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The aims of this study are to analyze the tourism and air-transport industries in Africa and determine how African governments could improve the safety of tourists and local communities in this region to improve resident quality of life and tourism demand. Indeed, this study tries to improve African people's lives through the tourism and travel sectors so that they can thrive in terms of their quality of life and happiness. The findings of the current study reveal that Morocco, Egypt, South Africa, and Tunisia are the most visited countries by international tourists; in fact, these four countries are the ones that generated the most income from international tourism in the period analyzed. Moreover, the results suggest that the tourism and air-transport industries in Africa could improve national economies, infrastructure, and resident quality of life thanks to international tourism receipts and increasing security levels around travel and tourism activities. Obviously, the tourism industry cannot be developed when there is constant insecurity, terrorism, and perpetual armed conflicts, as is the case in Nigeria, Somalia, DR Congo, Libya, Mali, and Cameroon, among many others. Security is the most important factor for a tourist destination because the safety and security of residents and tourists are the primary factors affecting tourism growth. The novelty of this research resides in its willingness to improve African people's quality of life through air-transport and tourism activities, providing security guarantees for tourist and resident safety. This manuscript also contributes to enhancing and bootstrapping the literature on security in the travel and tourism sectors industry, particularly in Africa, where security is a priority more than a necessity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: For patients with diabetes and cancer at the end-of-life and their families, the safety sought in end-of-life care leads them to opt for home care. In developing countries where palliative care is not yet effectively integrated into public health policies, factors such as long distances to hospital referrals, lack of adequate infrastructure and shortage of specialised health professionals create a sense of insecurity for people seeking end-of-life care. The present study explored the factors that reinforce the feeling of security and insecurity of family members who have opted to accompany their relatives with diabetes and/or advanced cancer at the end-of-life at home in Togo. Materials and Methods: This was an ethnographic approach based on observations and in-depth semi-structured interviews with people with the following characteristics: family members (bereaved or not) with experience of caring for a patient with diabetes and cancer at home at the end-of-life. The data were analysed using content and thematic analysis. This was done to identify categories and subcategories using the qualitative analysis software Nvivo12. Results: The results show that of the ten relatives interviewed, eight had lived with the patient. Factors contributing to the feeling of security in the accompaniment of end-of-life care at home by the family members were, among others: 'Informal support from health-care professionals,' 'social support' from relatives and finally, attitudes and predispositions of the family members (presence and availability to the patient, predisposition to respect the patient's wishes at the place of end-of-life care and predisposition to talk about death with the dying person). Conclusion: The 'informal support of health-care professionals', the 'perception of the home as a safe space for end-of-life care' and the 'social support' of family members contributed most to the feeling of safety among family members accompanying their diabetic and cancer patient family members at the end-of-life at home in Togo. Therefore, palliative and end-of-life care must be rethought in public health policies in Togo to orientate this care toward the home while providing families/caregivers with the knowledge and tools necessary to strengthen care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the physical and social space of the city on the feeling of security among the citizens of Qazvini. In order to achieve this goal, first, the theoretical framework of the research was determined according to the appropriateness of the subject under investigation, and then the main hypothesis of the research was extracted from it. The research method in this research is a survey and the data collection tool are a researcher-made questionnaire with validity and reliability. The statistical population of the research is the citizens of Qazvin city. And the sample size of 321 people was obtained by multi-stage cluster method, then using SPSS and Amos software, it was used for hypothesis testing and data analysis. The results of the research indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between the physical and social space of the city and the sense of security. In the regression analysis to explain the dependent variable, among the independent variables, the variable of the residence area had the most effect, and the variable of the physical space of the city, gender, age, social space of the city, number of years of residence and socio-economic base were the most influential. Also, according to the indicators obtained from the Amos software, the collected data supports the proposed theoretical framework.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the physical and social space of the city on the feeling of security among the citizens of Qazvini. In order to achieve this goal, first, the theoretical framework of the research was determined according to the appropriateness of the subject under investigation, and then the main hypothesis of the research was extracted from it. The research method in this research is a survey and the data collection tool are a researcher-made questionnaire with validity and reliability. The statistical population of the research is the citizens of Qazvin city. And the sample size of 321 people was obtained by multi-stage cluster method, then using SPSS and Amos software, it was used for hypothesis testing and data analysis. The results of the research indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between the physical and social space of the city and the sense of security. In the regression analysis to explain the dependent variable, among the independent variables, the variable of the residence area had the most effect, and the variable of the physical space of the city, gender, age, social space of the city, number of years of residence and socio-economic base were the most influential. Also, according to the indicators obtained from the Amos software, the collected data supports the proposed theoretical framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Many studies have discussed crime and the feeling of insecurity in the public space. These studies produce diverse findings from various variables and different objects. However, the urban spatial configuration is still left unexplored in the study of insecurity from crime in the public space. The purpose of this study is to discuss the position of urban spatial configuration elements on the feeling of insecurity from crime in the public space evidenced by international literature.Methods: This study uses a systematic review method by evaluating studies published between 1970 and 2021.Results and Discussion: The results of this study state that studies on crime and feeling of insecurity in public spaces in urban planning and urban design context mainly evaluated the design features (crime prevention through environmental design) and Socio-demographics at micro–meso scale in the built environment. In contrast, urban spatial configuration variable or macro scale still underexplored. Studies have shown that issues will occur if policy-making and planning in urban areas ignore individual perceptions of feeling insecure regarding crime at macro scale. The findings of this study become a research gap for further studies. This study suggests that more researchers should evaluate the feelings of insecurity from crime in public spaces on a macro scale, namely the urban spatial configuration dimension, including city size, development type, the distribution pattern of population and job, degree of clustering, and landscape connectivity.

