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15. Photocatalytic degradation of the Blue Algae Toxin Microcystin-LR in a natural organic-aqueous matrix

Author

Feitz, Andrew J., Waite, T. David, Jones, Gary J., and Boyden, Brace H.Orr, Philip T.

Subjects
Chemical industry, Environmental issues, Science and technology
Abstract

Toxic cyanobacterial blooms in drinking water supplies has prompted worldwide concerns because of their effects on human health. Low concentrations of cycanotoxins are not ususally removed by conventional water treatment methods. The applicability of heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of low concentrations of the cyantoxin microcystin-LR in a natural organic-aqueous matrix is examined using titantium dioxide as the photocatalyst.

Published
1999

21. Steroid estrogens in primary and tertiary wastewater treatment plants

Author

Braga, Olga, Smythe, George A., Schäfer, Andrea, and Feitz, Andrew J.

Subjects
Estrone, estradiol, estrogen, ethinylestradiol, wastewater
Abstract

The concentrations of two natural estrogens (Estrone (E1) and Estradiol (E2)) and one synthetic progestin (Ethinylestradiol (EE2)) were measured for different unit operations in an advanced sewage treatment plant and in a large coastal enhanced primary sewage treatment plant. The average influent concentration to both plants was similar – 55 and 53 ng/L for E1 and 22 and 12 ng/L for E2 for the advanced and enhanced primary STPs, respectively. The activated sludge process at the advanced STP removed up to 85% and 96% of E1 and E2, respectively. The enhanced primary sewage treatment plant was mostly ineffective at removing the steroids with only 14% of E1 and 5% of E2 being removed during the treatment process. EE2 was not been detected during the study period in the influent or effluent of either STP. The difference in the observed removal between the two plants is primarily linked to plant performance but the extent to which removal of steroid estrogens is due to bacterial metabolism (i.e. the advanced STP) rather than adsorption to the bacterial biomass remains unclear. The poor removal observed for the coastal enhanced primary STP may have implications for the receiving environment in terms of a greater potential for abnormal reproductive systems in marine animals, particularly if discharges are into large bays or harbours where flushing is limited.

Published
2005

24. Generation of an industry-specific physico-chemical allocation matrix: Application in the dairy industry and implications for systems analysis

Author

Feitz, Andrew J., Lundie, Sven, Dennien, Gary, Morain, Marc, Jones, Michael, Feitz, Andrew J., Lundie, Sven, Dennien, Gary, Morain, Marc, and Jones, Michael

Abstract

Background, Aims and Scope: Allocation is required when quantifying environmental impacts of individual products from multi-product manufacturing plants. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) recommends in ISO 14041 that allocation should reflect underlying physical relationships between inputs and outputs, or in the absence of such knowledge, allocation should reflect other relationships (e.g. economic value). Economic allocation is generally recommended if process specific information on the manufacturing process is lacking. In this paper, a physico-chemical allocation matrix, based on industry-specific data from the dairy industry, is developed and discussed as an alternative allocation method. Methods: Operational data from 17 dairy manufacturing plants was used to develop an industry specific physico-chemical allocation matrix. Through an extensive process of substraction/substitution, it is possible to determine average resource use (e.g. electricity, thermal energy, water, etc) and wastewater emissions for individual dairy products within multi-product manufacturing plants. The average operational data for individual products were normalised to maintain industry confidentiality and then used as an industry specific allocation matrix. The quantity of raw milk required per product is based on the milk solids basis to account for dairy by-products that would otherwise be neglected. Results and Discussion: Applying fixed type allocation methods (e.g. economic) for all input and outputs based on the quantity of product introduces order of magnitude sized deviations from physico-chemical allocation in some cases. The error associated with the quality of the whole of factory plant data or truncation error associated with setting system boundaries is insignificant in comparison. The profound effects of the results on systems analysis are discussed. The results raise concerns about using economic allocation as a default when allocating intra-industr

Published
2007

35. Quantification of the Oxidizing Capacity of Nanoparticulate Zero-Valent Iron.

Author

Joo, Sung Hee, Feitz, Andrew J., Sedlak, David L., and Waite, T. David

Subjects
*IRON, *NANOPARTICLES, *OXIDIZING agents, *ORGANIC compounds, *OXYGEN, *WATER
Abstract

