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Objective: The aim of the sthudy is to sthudy the level of soluble Immune Checkpoint Molecules (B7.2, CTLA-4, Tim-3, Lag-3, PD-1) in the oral fluid during dental caries with the background of a lack and/or deficiency of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D in body., Materials and Methods: During the research 3 groups of people were formed, each one of them included 17 people aged from 20 to 24 years. The first group included students with high-intensity caries (above 9 DMFt index) and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels in blood serum >30 ng/ml, the second included students with high caries intensity and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels <30 ng/ml. The control group consisted of students with an average DMFt index of 1.5 (from 0 to 3) and a level of 25(OH)D in the blood more than 30 ng/ml. To determine the content of B7.2 (CD86), CTLA-4, Tim-3, Lag-3, PD-1, the Human Vascular Inflammation Panel 1 multiplex analysis kit from Biolegend (USA) was used., Results: The results of the research showed that during dental caries with a normal level of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D there are no significant changes in the content of Immune Checkpoint Molecules. With the background of deficiency and lack of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D there is a decrease in the amount of B7.2, LAG-3, Tim-3 and PD-1. These changes are being aggravated with an increase of the caries intensity., Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency leads to a decrease in mucosal immunity of the oral cavity, the multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms, which in turn, releasing various metabolites, including cytokine-like substances, aggravate the pathological process and intensify carious lesions.

Introduction: The search for affordable and accurate predictors of the outcome of COVID-19 is extremely important, as it provides the possibility to effectively correct the patient treatment tactics., Aim of the Study: To develop simple and accurate criteria based on the dynamics of red blood counts that predict the outcome of COVID-19., Materials and Methods: Observations were carried out in 125 patients with severe and extremely severe COVID-19, in whom indicators characterizing the state of red blood were determined in dynamics on days 1, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 21 after the hospitalization. ROC analysis was performed to calculate the threshold predictive values for survival and mortality., Results: The total number of erythrocytes and the level of hemoglobin in severe and extremely severe patients did not go beyond the acceptable limits, although showed a tendency to decrease in the group of fatal cases. On the 1st and 21st days, the number of MacroR in the deceased patients was reduced compared to those in group of survivors. It has been established that the RDW-CV test can predict the outcome of the COVID-19 with a high degree of probability at a relatively early stage of disease. RDW-SD test can be an additional predictive criterion of COVID-19 outcome., Conclusion: The RDW-CV test can be used as an effective predictor of disease outcome in patients with severe COVID-19.

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the content of the vitamin D metabolite (25(OH)D 3 ) in the blood serum, the level of some indicators of the immune and peroxidic status in the oral fluid in people with carious processes of different intensities while taking the native solution of vitamin D (international non-proprietary name Cholecalciferol)., Material and Methods: The study included 47 people aged 20 to 22 with caries and low levels of 25(OH)D3 in blood serum. The control group consisted of 13 people with DMFT index of 0.00 [0.00; 0.00] and a normal serum content of 25(OH)D3. The amount of antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin LL-37, secretory immunoglobulin A, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) was determined in the oral fluid using ELISA reagent kits, and the content of intermediate lipid peroxidation products such as malondialdehyde (TBA-active products) and the level of total antioxidant activity were spectrophotometrically evaluated., Results: Reduced serum concentrations of 25(OH)D3 were recorded predominantly in individuals with a DMFT index of more than 9.0. In patients with caries, at a concentration of 25(OH)D3 in blood serum below 30 ng/ml, a decrease in the values of secretory immunoglobulin A, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, cathelicidin, and the level of total antioxidant activity was observed, accompanied by an increase in the number of intermediate products of lyoperoxidation in the oral fluid. The course intake of the native AquaDtrim vitamin D solution (Cholecalciferol) led to normalization of the values of certain immune and biochemical parameters (cathelicidin LL-37, secretory immunoglobulin A, LBP of the oral fluid) and restoration of balance in the system «lipid peroxidation - antioxidants»., Conclusion: The results indicate the advisability of assessing the level of 25(OH)D 3 in the body for the diagnosis of pathological processes in the oral cavity and the use of vitamin D preparations in the prevention and complex therapy of carious process.