Dedicated to the memory of the Romanian scientist Petre Andrei – professor of sociology at the University of Iași and democratic politician in the interwar period – this essay is a meditation on the fragility of the human condition in the face of the temptations and pitfalls of politics, as well as on our chances of overcoming the feeling of insecurity generated by socio-political crises. Starting from a scenario of increasing the feeling of insecurity in society, a self-reflexive strategy is proposed to overcome the feeling of personal insecurity. Reflexive-therapeutic, the whole approach is tested through an experiment of participatory thinking conceived in the horizon of experiential states of self conscience.

Purpose: Violence and conflict are important issues that not only for the people involved in it, but also have many negative consequences for the entire society by creating a feeling of insecurity, eroding social capital and showing a harsh face of the city or neighborhood and so on. After knowing the extent of this damage, it is necessary to take action to reduce it. Methodology: The research method, survey and tools, questionnaire and statistical community, citizens of 18 to 50 years of age are high-risk neighborhoods of three cities of Hamedan province (with the highest frequency of conflicts). The sampling method was clustered in the first stage and random in the next stage. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula. To evaluate the validity of the questionnaire using the "formal method" and its reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha test.Findings: The findings showed the lack of perception of parental supervision, the presence of informal control, as well as formal control, feeling of belonging to the community, satisfaction with the performance of the police, institutional trust, positive relationship and aggression capacity variables. The feeling of belonging to the network of friends, the feeling of social exclusion, the feeling of social failure, of conflict have a negative relationship with both variables of individual and collective conflict tendency.Conclusion: According to the findings of the research, it can be concluded that by strengthening the aforementioned causal mechanisms, the tendency to altruistic behavior (instead of violence and conflict) can be increased.

