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1. Sleep restriction and age effects on waking alpha EEG activity in adolescents

Author

Campbell, Ian G, Kim, Elizabeth I, Darchia, Nato, and Feinberg, Irwin

Subjects
Allied Health and Rehabilitation Science, Health Sciences, Clinical Research, Sleep Research, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, 6.1 Pharmaceuticals, adolescence, alpha, development, sleep loss, Allied health and rehabilitation science
Abstract

Study objectivesTo understand how sleep need changes across adolescence our laboratory is carrying out a longitudinal dose-response study on the effects of sleep duration on daytime sleepiness and performance. This report focuses on the relation of the waking alpha (8-12 Hz) electroencephalogram (EEG) to prior sleep duration, whether this relation changes with age, and whether decreased waking alpha power is related to changes in daytime sleepiness, vigilance, and executive functioning.MethodsStudy participants (n = 77) entered the study at ages ranging from 9.86 to 13.98 years and were studied annually for 3 years. Each year participants completed each of three time in bed (TIB) conditions (7, 8.5, or 10 h) for four consecutive nights. Waking EEG was recorded on the day following the fourth night.ResultsTIB restriction and resultant sleep loss were associated with reduced alpha power with the effect being stronger for the eyes closed condition. TIB restriction altered the power spectrum within the alpha range by increasing the frequency of maximum alpha power. Alpha power decreased with age, but the effect of TIB restriction did not decrease with age. Reduced alpha power was associated with small but significant increases in subjective and objective sleepiness but was not associated with changes in vigilance or executive functioning.ConclusionsWe interpret the alpha depression following sleep loss as incomplete sleep dependent recuperation that contributes to daytime sleepiness. The absence of a decrease in TIB effects with age indicates that this sleep need measure does not decrease over early to mid-adolescence.

Published
2022

2. Longitudinal Analysis of Sleep Spindle Maturation from Childhood through Late Adolescence

Author

Zhang, Zoey Y, Campbell, Ian G, Dhayagude, Pari, Espino, Harrison C, and Feinberg, Irwin

Subjects
Medical Physiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Behavioral and Social Science, Sleep Research, Neurosciences, Pediatric, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, Clinical Research, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Adolescent, Aging, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Linear Models, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Memory Consolidation, Polysomnography, Sex Characteristics, Sleep Stages, adolescence, EEG, longitudinal, maturation, sleep spindle, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery
Abstract

Sleep spindles are intermittent bursts of 11-15 Hz EEG waves that occur during non-rapid eye movement sleep. Spindles are believed to help maintain sleep and to play a role in sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Here we applied an automated sleep spindle detection program to our large longitudinal sleep EEG dataset (98 human subjects, 6-18 years old, >2000 uninterrupted nights) to evaluate maturational trends in spindle wave frequency, density, amplitude, and duration. This large dataset enabled us to apply nonlinear as well as linear age models, thereby extending the findings of prior cross-sectional studies that used linear models. We found that spindle wave frequency increased with remarkable linearity across the age range. Central spindle density increased nonlinearly to a peak at age 15.1 years. Central spindle wave amplitude declined in a sigmoidal pattern with the age of fastest decline at 13.5 years. Spindle duration decreased linearly with age. Of the four measures, only spindle amplitude showed a sex difference in dynamics such that the age of most rapid decline in females preceded that in males by 1.4 years. This amplitude pattern, including the sex difference in timing, paralleled the maturational pattern for δ (1-4 Hz) wave power. We interpret these age-related changes in spindle characteristics as indicators of maturation of thalamocortical circuits and changes in sleep depth. These robust age-effects could facilitate the search for cognitive-behavioral correlates of spindle waveforms and might also help guide basic research on EEG mechanisms and postnatal brain maturation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The brain reorganization of adolescence produces massive changes in sleep EEG. These changes include the morphology and abundance of sleep spindles, an EEG marker of non-rapid eye movement sleep believed to reflect offline memory processes and/or protection of the sleep state. We analyzed >2000 nights of longitudinal sleep EEG from 98 subjects (age 6-18 years old) to investigate maturational changes in spindle amplitude, frequency, density, and duration. The large dataset enabled us to detect nonlinear as well as linear age changes. All measures showed robust age effects that we hypothesize reflect the maturation of thalamocortical circuits and decreasing sleep depth. These findings could guide further research into the cognitive-behavioral correlates of sleep spindles and their underlying brain mechanisms.

Published
2021

3. Shorter sleep durations in adolescents reduce power density in a wide range of waking electroencephalogram frequencies.