Identified pathogens, and studied the features of the clinical picture, the level of antioxidant activity, the number of TBA-active products, cytokines, chaperones proteins and antibodies against them in the serum of patients with fungal, viral, bacterial rhinosinusitis (RS) were studied. Most RS of viral nature are caused by rhinoviruses, in turn, the causative agent of bacterial RS, most often acts as a polyflora (S. epidermidis, S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). In the group of fungal RS prevailed A. fumigatus. It is noted that a more severe clinical picture in patients bacterial RS; it was manifested by a prolonged course, more pronounced nasal congestion, smell impairment and frequent relapses of the disease. High levels of LPO and a decrease in serum antioxidant activity were established for all studied infectious RS with a maximum imbalance in the LPO-AOP system in fungal forms; shift of the cytokine profile towards pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1b, IL-2, IL-8, IL-6) was registered in bacterial and viral RS and towards the values of anti-inflammatory IL-4 - in fungal RS. The increased amount of chaperone proteins was seen in bacterial RS; high concentration of antibodies against them was noted in fungal and viral RS.

To investigate the consequences of the endothelium dysfunction caused by the experimental hyperhomocysteinemia., Methods: The experiment included the similar aged 42 white non-pedigree male rats with average weight of 150 grams. The rats were divided in two groups each of these having 21 species. Hyperhomocysteinemia was induced in experimental rats by intraperitoneal injection of 0,1 mmol homocysteine per 1 gr of weight once a day during 14 days. The equal intraperiotenal dose of the physiological solution was injected to the rats of the control group. The level of homocysteine was determined in the blood serum with high-yield liquid chromatography (HYLC), the content of IFNg, TNFa, IL-17A с was measured with the system of multiplex analysis FlowCytomix 5 plex (BMS826FF) combined with Simplex Kit (BMS8635FF) of appropriate analyts for «Bender Medsystems» rats (Austria). Coagulation indices were determined in the blood plasm of subclavian vein. TF expression of tissue factor was estimated with immune histochemical method., Results: Fivefold increase of endothelin level and decrease of nitrates and nitrites levels were found in rats with hyperhomocysteinemia. Expression of tissue factor, shortening of activated partial thromboplastin and thrombin times, increase of soluble fibrin monomeric complex level, significant increase of tumor necrosis factor and interferon gamma levels were identified in endothelial cells of myocardial vessels., Conclusion: Thus, experimental hyperhomocysteinemia (HHC) proved to be accompanied by expressed endothelium dysfunction which is marked by thrombogenic activity of blood as well as endothelium and cytokine level increasing.

Background: There is no currently no information regarding the role of α-defensins in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis (AD)., Aim: To investigate levels of plasma α-defensins at exacerbation and remission of AD, and to assess their association with clinical severity of AD., Methods: Patients with AD during exacerbation were recruited from the Dermatology department at the Chita Medical Academy (Chita, Russian Federation). SCORAD (SCORing Atopic Dermatitis), itch intensity, plasma concentrations of α-defensins, and serum total IgE, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8 and IL-10 levels were measured at study entry and after 4 months., Results: In total, 82 patients with AD [35 (45.1%) female and 47 (54.9%) male patients, mean ± SD age 42.2 ± 11.5 years, range 15-40] and 30 healthy controls (HCs) were included. Mean objective SCORAD score was 48.8 ± 19.4 and 16.1 ± 8.3 during AD during exacerbation and remission, respectively (P < 0.01). Plasma α-defensin levels in patients with AD (1.41 ± 0.32 μg/L) were significantly higher than in HCs (0.91 ± 0.34 μg/L) (P < 0.001). Significant correlations were found between plasma α-defensin levels with objective SCORAD (r = 0.55, P < 0.001), itch severity (r = 0.25, P < 0.05) and serum IgE levels (r = 0.38, P < 0.001) during AD exacerbation. Serum concentrations of IL-1β, IL-4 and IL-8 were significantly higher and levels of IL-10 were lower at AD exacerbation in patients than in HCs, with a weak negative correlation between plasma α-defensin and serum IL-10 levels (r = -0.22; P < 0.05)., Conclusion: During AD exacerbation, plasma α-defensin levels are elevated, and are positively correlated with AD clinical severity, itch intensity and serum IgE levels., (© 2015 British Association of Dermatologists.)

