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Plants growing outside their native range may be confronted by new regimes of herbivory, but how this affects plant chemical defense profiles has rarely been studied. Using Plantago lanceolata as a model species, we investigated whether introduced populations show significant differences from native populations in several growth and chemical defense traits. Plantago lanceolata (ribwort plantain) is an herbaceous plant species native to Europe and Western Asia that has been introduced to numerous countries worldwide. We sampled seeds from nine native and ten introduced populations that covered a broad geographic and environmental range and performed a common garden experiment in a greenhouse, in which we infested half of the plants in each population with caterpillars of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis. We then measured size-related and resource-allocation traits as well as the levels of constitutive and induced chemical defense compounds in roots and shoots of P. lanceolata. When we considered the environmental characteristics of the site of origin, our results revealed that populations from introduced ranges were characterized by an increase of chemical defense compounds without compromising plant biomass. The concentrations of iridoid glycosides and verbascoside, the major anti-herbivore defense compounds of P. lanceolata, were higher in introduced populations than in native populations. In addition, introduced populations exhibited greater rates of herbivore-induced volatile organic compound emission and diversity, and similar chemical diversity based on untargeted analyses of leaf methanol extracts. In general, the geographic origin of the populations had a significant influence on morphological and chemical plant traits, suggesting that P. lanceolata populations are not only adapted to different environments in their native range, but also in their introduced range.

Plants growing outside their native range may be confronted by new regimes of herbivory, but how this affects plant chemical defense profiles has rarely been studied. Using Plantago lanceolata as a model species, we investigated whether introduced populations show significant differences from native populations in several growth and chemical defense traits. Plantago lanceolata (ribwort plantain) is an herbaceous plant species native to Europe and Western Asia that has been introduced to numerous countries worldwide. We sampled seeds from nine native and ten introduced populations that covered a broad geographic and environmental range and performed a common garden experiment in a greenhouse, in which we infested half of the plants in each population with caterpillars of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis. We then measured size-related and resource-allocation traits as well as the levels of constitutive and induced chemical defense compounds in roots and shoots of P. lanceolata. When we considered the environmental characteristics of the site of origin, our results revealed that populations from introduced ranges were characterized by an increase of chemical defense compounds without compromising plant biomass. The concentrations of iridoid glycosides and verbascoside, the major anti-herbivore defense compounds of P. lanceolata, were higher in introduced populations than in native populations. In addition, introduced populations exhibited greater rates of herbivore-induced volatile organic compound emission and diversity, and similar chemical diversity based on untargeted analyses of leaf methanol extracts. In general, the geographic origin of the populations had a significant influence on morphological and chemical plant traits, suggesting that P. lanceolata populations are not only adapted to different environments in their native range, but also in their introduced range.

Plants growing outside their native range may be confronted by new regimes of herbivory, but how this affects plant chemical defense profiles has rarely been studied. Using Plantago lanceolata as a model species, we investigated whether introduced populations show significant differences from native populations in several growth and chemical defense traits. Plantago lanceolata (ribwort plantain) is an herbaceous plant species native to Europe and Western Asia that has been introduced to numerous countries worldwide. We sampled seeds from nine native and ten introduced populations that covered a broad geographic and environmental range and performed a common garden experiment in a greenhouse, in which we infested half of the plants in each population with caterpillars of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis. We then measured size-related and resource-allocation traits as well as the levels of constitutive and induced chemical defense compounds in roots and shoots of P. lanceolata. When we considered the environmental characteristics of the site of origin, our results revealed that populations from introduced ranges were characterized by an increase of chemical defense compounds without compromising plant biomass. The concentrations of iridoid glycosides and verbascoside, the major anti-herbivore defense compounds of P. lanceolata, were higher in introduced populations than in native populations. In addition, introduced populations exhibited greater rates of herbivore-induced volatile organic compound emission and diversity, and similar chemical diversity based on untargeted analyses of leaf methanol extracts. In general, the geographic origin of the populations had a significant influence on morphological and chemical plant traits, suggesting that P. lanceolata populations are not only adapted to different environments in their native range, but also in their introduced range.