Author

Feinberg, Irwin and Campbell, Ian G

Subjects
Brain, Humans, Electroencephalography, Longitudinal Studies, Wakefulness, Sleep, Sleep Stages, Sleep, REM, Adolescent, Child, Female, Male, REM, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Despite sleep's recognized biological importance, it has been remarkably difficult to demonstrate changes in brain physiology with reduced sleep durations. In a study of adolescents, we varied sleep durations by restricting time in bed for four nights of either 10, 8.5 or 7 h. Shorter sleep durations significantly decreased waking electroencephalogram (EEG) power in a wide range of frequencies with both eyes closed and eyes open in central and occipital leads. These findings suggest new research directions and raise the possibility that waking EEG power density could provide a non-invasive test for biologically sufficient sleep.

Published
2019

4. Differential and interacting effects of age and sleep restriction on daytime sleepiness and vigilance in adolescence: a longitudinal study.

Author

Campbell, Ian G, Van Dongen, Hans PA, Gainer, Marcus, Karmouta, Emmad, and Feinberg, Irwin

Subjects
Humans, Sleep Deprivation, Electroencephalography, Polysomnography, Longitudinal Studies, Psychomotor Performance, Arousal, Wakefulness, Age Factors, Adolescent, Child, Female, Male, Brain Waves, Sleep Latency, Sleepiness, sleep restriction, MSLT, PVT, brain maturation, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery
Abstract

Study objectivesThere is contradictory evidence on whether sleep need decreases across adolescence. We investigated this question longitudinally with a dose-response design to test the effects of varied sleep durations on daytime sleepiness and on vigilance and to test whether these relations change with age across early and mid-adolescence.MethodsData from 76 participants who completed at least 2 years of the 3-year study are included in this report. Annually, participants ranging in age from 9.8 to 16.2 years completed three different time in bed (TIB) schedules each consisting of four consecutive nights of 7, 8.5, or 10 hours. Daytime sleepiness (multiple sleep latency test [MSLT]) and vigilance (psychomotor vigilance test [PVT]) were measured on the day following the fourth night of each TIB schedule.ResultsElectroencephalogram (EEG)-measured sleep durations changed linearly with TIB. MSLT-measured daytime sleepiness decreased with longer TIB and increased with age. The TIB and age effects interacted such that the TIB effect decreased with age. PVT performance improved with longer TIB and improved with age, but the benefit that increased TIB conferred on PVT performance did not change with age.ConclusionsThese results seem paradoxical because daytime sleepiness increased but vigilance improved with age. The significant age effect on the relation between TIB and sleepiness compared to the lack of an age effect on the relation between TIB and vigilance performance suggests different rates of maturation in underlying brain systems. We interpret these findings in relation to our model of adolescent brain development driven by synaptic elimination.

Published
2018

5. Daytime Sleepiness Increases With Age in Early Adolescence: A Sleep Restriction Dose–Response Study

Author

Campbell, Ian G, Burright, Christopher S, Kraus, Amanda M, Grimm, Kevin J, and Feinberg, Irwin

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine and Haematology, Clinical Research, Sleep Research, Pediatric, Neurosciences, Adolescent, Age Factors, Aging, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Neuronal Plasticity, Polysomnography, Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Stages, Time Factors, sleep deprivation, MSLT, brain maturation, brain maturation., Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery, Biological sciences, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Psychology
Abstract

Study objectivesDaytime sleepiness increases across adolescence. This increase is commonly attributed to insufficient sleep durations resulting from increasingly limited time in bed. We tested the effects of 3 sleep schedules on daytime sleepiness and whether these effects changed with age in early adolescence.MethodsIn 77 children ranging in age from 9.9 to 14 years, objective (multiple sleep latency test [MSLT]) and subjective (Karolinska sleepiness scale [KSS]) sleepiness was measured following 4 consecutive nights of either 7, 8.5, or 10 hours in bed. All participants completed all 3 sleep schedules. The order in which they completed the schedules was not randomized but was accounted for in all statistical analyses.ResultsTime in bed restriction decreased sleep duration and increased objective and subjective daytime sleepiness. Although the sleep durations did not change with age, the likelihood of falling asleep during the MSLT increased with age. Nevertheless, sleep restriction produced a greater increase in MSLT-measured sleepiness in younger participants. Subjective sleepiness measured with the KSS increased with shorter sleep duration, but this effect did not change with age.ConclusionsIncreasing objective daytime sleepiness in early adolescence cannot simply be attributed to reduced sleep due to restricted sleep schedules. We propose that some of the increased daytime sleepiness of adolescents is a consequence of adolescent brain reorganization driven by synaptic pruning which decreases the intensity of waking brain activity.

