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This article describes the numeral phrase in Soikkola Ingrian. It focuses on the external syntax of the numeral phrase (first of all, case marking of its components) and on the number agreement between the numeral phrase in the subject position and the predicate. The sources of data are (a) a collection of spontaneous speech samples recorded in 2006–2013, (b) samples of spontaneous speech published by previous researchers, (c) elicited material recorded in 2006–2023. Though the numeral phrase in Soikkola Ingrian preserves most of the common Finnic traits, it has some less com- mon features, e.g. agreement in all numeral phrases with a numeral ending in ‘one’ or expressing approximate quantity through a reversed word order. Most likely these features arose due to the contact influence of Russian. Kokkuvõte. Fedor Rozhanskiy: Numeraalfraasi süntaks isuri keele Soikkola murdes. See artikkel kirjeldab numeraalfraasi isuri keele Soikkola murdes. Artikli keskmes on numeraalfraasi välissüntaks (eeskätt selle komponentide käändemärgistus) ja arvu ühildumine numeraalfraasi ning predikaadi vahel. Andmeallikad on (a) 2006.–2013. aastal salvestatud spontaanse kõneüksuste kogu, (b) varasemate uurijate avaldatud spontaanse kõne näited, (c) 2006.–2023. aastal salvestatud küsitletud materjal. Kuigi numeraalfraas Soikkola murdes säilitab enamiku tavalistest läänemeresoome keele tunnustest, on sellel mõningaid vähemlevinud omadusi, näiteks ühildumine kõigis numeraalfraasides numbriga ’üks’ lõppeva numeraali või ligikaudse koguse väljendamise kaudu pööratud sõnajärjega. Need omadused on tekkinud tõenäoliselt vene keele kontakti tulemusena.

This introductory paper presents the context and current challenges of Uralic syntactic studies. The brief summary of seven selected papers from the SOUL-4 conference published in the present issue is followed by an overview of six topics from the domain of Uralic syntax, namely: differential object marking; object agreement; impersonal constructions; the syntax of minor parts of speech; subordination and nonfinite predication; and possessive constructions. The aim of this overview is to show how intricate and, in some ways, how unfamiliar Uralic syntax looks from the Standard Average European perspective and how many issues still await further study. Kokkuvõte. Maria Ovsjannikova, Fedor Rozhanskiy: Uraali keelte süntaks: põhiomadused ja väljakutsed. Sissejuhatus. See sissejuhatav artikkel tutvustab Uurali süntaktiliste uuringute konteksti ja praeguseid väljakutseid. Esmalt tehakse lühikokkuvõte seitsmest SOUL-4 konverentsil ette kantud käesolevasse numbrisse valitud artiklist, millele järgneb ülevaade kuuest Uurali süntaksi valdkonna teemast, nimelt: diferentseeritud objekti markeerimine, objekti ühildumine, impersonaalsed konstruktsioonid, abisõnade süntaks, alistusseos ja mittefiniitne predikatsioon ning omastavate konstruktsioonide süntaks. Käesoleva ülevaate eesmärk on näidata, kui keeruline ja mitmes mõttes võõras on Uurali süntaks Euroopa keskmise standardi perspektiivist ning kui palju küsimusi ootab veel edasist uurimist.

This article analyses the vowel in the illative marker of monosyllabic nouns which usually copies the quality of the stem vowels. The data come from different questionnaires recorded by Soikkola Ingrian speakers in the 21st century. The main point of interest is the contradiction between the fact that the vowel in the illative marker copies the stem vowel and the fact that existing descriptions often indicate raising of mid vowels in the stem but not in the illative suffix. Both auditory analysis and acoustic measurements are used to check the correspondence between the quality of the stem and suffix vowels in the illative forms of monosyllabic nouns. The research reveals that there is both interspeaker and intraspeaker variation in the quality of the vowels under discussion, and several different strategies can be used for building the illative marker. The rounded stem vowels öö and oo are opposed to the unrounded ee: if raised in the stem, the latter does not influence the quality of the suffix vowel. In most cases, the quality of the rounded stem and suffix vowels is the same, so a transcription where these vowels are denoted differently is not justified. Pronunciations where both the stem and suffix vowels are half-raised argue for an alternative variant of the Soikkola Ingrian phonological system.