Complex socio-economic, political and demographic factors have driven the increased conversion of Europe’s semi-natural grasslands to intensive pastures. This trend is particularly strong in some of the most biodiverse regions of the continent, such as Central and Eastern Europe. Intensive grazing is known to decrease species diversity and alter the composition of plant and insect communities. Comparatively little is known, however, about how intensive grazing influences plant functional traits related to pollination and the structure of plant-pollinator interactions. In traditional hay meadows and intensive pastures in Central Europe, we contrasted the taxonomic and functional group diversity and composition, the structure of plant-pollinator interactions and the roles of individual species in networks. We found mostly lower taxonomic and functional diversity of plants and insects in intensive pastures, as well as strong compositional differences among the two grassland management types. Intensive pastures were dominated by a single plant with a specialized flower structure that is only accessible to a few pollinator groups. As a result, intensive pastures have lower diversity and specificity of interactions, higher amount of resource overlap, more uniform interaction strength and lower network modularity. These findings stand in contrast to studies in which plants with more generalized flower traits dominated pastures. Our results thus highlight the importance of the functional traits of dominant species in mediating the consequences of intensive pasture management on plant-pollinator networks. These findings could further contribute to strategies aimed at mitigating the impact of intensive grazing on plant and pollinator communities.

EinführungDie Möglichkeiten der Finanzierung von Biodiversitätsforschung einschließlich entomologischer Forschung sind begrenzt, wenn es um längere Zeiträume und größere Areale geht. Wollte man in Deutschland beispielsweise 50 Expertinnen und Experten beschädigen, um auf 500 standardisierten Strecken, sogenannten Transekten,die Tagfalter über einen Zeitraum von zehn Jahren nach Standard-Methoden zu erfassen, so würde das je nach Berechnungsbasis zwischen 5 und 20 Millionen Euro kosten. Daten zur Entwicklung zum Beispiel der Insekten-Biodiversität auf nationaler Skala liegen daher bislang nur lückenhaft und unsystematisch vor, sollen nun aberfür Deutschland über das nationale Monitoringzentrum in Leipzig gebündelt, standardisiert und einer systematischen Auswertung zugeführt werden.Viele Mitbürger und Naturfreunde – hier und im Folgenden verwenden wir aus Platzgründen teilweise das generische Maskulinum, es sind aber immer beide Geschlechter gemeint – engagieren sich gerne ehrenamtlich. Zudem empfinden sie den Grad der Unwissenheit über den Zustand der Natur als beschämend für Länder wie Deutschland. Folglich haben beispielsweise der Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten (DDA) oder das Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung (UFZ) in Kooperation mit der Gesellschaft für Schmetterlingsschutz (GfS) schonvor längerer Zeit eigene Wege gewählt, um entsprechende Rahmenbedingungen zum Sammeln von Informationen zur Verbreitung und Häufigkeit von als Indikatoren besonders geeigneten Tiergruppen zu schaffen. Im Vogelmonitoring des DDA und im Tagfalter-Monitoring Deutschland (TMD) von UFZ/GfS sind es vorallem Ehrenamtliche, die die regelmäßigen Beobachtungen vornehmen. Diese leisten einen immensen Beitrag.

Complex socio-economic, political and demographic factors have driven the increased conversion of Europe’s semi-natural grasslands to intensive pastures. This trend is particularly strong in some of the most biodiverse regions of the continent, such as Central and Eastern Europe. Intensive grazing is known to decrease species diversity and alter the composition of plant and insect communities. Comparatively little is known, however, about how intensive grazing influences plant functional traits related to pollination and the structure of plant-pollinator interactions. In traditional hay meadows and intensive pastures in Central Europe, we contrasted the taxonomic and functional group diversity and composition, the structure of plant-pollinator interactions and the roles of individual species in networks. We found mostly lower taxonomic and functional diversity of plants and insects in intensive pastures, as well as strong compositional differences among the two grassland management types. Intensive pastures were dominated by a single plant with a specialized flower structure that is only accessible to a few pollinator groups. As a result, intensive pastures have lower diversity and specificity of interactions, higher amount of resource overlap, more uniform interaction strength and lower network modularity. These findings stand in contrast to studies in which plants with more generalized flower traits dominated pastures. Our results thus highlight the importance of the functional traits of dominant species in mediating the consequences of intensive pasture management on plant-pollinator networks. These findings could further contribute to strategies aimed at mitigating the impact of intensive grazing on plant and pollinator communities.