The medical, social, cultural, and economic implications of Covid 19 have been far-reaching, and not limited to those affected. Rather, it has had profound and far-reaching effects on the body of society and society as a whole and has caused a sense of insecurity in society, especially women. Achieve. The study method of this research is qualitative and examines the subject with a grounded theory approach. Data were collected through interviews. After conducting the interviews, data analysis was performed based on the three stages of open, axial and selective coding and micro-line analysis. Using the theoretical and purposeful sampling method, 26 women in Neyriz city of Fars province were interviewed. In this study, sampling strategy with maximum diversity was used and sampling of women with different age and sex spectrum and different economic and social bases continued until the theoretical saturation reached. The key categories found in the study are: gender socialization, social phobia, lack of institutional support, double control, helplessness, mental breakdown, social isolation, institutionalized fear and distrust. The results of this study show that women in Corona pandemic have experienced feelings of insecurity in various areas (life, financial, psychological and social).

While some studies suggest that the nature of one's interactions with the community influences one's perceived risk of criminal victimization, only a few pieces of research have tested this association in Brazil. Using four previously existing Brazilian victimization surveys, we conducted logistic models to examine whether social ties and social cohesion are associated with perceived risk and fear of crime. The results showed that only in some contexts did social cohesion manifest an association with fear of crime. Specifically, two components of social cohesion may be relevant for this purpose: trusting neighbours and getting help; and the ability to distinguish neighbours from strangers in the street. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: For patients with diabetes and cancer at the end-of-life and their families, the safety sought in end-of-life care leads them to opt for home care. In developing countries where palliative care is not yet effectively integrated into public health policies, factors such as long distances to hospital referrals, lack of adequate infrastructure and shortage of specialised health professionals create a sense of insecurity for people seeking end-of-life care. The present study explored the factors that reinforce the feeling of security and insecurity of family members who have opted to accompany their relatives with diabetes and/or advanced cancer at the end-of-life at home in Togo., Materials and Methods: This was an ethnographic approach based on observations and in-depth semi-structured interviews with people with the following characteristics: family members (bereaved or not) with experience of caring for a patient with diabetes and cancer at home at the end-of-life. The data were analysed using content and thematic analysis. This was done to identify categories and subcategories using the qualitative analysis software Nvivo12., Results: The results show that of the ten relatives interviewed, eight had lived with the patient. Factors contributing to the feeling of security in the accompaniment of end-of-life care at home by the family members were, among others: 'Informal support from health-care professionals,' 'social support' from relatives and finally, attitudes and predispositions of the family members (presence and availability to the patient, predisposition to respect the patient's wishes at the place of end-of-life care and predisposition to talk about death with the dying person)., Conclusion: The 'informal support of health-care professionals', the 'perception of the home as a safe space for end-of-life care' and the 'social support' of family members contributed most to the feeling of safety among family members accompanying their diabetic and cancer patient family members at the end-of-life at home in Togo. Therefore, palliative and end-of-life care must be rethought in public health policies in Togo to orientate this care toward the home while providing families/caregivers with the knowledge and tools necessary to strengthen care., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (© 2024 Published by Scientific Scholar on behalf of Indian Journal of Palliative Care.)

Background The main purpose of this article was to examine, whether and to what extend an assessment of work environment and feeling of threat are associated with stress at work performed in health- and life-threatening conditions. Previous studies of the determinants of occupational stress have been carried out in relation to representatives of different occupational groups that are not, however, representatives of one organization. The research was also meant to provide practical guidance for a particular employer. Material and Methods The study was carried out in the factory of explosives. It involved 95 randomly selected employees of the production departments. Subjective evaluation of work was performed by the examined persons in the Areas of Worklife Survey. It allows to assess the functioning of the employee in the workplace and to recognize the discrepancies between the requirements of the organization and the needs, aspirations and abilities of the examined person. Feeling of insecurity at work was defined by using the Feeling of Danger at Work Survey. The level of stress was assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). Results The workload and feeling of danger are relevant to the stress felt by the employees. The workload is also the mediator of the relations between the sense of danger and the stress felt by the examined employees. Conclusions At the level of manufacturing process management in an organization, there is a need to reduce the negative impact of physical and mental strain associated with haste and uncertainty. Med Pr 2018;69(1):45–58

