). Com efeito, a hipertensão pulmonar persistente do neonato (PPHN – sigla em inglês) pode ocorrer como consequência da hipoplasia pulmonar e se caracteriza por aumento da resistência vascular que persiste após o nascimento, o que causa mistura veno-arterial entre os lados do coração (GIEN e KINSELLA, 2016). Há alguns estudos promissores para a prevenção da PPHN. Desse modo, a triagem pela ultrassonografia (USG) pré-natal permite a detecção precoce de malformações e massas que ocupam a cavidade torácica, sendo dentre várias causas tumores e órgãos da cavidade abdominal na CDH (SCHIERZ et al., 2018). Com essa detecção precoce é possível melhorar o prognóstico do paciente e prevenir a PPHN. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo revisar os aspectos epidemiológicos, etiológicos, embriológicos, assim como a fisiopatologia, classificação, principais manifestações clínicas, diagnóstico e tratamento das hérnias diafragmáticas congênitas.

Uma discussão recorrente na literatura é que trata a respeito da localização do apêndice vermiforme. Para tanto, há na literatura várias descrições e classificações. Enquanto era realizada uma dissecção anatômica de rotina, encontramos em um feto masculino um apêndice vermiforme localizado abaixo da face visceral do fígado, entre o ligamento redondo do fígado e a vesícula biliar. Este achado vem reforçar a atenção que deve ser dirigida às variações do apêndice, em especial para cirurgiões e aqueles profissionais que trabalham em urgência médica.

Background Estimating or predicting height, using fragments of the body or components of the human skeleton, for this purpose, originates from the idea of proportionality between the different parts of the body. The aim of this study is to estimate height from anthropometric measurements of the hands (length and width). The sample consisted of 300 individuals from a quilombola community in northeastern Brazil, 150 males and 150 females. All people from the quilombola community, enjoying good general health, were included, and those people who, presented deformities of the hand, spine and lower limbs were excluded. Result The correlation coefficients between height and hand length values were positive and moderate. As for females, the correlation between height and lengths of the right and left hands were respectively 0.574 (p

Background Sex determination of unidentified remains found in archaeological or forensic situations has been one of the primary tasks for specialists such as forensic anthropologists or bioarchaeologists. In cases of mass disasters such as armed conflicts, terrorist attacks, plane crashes, war-related crimes, etc., when decomposed, mutilated or damaged mortal remains consisting of only a few bones or their fragments are recovered from the scene, it becomes crucial to establish the biological identity, especially the sex of a missing individual. Although several bones, such as the pelvis, skull and femur, have contributed significantly as an indicator in the determination of sex, we often make use of less dimorphic elements of the skeleton, as is the case of the sternum. The objective of this study was to investigate the sexual dimorphism of the sternum of human fetuses from northeastern Brazil and to verify through statistical methods the accuracy of the sternum measurements to estimate the sex. All measurements of the sternum bones in human fetuses were made with the aid of a digital caliper with a precision of 0.01 mm by 3 different observers and the average was calculated. The means differences were evaluated using the T test and Mann-Whitney test and discriminant analysis. Result It was observed that all measurements (length and width of the sternum) in males showed slightly higher means. We can also infer for the model with all variables that the length and widths 2 and 3 of the sternum had an accuracy of 73.3%, whereas in the individual models, width 3 of the sternum had better accuracy (60%). Conclusion We can conclude that the sternum measurements of fetuses have not been shown to be reliable as an indicator in the determination of sex. Further development of these methods, as well as the expansion of the database, may help us to develop further sternum-based sex estimation functions and standard measurements for other potentially useful bones.