In the face of global pollinator decline, extensively managed grasslands play an important role in supporting stable pollinator communities. However, different types of extensive management may promote particular plant species and thus particular functional traits. As the functional traits of flowering plant species (e.g., flower size and shape) in a habitat help determine the identity and frequency of pollinator visitors, they can also influence the structures of plant−pollinator interaction networks (i.e., pollination networks). The aim of this study was to examine how the type of low-intensity traditional management influences plant and pollinator composition, the structure of plant−pollinator interactions, and their mediation by floral and insect functional traits. Specifically, we compared mown wooded meadows to grazed alvar pastures in western Estonia. We found that both management types fostered equal diversity of plants and pollinators, and overlapping, though still distinct, plant and pollinator compositions. Wooded meadow pollination networks had significantly higher connectance and specialization, while alvar pasture networks achieved higher interaction diversity at a standardized sampling of interactions. Pollinators with small body sizes and short proboscis lengths were more specialized in their preference for particular plant species and the specialization of individual pollinators was higher in alvar pastures than in wooded meadows. All in all, the two management types promoted diverse plant and pollinator communities, which enabled the development of equally even and nested pollination networks. The same generalist plant and pollinator species were important for the pollination networks of both wooded meadows and alvar pastures; however, they were complemented by management-specific species, which accounted for differences in network structure. Therefore, the implementation of both management types in the same landscape helps to maintain high species

There is mounting evidence of widespread declines in the diversity and abundance of insects from across the globe (Sánchez-Bayo and Wyckhuys 2019, Seibold et al. 2019, van Klink et al. 2020, Wagner 2020). This gives a stark warning for the perilous state of biodiversity (Díaz et al. 2019), and demonstrates that addressing the gap in knowledge of the status of insects is vital (Cardoso et al. 2020, Samways et al. 2020). Insects are estimated to comprise more than half of all described species and are a dominant component of biodiversity in most ecosystems (Bar-On et al. 2018). Insects also provide a crucial role in the functioning of ecosystems. They are not only related to the supply of many ecosystem services such as pollination, biological control, soil fertility regulation and diverse cultural ecosystem services but also to disservices such as damage to crops and spread of diseases to livestock and humans (Gutierrez-Arellano and Mulligan 2018, Noriega et al. 2018). There is a pressing need to assess the status of insects to set and evaluate conservation targets. At the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) meeting in Nagoya (Japan), the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 was adopted. It proposed five goals and 20 “Aichi” biodiversity targets. In line with this plan, a new EU biodiversity strategy was adopted by the European Commission in May 2011. This strategy provided a framework for the EU to meet its biodiversity targets and global commitments as a party to the CBD. The Headline Target in the existing EU Biodiversity Strategy 2020 is to halt the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of ecosystem services in the EU by 2020, and restore them, in so far as feasible, while stepping up the EU contribution to averting global biodiversity loss. Under Target 3A the EU is committed to increasing the contribution of agriculture to biodiversity recovery. Further, the EU Biodiversity Strategy 2030 includes the development of a coherent framework for monitori

Standardisiert erhobene Langzeitdaten mit einer großen räumlichen Abdeckung sind erfor-derlich, um Veränderungen der Biodiversität zu analysieren. Ehrenamtlich getragene Erfas-sungsprogramme wie das Tagfalter-Monitoring Deutschland (TMD) bieten ein hohes Po-tenzial, entsprechende Daten zu gewinnen. Da solche Programme oftmals nicht einem idealtypischen Monitoringdesign entsprechen, sind spezielle Auswertungsmethoden erfor-derlich. Die Populationsentwicklung von Insekten ist durch eine starke Saisonalität gekenn-zeichnet. Zudem treten ausgeprägte jährliche Populationsschwankungen auf. Eine hohe Erfassungsfrequenz sowie die jährliche Bearbeitung von Probeflächen (im Fall des TMD sind dies Transekte) sind daher notwendig, um verlässliche Abundanzindizes und Trends zu berechnen. Aus persönlichen Gründen können viele ehrenamtlich Aktive eine solch ho-he Bearbeitungsintensität nicht leisten. Zudem werden laufend neue Transekte angelegt und ältere aufgegeben. Auf diese Weise entstehen Datensätze, die durch verschiedene Kategorien an fehlenden Werten gekennzeichnet sind. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Methoden vorgestellt, die für die Analyse solcher Datensätze geeignet sind und im Rahmen des TMD zur Anwendung kommen.