Published
2017

6. Restricting Time in Bed in Early Adolescence Reduces Both NREM and REM Sleep but Does Not Increase Slow Wave EEG

Author

Campbell, Ian G, Kraus, Amanda M, Burright, Christopher S, and Feinberg, Irwin

Subjects
Medical Physiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Behavioral and Social Science, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, Mental Health, Pediatric, Clinical Research, Sleep Research, Neurosciences, Adolescent, Adolescent Development, Brain, Child, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Stages, Sleep, REM, adolescent, brain maturation, delta, sleep deprivation, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery, Biological sciences, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Psychology
Abstract

Study objectivesSchool night total sleep time decreases across adolescence (9-18 years) by 10 min/year. This decline is comprised entirely of a selective decrease in NREM sleep; REM sleep actually increases slightly. Decreasing sleep duration across adolescence is often attributed to insufficient time in bed. Here we tested whether sleep restriction in early adolescence produces the same sleep stage changes observed on school nights across adolescence.MethodsAll-night sleep EEG was recorded in 76 children ranging in age from 9.9 to 14.0 years. Each participant kept 3 different sleep schedules that consisted of 3 nights of 8.5 h in bed followed by 4 nights of either 7, 8.5, or 10 h in bed. Sleep stage durations and NREM delta EEG activity were compared across the 3 time in bed conditions.ResultsShortening time in bed from 10 to 7 hours reduced sleep duration by approximately 2 hours, roughly equal to the decrease in sleep duration we recorded longitudinally across adolescence. However, sleep restriction significantly reduced both NREM (by 83 min) and REM (by 47 min) sleep. Sleep restriction did not affect NREM delta EEG activity.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the selective NREM reduction and the small increase in REM we observed longitudinally across 9-18 years are not produced by sleep restriction. We hypothesize that the selective NREM decline reflects adolescent brain maturation (synaptic elimination) that reduces the need for the restorative processes of NREM sleep.

Published
2016

7. Maturational Patterns of Sigma Frequency Power Across Childhood and Adolescence: A Longitudinal Study

Author

Campbell, Ian G and Feinberg, Irwin

Subjects
Medical Physiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Pediatric, Sleep Research, Neurological, Adolescent, Adolescent Development, Brain, Brain Waves, Child, Child Development, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Schools, Sleep, adolescence, brain maturation, EEG, NREM, sleep spindle, trajectory, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery, Biological sciences, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Psychology
Abstract

Study objectivesTo further evaluate adolescent brain maturation by determining the longitudinal trajectories of nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sigma (11-15 Hz) power across childhood-adolescence.MethodsThe maturational trend for sigma (11-15 Hz) power was evaluated in an accelerated longitudinal study of three overlapping age cohorts (n = 92) covering ages 6 to 18 y. Semiannually, sleep electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded from participants sleeping at home in their normal sleep environment while keeping their current school night schedules.ResultsSigma frequencies became faster with age. The frequency of the 11-15 Hz spectral peak increased linearly. Sigma frequency power (SFP) declined with age, but its trajectory was complex (cubic). Power in a group of low sigma subfrequencies declined with age. Power in a group of high sigma frequencies increased with age. Power in subfrequencies within 11-15 Hz also showed different trends across the night, with lower frequencies increasing across NREM periods and higher frequencies decreasing across NREM periods. The upper and lower boundaries for the sigma frequencies that changed across NREMPs shifted upward with age.ConclusionsWe hypothesize that these maturational brain changes result from synaptic elimination which decreases sleep depth and streamlines circuits. SFP displays a maturational trajectory different from both delta and theta power. Theories on the function of sigma must be reconciled with its maturational trajectory. These findings further demonstrate the value of sleep EEG for studying noninvasively the complex developmental brain changes of adolescence.

Published
2016

8. Time‐of‐night variations in the story‐like organization of dream experience developed during rapid eye movement sleep

Author

Cipolli, Carlo, Guazzelli, Mario, Bellucci, Claudia, Mazzetti, Michela, Palagini, Laura, Rosenlicht, Nicholas, and Feinberg, Irwin

Subjects
Cognitive and Computational Psychology, Psychology, Sleep Research, Clinical Research, Dreams, Female, Humans, Language, Linguistics, Male, Self Report, Sleep, REM, Time Factors, Wakefulness, Young Adult, dream report, dream structure, cognitive processes, memory functioning, sleep cycles, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery, Biomedical and clinical sciences
Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the cycles (2nd/4th) and duration-related (5/10 min) variations in the story-like organization of dream experience elaborated during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Dream reports were analysed using story grammar rules. Reports were provided by those subjects (14 of 22) capable of reporting a dream after each of the four awakenings provoked in 2 consecutive nights during REM sleep of the 2nd and 4th cycles, after periods of either 5 or 10 min, counterbalanced across the nights. Two researchers who were blind as to the sleep condition scored the dream reports independently. The values of the indicators of report length (measured as value of total word count) and of story-like organization of dream reports were matched taking time-of-night (2nd and 4th cycles) and REM duration (5 versus 10 min) as factors. Two-way analyses of variance showed that report length increased significantly in 4th-cycle REM sleep and nearly significantly for longer REM duration, whereas the number of dream-stories per report did not vary. The indices of sequential (number of statements describing the event structure developed in the story) and hierarchical (number of episodes per story) organization increased significantly only in dream-stories reported after 10 min of 4th-cycle REM sleep. These findings indicate that the characteristics of structural organization of dream-stories vary along with time of night, and suggest that the elaboration of a long and complex dream-story requires a fairly long time and the availability of a great amount of cognitive resources to maintain its continuity and coherence.