Background: Olfactory dysfunction is a diagnostic criterion for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). During chronic inflammation and olfactory neuronal damage in CRS, it is likely that neuron-specific enolase (NSE) can leak into nasal secretions (NS) and serum. Therefore, we postulated that NSE levels in NS and in circulation may be indicative of olfactory dysfunction in CRS., Objective: To evaluate the relationship between the NS and serum concentrations of NSE with olfactory dysfunction in subjects with CRS., Methods: The patients with CRS were classified into two groups, depending on the presence of polyps: CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). A group of age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers served as controls. Olfactory function assessment was performed by using Sniffin' Sticks. NSE concentrations in serum and NS were analyzed by using the enzyme immunometric assay kit specific for the γ subunit., Results: The study included 46 patients with CRSsNP, 25 women (54.3%) and 21 men (45.7%), mean (standard deviation [SD]) age, 34.1 ± 12.3 years; and 54 patients with CRSwNP, 24 women (44.4%) and 30 men (55.6%), mean (SD) age, 37.9 ± 17.5 years. A group of 40 healthy volunteers who were matched for age and sex served as controls. Significantly higher serum and NS levels of NSE were measured in patients with CRS compared with healthy controls (p < 0.001). In the CRSwNP group, both mean (SD) serum (83.5 ± 37.6 ng/mL) and mean (SD) NS (6.1 ± 2.3 ng/mL) levels of NSE were significantly higher than in the CRSsNP group (46.4 ± 7.3 ng/mL [p < 0.001] and 1.7 ± 0.5 ng/mL [p < 0.001], respectively). In both the CRSsNP and CRSwNP groups (but not in the healthy controls), significant negative correlations between NS NSE levels and TDI scores (r = -0.63, p < 0.001 for the CRSwNP group, and r = -0.51, p < 0.001 for CRSsNP group) were observed, which meant that higher NSE was associated with worse olfactory function., Conclusions: The study demonstrated a contribution of CRS to NSE and olfactory dysfunction.

Background: Chronic rhinitis (CR) is characteristically divided into several major clinical phenotypes: allergic rhinitis (AR); nonallergic, noninfectious rhinopathy (NAR); and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). CRS has two phenotypic variants: CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP). An area of growing interest is to identify biologic markers that could assess different aspects of CR phenotypes., Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate four CR biomarkers: endothelin-1 (ET-1), thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (CCL17), neopterin, and α-defensins in subjects with AR, NAR, and CRS., Methods: Fifty-one patients with AR, 43 patients with NAR, 46 patients with CRSsNP, 54 patients with CRSwNP, and 40 healthy controls were included. ET-1, TARC/CCL17, neopterin, and α-defensins levels in subjects' serum and nasal secretions (NS) were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay., Results: High NS levels of ET-1, TARC/CCL17, and α-defensins were characteristic for CRSwNP, although only high NS levels of neopterin were found in the CRSsNP phenotype. AR phenotype was characterized by high NS levels of ET-1 and TARC/CCL17. In the subjects with NAR, none of these biomarker levels in serum and NS differed from those of healthy controls., Conclusions: CR can be categorized by ET-1, TARC/CCL17, neopterin, and α-defensins into several disease phenotypes. Further studies are needed to better investigate pathophysiologic roles of these biomarkers in CRS.

