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BACKGROUND: Prochilodus vimboides populations are being reduced in rivers due to changes in their habitat, overfishing, urbanization, and pollution. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of sperm extender solutions for short-term storage and cryosolutions for freezing sperm of Prochilodus vimboides . MATERIALS AND METHODS:For short-term storage, the sperm was diluted in 0.9% NaCl, 1.2% NaCl, 5%glucose, 5% BTS ® , or 6% MIII ® . Sperm motility was evaluated after 0, 24, 48, and 72 h of short-term storage at 4-6ºC. For cryopreservation, sperm samples were diluted in the same extenders and factorially combined with three cryoprotectants (dimethylsulfoxide, methyl glycol, and ethylene glycol). After thawing, sperm motility and oxidative stress parameters were evaluated. RESULTS: Dilution of samples in BTS® preserved sperm motility >40% for up to 48 h. Samples cryopreserved in 5% glucose and methylglycol presented higher sperm motility, lower catalase, and lipid peroxidation activities.CONCLUSION: Prochilodus vimboides sperm can be cooled for up to 48 h in an extender solution of 5% BTS ® and cryopreserved in 5% glucose and methyl glycol.

The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) carried on-board satellites yields invaluable data of global wave spectra since the early 1990s, with several satellites in orbit at present and more launches sch...

This article aims to propose and discuss a set of criteria for conceptual research in clinical behavior analysis. The existing lack of consensus on such criteria hinders advances in conceptual research that is needed for the advancement of clinical treatments. The research criteria proposed here are mindful of and try to manage some of the practical problems inherent in this type of research (e.g., dealing with psychotherapy goals and the potential disadvantages of using middle-level terms). In particular, the article, (1) offers a definition of conceptual research that is consistent with relevant theory and philosophy; and (2) explores five criteria currently used in clinical behavior analysis regarding conceptual developments. These criteria include coherence with basic research; coherence with applied research; coherence with philosophy and the theory of clinical behavior analysis; conceptual precision; and the potential to provide the practitioner with the means to develop and use technology. These five criteria are discussed and offered as a potentially useful basis for conceptual developments in clinical behavior analysis.

RESUMO Objetivo: a violência civil é responsável por 2,5% da mortalidade mundial, matou mais pessoas no século XXI do que o somatório de todas as guerras deste período. Este estudo descreve as vítimas de violência admitidas em um hospital de referência em trauma em Salvador - Bahia, Brasil e analisa o impacto dos diferentes tipos de violência interpessoal. Métodos: foram incluídos vítimas de violência interpessoal admitidas entre julho de 2015 e julho de 2017. 1296 pacientes (média de idade foi 30,3 anos, 90% do sexo masculino) foram divididos em três grupos de acordo com o mecanismo de violência interpessoal: espancamento, ferimentos por projétil de arma de fogo (FPAF), ferimentos por arma branca (FAB). Os grupos foram comparados de acordo com as seguintes variáveis: idade, sexo, mecanismo de trauma, Revised Trauma Score (RTS) na admissão, necessidade de internamento em unidade de tratamento intensivo (UTI), tempo de internamento, necessidade de transfusão de hemocomponentes e morte. Resultados: FPAF foram o principal mecanismo de injúria (59%), seguido por agressão (24%) e FAB (17%). As vítimas de FPAF apresentaram a menor média de RTS na admissão, maior necessidade de uso de hemocomponentes e de internamento em UTI. Vítimas de espancamento tiveram a maior média de duração de internação hospitalar (11,6±19,6 dias). Os FPAF causaram 77,4% das mortes. Conclusão: vítimas de FPAF são mais críticas, requerendo maior tempo de tratamento em UTI, mais hemocomponentes e maior mortalidade comparativamente às vítimas de FAB e espancamento. ABSTRACT Purpose: Civil violence is responsible for 2.5% of deaths worldwide; it killed more people in the 21st century than the sum of all wars. This study describes violence victims treated at a trauma reference hospital in Salvador, Brazil and analyzes the impact of different types of interpersonal violence. Methods: Interpersonal violence victims admitted between July 2015 and July 2017 were included. The 1,296 patients (mean age: 30.3 years; 90% male) were divided into three groups according to the mechanism of interpersonal violence: 1) beating, 2) firearm injury and 3) stab wound (STW) injury. The groups were compared for the following variables: age, gender, trauma mechanism, Revised Trauma Score (RTS) at admission, need for intensive care unit (ICU) attention, length of hospital stay, need for transfusion of blood products and death. Results: Gunshot wounds (GSW) were the primary mechanism of injury (59%), followed by beating (24%) and STW (17%). Gunshot wound victims had a lower mean RTS upon admission, increased need for blood products and more Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admissions. Beating victims had the longest mean hospital stay (11.6 ± 19.6 days). The GSW group accounted for 77.4% of all deaths. The in-hospital mortality rate was significantly higher in the GSW group (12.7%) than in the beating group (5.4%) and in the STW group (4.9%). Conclusions: Gunshot wound victims are more critical: they require longer ICU stays, more transfusions of blood products and exhibit increased mortality compared with STW and beating victims.