Introduction: New advances in the world of technology have made smartphones a way for people to communicate. Despite the benefits of a smartphone, addiction to the use of this technology can lead to many personal, social and cultural harms. The aim of the present study is to investigate the factors affecting smartphone addiction in high school adolescents in Semnan. Materials and Methods: In terms of method, the present study is descriptive and survey. The method of data collection in this field research and data collection tool is the standard questionnaire. The statistical population is the students of Semnan girls 'and boys' high schools. Out of 200 distributed questionnaires, 189 valid and measurable questionnaires were collected and finally analyzed and analyzed by structural equation method. Results: The results of this study show that the mediating variable of intention to use on the hypotheses of intellectual anxiety on smartphone addiction, attitude on smartphone addiction and mental disorder affect smartphone addiction and the moderating role of social impact on intention Use in smartphone addiction has not been effective and the role of moderation of use stress has not been effective in intention to use in smartphone addiction. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, intellectual rumination, attitude and feeling of deprivation of security with the mediating role of intention to use addiction to smartphone use is effective in high school teenagers in Semnan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the constituent elements of the criminal offense of endangering personal security under Article 138. of the Criminal Code. Although, this criminal case has existed for many years in our criminal legislation, certain dilemmas when it comes to its elements are still present, both in theory and jurisprudence. Therefore, special attention is dedicated to the subject of execution and the consequence of this criminal offense, as well as its subjective element. The author's views on these listed important elements of the criminal offense of endangering personal security are presented by pointing out current dilemmas that appear in their use, therefore a few typical court decisions are chosen and analyzed, mainly those that vary from the accepted practice, after which appropriate conclusions and suggestions de lege ferenda are given. The author's attitude towards qualified forms (difficult one and the most severe form) of this criminal offense, whereby the accent is put on the criteria for demarcation of legal circumstances and the issue of feasibility of providing enhanced criminal protection to persons who administer political and judicial duty, and businesses in the field of public information. Finally, when it comes to the relationship between criminal offense of endangering personal security and its related criminal offenses, the focus of the author's interest are complex issues of distinction between the ideal and real concurrence, as well as broader question of criminal political justification of establishing offender's responsibility for multiple offenses if they emerge from the same life event.

Located between the “gay” neighbourhood and the “working-class” Anneessens neighbourhood, Place Fontainas has been the site of several presumed homophobic acts of violence, thus contributing to its categorisation as a dangerous area, particularly for homosexual populations. In response to this type of violence, there have been several measures adopted by the public authorities, yet they are in keeping with an often binary and essentialising logic of security. Based on direct observation work and interviews at and around Place Fontainas, the present article intends to adopt a new approach. It examines this area based on the notion of border and, through an intersectional analysis, discusses the social and urban mechanisms which contribute to the establishment of abrupt changes in terms of sexuality, social class and ethnicity. However, in each of the areas studied, there is a continuity of male domination, which makes women invisible and limits their access to public space.

Located between the “gay” neighbourhood and the “working-class” Anneessens neighbourhood, Place Fontainas has been the site of several presumed homophobic acts of violence, thus contributing to its categorisation as a dangerous area, particularly for homosexual populations. In response to this type of violence, there have been several measures adopted by the public authorities, yet they are in keeping with an often binary and essentialising logic of security. Based on direct observation work and interviews at and around Place Fontainas, the present article intends to adopt a new approach. It examines this area based on the notion of border and, through an intersectional analysis, discusses the social and urban mechanisms which contribute to the establishment of abrupt changes in terms of sexuality, social class and ethnicity. However, in each of the areas studied, there is a continuity of male domination, which makes women invisible and limits their access to public space.

Located between the “gay” neighbourhood and the “working-class” Anneessens neighbourhood, Place Fontainas has been the site of several presumed homophobic acts of violence, thus contributing to its categorisation as a dangerous area, particularly for homosexual populations. In response to this type of violence, there have been several measures adopted by the public authorities, yet they are in keeping with an often binary and essentialising logic of security. Based on direct observation work and interviews at and around Place Fontainas, the present article intends to adopt a new approach. It examines this area based on the notion of border and, through an intersectional analysis, discusses the social and urban mechanisms which contribute to the establishment of abrupt changes in terms of sexuality, social class and ethnicity. However, in each of the areas studied, there is a continuity of male domination, which makes women invisible and limits their access to public space.