Published
2015

10. Contributors

Author

Abbott, Sabra M., primary, Achermann, Peter, additional, Ainslie, Philip N., additional, Åkerstedt, Torbjörn, additional, Allada, Ravi, additional, Allen, Richard P., additional, Almeida, Fernanda R., additional, Amara, Amy W., additional, Ancoli-Israel, Sonia, additional, Angel, Chelsea, additional, Arima, Taro, additional, Arnedt, J. Todd, additional, Arnulf, Isabelle, additional, Avidan, Alon Y., additional, Axelsson, John, additional, Badr, M. Safwan, additional, Baghdoyan, Helen A., additional, Baker, Fiona C., additional, Balkin, Thomas J., additional, Balserak, Bilgay Izci, additional, Banks, Siobhan, additional, Barczi, Steven R., additional, Basner, Mathias, additional, Bassetti, Claudio L., additional, Baumann, Christian R., additional, Bazalakova, Mihaela, additional, Beaulieu-Bonneau, Simon, additional, Belenky, Gregory, additional, Benca, Ruth M., additional, Benson, Kathleen L., additional, Berger, Mark B., additional, Berry, Richard B., additional, Bliwise, Donald L., additional, Boeve, Bradley F., additional, Borbély, Alexander A., additional, Brown, Daniel B., additional, Buenaver, Luis, additional, Burgess, Keith R., additional, Butler, Jane E., additional, Buxton, Orfeu M., additional, Buysse, Daniel J., additional, Byrne, Enda M., additional, Cao, Michelle T., additional, Carney, Colleen E., additional, Carr, Michelle, additional, Carra, Maria Clotilde, additional, Carrizo, Santiago J., additional, Carskadon, Mary A., additional, Castrillon, Eduardo, additional, Challet, Etienne, additional, Chervin, Ronald D., additional, Cistulli, Peter A., additional, Cortese, Samuele, additional, Courcoulas, Anita P., additional, Craft, Robert, additional, Cramer, Michel A., additional, Culebras, Antonio, additional, Czeisler, Charles A., additional, Czisch, Michael, additional, Dauvilliers, Yves, additional, Davidson, Judith R., additional, D'Cruz, O'Neill F., additional, Deboer, Tom, additional, Gennaro, Luigi De, additional, Dement, William C., additional, Dempsey, Jerome A., additional, Dijk, Derk-Jan, additional, Dinges, David F., additional, Domhoff, G. William, additional, Dorrian, Jill, additional, Doufas, Anthony G., additional, Drager, Luciano F., additional, Drake, Christopher L., additional, Dresler, Martin, additional, Eastwood, Peter R., additional, Eckert, Danny J., additional, Edinger, Jack D., additional, Ellis, Jason Gordon, additional, Ely, E. Wesley, additional, Erlacher, Daniel, additional, Essick, Gregory K., additional, Facco, Francesca, additional, Farshidpanah, Siavash, additional, Feinberg, Irwin, additional, Ferini-Strambi, Luigi, additional, Fernandez-Mendoza, Julio, additional, Ferrara, Michele, additional, Ferri, Raffaele, additional, Fogel, Stuart, additional, Franken, Paul, additional, Franklin, Karl A., additional, Freedman, Neil, additional, Fulda, Stephany, additional, Gabehart, Rylie J., additional, Gamaldo, Charlene E., additional, Gander, Philippa H., additional, Gehrman, Philip R., additional, Gold, Avram R., additional, Goldstein, Cathy A., additional, Gooley, Joshua J., additional, Gosselin, Nadia, additional, Greenberg, Harly, additional, Grosbellet, Edith, additional, Grote, Ludger, additional, Guilleminault, Christian, additional, Gulyani, Seema, additional, Hall, Martica H., additional, Harper, Ronald M., additional, Harvey, Allison G., additional, Hedner, Jan, additional, Heinzer, Raphael, additional, Herman, John H., additional, Hillman, David R., additional, Hirshkowitz, Max, additional, Hoeg, Laura, additional, Hoekema, Aarnoud, additional, Högl, Birgit, additional, Hor, Hyun, additional, Horner, Richard L., additional, Hursh, Steven R., additional, Huynh, Nelly, additional, Ioachimescu, Adriana G., additional, Ioachimescu, Octavian C., additional, Sau-Man Ip, Mary, additional, Iranzo, Alex, additional, Javaheri, Shahrokh, additional, Jiang, Peng, additional, Joffe, Hadine, additional, Josephson, Mark E., additional, Kales, Stefanos N., additional, Katz, Eliot S., additional, Kecklund, Göran, additional, Keenan, Brendan T., additional, Keenan, Sharon, additional, Keifer, John C., additional, Kilduff, Thomas S., additional, Kirsch, Douglas, additional, Kline, Christopher E., additional, Kloss, Jacqueline DeMichele, additional, Knauert, Melissa Pauline, additional, Kothare, Sanjeev V., additional, Koyano, Kiyoshi, additional, Kräuchi, Kurt, additional, Krueger, James M., additional, Kryger, Meir, additional, Krystal, Andrew D., additional, Kutscher, Scott J., additional, Kwan, Anthony B., additional, Lakticova, Viera, additional, Lamp, Amanda, additional, Landolt, Hans-Peter, additional, Lanfranchi, Paola A., additional, Lavigne, Gilles, additional, Lecendreux, Michel, additional, Lee, Kathryn Aldrich, additional, Leggett, Melanie K., additional, Lettieri, Christopher J., additional, Lichstein, Kenneth