The aim of this study was to obtain new halolactones with a gem-dimethyl group in the cyclohexane ring (at the C-3 or C-5 carbon) and a methyl group in the lactone ring and then subject them to biotransformations using filamentous fungi. Halolactones in the form of mixtures of two diasteroisomers were subjected to screening biotransformations, which showed that only compounds with a gem-dimethyl group located at the C-5 carbon were transformed. Strains from the genus Fusarium carried out hydrolytic dehalogenation, while strains from the genus Absidia carried out hydroxylation of the C-7 carbon. Both substrates and biotransformation products were then tested for antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant strains of both bacteria and yeast-like fungi. The highest antifungal activity against C. dubliniensis and C. albicans strains was obtained for compound 5b, while antimicrobial activity against S. aureus MRSA was obtained for compound 4a.

This article discusses demonstrative pronouns in the Soikkola dialect of the Ingrian language. The material for the research comes from the collection of spontaneous speech samples recorded in the 21st century. All the examples are published for the first time. The article presents mainly a qualitative analysis and aims at overviewing the basic functions of the Ingrian demonstrative pronouns tämä and še. It is shown that in the contemporary Ingrian the demonstratives are used as deictic and anaphoric devices, and also as discourse markers. Individual speakers demonstrate differences in the use of these pronouns due to the contact influence from the neighbouring languages. Kokkuvõte. Elena Markus, Fedor Rozhanskiy: Demonstratiivpronoomenite funktsioonid tänapäeva isuri keele Soikkola murdes. Käesolevas artiklis käsitletakse demonstratiivpronoomeneid isuri keele Soikkola murdes. Uurimuse materjal pärineb 21. sajandil salvestatud spontaanse kõne näidiste kogust. Kõik näited avaldatakse esimest korda. Artiklis esitatakse peamiselt kvalitatiivne analüüs ja selle eesmärk on anda ülevaade isuri demonstratiivpronoomenite tämä ja še põhifunktsioonidest. Näidatakse, et tänapäeva isuri keeles kasutatakse demonstratiive deiktiliste ja anafoorsete vahenditena ning ka diskursuse markeritena. Üksikutel kõnelejatel esineb nende asesõnade kasutamisel erinevusi naaberkeelte kontaktmõju tõttu.

Abstract Large-scale detectors consisting of a liquid scintillator target surrounded by an array of photo-multiplier tubes (PMTs) are widely used in the modern neutrino experiments: Borexino, KamLAND, Daya Bay, Double Chooz, RENO, and the upcoming JUNO with its satellite detector TAO. Such apparatuses are able to measure neutrino energy which can be derived from the amount of light and its spatial and temporal distribution over PMT channels. However, achieving a fine energy resolution in large-scale detectors is challenging. In this work, we present machine learning methods for energy reconstruction in the JUNO detector, the most advanced of its type. We focus on positron events in the energy range of 0–10 MeV which corresponds to the main signal in JUNO – neutrinos originated from nuclear reactor cores and detected via the inverse beta decay channel. We consider the following models: Boosted Decision Trees and Fully Connected Deep Neural Network, trained on aggregated features, calculated using the information collected by PMTs. We describe the details of our feature engineering procedure and show that machine learning models can provide the energy resolution $$\sigma = 3\%$$ σ = 3 % at 1 MeV using subsets of engineered features. The dataset for model training and testing is generated by the Monte Carlo method with the official JUNO software.

The full optimization of the design and operation of instruments whose functioning relies on the interaction of radiation with matter is a super-human task, due to the large dimensionality of the space of possible choices for geometry, detection technology, materials, data-acquisition, and information-extraction techniques, and the interdependence of the related parameters. On the other hand, massive potential gains in performance over standard, “experience-driven” layouts are in principle within our reach if an objective function fully aligned with the final goals of the instrument is maximized through a systematic search of the configuration space. The stochastic nature of the involved quantum processes make the modeling of these systems an intractable problem from a classical statistics point of view, yet the construction of a fully differentiable pipeline and the use of deep learning techniques may allow the simultaneous optimization of all design parameters.In this white paper, we lay down our plans for the design of a modular and versatile modeling tool for the end-to-end optimization of complex instruments for particle physics experiments as well as industrial and medical applications that share the detection of radiation as their basic ingredient. We consider a selected set of use cases to highlight the specific needs of different applications.