This paper considers the constituent elements of the criminal offense of endangering personal security under Article 138. of the Criminal Code. Although, this criminal case has existed for many years in our criminal legislation, certain dilemmas when it comes to its elements are still present, both in theory and jurisprudence. Therefore, special attention is dedicated to the subject of execution and the consequence of this criminal offense, as well as its subjective element. The author's views on these listed important elements of the criminal offense of endangering personal security are presented by pointing out current dilemmas that appear in their use, therefore a few typical court decisions are chosen and analyzed, mainly those that vary from the accepted practice, after which appropriate conclusions and suggestions de lege ferenda are given. The author's attitude towards qualified forms (difficult one and the most severe form) of this criminal offense, whereby the accent is put on the criteria for demarcation of legal circumstances and the issue of feasibility of providing enhanced criminal protection to persons who administer political and judicial duty, and businesses in the field of public information. Finally, when it comes to the relationship between criminal offense of endangering personal security and its related criminal offenses, the focus of the author's interest are complex issues of distinction between the ideal and real concurrence, as well as broader question of criminal political justification of establishing offender's responsibility for multiple offenses if they emerge from the same life event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O debate público adotou as questões da (in)segurança, fazendo fixar imagens do que são o crime e a violência em Portugal. Essas imagens estão repletas de ambiguidade, não só pelos próprios paradoxos que a comunidade científica já mostrou serem constitutivos do sentimento de insegurança, mas igualmente pela profusão das falas dos diversos atores sociais em cena - da comunicação social às instâncias de controlo formal. Aqui, seguimos a rotação operada do medo à cidade, com o surgimento dos perigos modernos, para o sentimento de insegurança, tomado como objeto das ciências sociais. Analisamos, depois, dois determinantes da sua construção: os seus elementos ecossociais - a partir de um estudo em curso no Centro do Porto; e a sua dimensão mediática - a partir de casos recentes fortemente mediatizados. Espera-se, desta forma, contribuir para reduzir o grau de ambiguidade que tem marcado a expressão pública deste objeto.The public debate has taken the issues of (in)security, creating fixed images of what is crime and violence in Portugal. Images full of ambiguity, not only for their paradoxes that the scientific community has shown to be constitutive of the feeling of insecurity, but also by the profusion of utterances of the various social actors on the scene - from the media to the instances of formal control. Here, we follow the shift from the fear of city, with the advent of modern dangers, to the feeling of insecurity, which is the subject of social sciences. We analyse thereafter two determinants of its construction: its eco-social elements - from an ongoing study at the Centre of Porto, and its public dimension - from recent cases with a high media exposure. We expect thus to contribute to a reduction of the degree of ambiguity that has marked the public expression of this subject.