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Anthropogenic environmental change disrupts interactions between plants and their animal pollinators. To assess the importance of different drivers, baseline information is needed on interaction networks and plant reproductive success around the world. We conducted a systematic literature review to determine the state of our knowledge on plant–pollinator interactions and the ecosystem services they provide for European ecosystems. We focussed on studies that published information on plant–pollinator networks, as a community-level assessment of plant–pollinator interactions and pollen limitation, which assesses the degree to which plant reproduction is limited by pollinator services. We found that the majority of our knowledge comes from Western Europe, and thus there is a need for baseline assessments in the traditional landscapes of Eastern Europe. To address this data gap, we quantified plant–pollinator interactions and conducted breeding system and pollen supplementation experiments in a traditionally managed mountain meadow in the Western Romanian Carpathians. We found the Romanian meadow to be highly diverse, with a healthy plant–pollinator network. Despite the presence of many pollinator-dependent plant species, there was no evidence of pollen limitation. Our study is the first to provide baseline information for a healthy meadow at the community level on both plant–pollinator interactions and their relationship with ecosystem function (e.g. plant reproduction) in an Eastern European country. Alongside the baseline data, we also provide recommendations for future research, and the methodological information needed for the continued monitoring and management of Eastern European meadows.

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Anthropogene Veränderungen der Umwelt bedrohen die Biodiversität sowie die Interaktionen zwischentrophischen Ebenen und verändern als Folge deren Einfluss auf Ökosystemfunktionen. Dies führt zu Beeinträchtigungen von Ökosystemdienstleistungen wie Bestäubung oder Bodenfruchtbarkeit. Im Rahmen einer neuen, experimentellen Forschungsplattform, dem „iDiv Ecotron“, sollen die Mechanismen erforscht werden, die dem Zusammenhang von Biodiversität und Ökosystemfunktionen zugrunde liegen, indem die Biodiversität auf mehreren trophischen Ebenen in terrestrischen Ökosystemen gleichzeitig manipuliert wird. Diese vertikale Biodiversitätsmanipulation simuliert Veränderungen der biologischen Vielfalt in natürlichen Ökosystemen und wird so helfen, die Folgen des Artenverlustes und die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen für das Funktionieren terrestrischer Ökosysteme zu erforschen. Das iDiv Ecotron setzt sich aus 24 identischen, als „EcoUnits“ bezeichneten Versuchseinheiten zusammen, die wiederum in jeweils vier Kammern unterteilt werden können, so dass die Untersuchung von bis zu 96 voneinander isolierten Ökosystemen möglich ist. Im iDiv Ecotron können oberirdisch-unterirdische Wechselwirkungen zwischen unterschiedlichen Tier- und Pflanzenarten, Mikroorganismen und abiotischen Faktoren studiert werden sowie die Messung von Stoff- und Energieflüssen unter naturnahen Bedingungen mit nicht invasiven Methoden erfolgen und zugleich die Umweltbedingungen gesteuert und reguliert werden. Dieser Beitrag stellt den wissenschaftlichen Hintergrund und die technischen Möglichkeiten des Ecotrons vor.Anthropogenic environmental changes threaten biodiversity as well as interactions between trophiclevels and consequently alter ecosystem functions. A new experimental research platform, the „iDiv Ecotron“,was developed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning by manipulating biodiversity at multiple trophic levels. This vertical biodiversity m

Das vorliegende Grünbuch für eine Citizen Science Strategie 2020 stellt die Ziele, Potenziale und Herausforderungen von Citizen Science in Deutschland dar und zeigt Handlungsoptionen für die Entwicklung einer nationalen Strategie zur Einbindung von Bürgerinnen und Bürgern in die Wissenschaft auf. Dabei wird der Fokus auf drei Handlungsfelder gelegt: Die Stärkung etablierter Strukturen, die Neuschaffung von Rahmenbedingungen und die weitere Integration von Cititzen Science in bestehende Konzepte durch verschiedene Maßnahmen. Außerdem werden im Grünbuch vor allem auch die Ziele und Möglichkeiten ebenso wie eine Vision für die Rolle von Citizen Science im Jahr 2020, unter anderem in Form von zehn Leitbildern, definiert. Im Vordergrund stehen auch hier die breite Etablierung, Anerkennung und Einbeziehung von Citizen Science in gesellschaftsrelevante Kontexte.

