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How natural selection shapes biodiversity constitutes a topic of renewed interest during the last few decades. The division Otophysi comprises approximately two-thirds of freshwater fish diversity and probably underwent an extensive adaptive radiation derived from a single invasion of the supercontinent Pangaea, giving place to the evolution of the main five Otophysan lineages during a short period of time. Little is known about the factors involved in the processes that lead to lineage diversification among this group of fishes and identifying directional selection acting over protein-coding genes could offer clues about the processes acting on species diversification. The main objective of this study was to explore the otophysan mitochondrial genome evolution, in order to account for the possible signatures of selective events in this lineage, and to explore for the functional connotations of these molecular substitutions. Mainly, three different approaches were used: the ' ω-based' BS-REL and MEME methods, implemented in the DATAMONKEY web server, and analysis of selection on amino acid properties, implemented in the software TreeSAAP. We found evidence of selective episodes along several branches of the evolutionary history of othophysan fishes. Analyses carried out using the BS-REL algorithm suggest episodic diversifying selection at basal branches of the otophysan lineage, which was also supported by analyses implemented in MEME and TreeSAAP. These results suggest that throughout the Siluriformes radiation, an important number of adaptive changes occurred in their mitochondrial genome. The metabolic consequences and ecological correlates of these molecular substitutions should be addressed in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Measuring the carbon footprint (CF) makes it possible to estimate the contribution of clinical activity to global warming., Aim: To measure the emitter components of CO2 equivalents (CO2e) at the Hospital Base, Puerto Montt (HBPM)., Material and Methods: Descriptive study with data collected retrospectively between January and December 2016 from the HBPM database. The data analyzes direct and indirect emissions as well as other indirect emissions beyond the organizational limits., Results: Of the 9,660.3 tons of CO2e emitted by the HBPM in 2016, 46% were derived from consumption of electricity, 29% derived from the generation of residues, and 10% from clinical gas consumption, of which Sevoflurane was the greatest contributor., Conclusions: Clinical gases are a significant source of CO2e emissions. Sevoflurane alone is in fourth place in CO2e emissions at the HBPM. Estimating the CF produced by HBPM is the first step in the discussion of measures to reduce the environmental impact of our activity.