O artigo que se apresenta tem com objecto de análise a representação do sentimento de insegurança face ao crime, com base no estudo comparativo de duas comunidades em Portugal, cujos modelos dominantes de sociabilidade pouco se assemelham - concelho de Mértola e linha de Sintra; concelho de Mértola erodido por uma contínua desertificação demográfica, e linha de Sintra em crescente expansão urbanística e demográfica. Procurou-se interpretar os discursos produzidos pelos entrevistados, sujeitos à influência não só dos signos e mecanismos que definem a modernidade, como ao efeito socializante dos grandes paradigmas que marcam a vivência nas sociedades contemporâneas. Normatividade e ruptura face ao estabelecido são uma constante ao longo do artigo. Não existe um sentimento de insegurança. O que habita os indivíduos são uma pluralidade de formas de expressar os receios construídos a partir do cruzamento de variáveis como: o tipo de solidariedade dominante na comunidade ou no local de residência; a proximidade residencial de locais vincados pela exclusão e por assimetrias socioculturais e económicas; e a experiência de vitimação directa ou emocionalmente próxima. Conclui-se que tais variáveis condicionam as práticas e as representações que os indivíduos vão construindo acerca da definição dos agentes e suas motivações para o comportamento desviante, assim como da eficácia dos mecanismos de controlo social.This article analyzes the representation of the feeling of insecurity in the face of crime, based on the comparative study of two communities in Portugal, with different models of sociability - concelho de Mértola and linha de Sintra; concelho de Mértola, eroded by a continuous demographic desertification, and linha de Sintra in increasing urban and demographic expansion. The paper interprets the interviews as a result of the influence of the signs and mechanisms that define modernity, and the socializing effect of the great paradigms that characterize life in contemporary societies. Normativity and rupture in face of the status quo appear constantly throughout the article. There is no feeling of insecurity. The individuals have many ways to express the apprehension that results from the intersection of variables such as: the dominant type of solidarity in the community or place of residence; residential proximity to places marked by exclusion and socio-cultural and economic asymmetries; and the experience of victimization, either direct or emotionally close. It appears that these variables influence the practices and representations that individuals create to define the agents and their motivation for deviant behavior, as well as the efficacy of the mechanisms of social control.

Equality between men and women in terms of travelling in the city is far from being a reality. One aspect of this imbalance is linked to feeling unsafe, which affects women in particular. This article analyses the diversity as well as the scope of the feeling of being unsafe as experienced by women, in their ways of travelling in the city. This problem calls for a reflection on the interiorisation of the social differentiation between the sexes and the way in which it affects the relationship with one’s surroundings, in particular in a context of anonymity specific to an urban environment. The study presented in this article has an exploratory character, and is based on semi-structured interviews conducted with ten women who live in Brussels.

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long time has gone since women entered the workplace; and instead of discussing whether or not women should enter workplace, we must now investigate women's experiences, troubles and problems. Talking about sexual harassment and feeling of insecurity goes back to more than four decades ago, but the evidence show that little work has been down on sexual harassment and feeling of insecurity; and even still in some societies speaking about this topic is typically considered to be a social taboo. Sexual harassment and feeling of insecurity are a manifestation of gender inequality at macro level. Apart from various gender discriminations, Women may become exposed to insecurity and harassment, because of their very own female body. The purpose of this article is to explore women's experiences regarding sexual harassment at workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whilst security issues have once again invaded the political and media agenda these past months, with Brussels being described as a dangerous city, we are forced to recognise that very little attention has been given to the tools which allow a rational evaluation of the situation experienced by the inhabitants of Brussels. The present article consists in a partial analysis of one of these tools, namely the latest Security monitor, published in 2008. Which offences were reported most by the in-habitants of Brussels who were interviewed? What percentage of the population is affected? Do the inhabitants of Brussels feel insecure? These are some of the questions which we shall try to answer.But our answers are just a beginning, on the one hand because questions regarding insecurity and the feeling of insecurity require the utmost caution and, on the other, because the Security monitor has limitations, such as not being able to provide a precise description of the situation in Brussels in terms of insecurity. One therefore wonders why there does not appear to be a pertinent scale of analysis for Brussels as regards security issues.

Criminality and feelings of insecurity are growing in the capital-city of Mozambique: Maputo. Statistical indicators on the subject, with which we have to be very cautious, are fostered by the discourses of part of the civil society as well as the public and private security actors. Urban violence is amplified by its emerging character in a sudden neo-liberal context and increasing social inequalities. However, criminality in this city cannot be understood without the historical national background. On the field, crime distribution proceeds along a target/refuge area division. Nevertheless, this colonial urban split has to be reconsidered. Local particularities have a higher and more complex spatial incidence on the phenomenon. The public authority lacks the capacity to curb this expanding criminality, especially as it suffers from a negative image. In response, the civil society adheres to varied alternative security devices, which are generally linked to the private sphere. What is interesting to note is that private security follows the social and economic urban groups. In the end, a kind of “territorializing” of urban reactions against criminality emerges today in Maputo.