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Assaying changes in the amount of DNA in single cells is a well-established method for studying the effects of various perturbations on the cell cycle. A drawback of this method is the need for a fixation procedure that does not allow for in vivo study nor simultaneous monitoring of additional parameters such as fluorescence of tagged proteins or genetically encoded indicators. In this work, we report on a method of Histone Abundance Quantification (HAQ) of live yeast harboring a GFP-tagged histone, Htb2. We show that it provides data highly congruent with DNA levels, both in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Ogataea polymorpha yeasts. The protocol for the DNA content assay was also optimized to be suitable for both Ogataea and Saccharomyces yeasts. Using the HAQ approach, we demonstrate the expected effects on the cell cycle progression for several compounds and conditions and show usability in conjunction with additional fluorophores. Thus, our data provide a simple approach that can be utilized in a wide range of studies where the effects of various stimuli on the cell cycle need to be monitored directly in living cells.

This research analyses the pronominal system of Soikkola Ingrian. The main goal of the article is descriptive, because existing publications on Soikkola Ingrian give only a superficial analysis of pronouns and there are no detailed descriptions based on data from the 21st century. The article focuses on both interspeaker and intraspeaker variation in four groups of Ingrian pronouns: personal, demonstrative, reflexive and reciprocal. The field data collected by the authors in the 21st century are compared with the data presented in grammars written in the 19th and 20th centuries. The research concludes that although the pronominal system has not changed significantly, there are a number of innovations in Ingrian pronominal forms and their variation. The most frequent type of variation is the variation between individual speakers, but not between sub-dialectal groups. Free variation is also common, while other types of variation are less relevant. Kokkuvõte. Anna Schwarz, Fedor Rozhanskiy: Isuri keele Soikkola murde pronoomenite süsteem: isikulised, demonstratiivsed, refleksiivsed ja retsiprooksed pronoomenid ning nende varieerumine. Uurimus analüüsib isuri keele Soikkola murde pronoomenite süsteemi. Artikkel on olemuselt kirjeldav. Olemasolevad Soikkola murret puudutavad uurimused esitavad üsna pealiskaudse pronoomenite analüüsi ning puuduvad 21. sajandi andmetel põhinevad üksikasjalikud kirjeldused. Artikkel keskendub nii kõnelejasisesele kui ka kõnelejatevahelisele varieerumisele neljas isuri pronoomenite rühmas: personaal-, demonstratiiv-, refleksiiv- ja retsiprookpronoomenid. Autorite poolt 21. sajandil kogutud välitööde andmeid võrreldakse 19. ja 20. sajandil kirjutatud grammatikate andmetega. Uurimuses jõutakse järeldusele, et kuigi pronoomenite süsteem pole oluliselt muutunud, on isuri pronoomenite vormides ja nende varieerumises mitmeid uuendusi. Kõige sagedamini esineb varieerumist üksikute kõnelejate vahel, kuid mitte murde allrühmade vahel. Levinud on ka vaba varieerumine, samas kui muud tüüpi varieerumised on vähem olulised.

Interactions of key amyloidogenic proteins with SARS-CoV-2 proteins may be one of the causes of expanding and delayed post-COVID-19 neurodegenerative processes. Furthermore, such abnormal effects can be caused by proteins and their fragments circulating in the body during vaccination. The aim of our work was to analyze the effect of the receptor-binding domain of the coronavirus S-protein domain (RBD) on alpha-synuclein amyloid aggregation. Molecular modeling showed that the predicted RBD complex with monomeric alpha-synuclein is stable over 100 ns of molecular dynamics. Analysis of the interactions of RBD with the amyloid form of alpha-synuclein showed that during molecular dynamics for 200 ns the number of contacts is markedly higher than that for the monomeric form. The formation of the RBD complex with the alpha-synuclein monomer was confirmed immunochemically by immobilization of RBD on its specific receptor ACE2. Changes in the spectral characteristics of the intrinsic tryptophans of RBD and hydrophobic dye ANS indicate an interaction between the monomeric proteins, but according to the data of circular dichroism spectra, this interaction does not lead to a change in their secondary structure. Data on the kinetics of amyloid fibril formation using several spectral approaches strongly suggest that RBD prevents the amyloid transformation of alpha-synuclein. Moreover, the fibrils obtained in the presence of RBD showed significantly less cytotoxicity on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.