Addition of nanoparticulate zero-valent iron (nZVI) to oxygen-containing water results in oxidation of organic compounds. To assess the potential application of nZVl for oxidative transformation of organic contaminants, the conversion of benzoic acid (BA) to p-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HBA) was used as a probe reaction. When nZVl was added to BA-containing water, an initial pulse of p-H BA was detected during the first 30 mm, followed by the slow generation of additional p-HBA over periods of at least 24 h. The yield of p-HBA increased with increasing BA concentration, presumably due to the increasing ability of BA to compete with alternate oxidant sinks, such as ferrous iron. At pH 3, maximum yields of p-HBA during the initial phase of the reaction of up to 25% were observed. The initial rate of nZVI-mediated oxidation of BA exhibited a marked reduction at pH values above 3. Despite the decrease in oxidant production rate, p-HBA was observed during the initial reaction phase at pH values up to 8. Competition experiments with probe compounds expected to exhibit different affinities forthe nZVl surface (phenol, aniline, o-hydroxybenzoic acid, and synthetic humic acids) indicated relative rates of reaction that were similar to those observed in competition experiments in which hydroxyl radicals were generated in solution. Examination of the oxidizing capacity of a range of Fe° particles reveals a capacity in all cases to induce oxidative transformation of benzoic acid, but the high surface areas that can be achieved with nanosized particles renders such particles particularly effective oxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2005
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36. Kinetic Modeling of TiO[sub 2]-Catalyzed Photodegradation of Trace Levels of Microcystein-LR.

Author

Feitz, Andrew J. and Waite, T. David

Subjects
*MICROCYSTINS, *PHOTOCATALYSIS
Abstract

A kinetic model has been developed to investigate the relative importance of major pathways for the photocatalytic degradation of trace levels of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR (MLR) in solutions containing a complex suite of dissolved organic matter and to test the sensitivity of MLR degradation to rate constants of the key processes. The kinetic model incorporates adsorption of the trace contaminant, other organics and oxygen on the particle surface, surface reactions between adsorbed radical and nonradical species, desorption of surface radical species, solution phase radical reactions, and radical termination pathways. Under conditions where the contaminant adsorbs strongly to semiconductor surface sites, rapid degradation is observed, and a primary degradation step appears to involve reaction between surface-located long-lived organic radicals (formed from hydroxyl radical scavenging by the bulk organic) and adsorbed trace contaminant. MLR degradation is relatively insensitive to changes in light intensity under these strongly adsorbing conditions but highly dependent under weakly adsorbing conditions and when solution phase degradation is important. While not verified independently, desorption of surface bound superoxide appears to lead to the production of organic peroxyl radicals through reaction of superoxide with the bulk organic. These solution phase organic peroxyl radicals are highly reactive and appear to be the primary source of trace contaminant degradation under conditions where the trace contaminant shows no observable adsorption and surface degradation is negligible. Under alkaline conditions, adsorption of carbonate onto the particle surface results in scavenging of surface hydroxyl radicals to form surface carbonate radicals that rapidly quench surface bound superoxide. This prevents organic peroxyl production, the primary agent of solution-phase trace contaminant degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2003
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37. Photocatalytic degradation of the blue green algal toxin microcystin-LR in a natural organic-...

Author

Feitz, Andrew J. and Waite, T. David

Subjects
*MICROCYSTINS, *TITANIUM dioxide, *PHOTOCATALYSIS, *BIODEGRADATION
Abstract

Examines the applicability of heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of low concentrations of the cyantoxin microcystein-LR (MLR) in a natural organic-aqueous matrix using titanium dioxide as the photocatalyst. Rate of degradation increase with decreasing pH; Rate of MLR loss from solution; Initial removal rate of toxin at 85 nm MLR.

Published
1999
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38. The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data