Im Rahmen des GEWISS-Bausteinprogramms wurde das Grünbuch für eine Citizen Science-Strategie 2020 für Deutschland zusammen mit über 700 an Citizen Science interessierten Personen aus mehr als 350 Organisationen und Einzelpersonen erarbeitet.Bürgerschaftliches Engagement spielt auch in der Forschung eine immer wichtigere Rolle und kann ein Weg der Teilhabe für die verschiedensten Gruppen in unserer stark wissenschaftsbasierten Gesellschaft sein. Aktuell wird die Beteiligung von Bürgerinnen und Bürgern an wissenschaftlichen Prozessen wesentlich unter dem Stichwort „Citizen Science“ diskutiert. Über die wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisseund Daten hinaus kann Citizen Science einen Mehrwert für die Gesellschaft erzielen: Menschen erweitern ihr Wissen über Natur, Technik, Geschichte – und lernen, wie Wissenschaft funktioniert. Sie können Daten und Ergebnisse aus der Wissenschaft besser einschätzen und auch die Grenzen wissenschaftlicher Methoden und Erkenntnisse nachvollziehen. Unabdingbar ist, dass bei allen Citizen-Science-Projektender wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisgewinn im Fokus bleibt.Dieses Grünbuch Citizen-Science-Strategie 2020 für Deutschland stellt das Verständnis, die Bedarfe und Potenziale von Citizen Science in Deutschland vor. Es reflektiert, welcher Mehrwert in den verschiedenen gesellschaftlichen Bereichen entstehen kann und wo noch nicht ausgeschöpftes Potenzial vorhanden ist. Zu deren Verwirklichung werden konkrete Vorschläge für Handlungsoptionen und Maßnahmen entwickelt, die der Stärkung von Citizen Science in Deutschland dienen und langfristig Kapazitäten für die erfolgreiche Durchführung von Citizen Science freisetzen können.An der Diskussion um die Bedeutung von Citizen Science, aber auch über Herausforderungen und Hemmnisse, haben sich viele Personen mit unterschiedlichen Hintergründen im Rahmen verschiedener Veranstaltungen und der Online-Konsultation der Strategie beteiligt. Ihnen allen möchten wir unseren Dank für die unterstützenden, kritischen und

Civic engagement plays an increasingly important role, not only in society but also in research, as one avenue for different actors to actively participate in our strongly science-based society. Currently, citizen participation in scientific processes is dis- cussed widely under the heading of “Citizen Science”. Beyond advancing scientific find- ings and large scale data provision, Citizen Science can generate significant added value for society: people can enhance their scientific literacy in fields such as nature, technology and history – and learn how science works. They are better equipped to assess scientific data and results and to understand the limitations of scientific methods and findings. The overarching focus for all Citizen Science projects is the gaining of scientific knowledge for both science and society.This Green Paper Citizen Science Strategy 2020 for Germany presents the under- standing, the requirements and the potential of Citizen Science in Germany. It re- flects on the multiple benefits of Citizen Science for different sectors of society and on options and opportunities to develop the methodology and approach. In order to real- ise this potential, the Green Paper develops 10 potential fields of action to strengthen Citizen Science in Germany and to build capacities for the successful implementation of Citizen Science programmes.During the GEWISS events, and through the online and written consultation on the Citizen Science Strategy 2020 for Germany, many participants with different back- grounds joined the discussions on the significance of Citizen Science, the challenges as well as opportunities. We are extremely grateful for all their supportive, critical and inspiring  contributions.We hope to maintain an open and transparent dialogue with all stakeholders, also in the future. This should focus on demonstrating and evaluating citizen science experiences in practice and developing success criteria to support the initiators and prom