L., additional, Lobbezoo, Frank, additional, Lorenzi-Filho, Geraldo, additional, Louis, Judette, additional, Lydic, Ralph, additional, Macrea, Madalina, additional, Maddox, Mary Halsey, additional, Mahowald, Mark W., additional, Malhotra, Atul, additional, Malkani, Roneil G., additional, Malow, Beth A., additional, Manber, Rachel, additional, Manfredini, Daniele, additional, Maquet, Pierre, additional, Marin, Jose M., additional, Masor, Jeffrey, additional, McCrae, Christina S., additional, McGinty, Dennis, additional, Mehra, Reena, additional, Mellman, Thomas A., additional, Mendelson, Wallace B., additional, Mignot, Emmanuel, additional, Minkel, Jared D., additional, A. Mittleman, Murray, additional, Mohsenin, Vahid, additional, Mokhlesi, Babak, additional, Montplaisir, Jacques, additional, Morin, Charles M., additional, Morrell, Mary J., additional, Moul, Douglas E., additional, Nielsen, Tore, additional, Nieto, F. Javier, additional, Nishino, Seiji, additional, Nofzinger, Eric A., additional, O'Brien, Louise M., additional, O'Hara, Bruce F., additional, Olson, Eric J., additional, Ong, Jason C., additional, Opp, Mark R., additional, Pace-Schott, Edward F., additional, Pack, Allan I., additional, Paesani, Daniel A., additional, Park, John G., additional, Parrino, Liborio, additional, Patil, Susheel P., additional, Pavlova, Milena K., additional, Peever, John H., additional, Peigneux, Philippe, additional, Peker, Yüksel, additional, Pelayo, Rafael, additional, Penzel, Thomas, additional, Pépin, Jean-Louis, additional, Peppard, Paul E., additional, Perlis, Michael Lloyd, additional, Perogamvros, Lampros, additional, Perski, Aleksander, additional, Petit, Dominique, additional, Petrov, Megan E., additional, Philip, Pierre, additional, Phillips, Barbara A., additional, Picchioni, Dante, additional, Pigeon, Wilfred R., additional, Pisani, Margaret A., additional, Pliska, Benjamin T., additional, Postuma, Ronald, additional, Quo, Stacey Dagmar, additional, Ramar, Kannan, additional, Randazzo, Angela C., additional, Raphael, Karen G., additional, Redline, Susan, additional, Reid, Kathryn J., additional, Rielly, Albert, additional, Wilhelm Riemann, Dieter, additional, Roehrs, Timothy, additional, Rosenwasser, Alan M., additional, Rosenzweig, Ivana, additional, Roth, Thomas, additional, Rowley, James A., additional, Sagaspe, Patricia, additional, Salas, Rachel E., additional, Sallinen, Mikael, additional, Samuels, Charles, additional, Sanders, Anne E., additional, Saper, Clifford B., additional, Sateia, Michael J., additional, Savard, Josée, additional, Savard, Marie-Hélène, additional, Scharf, Steven M., additional, Schredl, Michael, additional, Schwartz, Sophie, additional, Schweitzer, Paula K., additional, Scullin, Michael K., additional, Sériès, Frédéric, additional, Sessle, Barry J., additional, Sharafkhaneh, Amir, additional, Sharkey, Katherine M., additional, Shiromani, Priyattam J., additional, Shochat, Tamar, additional, Siegel, Jerome M., additional, Silber, Michael H., additional, Simmons, Michael, additional, Smith, Carlyle, additional, Smith, Michael T., additional, Soehner, Adriane M., additional, Somers, Virend K., additional, Spoormaker, Victor I., additional, St. Louis, Erik K., additional, Stein, Murray B., additional, Stickgold, Robert, additional, Stone, Katie L., additional, Stoohs, Riccardo, additional, Stremler, Robyn, additional, Strohl, Kingman P., additional, Svensson, Peter, additional, Szabo, Steven T., additional, Szymusiak, Ronald, additional, Tafti, Mehdi, additional, Taillard, Jacques, additional, Tasali, Esra, additional, Taylor, Daniel J., additional, Teodorescu, Mihai C., additional, Terzano, Mario Giovanni, additional, Thomas, Robert Joseph, additional, Thorpy, Michael J., additional, Tranah, Gregory J., additional, Trenkwalder, Claudia, additional, Turek, Fred W., additional, Tyagi, Shachi, additional, Upender, Raghu Pishka, additional, Valko, Philipp O., additional, Cauter, Eve Van, additional, van de Loo, Aurora J.A.E., additional, van den Berg, Margo, additional, Vanderveken, Olivier M., additional, Van Dongen, Hans P.A., additional, Vaughn, Bradley V., additional, Verrier, Richard L., additional, Verster, Joris C., additional, Vgontzas, Alexandros N., additional, Vila, Bryan, additional, Vitaterna, Martha Hotz, additional, Walsh, James K., additional, Walters, Arthur Scott, additional, Wamsley, Erin J., additional, Watson, Paula L., additional, Weaver, Edward M., additional, Weaver, Terri E., additional, Wesensten, Nancy J., additional, Winocur, Ephraim, additional, Wolfson, Amy R., additional, Won, Christine, additional, Wright, Kenneth P., additional, Wu, Lora J., additional, Wu, Mark, additional, Young, Terry, additional, Zadra, Antonio, additional, Zee, Phyllis C., additional, Zhang, Chunbai, additional, Zinchuk, Andrey V., additional, and Zou, Ding, additional