This study uses global numerical model results of ocean and atmospheric circulation, as well as local wind, wave and current meter data, to investigate the structure of the ocean and coastal circulation potentially associated with the transport of oil that affected thousands of kilometers of the Brazilian coast in 2019. Our analysis suggests the oil was brought close to the continental shelf sometime in August 2019 by the southern branch of South Equatorial Current, and was initially advected towards the north by the North Brazilian Current and shelf currents pushed by SE winds. The onset of negative along-shore winds close to the coast in September–October 2019 turned the coastal along-shore drift south, a situation that persisted throughout the spring and summer seasons. Along the east coast, where observational data was available, landward cross-shelf flows below 17 m of depth, associated with coastal upwelling conditions, advected the oil from the slope onto the outer and mid-shelf. On the inner-shelf the oil was finally pushed towards the beaches by the wave action close to the bottom. Reports of oil arriving on the east coast followed changes in coastal wind and current patterns very closely. It is suggested that before reaching the shelf, the oil drifted at depths larger than 17 m, perhaps reaching several tens of meters.

Estuaries are primarily sites where rivers meet the sea, where fresh water is mixed with sea water by the tidal flow and where salinity gradients are set up along a mixing zone. In this chapter, we consider that the estuary is an accommodation space landward of the coastline, where fluvial sediments are largely retained with no appreciable effect on the sedimentation processes of the open coast. Here we recognize 41 large estuaries along the Brazilian coast, ranging in size from 40 km2 to more than 10,000 km2, encompassing areas with different topography, climate, geology, tidal ranges, and alongshore drift. The majority of these estuaries are located along fault lines or within grabens, and although scattered, structural and stratigraphic evidences suggest that land subsidence has caused sea level to locally rise, which has been an important factor in the preservation of these coastal features. A larger number of estuaries exist in the macrotidal and humid north coastal sector where large-scale coastal subsidence occurs. The estuary sizes along the coast bear no relation with tidal ranges, but have a positive linear correlation with river discharge in the east-southeast and northeast coastal sectors. Based on the existing hydrographic data, it could be stated that the large Brazilian estuaries are hypersynchronous, ebb-dominated, and well mixed. In the deeper estuaries of the east-southeast sector, the longitudinal density gradient is an important driver for water circulation, causing vertically stratified residual flows that end up retaining suspended sediments within the estuary and promoting the accumulation of organic, muddy sediments.

This paper describes the integration of the QUAL2E model for water quality simulation in the GIS/DBMS environment of the "Integrated Monitoring System of the Cuiabá River Watershed" (SIBAC). Programmed database modules prepare data tables for an interactive QUAL2E data entry, executed by the SIBAC GIS-Environment. Modified ArcView/Avenue (ESRI) scripts, partially based on the BASINS application (USEPA 1998), allow the automated model calibration and visualization of modeling results in the GIS environment. Database and GIS tools created for evaluation of the Cuiabá watershed in Mato Grosso, Central Brazil, are appropriated for application in other river basins. Key words: GIS, water quality modelling, QUAL2E