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Copyright of Sociologias is the property of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The profound structural changes in society over recent years are reflected in the deepening of social, economic and political inequalities, which have characterized our reality and that of several Latin American countries. In this social setting, violence appears as a disturbing phenomenon due to its varied expressions and environments of development. This growing social vulnerability fosters delinquency resulting in a safety crisis as its major effect. The widely accepted relevance of current insecurity in the field of social and legal phenomena requires a response from government as well as social organizations. Its effects on the restriction of social well being and its massive implications deserve to be included in research agendas with the objective of integrating research and intervention strategies. Unsafe city life is a problem with great incidence in human beings, politics and economics, and it questions the capacity of government and control entities to preserve human rights. Therefore, the incidence of this phenomenon is twofold: it affects the quality of life at an individual level and the processes of community development at a collective level due to their political and economic impact. In this paper, the final version of the Unsafe City Life Questionnaire (Cuestionario de Inseguridad Urbana -- CIU) is described. It attempts to be a specific psychological instrument which measures insecurity, considering insecurity as the current phenomenon that affects the health of urban inhabitants in the city of San Luis (Argentina). This paper deals with theoretical foundations and psychometric characteristics of the inventory, and it provides the scales resulting from the administration of the CIU to a large sample of young people divided into two groups: crime victims and non-crime victims. From the statistics viewpoint, the reliability of the questionnaire, i.e. its internal consistency, has been studied and demonstrated using the alpha coefficient. To examine its stability and structure validity, we factor analyzed the answers. Also, the degree of discrimination between the groups was studied by the analysis of mean differences taking into account, in this research, the influence of gender. The CIU is a tool meant to discover and/or prevent the consequences of stress caused by violence. Thus, it will be possible to make psychological interventions on the impact produced by the direct experience or by the threat of crime. The results have been highly satisfactory showing that CIU is a reliable, valid and precise instrument for clinical practice and psychosocial research. We hope the CIU is taken into account when specific policies for protecting the young are laid down. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article related crime rates to social risk factors and to the feeling of insecurity in Spain. The first finding of this study, financed by National I + D Plan CSO2016-77549-P, AEI-FEDER, was the direct relation between crime rates and some sociodemographic factors such as population, unemployment, urban land area, and hotel occupancy, based on the question of which social risk factors correlate to crime rates. The second finding was that social factors drive citizens' feelings of insecurity, according to whether feelings of insecurity are linked to crime rates or perceived risk factors. The research was based on a quantitative methodology, using two data sources: reworked official statistics treated by HJ-Biplot analysis; a 2019 CATI survey with N = 3904, sample error between 5.2% and 3.7% according to territory, 95% confidence level. The main conceptual conclusion of the study was the link between well-being and security. The main methodological contribution was the application of HJ-Biplot analysis to the social sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The main purpose of this article was to examine, whether and to what extend an assessment of work environment and feeling of threat are associated with stress at work performed in health- and life-threatening conditions. Previous studies of the determinants of occupational stress have been carried out in relation to representatives of different occupational groups that are not, however, representatives of one organization. The research was also meant to provide practical guidance for a particular employer., Material and Methods: The study was carried out in the factory of explosives. It involved 95 randomly selected employees of the production departments. Subjective evaluation of work was performed by the examined persons in the Areas of Worklife Survey. It allows to assess the functioning of the employee in the workplace and to recognize the discrepancies between the requirements of the organization and the needs, aspirations and abilities of the examined person. Feeling of insecurity at work was defined by using the Feeling of Danger at Work Survey. The level of stress was assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10)., Results: The workload and feeling of danger are relevant to the stress felt by the employees. The workload is also the mediator of the relations between the sense of danger and the stress felt by the examined employees., Conclusions: At the level of manufacturing process management in an organization, there is a need to reduce the negative impact of physical and mental strain associated with haste and uncertainty. Med Pr 2018;69(1):45-58., (This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.)