Published
2017
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13. Sleep EEG Changes during Adolescence: An Index of a Fundamental Brain Reorganization

Author

Feinberg, Irwin and Campbell, Ian G.

Abstract

Delta (1-4 Hz) EEG power in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep declines massively during adolescence. This observation stimulated the hypothesis that during adolescence the human brain undergoes an extensive reorganization driven by synaptic elimination. The parallel declines in synaptic density, delta wave amplitude and cortical metabolic rate during adolescence further support this model. These late brain changes probably represent the final ontogenetic manifestation of nature's strategy for constructing nervous systems: an initial overproduction of neural elements followed by elimination. Errors in adolescent brain reorganization may cause mental illness; this could explain the typical age of onset of schizophrenia. Longitudinal studies of sleep EEG are enhancing our knowledge of adolescent brain maturation. Our longitudinal study of sleep EEG changes in adolescence showed that delta power, which may reflect frontal cortex maturation, begins its decline between ages 11 and 12 years and falls by 65% by age 17 years. In contrast, NREM theta power begins its decline much earlier. Delta and theta EEG frequencies are important to sleep theory because they behave homeostatically. Surprisingly, these brain changes are unrelated to pubertal maturation but are strongly linked to age. In addition to these (and other) maturational EEG changes, sleep schedules in adolescence change in response to a complex interaction of circadian, social and other influences. Our data demonstrate that the daytime sleepiness that emerges in adolescence is related to the decline in NREM delta as well as to altered sleep schedules. These longitudinal sleep data provide guideposts for studying cognitive and behavioral correlates of adolescent brain reorganization. (Contains 7 figures.)

Published
2010
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18. The adolescent decline of NREM delta, an indicator of brain maturation, is linked to age and sex but not to pubertal stage

Author

Feinberg, Irwin, Higgins, Lisa M., Khaw, Wong Yu, and Campbell, Ian G.