This paper analyzes the morphophonological structure of the inessive singular forms in Liivtšülä-Luuditsa Votic. There are no fluent speakers of this variety; the research is based on the materials recorded in 2003–2016. The inessive singular forms demonstrate variation of the weak and strong grade stems, which is very untypical for a case form. In all other morphological cases, the distribution of weak and strong stems is very stable. The variation in the inessive stem is observed both in the examples from published sources on the Votic language, and in our field materials. The acoustic research has confirmed the variation. Additionally, in the strong grade stem we find a shorter geminate stop or affricate compared to other strong grade forms (in the paper, the inessive singular is compared to the inessive plural and partitive singular). We consider several hypotheses that could explain the variation and the shorter geminate. The conducted experiments do not confirm the role of the word structure as the primary factor defining the geminate length. We suggest that both the variation of stems and the shorter geminate might result from language contact. In the neighbouring Ingrian varieties, the inessive is built from the weak grade stem. Since all the last fluent speakers of Votic knew Ingrian to some extent, the Votic and Ingrian patterns might have mixed. It is probable that originally the variation was triggered by some other factors, and the increasing role of the language contact turned it into a dominant factor in the course of the 20th century. Kokkuvõte. Elena Markus ja Fedor Rozhanskiy: Vadja inessiivi mõistatus. Artiklis analüüsitakse ainsuse inessiivi morfofonoloogilist struktuuri Liivtšülä- Luuditsa vadja keeles. Selle keele soravaid kõnelejaid enam pole; uurimus põhineb 2003–2016 lindistatud materjalidel. Ainsuse inessiivi vormid näitavad nõrga- ja tugevaastmeliste tüvede varieerumist, mis on ühe käändevormi kohta väga ebatüüpiline. Kõikide teiste morfoloogiliste käänete puhul on nõrkade ja tugevate tüvede jaotus korrapärane. Inessiivi tüve varieerumist vaadeldakse nii varem avaldatud vadja keele allikates kui ka meie välitööde materjalides. Akustiline analüüs kinnitab tüvede varieerumist. Lisaks esineb tugevas astmes inessiivis lühem geminaatkonsonant või afrikaat kui teistes tugeva astme vormides (artiklis võrreldakse ainsuse inessiivi mitmuse inessiivi ja ainsuse partitiiviga). Me esitame mõned hüpoteesid, mis võiksid sellist varieerumist ja lühemat geminaati selgitada. Tehtud eksperimendid ei kinnita sõnastruktuuri rolli esmase faktorina geminaadi pikkuse defineerimisel. Me arvame, et nii tüvede varieerumine kui ka lühike geminaat võivad olla tingitud keelekontaktist. Naabruses olevates isuri murretes moodustatakse inessiiv nõrgaastmelisest tüvest. Kuna kõik viimased head vadja keele kõnelejad oskasid mingil määral isuri keelt, võisid vadja ja isuri keel olla segunenud. On tõenäoline, et algselt oli varieerumine tingitud teistest faktoritest, kuid keelekontakti suurenenud roll kujunes 20. sajandi jooksul domineerivaks.