Background: The issue of heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and anti-HSP70 antibodies in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has never been explored., Objective: To determine the nasal secretion (NS) levels of HSP70 and anti-HSP70 antibodies in patients with CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and patients with CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), and to evaluate their associations with CRS clinical severity and correlation with NS interleukin (IL), IL-5 and interferon λ., Methods: CRS severity was determined by Lund-Mackay scores. Levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE), IL-4, IL-5, interferon λ, HSP70, and anti-HSP70 antibody levels in NS were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay., Results: Forty-six patients with CRSsNP (25 women [54.3%] and 21 men [45.7%], mean [standard deviation {SD}]) age, 34.1 ± 12.3 years; 54 patients with CRSwNP (24 women [44.4%] and 30 men [55.6%], mean [SD] age, 37.9 ± 17.5 years). A group of 40 healthy subjects served as controls. Compared with the controls (with a mean [SD] NS HSP70 level of 0.05 ± 0.03 μg/mL), mean [SD] NS HSP70 levels in both the CRSsNP group (0.16 ± 0.07 μg/mL) and CRSwNP group (0.21 ± 0.10 μg/mL) were increased (p < 0.001). Similarly, the mean (SD) NS anti-HSP70 antibody levels were significantly higher in patients with CRSwNP (0.25 ± 0.09 optical density value [ODV]) compared with CRSsNP (0.13 ± 0.04 ODV) (p < 0.001) and healthy controls (0.14 ± 0.02 ODV) (p < 0.001). NS HSP70 in subjects with CRSwNP showed a significant positive correlation with the Lund-Mackay score (r = 0.31; p < 0.05). NS levels of either HSP70 or anti-HSP70 antibodies were strongly correlated with NS IL-4 in the CRSwNP group (r = 0.62, p < 0.001; and r = 0.69, p < 0.001, respectively)., Conclusion: NS concentrations of HSP70 and secretory IgA anti HSP70 antibodies are increased in CRSwNP (but not in CRSsNP) and correlate positively with the Lund-Mackay score, NS IL-4, and NS IL-5.

Background: In atopic dermatitis (AD), monocytes, which accumulate in the inflamed skin, are characterized by a significantly impaired Toll-like receptors (TLR) expression and TLR2-mediated cytokine secretion. However, data on expression of TLR on monocytes of peripheral blood (PB) in AD are not available., Objective: To investigate TLR2 and TLR4 expression on PB monocytes during AD exacerbation and to assess the relationships between TLR expressions with AD clinical severity and with serum interleukin (IL) 4, IL-10, and IL-17a levels., Methods: The objective Scoring Atopic Dermatitis index, TLR2 and TLR4 expression on CD14(+) human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR(+)) PB monocytes by flow cytometry, serum IL-4, IL-10, IL-17a (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and total immunoglobulin E levels were measured at study entry and after 4 months in patients with AD and healthy controls., Results: Eighty-two patients with AD, 35 women (45.1%) and 47 men (54.9%), mean (standard deviation [SD]) age, 42.2 ± 11.5 years, were included. Thirty healthy volunteers served as controls. We observed a significant difference in the levels of TLR2 expression in the CD14(+) HLA-DR(+) PB monocytes of patients with AD (mean [SD], 51.6 ± 23.1% and 264 ± 118 cells/mm(3)) at exacerbation (but not at the end of the 4-month postexacerbation period) compared with the healthy control subjects (mean [SD], 22.3 ± 10.6% and 105 ± 50 cells/mm(3); p < 0.001). TLR4 expression in PB monocytes was significantly greater in AD (mean [SD], 50.1 ± 20.9% and 275 ± 114 cells/mm(3)) than in the healthy subjects (mean [SD], 31.2 ± 8.7% and 147 ± 41 cells/mm(3); p < 0.001) both at exacerbation and at the 4-month postexacerbation period. Significant correlations between TLR2(+) (but not TLR4(+)) PB monocytes and the objective Scoring Atopic Dermatitis index (r = 0.604, p < 0.001), serum levels of IL-17a and TLR2(+) PB monocytes (r = 0.416, p = 0.027), and IL-4 and TLR2(+) PB monocytes (r = -0.307, p = 0.014) were observed during AD exacerbation., Conclusion: PB CD14(+) HLA-DR(+) TLR2(+) monocytes might have a role in the skewing of a T-helper 2/T-helper 17-mediated immune response during AD flare.