Subjects
Adolescence -- Research, Cognition in children -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

Two dramatic phenomena of human adolescence are sexual maturation and a steep decline in the delta EEG of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. It has long been speculated that these developmental changes are causally related. Here, we present the first longitudinal data on this issue. Cohorts of 9- and 12-year-old children (n = 31, 38) were studied with in-home sleep EEG recordings at 6-mo intervals over 2 years. Pubertal (Tanner) stage, height, and weight were obtained at each time point. NREM delta power density (DPD) did not change significantly over ages 9-11 years, and its level did not differ in boys and girls. DPD declined by 25% between ages 12 and 14 years. This decline was parallel in the two sexes, but levels were lower in girls, suggesting that their DPD decline began earlier. Mixed effect analyses demonstrated that DPD was strongly related to age with Tanner stage, height, weight and body mass index controlled but that none of these measures of physical and sexual development was related to DPD with age controlled. NREM delta is the sleep EEG component homeostatically related to prior waking duration and the intensity of waking bmin activity. We hypothesize that the DPD decline is caused by age-programmed synaptic pruning that decreases waking bmin metabolic rate. This reduced rate would decrease the 'substrate' for delta homeostasis. Whether or not this interpretation proves correct, these longitudinal data demonstrate that the delta decline in adolescence reflects bmin processes that are not predicted by physical growth or sexual maturation. sleep; adolescence; electroencephalograph; non-rapid eye movement

Published
2006

20. Contributors

Author

Achermann, Peter, primary, Avidan, Alon Y., additional, Åkerstedt, Torbjörn, additional, Allada, Ravi, additional, Allen, Richard P., additional, Ancoli-Israel, Sonia, additional, Armitage, Roseanne, additional, Arnulf, Isabelle, additional, Atwood, Charles W., additional, Baker, Fiona C., additional, Balkin, Thomas J., additional, Balserak, Bilgay Izci, additional, Banks, Siobhan, additional, Barczi, Steven R., additional, Bass, Joseph T., additional, Bassetti, Claudio L., additional, Belenky, Gregory, additional, Benca, Ruth M., additional, Benson, Kathleen L., additional, Bliwise, Donald L., additional, Boeve, Bradley F., additional, Bonnet, Michael H., additional, Borbély, Alexander A., additional, Bornemann, Michel A. Cramer, additional, Buchanan, Peter, additional, Buxton, Orfeu M., additional, Buysse, Daniel J., additional, Cano, Georgina, additional, Cao, Michelle T., additional, Carney, Colleen E., additional, Carskadon, Mary A., additional, Cartwright, Rosalind, additional, Chen, Chien Lin, additional, Chervin, Ronald D., additional, Cistulli, Peter A., additional, Courcoulas, Anita P., additional, Culebras, Antonio, additional, Czeisler, Charles A., additional, Dauvilliers, Yves, additional, Davidson, Alec J., additional, D'Cruz, O'Neill F., additional, de Boer, Tom, additional, Dement, William C., additional, Denis, Ronald, additional, Dijk, Derk-Jan, additional, Dinges, David F., additional, Domhoff, G. William, additional, Douglas, Neil J., additional, Drake, Christopher L., additional, Edinger, Jack D., additional, Elliott, Mark W., additional, Espie, Colin A., additional, Faraco, Juliette H., additional, Feinberg, Irwin, additional, Ferguson, Kathleen A., additional, Ferini-Strambi, Luigi, additional, Franken, Paul, additional, Franklin, Karl A., additional, Gander, Philippa, additional, George, Charles F.P., additional, Givelber, Rachel, additional, Gleeson, Shelagh K., additional, Glovinsky, Paul B., additional, Goel, Namni, additional, Gooley, Joshua J., additional, Graeber, R. Curtis, additional, Grunstein, Ronald, additional, Guardiola-Lemaître, Béatrice, additional, Guilleminault, Christian, additional, Harper, Ronald M., additional, Harvey, Allison G., additional, Hedner, Jan, additional, Heinzer, Raphael C., additional, Herman, John H., additional, Hoffstein, Victor, additional, Hirshkowitz, Max, additional, Horner, Richard L., additional, Hublin, Christer, additional, Hursh, Steven R., additional, Huynh, Nelly T., additional, Javaheri, Shahrokh, additional, Josephson, Mark E., additional, Jun, Jonathan, additional, Kecklund, Göran, additional, Keenan, Sharon, additional, Kräuchi, Kurt, additional, Krueger, James M., additional, Kryger, Meir H., additional, Krystal, Andrew D., additional, Kuna, Samuel T., additional, Kushida, Clete A., additional, Landolt, Hans-Peter, additional, Lanfranchi, Paola A., additional, Lavigne, Gilles, additional, Lee, Kathryn, additional, Leger, Patrick, additional, Li, Christopher, additional, Lichstein, Kenneth L., additional, Lowe, Alan A., additional, MacFarlane, James G., additional, Mahowald, Mark