In our introduction to the volume, we address the history and current developments in Uralic studies, with particular attention to the evolution of grammar-writing since the very first Uralic grammars until today, and summarize some of the most interesting Uralic phenomena from a typological point of view. In Section 2 we show that, even though Uralic studies can boast a remarkable number of linguistic studies and a rich production of descriptive grammars, the published grammars often lack in comparability (as they use different terms to describe the same phenomena), international reach and they often are not typologically informed. Therefore, we advocate for a stronger cooperation between typology and Uralic studies. In Section 3 we present the papers included in this special edition of ESUKA, a selection of typologically-informed, data-driven and terminologically consistent studies of different phenomena in a number of Uralic languages. Finally, in Section 4 we present a short overview of some typologically relevant features in Uralic languages. Аннотация. Типология уральских языков: современное состояние и новые перспективы. Во вступительной статье к данному тому обсуждается история и современное состояние уралистики. Основное внимание уделяется эволюции грамматических описаний от первых грамматик уральских языков до настоящего времени. В Разделе 2 показано, что уральским языкам посвящено немало лингвистических трудов и, в частности, грамматических описаний. Однако существующие грамматики в большинстве своем обнаруживают такие недостатки, как слабая сопоставимость (в том числе терминологическая), недоступность для широкого круга лингвистов (прежде всего, из-за языка грамматики) и отсутствие типологической ориентированности. Становится очевидной насущная потребность в более тесном взаимодействии типологии и уралистики. В Разделе 3 предлагается обзор статей, вошедших в данный том. Эти статьи обсуждают различные явления в уральских языках, но их объединяет типологически ориентированный подход, акцент на используемых данных и терминологическая последовательность. В Разделе 4 дается краткий обзор типологических признаков, релевантных для интрагенетической типологии уральской семьи. Ключевые слова: уралистика, типологические признаки, грамматическое описание Kokkuvõte. Uurali keelte tüpoloogia: nüüdisaegsed vaated ja uued vaatenurgad. Sissejuhatus. Väljaande sissejuhatuses käsitleme uralistika ajalugu ja praegusi arenguid, keskendudes eelkõige grammatikakirjutuse arengule alates esimestest uurali grammatikatest kuni tänapäevani ja võttes kokku tüpoloogilisest vaatepunktist mõned kõige huvitavamad nähtused uurali keeltes. Sissejuhatuse teises peatükis näitame, et kuigi uurali keeltest leidub märkimisväärne arv keeleteaduslikke uurimusi ja suur hulk deskriptiivseid grammatikaid, puudub avaldatud grammatikates sageli võrreldavuse tasand (väljaannetes kasutatakse sama nähtuse kirjeldamiseks erinevaid termineid), rahvusvaheline mõõde ning tüpoloogiline informatsioon. Seetõttu toetame tugevama koostöö arendamist tüpoloogia ja uurali uuringute vahel. Kolmandas peatükis esitleme käesoleva ESUKA eriväljaande artikleid, mis on valik tüpoloogilise informatsiooniga, andmepõhiseid ja terminoloogiliselt järjepidevaid uurimusi uurali keeltest. Viimases, neljandas peatükis anname lühiülevaate mõnedest vastavatest tüpoloogilistest omadustest uurali keeltes. Märksõnad: uralistika, tüpoloogilised jooned, grammatikakirjutus

In our recent publications we presented a design that allows formation of highly localized and optically controlled electrophoretic traps. 1,2 We demonstrated that electrophoretic traps can be utilized for biomolecule photoconcentration, optically directed transport, and separation by size. 1,2 In the current publication we suggest a hybrid design for biomolecule separation which implements electrophoretic traps in tandem with well-established electrophoretic techniques. We perform Monte Carlo simulations that demonstrate that the resolution of well-established electrophoretic techniques can be greatly enhanced by introducing photoelectrophoretic traps.

This paper provides a comparison of two varieties of the Votic language. Based on field materials collected between 2001 and 2012 from the last speakers of Votic, we compiled a list of the most important phonetic and grammatical features that distinguish between Jõgõperä and Luuditsa varieties. The ten features are: the degree of apocope, the initial h, merging of allative and adessive cases, secondary geminates, illative singular forms, genitive and partitive plural markers, imperfect forms, the active participle marker, conditional markers, and negative pronominal forms. The analysis has shown that many differences can be explained by the influence of the neighbouring Ingrian language. There are more contact induced changes in the Luuditsa variety, which is probably the result of more intensive contacts with the Ingrian population in this village. The contemporary Luuditsa variety is a vivid example demonstrating that language change in the Lower Luga area was driven by convergent developments in no lesser degree than by divergent processes.