Background: Anticytokine autoantibodies (AAbs) involve a great panel of cytokines both in healthy subjects and in patients with various diseases, but their incidence and pathophysiologic role are widely debated. The issue of AAbs in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has never been explored., Objective: The aim of the study was to check AAbs in patients with CRS and with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and patients with CRS and without nasal polyps (CRSsNP)., Methods: One-hundred subjects with CRS and 40 healthy controls were included. CRS severity was determined by the 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test and Lund-Mackay scores. Levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA), secretory IgA, IgG, IgE, interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-17A, and AAbs levels in subjects' serum and nasal secretions (NS) were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay., Results: Forty-six patients with CRSsNP, 25 women (54.3%) and 21 men (45.7%), mean (standard deviation [SD]) ages 34.1 ± 12.3 years; and 54 patients with CRSwNP, 24 women (44.4%) and 30 men (55.6%), mean (SD) ages 37.9 ± 17.5 years. A group of 40 healthy subjects served as controls. In both CRSsNP and CRSwNP groups, serum and NS IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-17A levels were higher compared with healthy controls, but there was no difference in the serum levels of cytokines between the CRSsNP and CRSwNP groups. Binding IgA antibodies against IL-1β, IL-2, IL-5, and IL-8 were found at low levels in NS of both patients with CRSsNP and patients with CRSwNP. The highest levels of AAbs were detected against IL-5 (0.43 ± 0.38 optical density values) and IL-17A (0.51 ± 0.32 optical density values) in NS of patients with CRSwNP. In the CRSwNP group, a positive correlation was found between NS IL-5 and anti-IL-5 AAbs (r = 545; p < 0.001). Positive correlations between anti-IL-5 AAbs with NS total IgE (r = 0.424; p = 0.001) and with NS secretory IgA (r = 0.545; p < 0.001) were noted in the CRSwNP group., Conclusions: In patients with CRS, IgA class AAbs were detected in NS, whereas the highest levels of anti-IL-5 and anti-IL-17A AAbs were detected in patients with CRSwNP. Maybe these AAbs indicate disruption of immune tolerance and mucosal autoimmunity.

Moderate exogenous hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with an increase in lymphocyte count (mainly at the expense of cytotoxic T cells), a 2-fold drop of the immunoregulatory index, and increase in TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17α concentrations in the serum and in mononuclear cells. Homocysteine concentration in the mononuclears remains unchanged.

The aim of this work was to study the qualitative and quantitative composition of circulating endotheliocytes, P-selectin-associated leukocyte and platelet of coogregation blood levels of endothelin, interleukin-6 students on the background of exam stress. The research was made on the group conditionally healthy volunteers aged MT 18.3 ± 1 years that before participating in the study had a medical examination (n = 15). Blood sampling was made three times: 1--three months before the session (in a normal school day, two hours after training sessions), 2--for 25 ± 10 min before the exam, 3 - 15 ± 10 min after the exam. Approved the development of endothelial dysfunction in the background of exam stress, manifested by increased levels of circulating endothelial cells and endothelin. The total number of leukocyte and platelet of coogregation during the semester, before and after the exam has not changed, while there was an increase outlets, due to the expression of P-selectin on red blood cells before the exam and precipitous decline after the exam.

The study was carried out to identify concentrations of vessel epithelium growth factor (VEGF), souble forms of VEGF receptor type I and II, chemo-toxic protein I and metalloproteinase-9 in lachrymal fluid. The immune enzyme analysis was applied. He sampling included patients with myopia without complications while using silicone hydro-helium and hydro-helium contact lenses and patients with hypoxic complications of contact correction. It is established that application of hydro-helium and silicone hydro-helium contact lenses more than one year is followed by increasing of concentration of detected substances in lachrymal fluid. Under hypoxic complications of contact correction the levels of substances are significantly higher than in cases without complications. This occurrence makes it possible to substantiate possibility of application of immunologic indicators as diagnostic markers.