Author

Pastorello, Gilberto Z., Trotta, Carlo, Canfora, Eleonora, Chu, Housen, Christianson, Danielle S., Cheah, Youwei, Poindexter, Cristina M., Chen, Jiquan, Elbashandy, Abdelrahman, Humphrey, Marty, Isaac, Peter, Polidori, Diego, Ribeca, Alessio, van Ingen, Catharine, Zhang, Leiming, Amiro, Brian D., Ammann, Christoph, Arain, Muhammad A., Ardö, Jonas, Arndt, Stefan K., Arriga, Nicola, Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Baldocchi, Dennis D., Barr, Alan G., Beamesderfer, Eric R., Marchesini, Luca B., Bergeron, Onil, Beringer, Jason, Bernhofer, Christian, Berveiller, Daniel, Billesbach, David P., Black, Thomas A., Blanken, Peter D., Bohrer, Gil, Boike, Julia, Bolstad, Paul V., Bonal, Damien, Bonnefond, Jean Marc, Bowling, David R., Bracho, Rosvel, Brodeur, Jason J., Brümmer, Christian, Buchmann, Nina, Burban, Benoit, Burns, Sean P., Buysse, Pauline, Cale, Peter, Cavagna, Mauro, Cellier, Pierre, Chen, Shiping, Chini, Isaac, Christensen, Torben R., Cleverly, James, Collalti, Alessio, Consalvo, Claudia, Cook, Bruce D., Cook, David, Cremonese, Edoardo, Curtis, Peter S., D'Andrea, Ettore, da Rocha, Humberto R., Dai, Xiaoqin, Davis, Kenneth J., de Cinti, Bruno, De Grandcourt, Agnès, De Ligne, Anne, de Oliveira Jr., Raimundo C., Delpierre, Nicolas, Desai, Ankur R., Di Bella, Carlos M., Di Tommasi, Paul, Dolman, Han A.J., Domingo, Francisco, Dong, Gang, Dore, Sabina, Duce, Pierpaolo, Dufrêne, Éric, Dunn, Allison, Dušek, Jiří, Eamus, Derek, Eichelmann, Uwe, ElKhidir, Hatim A.M., Eugster, Werner, Ewenz, Cäcilia, Ewers, Brent E., Famulari, Daniela, Fares, Silvano, Feigenwinter, Iris, Feitz, Andrew J., Fensholt, Rasmus, Filippa, Gianluca, Fischer, Marc, Frank, John, Galvagno, Marta, Gharun, Mana, Gianelle, Damiano, Gielen, Bert, Gioli, Beniamino, Gitelson, Anatoly A., Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Goldstein, Allen H., Gough, Christopher, Hanson, Chad V., Hatakka, Juha, He, Yongtao, Hehn, Markus, Heinesch, Bernhard, Hinko-Najera, Nina, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Hutley, Lindsay B., Ibrom, Andreas, Ikawa, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczyński, Marcin, Janous, Dalibor, Jans, Wilma W.P., Jassal, Rachhpal, Jiang, Shicheng, Kato, Tomomichi, Khomik, Myroslava, Klatt, Janina, Goulden, Michael L., Graf, Alexander, Griebel, Anne, Gruening, Carsten, Grünwald, Thomas, Hammerle, Albin, Han, Shijie, Han, Xingguo, Hansen, Birger Ulf, Knohl, Alexander, Knox, Sara H., Kobayashi, Hideki, Koerber, Georgia R., Kolle, Olaf, Kosugi, Yoshiko, Kotani, Ayumi, Kowalski, Andrew S., Kruijt, Bart, Kurbatova, Juliya, Kutsch, Werner L., Kwon, Hyojung, Launiainen, Samuli, Laurila, Tuomas, Law, Bev, Leuning, Ray, Li, Yingnian, Liddell, Michael, Limousin, Jean M., Lion, Marryanna, Lohila, Annalea, López-Ballesteros, Ana, López-Blanco, Efrén, Loubet, Benjamin, Loustau, Denis, Lucas-Moffat, Antje M., Lüers, Johannes, Ma, Siyan, Macfarlane, Craig, Magliulo, Vincenzo, Maier, Regine, Mammarella, Ivan, Manca, Giovanni, Marcolla, Barbara, Margolis, Hank A., Marras, Serena, Massman, William J., Mastepanov, Mikhail, Matamala, Roser, Matthes, Jaclyn H., Mazzenga, Francesco, McCaughey, Harry, McHugh, Ian, McMillan, Andrew M.S., Merbold, Lutz, Meyer, Wayne S., Meyers, Tilden, Miller, Scott D., Minerbi, Stefano, Moderow, Uta, Monson, Russell K., Montagnani, Leonardo, Moore, Caitlin, Moors, Eddy J., Moreaux, Virginie, Moureaux, Christine, Munger, J. William, Nakai, Taro, Neirynck, Johan, Nesic, Zoran, Nicolini, Giacomo, Noormets, Asko, Northwood, Matthew, Nosetto, Marcelo D., Nouvellon, Yann, Novick, Kimberly A., Oechel, Walter C., Olesen, Jorgen E., Ourcival, Jean-Marc, Papuga, Shirley A., Parmentier, Frans-Jan W., Paul-Limoges, Eugénie, Pavelka, Marián, Peichl, Matthias, Pendall, Elise G., Phillips, Richard P., Pilegaard, Kim, Pirk, Norbert, Posse, Gabriela, Powell, Thomas L., Prasse, Heiko, Prober, Suzanne M., Rambal, Serge, Rannik, Üllar, Raz-Yaseef, Naama, Reed, David E., Resco de Dios, Victor, Restrepo-Coupe, Natalia, Reverter, Borja R., Roland, Marilyn, Sabbatini, Simone, Sachs, Torsten, Saleska, Scott R., Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique P., Sanchez-Mejia, Zulia M., Schmid, Hans P., Schmidt, Marius, Schneider, Karl, Schrader, Frederik, Scott, Russell L., Sedlák, Pavel, Serrano-Ortiz, Penelope, Shao, Changliang, Shi, Peili, Shironya, Ivan I., Siebicke, Lukas, Šigut, Ladislav, Silberstein, Richard, Sirca, Costantino, Spano, Donatella, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Stevens, Robert, Sturtevant, Cove S., Suyker, Andrew E., Tagesson, Torbern, Takanashi, Satoru, Tang, Yanhong, Tapper, Nigel J., Thom, Jonathan, Tiedemann, Frank, Tomassucci, Michele, Tuovinen, Juha-Pekka, Urbanski, Shawn, Valentini, Riccardo, Van Der Molen, Michiel K., van Gorsel, Eva, van Huissteden, Ko J., Varlagin, Andrej, Verfaillie, Joseph, Vesala, Timo, Vincke, Caroline, Vitale, Domenico, Vygodskaya, Natascha N., Walker, Jeffrey, Walter-Shea, Elizabeth A., Wang, Huimin, Weber, Robin, Westermann, Sebastian, Wille, Christian, Wofsy, Steven C., Wohlfahrt, Georg, Wolf, Sebastian, Woodgate, William L., Li, Yuelin, Zampedri, Roberto, Zhang, Junhui, Zhou, Guoyi, Zona, Donatella, Agarwal, Deborah A., Biraud, Sébastien C., Torn, Margaret S., and Papale, Dario