W., additional, Majde, Jeannine A., additional, Malow, Beth A., additional, Manber, Rachel, additional, Manzini, Christiane, additional, Maquet, Pierre, additional, Masa, Juan F., additional, McCrae, Christina S., additional, McDonald, Jennifer, additional, McGinty, Dennis, additional, Means, Melanie K., additional, Mellman, Thomas A., additional, Mendelson, Wallace, additional, Mignot, Emmanuel, additional, Mistlberger, Ralph E., additional, Mittleman, Murray A., additional, Moe, Karen E., additional, Moldofsky, Harvey, additional, Montplaisir, Jacques, additional, Morin, Charles M., additional, Nielsen, Tore, additional, Nieto, F. Javier, additional, Nishino, Seiji, additional, Nofzinger, Eric A., additional, O'Brien, Louise M., additional, O'Hara, Bruce F., additional, Olson, Eric J., additional, O'Malley, Mary B., additional, Orr, William C., additional, Pace-Schott, Edward F., additional, Partinen, Markku, additional, Patel, Dipali, additional, Peever, John H., additional, Peigneux, Philippe, additional, Peker, Yüksel, additional, Perlis, Michael, additional, Perski, Aleksander, additional, Peterson, Michael J., additional, Petit, Dominique, additional, Philip, Pierre, additional, Phillips, Barbara A., additional, Pigeon, Wilfred R., additional, Polotsky, Vsevolod Y., additional, Powell, Nelson B., additional, Punjabi, Naresh M., additional, Quera-Salva, Maria Antonia, additional, Ramsawh, Holly, additional, Ramsey, Kathryn Moynihan, additional, Redline, Susan, additional, Reid, Kathryn J., additional, Remmers, John E., additional, Riley, Robert W., additional, Robert, Dominique, additional, Roehrs, Timothy, additional, Rosenwasser, Alan M., additional, Roth, Thomas, additional, Ruiter, Megan E., additional, Rusak, Benjamin, additional, Sagaspe, Patricia, additional, Samuels, Charles, additional, Sanders, Mark H., additional, Saper, Clifford B., additional, Sarwar, Aliya, additional, Sateia, Michael J., additional, Savard, Josée, additional, Schenck, Carlos H., additional, Schredl, Michael, additional, Schwab, Richard J., additional, Schweitzer, Paula K., additional, Sériès, Frédéric, additional, Sessle, Barry J., additional, Sharafkhaneh, Amir, additional, Shaw, Paul J., additional, Shochat, Tamar, additional, Shouse, Margaret, additional, Siegel, Jerome M., additional, Smith, Carlyle, additional, Smith, Michael T., additional, Somers, Virend K., additional, Spielman, Arthur J., additional, Stein, Murray B., additional, Stickgold, Robert, additional, Stone, Katie L., additional, Stremler, Robyn, additional, Strollo, Patrick J., additional, Szymusiak, Ronald, additional, Taillard, J., additional, Tasali, Esra, additional, Taylor, Daniel J., additional, Teodorescu, Mihai, additional, Terman, Jiuan Su, additional, Terman, Michael, additional, Thorpy, Michael J., additional, Tobler, Irene, additional, Trenkwalder, Claudia, additional, Turek, Fred W., additional, Unruh, Mark L., additional, Van Cauter, Eve, additional, Van Dongen, Hans P.A., additional, Vaughn, Bradley V., additional, Verrier, Richard L., additional, Vila, Bryan, additional, Vitaterna, Martha Hotz, additional, Walsh, James K., additional, Walters, Arthur S., additional, Wamsley, Erin J., additional, Weaver, Terri E., additional, Weil, John V., additional, Weir, Ian D., additional, Wellman, Andrew, additional, Wesensten, Nancy J., additional, White, David P., additional, Wolfson, Amy R., additional, Wright, Kenneth P., additional, Yang, Chien-Ming, additional, Young, Terry, additional, Zadra, Antonio, additional, Zee, Phyllis C., additional, and Zucconi, Marco, additional

Published
2011
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35. Synaptic elimination and the treatment of prodromal symptoms in Schizophrenia

Author

Feinberg, Irwin

Subjects
Schizophrenia -- Care and treatment, Adolescence, Health, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

As the investigator who proposed that schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by errors in adolescent synaptic pruning, (1) I wish to comment on the article by Drs McGlashan and [...]

Published
2011

36. REM sleep: Desperately seeking isomorphism

Author

Feinberg, Irwin

Subjects
Sleep -- Stages, Dreams -- Research, Memory -- Research, Psychophysiology -- Research, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

If reports given on experimental awakenings validly represent mental activity that was underway before the awakening, REM sleep is neither necessary nor sufficient for dreaming. Another intuitively attractive hypothesis for its function -- that REM consolidates or otherwise modifies memory traces acquired while awake -- is not supported by the preponderant evidence. There is growing acceptance of the possibility that REM functions to support sleep rather than waking brain processes. [HOBSON ET AL.; NIELSEN; SOLMS; VERTES & EASTMAN]

Published
2000

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