Im Rahmen des GEWISS-Bausteinprogramms wurde das Grünbuch für eine Citizen Science-Strategie 2020 für Deutschland zusammen mit über 700 an Citizen Science interessierten Personen aus mehr als 350 Organisationen und Einzelpersonen erarbeitet.Bürgerschaftliches Engagement spielt auch in der Forschung eine immer wichtigere Rolle und kann ein Weg der Teilhabe für die verschiedensten Gruppen in unserer stark wissenschaftsbasierten Gesellschaft sein. Aktuell wird die Beteiligung von Bürgerinnen und Bürgern an wissenschaftlichen Prozessen wesentlich unter dem Stichwort „Citizen Science“ diskutiert. Über die wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisseund Daten hinaus kann Citizen Science einen Mehrwert für die Gesellschaft erzielen: Menschen erweitern ihr Wissen über Natur, Technik, Geschichte – und lernen, wie Wissenschaft funktioniert. Sie können Daten und Ergebnisse aus der Wissenschaft besser einschätzen und auch die Grenzen wissenschaftlicher Methoden und Erkenntnisse nachvollziehen. Unabdingbar ist, dass bei allen Citizen-Science-Projektender wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisgewinn im Fokus bleibt.Dieses Grünbuch Citizen-Science-Strategie 2020 für Deutschland stellt das Verständnis, die Bedarfe und Potenziale von Citizen Science in Deutschland vor. Es reflektiert, welcher Mehrwert in den verschiedenen gesellschaftlichen Bereichen entstehen kann und wo noch nicht ausgeschöpftes Potenzial vorhanden ist. Zu deren Verwirklichung werden konkrete Vorschläge für Handlungsoptionen und Maßnahmen entwickelt, die der Stärkung von Citizen Science in Deutschland dienen und langfristig Kapazitäten für die erfolgreiche Durchführung von Citizen Science freisetzen können.An der Diskussion um die Bedeutung von Citizen Science, aber auch über Herausforderungen und Hemmnisse, haben sich viele Personen mit unterschiedlichen Hintergründen im Rahmen verschiedener Veranstaltungen und der Online-Konsultation der Strategie beteiligt. Ihnen allen möchten wir unseren Dank für die unterstützenden, kritischen und

Civic engagement plays an increasingly important role, not only in society but also in research, as one avenue for different actors to actively participate in our strongly science-based society. Currently, citizen participation in scientific processes is dis- cussed widely under the heading of “Citizen Science”. Beyond advancing scientific find- ings and large scale data provision, Citizen Science can generate significant added value for society: people can enhance their scientific literacy in fields such as nature, technology and history – and learn how science works. They are better equipped to assess scientific data and results and to understand the limitations of scientific methods and findings. The overarching focus for all Citizen Science projects is the gaining of scientific knowledge for both science and society.This Green Paper Citizen Science Strategy 2020 for Germany presents the under- standing, the requirements and the potential of Citizen Science in Germany. It re- flects on the multiple benefits of Citizen Science for different sectors of society and on options and opportunities to develop the methodology and approach. In order to real- ise this potential, the Green Paper develops 10 potential fields of action to strengthen Citizen Science in Germany and to build capacities for the successful implementation of Citizen Science programmes.During the GEWISS events, and through the online and written consultation on the Citizen Science Strategy 2020 for Germany, many participants with different back- grounds joined the discussions on the significance of Citizen Science, the challenges as well as opportunities. We are extremely grateful for all their supportive, critical and inspiring  contributions.We hope to maintain an open and transparent dialogue with all stakeholders, also in the future. This should focus on demonstrating and evaluating citizen science experiences in practice and developing success criteria to support the initiators and prom

This report presents the fifth version of the European Grassland Butterfly Indicator, one of the EU biodiversity indicators of the European Environment Agency.

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Das methodische und regelmäßige Zählen von tagaktiven Schmetterlingen (Tagfalter-Monitoring) hat inEuropa Tradition. Bereits seit 1976 wird in Großbritannien eine Falterzählung durchgeführt. Seit 1990zählen Falterfreunde in den Niederlanden und seit 2005 werden auch in Deutschland jedes Jahr in derZeit von April bis September Tagfalter erfasst.

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