Introduction: The mental foramen (MF) is located in the anterolateral region of the mandible body and through it passes the mental nerve and vessels. Its precise location is important in dental and anesthetic surgical procedures to avoid damage to the neurovascular structures that pass through it. However, due to the presence of variations in the incidence, shape, position and multiplicity of this foramen, controversies arise among authors regarding its exact location. Our study aimed to study the morphometric variations of the mental foramen correlating with sex. Materials and methods: A total of 252 human dry mandibles present in the Laboratory of Anatomy of the Department of Morphology of the Federal University of Sergipe were analyzed. The distance from the MF to the mental protuberance (MF-MP), the vertical distance from the MF to the inferior margin of the mandible (MF-IMM), the distance from the MF to the margin of the inferior alveolar process (MF-IAP), the width and the height of the MF and the multiplicity of the MF, as well as its position in relation to the lower molars and premolars. Results: The height of the MF showed no significant difference between genders on the right side (p=0.137), the same occurring on the left side (p=0.030). The width was similar in males and females on the right (p=0.241) and left (p=0.269). The most common position found for MF was in line with the second premolar, with no significant difference being found on the right (p=0.265) and left (p=0.435) sides. Sixty (11.9%) accessory mental foramens (AMF) were verified and there was no association between the occurrence of AMF and gender on the right (p=0.786) and left (p=0.748) sides. Male mandibles showed higher values of MF-IMM and MF-IAP than females on both sides. The MF-MP values were similar between the two sexes on the right and left sides. Conclusion: It is concluded that there was no correlation between the morphometric variables of MF and gender.

O câncer de próstata (CaP) é o câncer mais comum entre os homens e o segundo tipo que mais evolui para óbito nesses pacientes. Com o aumento da expectativa de vida, doenças como esta vêm sendo detectadas e tratadas precocemente, assumindo uma dimensão cada vez maior e se tornando um problema de saúde pública. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo, cujos dados foram disponibilizados pelo DATASUS. A população do estudo foi constituída por todos os casos de neoplasia maligna da próstata em homens de todas as idades, diagnosticados e registrados no período de 2009 a 2018. O crescimento anual dos casos novos dessa doença foi contínuo, decrescendo somente em 2018, com uma queda de 0,34%. Homens a partir de 50 anos englobaram o maior número dos casos, sendo as idades de 60 a 69 anos responsáveis por 38,21% dos casos. Em brancos e pardos houve mais de 60% de taxa desta neoplasia. Observou-se uma crescente tendência de aumento da taxa de mortalidade com o aumento da idade, com homens acima de 80 anos apresentando os maiores números desse índice. R$517.416.212,44 foram gastos nesses 10 anos com a neoplasia maligna da próstata. Concluiu-se que, no Brasil, o perfil dos pacientes com CaP é de homens acima de 50 anos, sendo que a maioria é da raça branca e se concentra no Sudeste. O número de internações e a taxa de mortalidade cresceram ao decorrer desses 10 anos analisados e a taxa de mortalidade também se mostrou maior nos idosos com CaP.

The sternal muscle, also known as sternalis, rectussternal, parasternal or japonicus is a curious case of anatomical variation of the anterior chest wall. During a routine dissection, a muscle mass related to the sternum was found in the anterior wall of the right hemithorax in a melanodermic female cadaver. The literature, its incidence is mentioned to vary from 3.1 to 23.5%, and little is known about its function with divergences regarding its origin, insertion, innervation and vascularization. Clinically, some mastologists report that this finding is often confused with a tumor, making it difficult to distinguish between normal structures or lesions that symbolize cancer.

Introduction: The knowledge of biometrics in the area of the foramen magnum is of importance in the pathophysiology of several disorders of the craniocervical junction, as well as for anthropology, anatomy and forensic medicine. The analysis of the area using image technology is still very scarce in the literature. Objective: Determine the area of the foramen magnum using ImageJ and correlate it with the areas calculated by the formulas of Radinsky and Teixeira. Methodology: 104 human dry skulls of adults were studied, 62 male and 42 female, belonging to the anatomy laboratories of the Universities: Tiradentes (UNIT) and Federal de Sergipe (UFS). To calculate the area of the foramen magnum, the ImageJ software was used, while the measures, length and width, were performed using a digital caliper. The areas calculated by ImageJ were compared to those calculated using the Radinsky and Teixeira formula. Results: The area of the foramen magnum measured by ImageJ ranged from 532.14 to 1135.79mm², with an overall average of 758.71mm². According to Radinsky's formula, the area of the foramen magnum varied from 610.35 to 1233.09mm², with an average of 828.25mm²; and in Teixeira, the area ranged from 633.67 to 1241.29mm², with an average of 840.16mm². The Cronbach's alpha correlating the three methods was equal to 0.950. Conclusion: The calculation of the area of the foramen magnum, using the ImageJ software was significantly close to the area calculated by the formulas of Radinsky and Teixeira (Cronbach's alpha=0.950), proving to be useful for forensic practice. Sexual dismorphism can be found, varying its appearance in literature, but only in relation to its size, but not its shape. However some other authors seem to have not found any sexual dismorphism.