Subjects
13. Climate action, 15. Life on land
Abstract

The FLUXNET2015 dataset provides ecosystem-scale data on CO2, water, and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and other meteorological and biological measurements, from 212 sites around the globe (over 1500 site-years, up to and including year 2014). These sites, independently managed and operated, voluntarily contributed their data to create global datasets. Data were quality controlled and processed using uniform methods, to improve consistency and intercomparability across sites. The dataset is already being used in a number of applications, including ecophysiology studies, remote sensing studies, and development of ecosystem and Earth system models. FLUXNET2015 includes derived-data products, such as gap-filled time series, ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic uptake estimates, estimation of uncertainties, and metadata about the measurements, presented for the first time in this paper. In addition, 206 of these sites are for the first time distributed under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license. This paper details this enhanced dataset and the processing methods, now made available as open-source codes, making the dataset more accessible, transparent, and reproducible., Scientific Data, 7, ISSN:2052-4463

39. Quantifying CO2 leak rates in aquatic environments

Author

Jennifer Roberts, Feitz, Andrew J., Jade Anderson, and Schroder, Ivan F.

Subjects
TA
Abstract

The Daylesford region of Victoria (Australia), is a region of natural CO2 seepage. Small bubble streams of CO2 are released into ephemeral river beds proximal to mineral springs that contain high dissolved CO2 content. We study four sites of CO2 degassing to (i) establish the characteristics of CO2 seepage caused by transport to surface of CO2-rich water, (ii) provide an estimate of CO2 flux in the region, and (iii) investigate seasonal effects on CO2 seepage. We observe that bubbling behavior varies considerably between sites, including the number and distribution of bubbling points, and bubble stream the continuity. Total CO2 seep rates at each site were low (< 20 kg/d) but varied substantially between different sites. There were no obvious indicators of total emission rate; the bubble density or other characteristics at the highest emission seep were not remarkably different to the smaller seeps. We find that the total CO2 emission varies inconsistently with season, with some seep rates increasing and other decreasing in the dry season when water levels are lower. We find there are challenges in quantifying the total gas leakage at sites of highly localized and intermittent degassing. Our work has implications for detecting and quantifying leaks from engineered CO2 storage sites which emerge in aqueous environments, which could be these are marine or terrestrial (lakes or rivers).

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